Id	Number of occurences	Forms
12058	1	ity of the lands farmed. in response to global change, the imas project focuses on the definiti
13377	1	2:research project on conservation and evaluation of almond genetic resources in southeast ana
14564	1	riptions and a summary of their iberian distribution and biology.
7114	1	cales covered in this project. types or traits must also be a centerpiece new diagnostic tools
7115	2	this phenomenon is the corollary of the intensification of agriculture on a substantial part of  cies with rather contrasting ecological behavior; therefore it is possible to have a process ce
7119	1	odiversity under discussion. 2 - on the scale of farming we assess the economic, agronomic and
7122	1	on the basis of plausible scenarios of climate change and use of space for the coming years to
7127	10	ong the potential ecological impacts of global change, its consequences for the functioning of   its consequences for the functioning of species interactions remain one of the biggest unknowns  g for mutual, woody plants and tropical ecosystems. because each species responds to changes in  ase of diffuse interactions, ecological redundancy in the roles of the different species confer   roles of the different species confers stability. by cons, in the specific and mandatory mutua  nd mandatory mutual, lack of ecological redundancy implies a greater risk of rupture of the int  odiversity. we will study the impact of global change on three specific and mandatory mutual in  nd the majority belongs to the tropical ecosystems. our project combines correlative and experi  t will the increase of c02 does for the production and quality of resources available as reward   and the specific mutualisms mandatory, global change
7142	6	vegetation has a dual interest in studying the impact o  dual interest in studying the impact of global change on ecosystems: it is firstly an important  studying the impact of global change on ecosystems: it is firstly an important component of bio  rsity, but it is also an effective bio- indicator of the changes. we propose to study the impac  nges. we propose to study the impact of climate change on vegetation dynamics in the french mou  o study the impact of climate change on vegetation dynamics in the french mountain forests. mou
7186	6	enthic stream modified crepidula on the succession of phytoplankton species, and pelagic drift    the main objective of the experimental mesocosm. all experiments were carried out successfully  t when this is done, the effects on the ecosystem does not perceive quickly. This study provide  rovides information on the diversity of perceptions of invasive phenomena, if Caulerpa taxifoli  nd professionals. it should lead to the development of concrete scenarios, thereby strengthenin   the public and all stakeholders of the ecosystem harbor of Brest.
7197	1	owledge and reflection elements for the development and governance of rural areas. Indeed, it a
7245	1	ersity in seine and marl to establish a mapping of the risk of extinction reptile populations a
7264	2	biodiversity experiencing unprecedented growth, particularly in conservation biology. in this c  dressing the following question: at the scale of geological time, how changing the phylogenetic
7274	3	lants threatens the survival fragmented environment. its evaluation in natural populations is h  he survival fragmented environment. its evaluation in natural populations is hampered by the te   locus genotyping of difficulty in non- model species. the project aims to test the application
7279	1	or estimating anthropogenic impacts and climate change on the systems studied. dip integrate ne
7285	5	sing molecular markers and quantitative traits studied in controlled conditions. nine hundred i  ions will be characterized. finally, we model the evolution of life history traits under differ  be characterized. finally, we model the evolution of life history traits under different fire r  zed. finally, we model the evolution of life history traits under different fire regimes    we model the evolution of life history traits under different fire regimes
7297	5	g for the direct conversion of chemical energy contained in the organic matter into electrical   ion of chemical energy contained in the organic matter into electrical energy using bacterial b  d in the organic matter into electrical energy using bacterial biofilms as catalysts electroche  local environments and geomorphological heterogeneity. this project aims to analyze the ability  f electroactive biofilms from different ecosystems Guyanese from the densities of currents prod
7299	5	plants, for their sessile nature, exhibit great plasticity to adapt to environmen   human activities have generated in the environment of harmful pollution, the main effect is, l  effect is, like many abiotic and biotic stress, the generation of oxidative stress in vivo. thi  tic stress, the generation of oxidative stress in vivo. this project seeks to highlight, in wil  ts originating from a plasticity of the stress response mechanisms, primarily oxidative and exp
7300	1	nships with more or less specialized in ecosystems is a major environmental problem
7312	1	, habitats and sensitive and threatened ecosystems. to this end, quantitative methods have been
7363	4	arsenic is a metalloid present in the environment in several oxidation states, the proportion  l oxidation states, the proportion is a function of microbial transformations affecting its mob  ble organisms present in a contaminated ecosystem while the diversity of functions associated w  ersity of functions associated with the metabolism arsénié will be explored by a proteomic appr
7374	2	d. . the results contribute to modeling the evolution of the device according to the p   the results contribute to modeling the evolution of the device according to the parameters of
7425	4	tanding the overall functioning of agro-ecosystems. agro-ecosystems bordering conserved areas r  ll functioning of agro-ecosystems. agro-ecosystems bordering conserved areas represent ideals s  w diseases. as such, the camargue agro- ecosystem seems remarkably well suited to this type of   ture on biodiversity phytovirale a wild ecosystem, and vice versa
7428	3	. stresses that intensive production involve the use of pesticides to fight espec   the whole animal. also cases of direct mortality, they concentrate in food chains and directly  food chains and directly affect natural predators of slugs such as ground beetles, thrushes, sh
7500	3	is to analyze the genetic basis of the resistance of the soil, comparing different soil bacter  oil, comparing different soil bacterial community, resistant or non- resistant. bacterial taxa   sistant floors, and identify biological indicators to manage the pest soil quality
7550	3	nitrification is a key function of the nitrogen cycle, responsible for the bal   nitrification is a key function of the nitrogen cycle, responsible for the balance between the   balance between the preferred forms of nitrogen for plants on the genetic potential of these c
7551	1	a hierarchy of factors involved in the evolution of populations ppv
7558	2	ial genetic diversity coupled to a data mining system based on the application of genomic impri  our objectives are: to formalize it the development phase of this method in theory to guide and
7560	9	al features both trophic level as their life history traits, they are especially important in t  oth trophic level as their life history traits, they are especially important in the soil ecosy  ey are especially important in the soil ecosystem. the structure of soil nematodes community tu  system. the structure of soil nematodes community turns out to be a relevant indicator for bio-  es community turns out to be a relevant indicator for bio-study of environmental change. we pro  e a relevant indicator for bio-study of environmental change. we propose to couple molecular ch  ematode species found in different agro-ecosystems selected. The objective of these studies is   . The objective of these studies is the development of a bio-indicator based on molecular tool   ese studies is the development of a bio-indicator based on molecular tool for comparative analy
7566	1	the project aims to characterize the nature of the observed variability in saffron. we study
7576	4	e organic farmers to develop low- input production systems for specific direct valuations. thes  ity to adapt to their lands and ways of production and processing. we propose to study in us pu  f producers that they have created, the evolution and adaptation of populations to specific con   of populations to specific contexts of production. analysis of the operation of the network, o
7586	1	racteristics and assessments of disease resistance of the National cichorium collection are mad
7609	2	as a fundamental mechanism of bacterial evolution to the degradation of chemical pollutants. th  the microflora in order to increase the efficiency and speed of remediation treatments
7612	2	ill through mass balance to monitor the behavior of these heavy metals. in france there are man  . in the north of france, the volume of sediment to be dredged is thus estimated at three milli
7614	1	al residents, a change in practices and perceptions of social and collective waste water manage
7718	1	le forms and implications of ecological intensification
11864	9	direct experience with angling or from nature documentaries. most are probably aware that food  are aware of the details of the complex ecosystems found in lakes, or indeed of the links betwe  of pollution in lakes are well known as nutrients from fertilisers can enter the water from agr  ausing plant life to take over the lake carbon entering from surrounding land. this research is  rial entering a lake can be affected by climate change and land management practices. the consu  actices. the consumption of terrestrial carbon by species in the lake can also be affected by i   which voraciously consumes within-lake carbon and is rapidly spreading through irish and u.k.   ial. our proposal to combine the use of stable isotopes with radiocarbon in queen s university   search to shed light on the complicated food webs in freshwater lakes.
10966	23	conditions such as sources of moisture, temperature and amount of rainfall above each cave. the  ount of rainfall above each cave. these oxygen isotope records give much insight into climate c   isotope records give much insight into climate change but interpretation still tends to rest o  nderstanding of which features of local climate the speleothem responds to, and whether the rec  ltered during the process of speleothem growth. unlocking the real climatic information needs u  eds understanding of the full system of climate - vegetation - groundwater - cave - speleothem.  tanding of the full system of climate - vegetation - groundwater - cave - speleothem. thus clim  - groundwater - cave - speleothem. thus climate reconstruction from speleothem records depends   e first is close monitoring of the cave environment to identify speleothem sites which record r  ation relating d18o to other aspects of climate. we aim to accomplish both steps and develop a   th steps and develop a fully-calibrated climate record from gibraltar covering parts of the las  d on the first step - understanding the climate recording process by monitoring the part of the  nd seasonal variations in chemistry and oxygen isotopes in cave drips and soil water, plus the   ion of cave air, temperatures, soil and vegetation changes, and related these to amounts of rai  ific conditions when speleothems record climate most accurately, and if these are met the isoto  the modern part of gibraltar s historic climate record can be used to derive a calibrated trans  be used to derive a calibrated transfer function relating d18o to climate. we intend to test th  ated transfer function relating d18o to climate. we intend to test this calibration using stala  om statistical analysis of the historic climate back to 1792. furthermore, because gibraltar ha  estigate how this has affected the d18o-climate transfer function and how the calibration from    has affected the d18o-climate transfer function and how the calibration from modern records ma   can be compared directly with computer climate models. gibraltar s caves have very high potent  ding a record from a natural laboratory environment running back from modern times to possibly
10847	1	ovide users with the ability to extract abundance data and gridded products for key taxa and ot
10093	13	vegetation plays an important role in landscapes that a  or vegetated dune fields on a landscape scale, and the effects of various plant species on the   effects of various plant species on the evolution and dynamics of such environments are not qua  t aims to develop a computer simulation model based on moving around slabs of sand across a gri  pe surface including varying amounts of vegetation in each cell. these movements are controlled  tions between the existing surface, the vegetation in each cell, and the propagation of the san   sand slabs. this allows simulating the evolution of aeolian landscapes through self-organisati  t types of dune fields without actually modelling the complex airflow dynamics and sand transpo  standing of vegetated aeolian landscape development to ensure that the model generates realisti  andscape development to ensure that the model generates realistic results. the model is then us   model generates realistic results. the model is then used to systematically investigate exactl   why various kinds of plant species and vegetation patterns influence the dynamics of dune deve  patterns influence the dynamics of dune development in aeolian environments.
14360	17	text and objectives timely and accurate habitat reportage is vital to monitoring the biodiversi  diversity and ecological quality of our environment. remote sensing methods can be utilized to    ecological quality of our environment. remote sensing methods can be utilized to this end but   lized to this end but existing data and classification methods fall short of the purposes of ha  n methods fall short of the purposes of habitat reportage in several aspects: - airborne hypers  methods have not addressed the issue of habitat structure which are most important for assessin   which are most important for assessing habitat quality - most existing remote sensing methodol  sessing habitat quality - most existing remote sensing methodologies have not been tested vigor  tter status reporting on habitats using remote sensing data. for this, an enhanced state-of-the   for this, an enhanced state-of-the-art classification framework will be designed and modelling  fication framework will be designed and modelling techniques will be used. methodology • three   pplied to increase the applicability of remote sensing data for habitat status reporting. the v  pplicability of remote sensing data for habitat status reporting. the vegetation condition will   data for habitat status reporting. the vegetation condition will also be assessed using model   n condition will also be assessed using model inversion. results expected - 6 peer reviewed jou  cted - 6 peer reviewed journal papers - classification framework for habistat status reporting   n for sr image reconstruction including classification framework - international work shops ---
12585	6	ll main peat projects. the project will review existing research and management practice of pea  or failure identified. the project will review motivations for restoration projects as well as    and water conservation, enhancement of carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation and   enhancement of carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation and flood protection goals. t  carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation and flood protection goals. these changing o   of public funding and the role of agri-environment schemes, this step will highlight any contr
7633	4	dna of these bacteria directly from the environment and clone the banks to form so-called metag  alled in the following sections and its development was made possible, at least partially, due   l engineering"2008. after this stage of development, we seek help to exploit and demonstrate th   ground by the international scientific community
12716	1	ity action plan: 1. global evolutionary complexity of freshwater alveolates: a new threat to fr
1973	3	for one or both species, as well as for community function more generally. fucoid seaweeds are    both species, as well as for community function more generally. fucoid seaweeds are among the   nd have been implicated as biodiversity indicators. until now, hybrid zones in marine benthic s
11767	5	nating yet least studied of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine   of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes   ate forests quantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay r  lity and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf litter, woody debris, humic material and soil orga  itter, woody debris, humic material and soil organic matter, by conducting a translocation expe
11791	4	nating yet least studied of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine   of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes   mperate forests quantify the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on organic mat  erature, litter quality and rainfall on organic matter decay rates by conduction a translocatio
9983	5	nating yet least studied of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine   of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes   ate forests quantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay r  lity and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf litter, woody debris, humic material and soil orga  itter, woody debris, humic material and soil organic matter, by conducting a translocation expe
10169	3	e chronostratigraphy and use a range of indicators to gauge the nature, scale and extent of the   use a range of indicators to gauge the nature, scale and extent of the environmental catastrop  ange of indicators to gauge the nature, scale and extent of the environmental catastrophe that
10022	4	ownload so that members of the research community may combine them with their data for their ow   species and sequences, a pool of large-scale phylogenetic trees representing each individual g  monly used genes. finally, an important function of the database is its use in identifying unkn  ready for a general synthesis and broad scale phylogenetic analysis. with comparatively simple
12421	1	udgements to be made on a wide range of ecosystem components.
7386	2	the study of functional diversity is essential to the sustainable ma   combines genomic, genetic, statistical modeling and wood chemistry
15023	1	yological differences with the size and function factors. methodology to be used would include
7643	9	species - abundance relations are fundamental in ecology. their m  tions are fundamental in ecology. their modeling is at the origin of numerous assumptions and t  rom regional to local, or based on life traits or functions. taking coral fish communities as a  ons. taking coral fish communities as a model, we propose to investigate how these relationship  ging from local to regional, panel life traits, this over spatial scales and according to sever  spatial scales and according to several connectivity scenarios or changes in environmental cond  everal thousand species and hundreds of functional groups. the global decline of coral, a major  or the future of the reefs is linked to global change: the proposed modeling should bring answe  s linked to global change: the proposed modeling should bring answers to the changing patterns
10029	12	ng concerns about the impacts of global climate change, it is important that we monitor the hea  important that we monitor the health of ecosystems over large areas. remote sensing from satell   health of ecosystems over large areas. remote sensing from satellite or airborne sensors is us  tive means of achieving this task. much remote sensing research attempts to improve the resolut  ch projects usually focus on a specific ecosystem and issue / for example, can we distinguish l  pare them to others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an aquatic environ  others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an aquatic environment. some as   how remote sensing works in an aquatic environment. some aspects of remote sensing are fairly   an aquatic environment. some aspects of remote sensing are fairly well understood, such as the   ecently been modelled. we achieved this modelling using radiosity methods a generic statistical  radiosity methods a generic statistical environment to combine both spectral and ecological dat  ring accurate data at each stage of the remote sensing process which will help prioritise the c
11058	12	ng concerns about the impacts of global climate change, it is important that we monitor the hea  important that we monitor the health of ecosystems over large areas. remote sensing from satell   health of ecosystems over large areas. remote sensing from satellite or airborne sensors is us  tive means of achieving this task. much remote sensing research attempts to improve the resolut  ch projects usually focus on a specific ecosystem and issue / for example, can we distinguish l  pare them to others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an aquatic environ  others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an aquatic environment. some as   how remote sensing works in an aquatic environment. some aspects of remote sensing are fairly   an aquatic environment. some aspects of remote sensing are fairly well understood, such as the   ecently been modelled. we achieved this modelling using radiosity methods a generic statistical  radiosity methods a generic statistical environment to combine both spectral and ecological dat  ring accurate data at each stage of the remote sensing process which will help prioritise the c
11205	2	ay and use transcriptomics to determine function of an estimated 400 - 500 genes in its 400 kbp   will be generated from a natural virus community to determine life histories of unculturable v
10674	1	his is an entirely novel application of gis and will test the potential of such approaches to r
12745	1	makers and practitioners at the global scale.
10807	8	ing, and the number that die because of competition with other species or because there is not    problems, if we could make a realistic model of the processes controlling the number of fishes  her to construct an overall theoretical model. for example, we know that predation by carnivoro  etical model. for example, we know that predation by carnivorous fishes significantly affects t  ore places for fishes to hide and avoid predators. i have developed a theoretical model that su  edators. i have developed a theoretical model that summarises all these interactions. structura  these interactions. structural equation modelling relative to a range of other factors. by comb   where there are large areas of nursery habitat
12596	18	ities of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, thereby contributing to global warming.  dioxide, thereby contributing to global warming. restoration of these damaged peatlands is prom  promoted as a means of restarting their carbon sink function so that they take up or sequester   a means of restarting their carbon sink function so that they take up or sequester more carbon    so that they take up or sequester more carbon from the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxid  rbon from the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide than they release to it; that is, so tha  , so that they act as a brake on global warming. however, restoration schemes have not consider  emes have not considered the release of methane from peatlands. like carbon dioxide, methane is  release of methane from peatlands. like carbon dioxide, methane is a carbon gas, but it is much  ne from peatlands. like carbon dioxide, methane is a carbon gas, but it is much more potent as   ands. like carbon dioxide, methane is a carbon gas, but it is much more potent as a greenhouse   s a greenhouse gas. therefore, although methane is emitted from peatlands in relatively small q  and restoration from the perspective of climate change. given the uncertain role of methane in   ate change. given the uncertain role of methane in the carbon balance of restored peatlands, th  en the uncertain role of methane in the carbon balance of restored peatlands, this study aims t   restored peatlands, this study aims to review existing literature to see how methane emissions  o review existing literature to see how methane emissions from restored peatlands compare with   ed by a report summarising a literature review and the results from an expert workshop and an i
10072	13	y important organisms within the marine environment, forming the very base of almost all marine  ming the very base of almost all marine food webs. this diverse group of organisms are frequent  een organisms at the base of the marine food web and larger planktonic predators. they are also  e marine food web and larger planktonic predators. they are also critically important as nutrie  as nutrient recyclers within the marine environment, particularly in the case of nitrogen. many  nvironment, particularly in the case of nitrogen. many species of protozooplankton can be consi  nkton communities. because of the sheer abundance of these organisms within the oceans, this ha  ns, effecting how key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled within aquatic environm  ng how key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled within aquatic environments. there   drop in feeding rate of the flagellate predator. interestingly, white blood cells within our c  in addition to being relevant to marine food webs, our results may shed light on the early orig  , depending on the feeding state of the predator. through conducting these experiments we aim t  o progress our understanding of aquatic ecosystems, by revealing underlying mechanisms through
13819	7	declines in ectomycorrhizal onto forest ecosystems. similar reductions in diversity are also fr  equently observed after the addition of nitrogen fertilizers to increase wood production in bor  f nitrogen fertilizers to increase wood production in boreal forests. however, some ecm fungi r  r, some ecm fungi respond positively to nitrogen additions. by comparing these species with tho  cts of fertilization upon the fungi and indirect effects mediated through the tree response to   m species are particularly sensitive to nitrogen may make it possible to suggest ways of balanc  le to suggest ways of balancing optimal production gains while minimising negative impacts upon
15372	11	understanding the nature and the causes of the geographic range limits of  dary may be determined by environmental stress, species interactions and dispersal limitations.   be determined by environmental stress, species interactions and dispersal limitations. disenta  to accurately forecast the responses to climate change. in this project, we aim to investigate   e abiotic and biotic causes determining distribution patterns of two species of canopy-forming    two species differ in their life-cycle traits and in the pattern of geographical distribution   aits and in the pattern of geographical distribution in nw iberian peninsula. we are considerin  wo initial hypotheses: i the geographic distribution of himanthalia elongata in nw iberian peni  rticularly in determining the scattered distribution inside bays observed in atlantic shores. i  nteractions and physical factors in the distribution of h. elongata and f. serratus. mms consti  h. elongata will concur with its actual distribution whereas the mm modelled for f.serratus wil
13457	13	a future bio-based production will require increased agricultural manageme  e increased agricultural management for production of food and biofuels. an intensified product  on of food and biofuels. an intensified production may impair the carbon sequestration in the s  n intensified production may impair the carbon sequestration in the soil and increase release o  ion in the soil and increase release of carbon to the atmosphere due to actions by the microorg  s by the microorganisms responsible for carbon cycling in agricultural soils. global climate pr  n cycling in agricultural soils. global climate projections depend today on models that estimat  epend today on models that estimate the carbon fluxes from soils under land use and climate cha  on fluxes from soils under land use and climate change. despite the known importance of soil mi  identity of the key microbial actors of carbon cycling in soils. the aim of this project is to   aim of this project is to determine the functional diversity of microorganisms on gene level th  n gene level that is directly affecting carbon cycling in agricultural soils. we propose here a   involved in the degradation of complex carbon sources, that is up to 200 times faster and 100
11431	1	urce of uncertainty in the estimates of climate sensitivity to either natural or man-made chang
12549	1	bility of the crop. within the european community the uk has protected zone status to prevent t
10165	5	project will use melanism in birds as a model system to investigate the genetics of adaptation.  nism in birds, and whether dark plumage evolution through species formation has the same cause   e of the mc1r in other types of plumage evolution, such as a switch between red and black pluma  e readily comprehensible by the broader community, and have the potential to become a classic e  classic example of the genetic basis of evolution.
2028	12	s has been to understand how individual traits of organisms affect species interactions and com  w individual traits of organisms affect species interactions and community dynamics. recent bre  ganisms affect species interactions and community dynamics. recent breakthroughs provide ecolog  to study the effect of individual plant traits on interactions in ecosystems. such an ecogenomi  ividual plant traits on interactions in ecosystems. such an ecogenomic approach is the topic of  approach is the topic of this proposal. food webs are overlaid with infochemical webs that medi  eractions can have important effects on community dynamics. infochemicals are interesting in th  fitness, and thus for interactions in a community. infochemicals from plants influence interact  and specific process that is induced by herbivory. the infochemicals attract carnivores that af  effects on individual interactions in a food web in addition to a quantitative food web analysi   food web in addition to a quantitative food web analysis. this novel approach creates an essen  en molecular, chemical, behavioural and community ecology.
2104	1	d test species boundaries and character evolution of the brown-spored agarics and the genus gal
15083	2	them. it can be estimated that the rich vegetation and the climatic variety of the different sp  s and made available for the scientific community. while that the nucleotide sequences will be
14715	2	them. it can be estimated that the rich vegetation and the climatic variety of the different sp  s and made available for the scientific community. while that the nucleotide sequences will be
10883	7	l prerequisite to understanding how our ecosystems and their services are formed, and how natur  atural and anthropogenic factors effect ecosystem viability. whilst this is well advanced for m  imal and plant ecology, the microscopic nature of bacteria means we have virtually no understan  erform central roles in enhancing plant productivity and biogeochemical nutrient cycling. it is  groups are present, what controls their distribution, and how environmental changes occurring n  perform and how this maps to integrated ecosystem assessments. in this application, we propose   high resolution maps of bacterial group distribution across great britain and couple these data
9873	1	within reach, since due to the fibrous growth of calcite fibres on brittle fault planes, start
15064	6	arget, due to the amazing diversity and richness of the natural world. for this reason, the cho  s is crucial. what is a good biological model generally, a good model is considered to be one t  good biological model generally, a good model is considered to be one that is easy to observe a  ts. the risk in evaluating a biological model in such a way is that it always limits our invest  viduals are crucial elements regulating population dynamics, trajectories, spatial and temporal   spatial and temporal distributions and stability, as well as their likelihood of extinction. i
10277	2	gafaunal species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will   species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will then use
10288	2	gafaunal species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will   species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will then use
10531	2	gafaunal species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will   species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will then use
2546	4	e for understanding some of the largest ecosystems on earth. despite decades of investigations    as food for zooplankton and subsequent productivity of higher trophic levels is limited and co  of phaeocystis in the global cycling of climate gases and transfer of energy to higher trophic   ycling of climate gases and transfer of energy to higher trophic levels, such as fisheries.
13779	5	boreal stream ecosystems have large intrinsic values but our understa  understanding about their structure and function is still weak which holds back the development  tion is still weak which holds back the development of useful management strategies. this defic  edicted to experience relatively strong climate change effects with likely negative consequence  ommunities and their ability to deliver ecosystem goods and services. current knowledge seems t
14225	6	pecies and understanding their adaptive nature. phylogenetic comparative methods add ~100 tropi   study will be the first to investigate life history evolution in insects in a phylogenetic fra  e the first to investigate life history evolution in insects in a phylogenetic framework, compa  an important step towards understanding life history evolution in insects on a global scale. fu  step towards understanding life history evolution in insects on a global scale. furthermore, th  istory evolution in insects on a global scale. furthermore, this work will valuable as improvin
15314	1	ends, the phenomenon also ends with the production of the resulting pattern. along this project
10340	7	ile and non-volatile chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting f  nformation for detecting food, avoiding predators, finding mates and other crucial functions. t  animals through their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms  atory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant  ey behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant inbred lines of crosses   nd expression modifications in adaptive evolution as well as pointing to candidate speciation g  he project will provide new data on the evolution of these fascinating and important genes with
10994	7	ile and non-volatile chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting f  nformation for detecting food, avoiding predators, finding mates and other crucial functions. t  animals through their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms  atory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant  ey behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant inbred lines of crosses   nd expression modifications in adaptive evolution as well as pointing to candidate speciation g  he project will provide new data on the evolution of these fascinating and important genes with
9967	7	ile and non-volatile chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting f  nformation for detecting food, avoiding predators, finding mates and other crucial functions. t  animals through their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms  atory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant  ey behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant inbred lines of crosses   nd expression modifications in adaptive evolution as well as pointing to candidate speciation g  he project will provide new data on the evolution of these fascinating and important genes with
13742	15	ork demands large areas of high quality habitat to sustain. preferred habitats are wetlands and  -cultivated grasslands. in a good stork habitat, a plethora of more or less threatened species   ject i intend to construct a predictive habitat distribution model for the storks in southern s  ntend to construct a predictive habitat distribution model for the storks in southern sweden. t  truct a predictive habitat distribution model for the storks in southern sweden. the model will   for the storks in southern sweden. the model will relate the habitat use and reproductive succ  thern sweden. the model will relate the habitat use and reproductive success of the storks, to    reproductive success of the storks, to habitat characteristics in a gis database. i will devel  storks, to habitat characteristics in a gis database. i will develop the model using data on th  s in a gis database. i will develop the model using data on the storks present in 2002-2004, an  he storks released in 2005-2006. as the habitat data are available for the whole potential bree   sweden, predictions on available stork habitat can be made for this range. thus, it will be po  pulation of storks in sweden. the stork habitat identified with the model will also be valuable  . the stork habitat identified with the model will also be valuable for many other wetland orga   other wetland organisms, and hence the model can be used to direct conservation and restoratio
12267	3	etation of the significance of biogenic carbon is key to drawing conclusions on the impacts of   nclusions on the impacts of peat use on climate change. many lca studies discount biogenic carb  nge. many lca studies discount biogenic carbon as there is no net emission between its sequestr
10575	7	minal fluid proteins in mammalian sperm competition. sperm competition occurs when the ejaculat  s in mammalian sperm competition. sperm competition occurs when the ejaculates of different mal  s a pervasive selection pressure in the evolution of ejaculate characteristics and other reprod   characteristics and other reproductive traits for diverse animal taxa. in particular, it is no  culates is strongly influenced by sperm competition. however, sperm usually make up only a tiny  fraction of total ejaculate volume male dominance status. as well as testing for predicted chan  s with likely functional roles in sperm competition. these findings will establish the role of
13712	3	protected areas. it is today applied in production forests around the world, making it good exa  e world, making it good examples of an ´ecosystem approach´ in practice. although conducted at   east 1 billion sek per year, a thorough evaluation taking into account ecological, economic and
12712	5	this project requires a review, collation and analysis of bird population and d  ion and analysis of bird population and distribution data, which will then be used to further s  her support, outside this contract, the development and application of guidance and principles   ce and principles as part of a targeted review of the current uk network of terrestrial and coa  overnment and its statutory agencies to review the spa network
12704	1	pe, and recreation. the purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness of the research p
12455	1	summary objective: review international best practice and appropriate know
10179	3	as important drivers of bacterial host evolution, both in terms of predator-prey relationships  terial host evolution, both in terms of predator-prey relationships and in terms of phage conve  bacteria are far more widespread in the environment than previously considered. a series of pos
10284	4	im to construct a spatial multi-species ecosystem model focused on commercially exploited fish   truct a spatial multi-species ecosystem model focused on commercially exploited fish in the nor  uently advocated as the way forward for ecosystem-based management in fisheries. a key part of   omparative study involving ewe regional ecosystem models, with a view to identifying the streng
13980	2	likely to be determinants of desirable traits. until very recently, the only practical approac  onary history of populations from large-scale genotype information. i will focus on locating se
12456	5	ly evaluate the usefulness of different modelling approaches for exploring wider ecosystem cons  odelling approaches for exploring wider ecosystem considerations of fisheries in the marine env  nsiderations of fisheries in the marine environment. assess how important the interactions are    important the interactions are between predators and their prey in comparison with other sourc  s models, and help to predict knock-on, ecosystem implications of future management actions.
14751	4	recovery of endangered and endemic flora is crucial not  tats supporting such a singular type of vegetation. as it is well-known, the in situ and ex sit  . in this project it is postulated that optimization of the mycorrhizal status of these plants   isms, in term of increasing plant cover development and for improving physical-chemical propert
9828	5	s of long term tnt exposure on the soil microbial community structure, diversity and function u  bial community structure, diversity and function using molecular biology approaches. we will co   conduct experiments to investigate the stability of tnt contaminated soil microbial communitie  ch a comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem and its response to xenobiotic stress is esse  cosystem and its response to xenobiotic stress is essential for bioremediation strategies to be
2088	1	ies. in addition, collection of data on habitat, biology and diet and whenever possible also on
1979	8	eed for tools to predict the effects of habitat change on wildlife. after earlier abandoning ca  e on wildlife. after earlier abandoning carrying capacity as a useful concept, scientists now a  that in the case of migratory birds the carrying capacity of a non-breeding site can be meaning  s a site can support. current models of carrying capacity assume a single giving-up food densit  capacity assume a single giving-up food density . as the proposed research can build on laborio  ous and time-consuming measurements and model developments, this provides a unique opportunity   s provides a unique opportunity to test carrying capacity models of varying degrees of complexi  g capacity models of varying degrees of complexity.
14509	1	parallel evolution is a form of homoplasy in which the same trai
11671	11	o examine the contribution of different life history stages to the local population dynamics of  ferent life history stages to the local population dynamics of some stream insects. understandi  rial adults. we will concentrate on the recruitment of eggs from the terrestrial into the aquat  upply of emergent rocks might limit egg recruitment. further, egg-laying females may be influen  d we will test also how this influences recruitment. once the eggs hatch, the mobility of neona   neonate movement, we will identify the spatial scale relevant to studies about population dyna  spatial scale relevant to studies about population dynamics. alternatively, effects of emergent  k limitation may be overwhelmed by high mortality of eggs or neonates, suggesting a different u  ng a different underlying mechanism for recruitment limitation. a lack of any pattern between e  r bottlenecks occur for egg and neonate life history stages, how strong those bottlenecks might  ntal importance to ecological models of population dynamics. information on how insects use eme
10280	6	rtical exchange, controlling biological growth through the summer and enabling the sequestratio  rich deep water. the vertical mixing of nutrients across the seasonal thermocline acts to coupl  to account for about half of the annual carbon fixation in seasonally stratified shelf seas, an   responsible for the vertical mixing of nutrients across the thermocline is a vital prerequisit  isite to our understanding of shelf sea ecosystems. our proposal is to investigate the role of   paign closely integrated with numerical model predictions using both 1d and 3d numerical models
10553	6	rtical exchange, controlling biological growth through the summer and enabling the sequestratio  rich deep water. the vertical mixing of nutrients across the seasonal thermocline acts to coupl  to account for about half of the annual carbon fixation in seasonally stratified shelf seas, an   responsible for the vertical mixing of nutrients across the thermocline is a vital prerequisit  isite to our understanding of shelf sea ecosystems. our proposal is to investigate the role of   paign closely integrated with numerical model predictions using both 1d and 3d numerical models
9929	9	s a key component of the north atlantic ecosystem, forming a vital link between primary product  m, forming a vital link between primary production and fisheries. calanus feeds and reproduces   mporal variability in the spring/summer abundance of calanus, it is vital to understand factors  pth are not known, but the avoidance of predators may be one of the factors. we have previously  usly made an extensive study of calanus predator-prey interactions in the irminger basin in the  ng depth of the calanus and that of its predators. this study will use data from elsewhere in t   provide new information on the role of predators in winter mortality of calanus and insights i  tion on the role of predators in winter mortality of calanus and insights into the factors behi  may respond to ongoing changes in ocean climate.
10812	12	questions about the abundance of animal populations are as old as the scien  ause they are not suited to the british climate . these are actually answers to different quest  stions: the first is about the relative abundance of different species; the second is about var   linked because the pattern of relative abundance varies from place to place. for example, dart  k. for the first time it is possible to model in the same analysis the variation in abundance o  l in the same analysis the variation in abundance of multiple species in many places. it is now  w possible to compare the importance of evolution and ecology in determining which species shou  pecies should be common or rare and why abundance varies from place to place. my research takes   new methods to ask questions about the abundance of mammals and british butterflies. mammals a  es are also an ideal group for studying abundance, due to the systematic records from across th  valuable datasets in biology. analysing abundance data in a single framework means that it beco  ch allows me to address questions about spatial scale. for example, are species that are locall
9961	12	questions about the abundance of animal populations are as old as the scien  ause they are not suited to the british climate . these are actually answers to different quest  stions: the first is about the relative abundance of different species; the second is about var   linked because the pattern of relative abundance varies from place to place. for example, dart  k. for the first time it is possible to model in the same analysis the variation in abundance o  l in the same analysis the variation in abundance of multiple species in many places. it is now  w possible to compare the importance of evolution and ecology in determining which species shou  pecies should be common or rare and why abundance varies from place to place. my research takes   new methods to ask questions about the abundance of mammals and british butterflies. mammals a  es are also an ideal group for studying abundance, due to the systematic records from across th  valuable datasets in biology. analysing abundance data in a single framework means that it beco  ch allows me to address questions about spatial scale. for example, are species that are locall
10522	14	tecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined  ersity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased d  ges in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated ch  se through a societal-mediated changing climate. to safeguard against such loss of functioning   measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortni   processes driving many aspects of lake function. to resolve these processes we need to hear ev  tricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. a few have other probes to me   project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. such infrastructure i  he effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: we will track pool and flux variab   pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. by r  to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. dst3: the level of regional coherence in   nks exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the p  ir and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wa  ate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit fro
10752	14	tecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined  ersity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased d  ges in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated ch  se through a societal-mediated changing climate. to safeguard against such loss of functioning   measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortni   processes driving many aspects of lake function. to resolve these processes we need to hear ev  tricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. a few have other probes to me   project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. such infrastructure i  he effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: we will track pool and flux variab   pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. by r  to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. dst3: the level of regional coherence in   nks exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the p  ir and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wa  ate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit fro
10756	14	tecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined  ersity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased d  ges in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated ch  se through a societal-mediated changing climate. to safeguard against such loss of functioning   measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortni   processes driving many aspects of lake function. to resolve these processes we need to hear ev  tricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. a few have other probes to me   project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. such infrastructure i  he effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: we will track pool and flux variab   pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. by r  to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. dst3: the level of regional coherence in   nks exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the p  ir and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wa  ate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit fro
11807	14	tecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined  ersity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased d  ges in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated ch  se through a societal-mediated changing climate. to safeguard against such loss of functioning   measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortni   processes driving many aspects of lake function. to resolve these processes we need to hear ev  tricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. a few have other probes to me   project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. such infrastructure i  he effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: we will track pool and flux variab   pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. by r  to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. dst3: the level of regional coherence in   nks exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the p  ir and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wa  ate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit fro
7685	5	marine ecosystems are declining at an alarming rate, especiall  ervices. an understanding of drivers of ecosystem changes, their interactions and their impacts  orcing. this tool aims to accompany the development of regional and national marine planning po  on tool will be implemented at regional scale in the western indian ocean , ecological niche an  ern indian ocean , ecological niche and connectivity models outputs under different ipcc scenar
12027	8	matically during the 20th century, with land use change becoming a major factor affecting the s  e becoming a major factor affecting the spatial heterogeneity, dynamics and decline of biodiver  ot of biodiversity, the impact of human land-use change has contrasting spatial impacts. while   impacts. while all out urbanisation and development of coastal and littoral areas has destroyed  ntinues to destroy and fragment natural habitat, the abandonment of traditional extensive agric  of local actors. the inter-disciplinary nature of the project and complementarities among work   ical mechanisms underlying biodiversity evolution and conservation in human-dominated landscape  human-dominated landscapes. second, the production of scientific principles applicable to biodi
10264	3	global warming is not the only consequence of rising levels of  he only consequence of rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. because co2 is an aci   us to define the rate and magnitude of ph change as well as study the effects on the extraordi
11369	7	positive relationships between abundance the predictions of recent models by myself an   others concerning the role of regional population dynamics, spatial structure and life-history  les. in addition i propose to extend my modelling work to consider correlated patterns of chang  ted patterns of change in occupancy and abundance in response to environmental change on an eco   occupancy and abundance in response to environmental change on an ecological time-scale, and t  ironmental change on an ecological time-scale, and to explore the use of relationships between    the use of relationships between local abundance, occupancy and total population size in asses
10075	2	ature forests, with increasing biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what factor is   nclear what factor is accelerating tree growth and what the impacts have been on biodiversity b
11513	2	ature forests, with increasing biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what factor is   nclear what factor is accelerating tree growth and what the impacts have been on biodiversity b
10451	2	will establish the extent to which the temperature sensitivity of p and r varies systematicall  aves that develop following a change in temperature. the knowledge gained will enable more accu
7189	11	to move towards ecologically intensive production systems, using and respecting the functions   rch is requested: 1 to provide relevant modeling methods to assess changes in the management of  agement of rural areas and agricultural production; 2 to contribute to the development of innov  ural production; 2 to contribute to the development of innovative solutions, from the plot scal   of innovative solutions, from the plot scale up an integrated natural resource management and   egrated natural resource management and production sectors to which are implementing mitigation  ction sectors to which are implementing mitigation actions. this project aims to address: inten  e stakes are high mutation; controlling nitrogen cycles, since the amounts of organic substance  ified; integrated scales, both in space model the nitrogen flows across the coastal watershed,   egrated scales, both in space model the nitrogen flows across the coastal watershed, incorporat  cs; assess the environmental impacts of production methods and landscape management
11330	4	phere-hydrosphere exchange, and provide energy for chemosynthetic ecosystems. reconstructing th  , and provide energy for chemosynthetic ecosystems. reconstructing the magmatic processes in th   a large part of the earth s crust, the recovery of intact lower oceanic crust would be a major   an unprecedented view of lower crustal evolution, from magma chamber processes and the resulti
11647	3	fication system by its application to a sediment sequence from hickling broad, a shallow, medie  ted sequence of change in the stonewort community with that which is historically documented an  ciated benefits for both the scientific community and for those charged with conserving and res
10031	2	c soils provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmospheric c  o2 sequestration within these important ecosystems.
11825	2	c soils provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmospheric c  o2 sequestration within these important ecosystems.
15165	7	n dispersal by animals is a conditional mutualism whose outcome on the behaviour of scatter-hoa  ing jay and mice and to integrate these indirect effects of predators on the analysis of the co   to integrate these indirect effects of predators on the analysis of the conditional outcome of  sis is that indirect and direct keys of predation risk around seed-bearing trees will modify se  at these changes in seed shadows due to predation risk will influence the final pattern of holm  influence the final pattern of holm oak recruitment. we will test predictions from this main hy  s induced by man-made global changes in climate and land use.
1992	6	ongoing experiment of an unprecedented scale. urban habitat confronts animals, including human  riment of an unprecedented scale. urban habitat confronts animals, including humans, with evolu  ch as a dramatically different acoustic environment. some species thrive in urban settings, oth  are less successful breeders in a noisy environment. in the proposed project, we will take an e   confounding factors in naturally noisy habitat in cities or along highways. we will measure th  be the first time for this well-studied model species.
7460	3	bserving system and thereby support the development of geoss. acobar will implement field exper  used to obtain integrated 3-d fields of temperature, transports and heat fluxes. long-range aco  ata from underwater observatories under development in esonet noe. transfer of technology and k
12747	1	oc technical expert group , including a review of literature and collation of information arisi
539	12	nd more obvious that the current global warming influences ecosystems, and particularly that it  t the current global warming influences ecosystems, and particularly that it induces some anima   lepidoptera, genus colia is taken as a model to study adaptation to climate variations. in par  taken as a model to study adaptation to climate variations. in particular, the partners in this  of natural selection related to thermal stress and to the increase in thermal stochasticity on   polymorphism of an enzyme that controls metabolism: phosphoglucose isomerase. previous studies    , and on the other hand to the general evolution of the lepidoptera. we think that a multi-dis  roach of the lepidopteras adaptation to environmental change, particularly to stochasticity and  ange, particularly to stochasticity and warming, will lead to a better understanding of the par   mechanisms which influence the current distribution and evolution of this group, which is also   influence the current distribution and evolution of this group, which is also a common bio-ind   this group, which is also a common bio-indicator for many environments.
211	6	it and evolve further in human-modified ecosystems. the project puts forward and develops an ad  that the biodiversity of human-degraded ecosystems, and their habitat quality for threatened sp  of human-degraded ecosystems, and their habitat quality for threatened species, can be signific  while providing or eliminating critical habitat-components that are pre-determined by the dynam  the dynamic adaptations of the original community or target species. the main aim is to explore  aim is to explore the variation in such habitat constraints and at least 2–3 master theses; the
6823	2	kely to be applied on a wider and wider scale. genetic transformation allows the desired gene t  ene gun is used most frequently for the development of transgenic wheat. several molecular gene
11554	6	e been described as extended phenotypic traits / extra-body characteristics that nonetheless re  ergence . however, just as conventional traits result from the interaction of genes and environ  esult from the interaction of genes and environment, so the design of animal built structures i   behaviour beneficially when faced with environmental change is described as phenotypic plastic  viour of fish is adapted to their local environment, and to what extent they can adjust pattern  ct how species introductions and global climate change are likely to affect success of individu
15015	5	because of global change due to human activities is altering biosp  ly in oceanic, coastal and inland water ecosystems, more investigation is needed to make sound   e groups . to understanding the aquatic ecosystems evolution under future scenarios of global c  to understanding the aquatic ecosystems evolution under future scenarios of global change is ba  ems evolution under future scenarios of global change is basic to known if the diverse phytopla
10709	15	nimal species are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwa  ecies are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwards. how   northwards. however, in order to track climate, species must be able to disperse through lands  gricultural landscapes. because of this habitat loss, some species are failing to shift and are  failing to shift and are lagging behind climate changes because they are unable to reach new si  se many species that are lagging behind climate are endangered species of high conservation con   were greatly reduced immediately, more warming would still occur because of inertia in the ear  occur because of inertia in the earth s climate system. thus there is a commitment to future wa  m. thus there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mitigation, and so adaptation  ent to future warming regardless of any mitigation, and so adaptation measures are required urg  nise new sites. however, this notion of habitat creation is essentially untested, and there is   ystematic analysis of the importance of habitat availability on distribution lags in an entire   e importance of habitat availability on distribution lags in an entire group of insects use mod  els to examine the success of different habitat creation scenarios to examine which, if any, sc  ew avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies
10053	23	ion that organisms are adapted to their environment is obvious, yet we can only explain how thi  occurs in extreme scenarios such as the evolution of antibiotic and pesticide resistance, heavy  e evolution of antibiotic and pesticide resistance, heavy metal tolerance, and starvation. typi  rstand how organisms adapt following an environmental change proceed by placing a population in  e proceed by placing a population in an environment to which it is poorly adapted. this stressf  ch it is poorly adapted. this stressful environment is usually extreme so as to provoke an obse  may be transferred from a nutrient-rich environment to one where a particular nutrient is nearl  on of novel mutations that increase its growth and reproduction in the new environment. theory    its growth and reproduction in the new environment. theory and experiments that use this frame  population adapts to the same stressful environment many times. however, very few environmental  n transition from one relatively stable environment to a second, drastically different, stable   a second, drastically different, stable environment. instead, environments tend to change gradu   such that most populations exist in an environment that is only slightly different from that o  tantially from a more distant ancestor. global change is an example of this, where plant popula  ions are currently exposed to levels of carbon dioxide more than twice as high as those of the   tions are adapting to a subtle shift in environment, but the environment does not hold still wh   a subtle shift in environment, but the environment does not hold still while they do it. this   orporate both the magnitude and rate of environmental change. a second consideration is that po  considers two populations in a changing environment, it is possible that one population exclude   that the populations adapt during this succession, such that both the community composition pr  ing this succession, such that both the community composition processes interact. my research u  led algae respond to different rates of environmental change, either alone or in communities. u  ne or in communities. using a microbial model system allows me to do experiments using very lar
12738	2	this project would review all the relevant landscape scale adaptation and   would review all the relevant landscape scale adaptation and conservation projects that have al
15053	6	e origin. the tinto river is an extreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrat  xtreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusu  to river is one of the most interesting ecosystems for the study of the biological organization  le origin. the main part of the primary productivity in the river is direct consequence of the   currently the knowledge regarding algae community of the tinto river and their role in this eco   the tinto river and their role in this ecosystem is almost inexistent. the main objective of t
12148	8	vasive species and their impacts on the ecosystems of different complexity and reciprocal effec   impacts on the ecosystems of different complexity and reciprocal effects of these processes. w  hese processes from the organism to the ecosystem level, which could help to predict invasion o   contribute to their success; and 2 how ecosystem properties and compare it with native noble c  cted results will contribute to further development of the isotopic niche instruments in the st  ts in the study of interactions between food web structure and biology of successful invaders;   sults will be helpful in developing the indicators of good environmental status and serve as fu  yme activities-it could be used for the development of modern technologies of biocatalysis.
14629	4	in the physical characteristics of the environment, using as models two of them: adaptation to  two of them: adaptation to increases in temperature and salinity. objectives of the project are  ptation to increases in temperature and salinity. objectives of the project are: basic research   that those changes have on the primary production of these microorganisms. applicated research
11353	8	ple of a rapid evolutionary response to environmental change, which has served to educate gener  pens to genomes when they undergo rapid evolution, and also to find out whether the melanism mu   better camouflaged against visual bird predation, but in areas with high levels of atmospheric   than typica and therefore suffers less mortality. the post 1960s decline of carbonaria, coinci  y for the consequences of anthropogenic environmental change on the genetic composition of popu  ic and developmental characteristics of traits, such as melanism, which allow organisms to rapi  ich allow organisms to rapidly adapt to environmental change. last, but not least, the results   imension to the paradigmatic account of evolution in action , which has recently come under unj
13789	6	nd adapt. the capacity of organisms and ecosystems to adapt and evolve rapidly is critical to o  cal to our future reliance on essential ecosystems such as the largely unexplored marine enviro  affect marine populations, species, and ecosystems over time. we will address issues of fundame  scales relevant to current processes of global change. this programme will greatly expand our k   models with which the effects of large-scale environmental transitions on distribution and sur  arge-scale environmental transitions on distribution and survival of marine populations can be
13737	5	diversity of macroinvertebrates and the decomposition rate of leaf litter were indeed not lower  rtebrates and the decomposition rate of leaf litter were indeed not lower in acid than circumne  ps are now being tested at a nationwide scale in streams. responses in streams which are natura  ut vary in the waters levels of organic carbon and inorganic aluminium content, and in streams   would be useful, for example to support ecological functions in streams impacted by anthropogen
12067	9	ve induced a shift from natural complex ecosystems to more simple like agroecosystems. but if l   the short term, they are degrading key ecosystem services by accelerating rates of species ext  t tied the long-term functioning of the ecosystem. anthropization affects ecosystems by reducin  f the ecosystem. anthropization affects ecosystems by reducing biodiversity, by changing the la  rtificial islands, and by polluting the environment with xenobiotics. reducing the diversity of  ich are clearly detrimental to existing ecosystems and clearly poses threats to humans living c  apid and generalized degradation of the environment. the modification of the ecological niches   dict changes that will affect disturbed ecosystems in africa and south america. our project inv  ies on drosophila, which are unequalled model insect species in genetics and evolutionary biolo
2031	4	th increased temperatures due to global climate change. plants, insects and vertebrates respond  es respond differently to the increased temperature so organisms become mistimed to their food   th the predicted rates of change in the environment. from this, we will calculate the maximal r  , we will calculate the maximal rate of environmental change that species can cope with. more s
2491	4	n norway, through land use planning and nature management, to take or to order necessary measur  na which are due to extreme weather and climate change, and are the rules adequate to effective  ious possibilities in light of economic efficiency theories and apply methods of law-and-econom  interdisciplinary project responding to climate change: the potential of and limits to adaptati
12399	8	into the socio-economic consequences of climate change in the marine environment. it will inves  quences of climate change in the marine environment. it will investigate the extent to which fo  es and legislation are robust to future climate change, and it will explore decadal-scale varia  ate change, and it will explore decadal-scale variations in climate change that might mask the   ill explore decadal-scale variations in climate change that might mask the overall warming tren  mate change that might mask the overall warming trend of coastal waters over the next 20 to 30   n fisheries policy are robust to future environmental change and whether indicators and referen  future environmental change and whether indicators and reference points of ‘good environmental
6875	5	lise and prove the classical picture of competition theory in a well-defined sense: limiting si  e should be posed for the whole area of distribution and for the long time-scale, instead of lo  a of distribution and for the long time-scale, instead of locally in space and time. on this sp  quilibrium ecology studied on the right scale, the limiting similarity structure of niche segre  the evolutionarily meaningful notion of competition within/for a niche regains validity. in rel
13839	4	rify if a population has certain unique traits, i.e. being adapted to its local environment. su  traits, i.e. being adapted to its local environment. such knowledge is essential in fisheries m   difficult to study local adaptation in nature. in order to study whether local populations of   ally based differences in morphological traits have evolved mainly a neutral manner. there is t
13780	3	e integrated with analyses of oxidative stress and biological ageing, and telomere length is ev  gth is evaluated as a molecular fitness indicator in fish. we use brown trout and coho salmon a  . we use brown trout and coho salmon as model species to address the following aims: . the work
15364	15	intensity of drought events related to climate change have been associated to important change  t changes in composition, structure and distribution of forest ecosystems worldwide, by means o  n, structure and distribution of forest ecosystems worldwide, by means of increasing mortality   stems worldwide, by means of increasing mortality patterns. in spite of the importance of these  f these processes in relation to global climate and ecosystem services stability, teher are no   esses in relation to global climate and ecosystem services stability, teher are no reliable pro  o global climate and ecosystem services stability, teher are no reliable projections on the nea  rojections on the near future of forest ecosystems under probable global change scenarios, due   ure of forest ecosystems under probable global change scenarios, due to scientific uncertaintie  gical mechanisms underlying survival or mortality of trees under water stress. the incresases i  vival or mortality of trees under water stress. the incresases in temperature and frequency of   s under water stress. the incresases in temperature and frequency of droguht events might promo  d , thus, under similar levels of water stress; iii, the effect of managing irradiance and wate  eal the modulation exerted by the light environment on water share; and iv, the use of forest g   forest under different managements and climate change scenarios in order to develop a manageme
15332	3	utflow tract is strongly related to the development of the lungs and, in particular, with the d   the lungs and, in particular, with the development of the laryngotracheal groove and the forma  hogenetic processes that operate in the development of outflow tract of the vertebrate heart in
13817	4	he genetics of phenotypic plasticity in life history in the frog population by testing a recent  the frog population by testing a recent model on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. phenot  lation by testing a recent model on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. phenotypic plastici  henotypes in response to changes in the environment. information on phenotypic plasticity is im
11120	1	their immunological response, parasite-resistance, health, behaviour, reproduction and surviva
14668	1	idea is to load the furcula in order to model its spring behaviour during flight that has been
10435	1	e had limited success in explaining the distribution of subordinate reproduction within or acro
9952	4	hysiological mechanisms controlling the distribution of reproduction among females and the degr  of central importance in explaining the evolution of cooperation, the reproductive strategies o  ctive strategies of individuals and the population dynamics of cooperative breeders. however, a  ot yet been possible to account for the distribution of subordinate breeding either between or
15514	6	environmental change across a wide range of temporal an  rcumstances are local adaptation and/or migration. current and future species responses to pred  -wide patterns and interactions between environmental change, demography and evolution taking p  en environmental change, demography and evolution taking place in the past is essential for dev  redicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great inter   they are ecologically dominant in many ecosystems and, at the same time, many of them are also
15515	6	environmental change across a wide range of temporal an  rcumstances are local adaptation and/or migration. current and future species responses to pred  -wide patterns and interactions between environmental change, demography and evolution taking p  en environmental change, demography and evolution taking place in the past is essential for dev  redicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great inter   they are ecologically dominant in many ecosystems and, at the same time, many of them are also
11615	2	d ecologically significant quantitative traits. specifically, we will: examine the role of dete  ifferences with variation in phenotypic traits using a matrix correspondence analysis.
10753	5	world s upper ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why.   y. evidence shows that a portion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated wat  rtion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated waters, however that seems to    phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however, there were anaerobic mic  y we hope to start to unravel the ocean methane paradox.
9871	5	world s upper ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why.   y. evidence shows that a portion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated wat  rtion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated waters, however that seems to    phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however, there were anaerobic mic  y we hope to start to unravel the ocean methane paradox.
11737	4	they come up to the surface, measuring temperature and salinity as they go, and telemeter thei   the surface, measuring temperature and salinity as they go, and telemeter their location and t  and antarctic slope front. a section of temperature and salinity across these flows will indica  ope front. a section of temperature and salinity across these flows will indicate their locatio
14367	7	ity based on airborne hyperspectral and lidar data. the complex nature of hyperspectral data se  perspectral and lidar data. the complex nature of hyperspectral data sets urge producers to set  , such as forests which have pronounced vegetation structures, are affecting the captured hyper  s composition, and stand diversity from remote sensing data. - a successful airborne flight cam  r scanning with high quality imagery. - optimization the structure of the hyperspectral imagery  vity to errors in the input data. - the evaluation of the cost-benefit of combining airborne hy  borne hyperspectral with laser scanning remote sensing data for deriving forest thematic output
13608	9	he impact and significance of molecular-scale processes, such as biochemically induced weatheri  teria-fungi-tree interactions, on macro-scale processes, such as nutrient cycling in forest soi  trient cycling in forest soils and tree growth. bacteria that enhance mycorrhiza formation and   ude their ability to mobilize important nutrients from solution and minerals, promote mycorrhiz  promote mycorrhizae formation and plant growth, and produce extraordinarily strong complex form  solution as part of bacteria-fungi-tree symbiosis. an increased knowledge regarding the product  s. an increased knowledge regarding the production of important ligands from mhb-fungi-tree int  inable, environmentally-friendly forest-ecosystem development.   vironmentally-friendly forest-ecosystem development.
15303	1	hanges occurred during the craniofacial development, at intraspecific level, which may generate
13979	2	e recommendations to uncertainty around model assumptions. this project will determine the best   account woodpecker population ecology, habitat requirements, environmental variability and unc
7451	6	ing at sea during their oceanic feeding migration. the specific reasons for the decline in this  nt species are as yet unknown, however, climate change is likely to be an important factor. in   patial and ecological use of the marine environment by different regional and river stocks, whi  h are known to show variation in marine growth, condition, and survival. salmon populations may   advancing our understanding of oceanic-scale, ecological and ecosystem processes. such knowled  anding of oceanic-scale, ecological and ecosystem processes. such knowledge is fundamental to t
6843	6	n arable fields. major functions in the ecosystem forest such as productions, nutrient recyclin  ng are controlled by the rates at which nutrients are released by decomposition in the soil and  ates at which nutrients are released by decomposition in the soil and litter horizont. the deco  on in the soil and litter horizont. the decomposition process drives complex food webs with the  he decomposition process drives complex food webs with the soil fauna. collembola are ubiquitou  are meter. their major diet is decaying vegetation and associated microbes. knowledge of long–t
10688	2	by nutritional conditions during early development. we will combine the organismal fitness mea  he latter include measures of oxidative stress.
10443	7	mental role in the social structure and population dynamics of animals. while data from a range  llows us to explore the consequences of life history responses to temporal changes in the envir  ry responses to temporal changes in the environment in a population dynamics context. as a resu  emporal changes in the environment in a population dynamics context. as a result, our research   arch will provide general insights into life history and aging theory, an understanding of how   ow individual life histories respond to environmental change, and a theoretical framework for l  or linking individual life histories to population dynamics.
10177	1	ill allow us to test the chronology and nature of the change. this has major implications for t
7051	7	effects of agricultural change on this ecosystem service, however, are not universal and the m  etween pests and their natural enemies, food web analysis provides a versatile tool to address   oposed project will utilize a molecular food web approach and examine, for the first time, how   es in plant fertilisation and landscape complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasitoid-hyperpa  tative aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs on a species-specific level to unravel how ch  pecific level to unravel how changes in food web interactions affect parasitoid aphid control.   lization affects whole aphid-parasitoid food webs in both simple and complex landscapes, allowi
11821	6	oke free from the limits imposed by the environment and learnt how to shape the environment to   environment and learnt how to shape the environment to their own ends. agriculture also had far  n society, the improved methods of food production eventually resulting in rapid population gro  ventually resulting in rapid population growth and the development of complex civilisations suc  ting in rapid population growth and the development of complex civilisations such as those of c   to the cultivated plants, and what the nature of the relationship is in each case.
7436	1	assess fococa 1. the functionality of a habitat with two biomarkers: vipera berus and the crick
10639	10	calling for geo-engineering methods of carbon capture and sequestration . it brings together c  ectiveness of a land-use advocated as a climate change mitigation strategy. the project will sh   land-use advocated as a climate change mitigation strategy. the project will show if biochar s  k soils is likely to lead to successful carbon sequestration and the consequences for the stabi  uestration and the consequences for the stability of soil communities and the functions they un  e society to respond urgently to global climate change by providing timely evidence-based recom  endations to policy makers charged with climate change adaptation and mitigation. moreover this  rged with climate change adaptation and mitigation. moreover this work will contribute to the n  erstand the role of biodiversity in key ecosystem processes by studying the response of soil bi  onsequences for the cycling of chemical nutrients.
7430	1	of techniques that allow a less greedy production in petroleum products. this thinking led in
7190	4	pean parliament and the grenelle of the environment in 2007. the inclusion of this new social i  y, ie enhance the functionality of agro-ecosystems while maintaining adequate production levels  o-ecosystems while maintaining adequate production levels and ensuring the economic viability o  contribute to the current debate on the evolution towards a productive and sustainable agricult
7417	4	l for agroforestry systems. the overall productivity of land and grain quality are improved. pl   cultured medium, through the trees and vegetation of the uncultivated strip, is it purveyor of  stry grain of the hérault. research and development partners ensure a participatory and collabo  osals for concrete improvements for the development of biodiversity within agroforestry plots c
7111	5	actions between landscape structure and production and maintenance practices; 2 / the ability o  epends, in large part, to their type of production system and the configuration of their operat  territory, with a limited investment in mapping and analysis of the flora in the second site. t  argins. in perspective, we consider the development of diagnostic methods for environmental man  sessment methods of field margins using indicators
7413	2	reenway proposed by the grenelle of the environment, to regain biodiversity champenoise plain c  ivam of the oasis agriculture and rural development association hopes to allow crossing of the
7703	17	y the mechanisms of interaction between nitrogen metabolism and plant defense mechanisms, choos  hanisms of interaction between nitrogen metabolism and plant defense mechanisms, choosing the m   plant defense mechanisms, choosing the model plant for cereals, rice, wheat base with the gree  eat base with the green revolution, and model fungus magnaporthe grisea agent most important di  cessary for a sustainable and effective resistance management. this interaction will be studied  enes for expression studies involved in nitrogen metabolism and those involved in the defense m  expression studies involved in nitrogen metabolism and those involved in the defense mechanisms  he field, modulation of the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism will be obtained by different cultu   modulation of the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism will be obtained by different culture system  udied in these systems. the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism will be measured globally by conven  these systems. the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism will be measured globally by conventional ch  echanisms that modify the expression of resistance in the field. furthermore analysis of geneti  d the work of genetic expression of the resistance will reinforce knowledge about the mechanism   provide useful markers for the further development of varietal improvement for these ecologica  rietal improvement for these ecological intensification systems. we propose to measure the effe  se to measure the effects of ecological intensification systems that are the direct seeding on   ing on plant cover on the expression of resistance to rice m. grisea and identify the mechanism
523	3	rsity depends, for a major part, on the production system and the landscape configuration of th  e grove: ecological system in which the growth is controlled both by landscape structures and b  se, we have developed methods, based on indicators, to assess the biodiversity of field borders
13310	6	estrial and freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functioning alarm will develop and test metho  d protocols for the assessment of large-scale environmental risks in order to minimise negative  anges in biodiversity and in structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems. this relates to e  in structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems. this relates to ecosystem services and incl  dynamics of ecosystems. this relates to ecosystem services and includes the relationship betwee  sity. in particular, risks arising from climate change, environmental chemicals, biological inv
15187	8	rvation, since they have a high species richness, contain several endemic species and other one  ed as bioindicators of the increases of sedimentation rates in disturbed environments. the sedi  on rates in disturbed environments. the sedimentation influences the structure of benthic marin  l reefs and subtidal habitats with high sedimentation rates related with human activities. neve  rfs from sand-rocky habitats, where the sedimentation is naturally high. the present project en  adiella melanoidea; b assessment of the sedimentation effects on the structure of benthic marin  intertidal rocky shores; c study of the spatial variability of the algal turfs composition; d s  species composition of algal trufs, the sediment granulometry and the wave exposure. samplings
13593	13	s. in this project, we will explore the trophic interactions between three introduced seaweed s  d on the effects of invading species on ecosystem processes. firstly, we will test the hypothes  urces to defence and relatively less to growth compared to plants from the native range, by gro  arden experiment. secondly, we will use mesocosm experiments and coupled field experiments to e   of such a difference for two important ecosystem processes: community-level primary production   for two important ecosystem processes: community-level primary production and the transfer of   stem processes: community-level primary production and the transfer of energy to the next troph   primary production and the transfer of energy to the next trophic level. since invasions often  t also the more general hypothesis that community diversity affects production and consumption.  thesis that community diversity affects production and consumption. we expect that the project   that the project will contribute to the development of tools for predicting invasion success an  ols for predicting invasion success and ecosystem effects of invasions, apart from elucidating   duced macroalgae on the swedish coastal ecosystem.
2522	1	ction routes, establishment, population development of pacific oyster and its effects on native
14416	1	their effect on native biodiversity and ecosystems. two main factors suggesting that bulgarian
12016	4	cesses involved in invasions of insular ecosystems. the biodiversity and the threats upon it ar  nvaded communities, taking the rat as a model species in 7 french island groups. by simultaneou   and more complete understanding of the complexity of the impacts of invasive species when intr  en introduced to or removed from island ecosystems. apart from its scientific outputs, this pro
13743	5	hat alien plants can replace natives by competition for space and nutrients. however, although   ce natives by competition for space and nutrients. however, although pollination is vital for r  pollination network will be mapped in a habitat that harbours a large amount of alien plant spe  ons occupied, interaction strengths and abundance of the alien plants will allow estimations of   facilitative interactions in their new environment is of importance for our understanding of b
7574	6	allelic diversity of genes involved in resistance to rice yellow mottle virus and evaluate rel  e virus and evaluate relations with the resistance to well-characterized strains of rymv. two f  lain the very high strength and partial resistance, will be given priority. allelic sequencing   ll be conducted in conjunction with the resistance level evaluated against a range of viral iso   against a range of viral isolates. the stability of certain sources of resistance and the adap  es. the stability of certain sources of resistance and the adaptability of the virus will then
10823	2	of juvenile sea turtles revealing their migration patterns and habitat utilisation and identify   revealing their migration patterns and habitat utilisation and identifying hotspots where inte
14103	2	ponsibility communities in all-european scale, having a great importance for preserving biodive  a almost on the northern limit of their distribution area. the main aims of the project are: ha
13311	1	this network of excellence model. this framework will ensure that research contrib
14510	1	is to produce heterogeneous seeds. this heterogeneity can affect not only colour, size, and sha
12355	1	se - why is the r&d needed the food and environment protection act of defra and samples for ana
12709	5	dentify opportunities for coupling semi-habitat restoration with recreation and tourism. biodiv  rnment makes significant investments in habitat restoration through farming schemes, which are   ugh farming schemes, which are by their nature, short-term and dispersed. larger, longer-term r  more secure in the face of the changing climate. studies of re-wilding, for, have generally ide  uk. however, managed landscapes of high nature value, such as the new forest or norfolk broads
11067	9	climate has often been identified as the main determina   main determinant of species ranges, so climate change is expected to cause changes in species   butions. recent research has identified climate-induced shifts in the altitudinal and latitudin  ifts in the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution of a variety of taxa; however the interact  the extinction of species at a regional scale. although species are likely to respond individua  s are likely to respond individually to climate change, the overall consequences of these chang  derstanding of the potential effects of climate change on regional and global biodiversity. thi  s would be expected given the amount of warming that has taken place, and whether these changes  fts for both local and regional species richness.
9965	9	climate has often been identified as the main determina   main determinant of species ranges, so climate change is expected to cause changes in species   butions. recent research has identified climate-induced shifts in the altitudinal and latitudin  ifts in the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution of a variety of taxa; however the interact  the extinction of species at a regional scale. although species are likely to respond individua  s are likely to respond individually to climate change, the overall consequences of these chang  derstanding of the potential effects of climate change on regional and global biodiversity. thi  s would be expected given the amount of warming that has taken place, and whether these changes  fts for both local and regional species richness.
12037	16	scapes. socio economic determinants and production of ecosystem goods and services. in the amaz  economic determinants and production of ecosystem goods and services. in the amazonian arc of d  nt. furthermore, people who live on the mining exploitation of one of the richest natural resou  to public health, education, formation, energy or transport facilities. the amaz project aimed   correct the strongly negative impact on environment while allowing economic and social developm  ment while allowing economic and social development. the project considered a wide range of sit  ndscapes, biodiversity, productions and ecosystem services provided by soils, tested for signif  sity, agrosylvopastoral productions and ecosystem services, no attempt had been made so far to   work on an interdisciplinary conceptual model and created an indicator of eco efficiency that m  plinary conceptual model and created an indicator of eco efficiency that measures the socioecon  l model and created an indicator of eco efficiency that measures the socioeconomic and environm  s affect biodiversity, the provision of ecosystem goods and services and calculate correspondin  nage landscape and biodiversity and the ecosystem goods and services that they provide. eco eff  ods and services that they provide. eco efficiency indices were 4 times larger in agroforestry   owest ranking. impact on local economic development and environmental conservation is thus meas  y to halt deforestation and allow local development.
10527	8	rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und  ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment.   natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f  ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect  iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we  rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under  he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv  of the response of the amazon to future climate change.
10774	8	rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und  ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment.   natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f  ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect  iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we  rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under  he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv  of the response of the amazon to future climate change.
11051	8	rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und  ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment.   natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f  ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect  iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we  rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under  he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv  of the response of the amazon to future climate change.
11574	8	rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und  ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment.   natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f  ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect  iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we  rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under  he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv  of the response of the amazon to future climate change.
11816	8	rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und  ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment.   natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f  ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect  iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we  rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under  he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv  of the response of the amazon to future climate change.
11817	8	rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und  ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment.   natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f  ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect  iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we  rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under  he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv  of the response of the amazon to future climate change.
11820	8	rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und  ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment.   natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f  ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect  iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we  rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under  he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv  of the response of the amazon to future climate change.
11235	11	s for a 6 month partnership and project development catalyst project to build an interdisciplin  guardians of some of the most important ecosystems of the planet. amazonia is one of earth s mo  mazonia is one of earth s most precious ecosystems. as the amazonian forest reaches the andes i  e: the yungas . these two sister forest ecosystems are amongst the most biodiverse regions of t  her, across these four countries, these ecosystems span more than 6 million square kilometers,   e world with some of its most important ecosystem services in terms of forest and food resource  cines, rainfall regulation and a global carbon sink. internationally, there is an urgent need t  nities directly dependent on biodiverse ecosystems. the need is especially urgent in this fragi   deforestation, resource extraction and climate change. this proposal is for a 6-month grant to  f awarded, we place a major emphasis on development of partners who will support and guide the   d well-being specific objectives: a. to review existing evidence on links of biodiversity and i
10573	13	s of greenhouse gas exchange from these ecosystems, as attention has largely focussed on fluxes  nvironments are likely to change due to climate forcing or anthropogenic intervention. we propo  some of the first pilot measurements of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from amazonian peatlan  gin exploring the significance of these ecosystems for regional and global atmospheric budgets.  h will help us to better understand how methane and nitrous oxide fluxes are influenced by ecol  to predict the likely outcome of future environmental change or human disturbance, and will be   turbance, and will be useful for future modelling efforts. this research is important and timel  opical peatlands for current and future climate change. the need for studies like this are part  zon basin, because of the rapid pace of development and land use change, which may trigger enha  se of the rapid pace of development and land use change, which may trigger enhanced carbon loss   use change, which may trigger enhanced carbon losses, greenhouse gas emissions and habitat deg  on losses, greenhouse gas emissions and habitat degradation, all of which may act as a positive  which may act as a positive feedback to climate change.
2204	3	is to give these two wps data to start modelling risk and economy already at an early stage of  rom this work can then be utilised when modelling the effects on the organism groups of the oth  idemiology of the plague. an ecological model that also incorporates human activities and behav
11186	8	urce of information about past tropical climate, in particular as they appear to act as a bell-  ear to act as a bell-weather for global warming. in 1998, an estimated 16% of the world s tropi  pread bleaching during 2002. the annual growth bands in coral can be used to reconstructed temp  s in coral can be used to reconstructed temperature, salinity, ocean circulation, river runoff   n be used to reconstructed temperature, salinity, ocean circulation, river runoff and sediment   ty, ocean circulation, river runoff and sediment discharge over a colony s lifetime. in massive   behaviour of high-frequency short-term climate fluctuations such as el niño. even more intrigu  l to understanding the impact of future climate change and preparing management strategies for
10869	2	principally to ammonia released during decomposition of excreta and use the measurements to pr   to what extent this might affect their growth. this project is a contribution to antarctica ne
14782	2	sthobranch molluscs with a wide ranging distribution within the iberian-balerian-macranesian re  ain and portugal and of its biology and distribution. to attain these objectives we will undert
12051	8	s for the processes of reproduction and growth of juvenile stages. they are determinant for bio  versity conservation purposes. as their efficiency for fisheries management is stil questionabl  ical, ecological, economical and social indicators for an ecosystem approach for fisheries, to   economical and social indicators for an ecosystem approach for fisheries, to test the efficienc  tem approach for fisheries, to test the efficiency of mpas and to assess the economical activit  dynamic, bio-economical and multiagents modelling, to define the decision making mechanisms whi  network of mpas. the calibration of the indicators will be done by analysis of historical datab   analysis of historical databases . the efficiency, the study of the decision making process an
15445	3	g to 1 kg. regarding their geographical distribution, different species can be found from the b  u to tierra del fuego. given this large distribution, the representative of the genus must dig   ible morphology and neurocranium suture complexity, using geometrics morphometrics and fractal
12479	19	estimate the benefits derived from the ecosystem services provided by the terrestrial ecosyste  em services provided by the terrestrial ecosystems of england, such as woodlands, rural landsca  rural landscapes, rivers and moorlands. ecosystem services are the processes by which the natur   are the processes by which the natural environment produces resources that are useful to peopl  indeed, at a fundamental level, natural ecosystems perform critical life-support services upon    upon which human civilization depends. ecosystem services provide us with economic benefits in  vice provided by a coastal dune system. ecosystems also contain biodiversity discussed the role  tain biodiversity discussed the role of ecosystems at a global level. the current study will sp  specifically concentrate on terrestrial ecosystems in england and will calculate the value of e  england and will calculate the value of ecosystem services at regional and national levels. res  ational levels. results will inform the development of an ‘integrated policy framework which wi  livery of defras vision for the natural environment. this vision is of a diverse, healthy and r   diverse, healthy and resilient natural environment, which provides the basis for our survival,   carried out in phase 1 of the national environment programme, which included a significant amo  icant amount of work in identifying the ecosystem services involved, assessing the key issues a  to the context of england’s terrestrial ecosystems. it will employ a consultative approach, inv  gnitude of each service in each type of ecosystem. stage 2 will use the framework developed abo  ions. a gap analysis will highlight any ecosystem services that could not be valued and will id  lp us to better understand the value of ecosystems and the goods and services they provide us w
11861	1	nisations, including nerc s living with environmental change programme. it is also likely to be
12241	6	nding it is unlikely that another large-scale experimental program could be financed, so it is    an improved understanding of how added nutrients influence plant growth and development and cr   of how added nutrients influence plant growth and development and crop quality, and will ensur  ed nutrients influence plant growth and development and crop quality, and will ensure better ta  nd will ensure better targeting of such nutrients. it will also assist with developing best pra   resources and helping to safeguard the environment by optimising fertiliser inputs to farming
12672	3	to provide a literature review of techniques assessing the importance of biodiv   importance of biodiversity and related ecosystem services in developing countries, focusing on  ummarise the findings of the literature review to broaden understanding of the importance of bi
10444	4	ange estimates, efficacy of determining habitat use, cost-effectiveness. our ultimate goal is t  e goal is to advance our studies on the evolution of group living in carnivores by collecting d  l care benefits, levels of interference competition and the cost-benefit trade-off between nata  spersal. we will then use these data to model the benefits of group living in foxes under diffe
11576	5	focus for research into the effects of climate change on weather, climate, water resources, ag  e effects of climate change on weather, climate, water resources, agriculture and ecosystem fun  imate, water resources, agriculture and ecosystem function. the evaporative water loss from can  urface can be specified. using a simple modelling approach this wetness is determined by the di  pies in relation to their corresponding climate and water budget constraints.
10650	16	ns store as much as one-third of global soil carbon and represent a highly important global car  and represent a highly important global carbon dioxide sink, with an amount of stored carbon re   dioxide sink, with an amount of stored carbon representing 25-50% of current levels of atmosph   their ability to continue to sequester carbon dioxide and their botanical composition under fu  tanical composition under future global warming scenarios is uncertain, but research into their  ut research into their ability to store carbon during former periods of climate change can prov  o store carbon during former periods of climate change can provide clues to their potential fut   been shown that changes in the rate of carbon accumulation during the medieval warm period and  l to reconstruct the local peat forming vegetation when investigating long-term records of carb  when investigating long-term records of carbon accumulation, but this, unfortunately is not alw  and other boreal and subarctic peatland ecosystems. given this, there is a pressing need to dev  its which contain millennial records of carbon accumulation rate changes, and in this way recon  the spatial and temporal variability of carbon sequestration. this research seeks to redress th   reconstruct the potential former local vegetation of a blanket peat sample of imperfectly know  og deposits contain detailed records of carbon sequestration rate changes, and also provide pro  on rate changes, and also provide proxy-climate data and long-term ecological records to inform
12327	1	an evaluation of the relative difficulty encountered by up
10342	3	known . predicted outcomes include: the development of simulation software for use by biogeogra   more rigorous testing of hypotheses of global change and earth-life co-evolution.   eses of global change and earth-life co-evolution.
10079	5	r-mediated gene flow. the comprehensive model of cresswell et al. encapsulates key elements of   ic structure of many plant species. the model can be applied to insect-pollinated crops and so    a preliminary experimental test of the model yielded only partial success, however. i therefor  mme of experiments to evaluate both the model and three previously unstudied pollination proces  ct the accuracy of its predictions. the evaluation is critical in developing a full understandi
10041	4	gments in feathers and bills, and these traits feature prominently in research on sexual select   and mate quality to potential mates or dominance and fighting ability to competitive rivals. c  nsively studied; carotenoid content and metabolism have been studied in many species; and a rob  re the genetic mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism and deposition, and are the mechanisms the s
152	5	test them on data sets. 6. testing and evaluation of the models saved in the information syste   7. re-measuring of the permanent stand growth sample plot network covering all of estonia. 8.   lot network covering all of estonia. 8. development of a database for forest growth functions.   8. development of a database for forest growth functions. 9. research on the theoretical aspect  ch on the theoretical aspects of forest modelling and statistical analysis.
10901	2	ompound specific 15n analysis for total nitrogen analysis. in both cases the capability for 13c  nation will take place through the nerc community and beyond. commercial exploitation will be u
13799	3	areas for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning in the central parts of the stock  se land uses influence biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of nup and surrounding habitats.   ing habitats. habitats analyzed include nature reserves, dispersal corridors in green wedges, c
7689	11	s demand. the objective is to provide a mapping tool that models the interactions between socia  omic and landscape that can support the development of interdisciplinary research and managemen  linary research and management choices. modeling morphological and geographical components of t  rrigation channels in the landscape and vegetation will be analyzed in terms of ecological and    the economic analysis of landscape and ecological services provided by the channels will forma  alize their value and possible forms of recovery. the sociological approach will seek to identi  . from the data collected and generated mapping, we show how the irrigation canals can foster c  ow how the irrigation canals can foster connectivity between farmland and ecological value area  e ecological role that they play in the production of environmentally and socially valued lands  the mediterranean region. knowledge and development of this dynamic plant on the outskirts of i   such as the role that they play in the production of landscapes raises questions about how the
14848	5	the aquatic ecosystems of the central plateau are included in one o  f the biological, ecological and social complexity present in this region, one of the bases for  to determine priorities and found those ecosystems in which is convenient to focus the conserva  tive which reach a broader study of the complexity of these situations. to do it, this project   tion of the aquatic habitats by mean of development and application of the accurate index of bi
11726	5	ntly begun the first study of fluxes of energy, water and co2 over a mangrove forest using the    and dry seasons. canopy- and component-scale measurements will be integrated within a state-of  be integrated within a state-of-the-art modelling framework, leading the first mechanistic unde  hanistic understanding of the fluxes of energy and mass in a mangrove ecosystem. this is an opp  fluxes of energy and mass in a mangrove ecosystem. this is an opportunity to understand a key f
15017	2	ch, it will be investigated whether the distribution, size and spectral characteristics of the   f the colored plumage patches of a bird community maximizes conspicuosness toward intended rece
10052	8	ese materials will be released into the environment, especially from domestic use, and that the  unities play important roles in aquatic food webs, and are vital to the integrity and normal nu   integrity and normal nutrient cycling, stability, and functional geochemistry of sediments. in  nts, and chemical factors such as water ph or salinity will be monitored. the project brings to  nd chemical factors such as water ph or salinity will be monitored. the project brings together   brings together expertise on bacteria, sediment/metal chemistry, and the ecotoxicology of nano  f microbial diversity during controlled sediment and water exposures to silver and tio2 nps in   lso be harmful to microorganisms in the environment.
12703	5	nd land management decisions concerning climate change and protected sites, and considerations   rations towards managing adaptation and mitigation needs . the project requires the use of clim  needs . the project requires the use of climate projections , which is reviewing data sets, inc  r evidence of signals of the effects of climate change. there is also a project that is assessi  roject that is assessing the impacts of climate change on ornithological interest of uk special
1085	7	the invasion of mediterranean sand dune ecosystems by alien plants. the current project aims to   information regarding their geographic distribution. to this scope, the data base will be inte  the data base will be integrated with a gis software in order to produce a cartographic represe  nd alien species in the different plant community types growing on coastal dunes. furthermore,   ats. the study of the morphological and functional traits will be carried out for all sampled s  issen et al. . finally, the analysis of plant functional types together with the analysis of bi  sses currently in progress in sand dune ecosystems.
14569	2	il features. studies on its genetic and functional diversity would enable a more rational selec  oorganisms to the functioning of forest ecosystems. .
10232	14	ft their ranges to keep track of future climate changes. most supporting evidence for this come  uthern boundaries are also sensitive to climate is equivocal. we will analyse existing data set  t southern range margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability   to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new f  e the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new field data, we will mode  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit  ill model relationships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with  tionships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical cl  tween current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical climate and di  limate, and test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relat  test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species th  elate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use our models to predic  hen use our models to predict potential distribution changes under alternative future climate c  bution changes under alternative future climate change scenarios.
10498	14	ft their ranges to keep track of future climate changes. most supporting evidence for this come  uthern boundaries are also sensitive to climate is equivocal. we will analyse existing data set  t southern range margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability   to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new f  e the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new field data, we will mode  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit  ill model relationships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with  tionships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical cl  tween current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical climate and di  limate, and test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relat  test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species th  elate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use our models to predic  hen use our models to predict potential distribution changes under alternative future climate c  bution changes under alternative future climate change scenarios.
11512	14	ft their ranges to keep track of future climate changes. most supporting evidence for this come  uthern boundaries are also sensitive to climate is equivocal. we will analyse existing data set  t southern range margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability   to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new f  e the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new field data, we will mode  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit  ill model relationships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with  tionships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical cl  tween current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical climate and di  limate, and test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relat  test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species th  elate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use our models to predic  hen use our models to predict potential distribution changes under alternative future climate c  bution changes under alternative future climate change scenarios.
11613	14	ft their ranges to keep track of future climate changes. most supporting evidence for this come  uthern boundaries are also sensitive to climate is equivocal. we will analyse existing data set  t southern range margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability   to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new f  e the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new field data, we will mode  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit  ill model relationships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with  tionships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical cl  tween current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical climate and di  limate, and test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relat  test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species th  elate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use our models to predic  hen use our models to predict potential distribution changes under alternative future climate c  bution changes under alternative future climate change scenarios.
15172	3	relationships between phylogenetic and functional diversity of am fungi associated to the targ  versity in planta and to facilitate the succession of the different am fungi. this biotechnolog  fferent am fungi. this biotechnological development would be based on the use of the methodolog
10721	3	wever, recent results indicate that the evolution of this differential use of genes is incomple  e genes that cause antagonism, or their function in the organism or how they evolve. this proje  ally, we will study the patterns of dna evolution of loci involved in antagonism in order ident
7380	1	real situations and mobilizes deducted indicators molecular typing, genealogies or genetic eva
7596	1	taining the gene i, head of sustainable resistance to nematodes, has been cloned and sequenced
10960	2	recorder , a more robust picture of the distribution of the key taxa and the plankton community  bution of the key taxa and the plankton community structure will be possible.
6923	2	host plant cells resulting in tumorous growth. the transfer of bacterial dna from the bacteriu  ar breeding since they may increase the efficiency grapevine transformation. on the other hand,
14536	2	eport of 2002, the committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology, r   definition in bacteriology, recommends evaluation of multilocus gene sequence analysis for its
7529	1	alculation of the coordinates in cielab scale, chromosomal enumeration clones, interspecific hy
15173	4	ntages, since it is a diploid amphibian model for which a lot of methodological tools have been  fferentiated ovaries . finally, gonadal development we will be studied using two approaches. on  ges that take place in the gonad during development will allow us to establish the role of thos   differential expression during gonadal development in x. tropicalis using microarrays. the ana
12517	1	after rapid growth, the area of organically farmed land has remaine
15038	14	cal invasions are important elements of global change, representing the second threaten for ear  ine and even collapse of several marine ecosystems. seaweeds represent an important component o  ese species mean a high risk for marine ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosystem engin   for marine ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosystem engineers, being able to change t  ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosystem engineers, being able to change their structu  eing able to change their structure and function, monopolizing the space and altering trophic n  tors or factors related to the receiver community, such as its species richness, conservation d  receiver community, such as its species richness, conservation degree or resources availability   have evolutionary consequences for the ecosystems, further than the direct impacts by the inva   species composition, and structure and production of the communities, which until now has only  roposed: prediction based in biological distribution models. these predictive studies allow the  els. these predictive studies allow the development of early detection systems to estimate the   and in new climatic scenarios of global warming, identifying special sensitive regions to invas  questions will be faced, considering as model the invasion of the red seaweed asparagopsis taxi
14705	1	deferential components in our winemaker production. in the other hand, to know the genetic dive
7532	1	l be calculated by using the methods of classification distances nei, cavalli - sforza and reyn
15143	7	nowadays, habitat destruction and fragmentation are major threats  on. in agricultural landscapes, loss of habitat diversity and complexity, at different spatial   ndscapes, loss of habitat diversity and complexity, at different spatial scales, is also a crit  ting for a major decrease of biological richness. a great amount of european diversity is maint  ome urgent to know the effects that the habitat structure of agricultural landscapes has on its  ce that small fragments of semi-natural habitat have as biological corridors, allowing to estab  ndscape design and the proposal of agri-environment schemes.
7371	1	the formation of crossing- overs at the scale of a rapeseed variety collection
158	1	ses by switching them on and off in the model.
14862	4	et and they exert in many cases crucial ecological functions as principal components of the ben  by the unreliability of many anatomical traits currently used as species-diagnostic characters   ficids, and morphology, ultrastructure, distribution and function of various external ciliated   ology, ultrastructure, distribution and function of various external ciliated sensory organs pr
10068	2	er these lineages have responded to the evolution of their hosts in the same way. some kinds of  standing of the factors involved in the evolution of host-parasite assemblages.
15424	8	tidisciplinary perspective to study the evolution of sexual behaviour, genitalia and alternativ  008-02799 to propose an overview of the evolution of genitalia in the zygoptera . one of the mo  y sexual reproduction is predominant in nature, despite its numerous costs. here we propose to   c damselfly, to test theories about the evolution and maintenance of sex, and particularly the   thesis. i. hastata is also an excellent model to study the nature and significance of selfish g  is also an excellent model to study the nature and significance of selfish genetic elements, li  e transposons. we recently reviewed the evolution and maintenance of alternative colour morphs    make a comprehensive analysis of sperm competition mechanisms and other postcopulatory sexual
13415	1	erformance and to develop a sustainable production system of angora goats in rural areas within
14166	7	tometer for the measurements of angular distribution of forest directional reflectance, and mea  nt and potential of angular reflectance distribution in remote sensing applications. for exampl   of angular reflectance distribution in remote sensing applications. for example, the angular d   applications. for example, the angular distribution of forest reflectance provides additional   tance provides additional data on stand growth and state which is not available looking directl   a test site of international satellite remote sensing projects. besides advancing the know-how  es advancing the know-how of instrument development and data processing techniques, the results
9963	2	ightened, perhaps because they detect a predator, they tend to bunch together tightly. this has  uce its chance of being captured by the predator by moving in between other individuals, and th
1987	5	articular route and follow a particular migration schedule and what the implications will be of  understanding of the connection between migration and ecological, evolutionary and conservation   interactions with conspecifics and the environment. therefore, they can assist in analysing th  rs. we aim to develop an annual routine model and to obtain general insights into what shapes l  insights into what shapes long-distance migration in birds, to estimate consequences of potenti
13600	6	the effect of disturbance on ecosystems is one of the key questions in contemporary   fect of canopy-thinning on ant-epiphyte metacommunity structure. the combination of these two m   different management intenstiy on this ecosystem. second, it functions as a model system to an  is ecosystem. second, it functions as a model system to answer the more general ecological ques  cted and previously unpublished data on community structure of arboreal ants and combine this w  e this with spatially explicit epiphyte abundance data, which i will collect on the shade-trees
14417	13	onmental protection investigations. the resistance of algae is connected with the efficiency of  sistance of algae is connected with the efficiency of their repair system and the stability of   ficiency of their repair system and the stability of cell antioxidant defense. such kinds of st  icance because of the fact that man and environment plants are forced to live under deteriorati  g the elucidation of mechanisms forming resistance to uv, oxidative, light and temperature stre   resistance to uv, oxidative, light and temperature stress. some algae remain vital even at hig  to uv, oxidative, light and temperature stress. some algae remain vital even at highest uv leve  s aspect, the use of antarctic algae as model systems for creation of survival strategies is ap  of molecular and biochemical markers of resistance to ultraviolet radiation alone or combined w  n alone or combined with other forms of stress in antarctic algae, as well as the creation of c  n of complex strategies to assess algal resistance. we expect to determine uv stress markers wh  l resistance. we expect to determine uv stress markers which are to be used when screening and    used when screening and monitoring the environment, as well as when selecting resistible agric
10344	5	ular the group will study the supply of nitrogen and carbon to the bacteria and algae, how this  p will study the supply of nitrogen and carbon to the bacteria and algae, how this is affected    and algae, how this is affected by the temperature and saltiness of the brines contained in th  e, try to link the seasonal dynamics of nutrients, photosynthetic organisms and bacteria and lo  ganisms that can relate to the chemical environment in which they have grown. such signatures a
14366	16	the quality of the generated dems. wp2 development and evolution of river systems: the major a  the generated dems. wp2 development and evolution of river systems: the major aim of this wp is  ties provide information on the spatial distribution of specific fluvial land morphologies thro  al land morphologies through changes in land cover and underlying soil composition. results wil  : the goal of this wp is to assess dune migration rates and directions in the vicinity of the f   are characterised by variations in the density of archaeological and settlement remains in con  wp5 functional and multi-temporal urban development: the objective of this wp is to study the d  ges and their relation with demographic evolution using a multi-temporal analysis of rs-imagery  ties will be analysed, buth also the 3d evolution using results from wp 1. wp6 integration, int   wp 1. wp6 integration, interaction and modeling of the urban, physical and archaeological envi   the urban, physical and archaeological environment: in this wp, the results of wps 1-5 will be  r to understand the long-term landscape development. the aim is to study human-environment inte   development. the aim is to study human-environment interactions and to asses the impact of urb  ctions and to asses the impact of urban development on the natural and cultural heritage throug  tural and cultural heritage through the modelling of urban expansion and to assess the impact o   impact of environmental changes on the distribution of archaeological features. --------------
14708	3	control the relationship maintaining it seasonality. another objective is to know whether such   kind of relationships are widespread in nature within birds phylogeny. finally, since all upupi  ght in the evolutionary history of this mutualism.
13786	2	mechanisms that control the baculovirus development in the lepidopteran host is important for t  -industry and for improving baculovirus efficiency in biological control. it can also give insi
14106	12	s relating to costs of reproduction and dominance in field studies on free-living birds. resear  n the basis of theories of life-history evolution and parasite-mediated sexual selection will b  up-regulation and suppression of immune function and antioxidant barriers in order to investiga  ther immune activation causes oxidative stress and whether and how these processes are modulate  ndividual infection status. in the same model, the potential of carotenoid-based ornaments in a   tested. costs and benefits of parasite resistance and tolerance, including effects on antioxid  sed ornaments, will be evaluated in the model of experimental coccidiosis. the same model will   l of experimental coccidiosis. the same model will be also applied for assessment how standard   rd assays of immunocompetence relate to resistance and tolerance of real parasites. the hypothe  physiological costs of reproduction and dominance are caused by immune suppression and oxidativ  sed by immune suppression and oxidative stress will be tested by experimental manipulation of r  manipulation of reproductive effort and dominance.
7630	5	he environmental impacts to the natural environment is statutorily subject to restrictions of u  his principle implies exchanges between nature objects, be substituted for them, must meet equi  d on a range of factors relating to the nature of scientific knowledge, the nature of the excha  the nature of scientific knowledge, the nature of the exchanged objects, temporalities and scal  anged objects, temporalities and scales ecosystems concerned, the institutions that define and
15333	12	the loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by agriculture, forestry, tourism, or ur  griculture, forestry, tourism, or urban development alter biodiversity at local, regional and g  diversity at local, regional and global scale. due to the importance of ants in many ecosystems  . due to the importance of ants in many ecosystems, the loss of native ants can have important    loss of native ants can have important indirect effects. these include effects on seed dispers  ffects on seed dispersal and subsequent recruitment, on pollination, and even on vertebrate fau  which reflect the dynamics and state of ecosystems. indeed, they are widely distributed, abunda  lay an important role in nearly all the ecosystems to evaluate the potential use of ants as bio   of organization including communities, functional groups and individual species. at the same t  ll generate information relevant to the development of agri-environmental, forestry, and touris   tourism policies, reconciling economic development and the conservation of biodiversity at the   biodiversity at the local and regional scale. it also intends to obtain a rapid assessment of
14604	5	e to climatic change, considering 1 the temperature effect on locomotory behavior and on larval   1 the temperature effect on locomotory behavior and on larval development, 2 the resilience of  ct on locomotory behavior and on larval development, 2 the resilience of anurans after metamorp   water availability and 3 the effect of temperature on sound communication of adult anurans bet  will determine whether the influence of temperature changes on the different vital processes ha
7120	1	biodiversity mainly apprehended in the nature conservation policies of line
10465	8	t members of most temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and include some of the most significant ag  rovides essential amino acids and other nutrients that are absent in the aphids rather depauper  can, among other things, increase aphid resistance to parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, hel  his project seeks to understand how the community of secondary symbionts is structured: what de  onts, and what affects its evolutionary stability. it consists of three subprojects. the first    the first is to develop a mathematical model to synthesise all we know about secondary symbion  st critical areas for research. no such model exists at the moment, and quantitative approaches  the structure of the secondary symbiont community and to test hypotheses about how it is struct
9887	8	t members of most temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and include some of the most significant ag  rovides essential amino acids and other nutrients that are absent in the aphids rather depauper  can, among other things, increase aphid resistance to parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, hel  his project seeks to understand how the community of secondary symbionts is structured: what de  onts, and what affects its evolutionary stability. it consists of three subprojects. the first    the first is to develop a mathematical model to synthesise all we know about secondary symbion  st critical areas for research. no such model exists at the moment, and quantitative approaches  the structure of the secondary symbiont community and to test hypotheses about how it is struct
10922	1	rasitoid system. specifically, apparent competition in spatially extended systems will be inves
15575	21	ince the 1940ies increased agricultural production has modified agricultural landscapes, includ  ation of natural habitats, reduction in habitat diversity, and increases in habitat disturbance   in habitat diversity, and increases in habitat disturbance and agrochemical application. agric   agrochemical application. agricultural intensification is considered a major driver of global   loss, and has important effects on many ecosystem services. much recent research has focused on  t research has focused on valuating and mapping ecosystem services at various spatial scales, b  ch has focused on valuating and mapping ecosystem services at various spatial scales, but predi  explicitly address how land-use affects ecosystem services mediated by biodiversity are rare. b  re rare. biological pest control is one ecosystem service threatened by agricultural intensific  stem service threatened by agricultural intensification. the diversity and abundance of natural  ural intensification. the diversity and abundance of natural enemies and natural enemy attack r  t straightforward. even though a recent meta-analysis showed that increasing enemy diversity us  fluctuating environmental conditions. a food web approach, where the trophic interactions betwe  ditions. a food web approach, where the trophic interactions between natural enemies, pests and  n that the structure of host-parasitoid food webs can be strongly altered by habitat modificati  id food webs can be strongly altered by habitat modification with important implications for bi  as explored the interactions in complex food webs including agricultural pests, predatory and p   of natural enemy-pest-alternative prey food web interactions and the value of biological contr  scape composition affects natural enemy community composition and how historic shifts in natura  . using up-to-date molecular techniques food web interactions will be empirically examined unde  al control. these data will feed into a model for biological control of cereal aphids, and faci
10603	2	are, how they survive in their extreme environment and how they might influence processes in d  n ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on earth might have started. so
10103	12	years as a result of plant collecting, intensification of agriculture and land use changes hav  uced in size that their germination and development in nature is dependent upon specialized ass  at their germination and development in nature is dependent upon specialized associations with    seeds and supply the young plants with carbon and nutrients. this unique form of nutrition con  supply the young plants with carbon and nutrients. this unique form of nutrition continues thro  ss spectrometer enabling the individual carbon and nitrogen containing compounds to be identifi  eter enabling the individual carbon and nitrogen containing compounds to be identified and thei  f the composition and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen-containing compounds can be made in  sition and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen-containing compounds can be made in the orchid  gal partner, in adjacent cells in which carbon is stored by the plant and the fungus excluded,    in plant vascular tissue through which nutrients and carbon pass up into the shoots.   ular tissue through which nutrients and carbon pass up into the shoots.
11558	3	veal an historic link between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance this will be a very useful  nk between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance this will be a very useful advance for manage  ers seeking to regulate fisheries in an ecosystem context. the project will also demonstrate to
12631	4	best and most versatile /bmv datasets; review of local development framework and planning supp  ersatile /bmv datasets; review of local development framework and planning supporting statement  local authorities with high a degree of development pressures and which have high concentration  aken account of bmv as a sustainability indicator when determining planning applications. the p
7034	18	terrestrial ecosystem models are designed to assess the flux of ene  dels are designed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a g  ed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a given vegetation  s the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a given vegetation type. ecos  n and nitrogen corresponding to a given vegetation type. ecosystem model validations use classi  rresponding to a given vegetation type. ecosystem model validations use classical statistical m  g to a given vegetation type. ecosystem model validations use classical statistical methods . o  s that these five measures indicate the stability status of a given model simulation. if the mo  ndicate the stability status of a given model simulation. if the model behaves stable then the   tus of a given model simulation. if the model behaves stable then the accuracy and precision of  able then the accuracy and precision of model outputs will remain valid. if the model behaves u  model outputs will remain valid. if the model behaves unstable it may indicate either a reduced  ed predictability or a reduction in the stability of a real world ecosystem. outputs from this   uction in the stability of a real world ecosystem. outputs from this research project may have   implications allowing us to compare the stability of different ecosystem types or the change in  s to compare the stability of different ecosystem types or the change in the stability accordin  nt ecosystem types or the change in the stability according to a change in driving forces like   ding to a change in driving forces like climate change.
14695	3	ing system of hippocampus guttulatus in nature and culture will be studied to check the monogam   in this genus, as well as the temporal stability, a basic subject for the development and futu  oral stability, a basic subject for the development and future improvement of culture of this s
6744	4	and enology has been dealing with grape resistance breading effectivelly for a half century. br  y for a half century. breading of fungi-resistance, marketable grape species are important not    the number of plants in the multi-year evaluation. during traditional hibridization, after the  hybrid-families by back-crossing of the resistance and sensitive grape species. in such case, i
15219	4	xcepting a few species that show direct development, pass through a planktonic larval period wi  ncountered by researchers when studying population dynamics, recruitment events, larval dispers  hers when studying population dynamics, recruitment events, larval dispersal and colonization,   ecruitment events, larval dispersal and colonization, functioning of planktonic trophic webs an
14663	3	e mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradiance combined with droug  mperatures. the imbalance between light energy absorption and its use in photosynthesis leads t  esis leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species correlation of biochemical quantificatio
14203	4	index on formation of fi values in the sediment pore water dom of a large shallow lake; respec  spective horizontal variation and small-scale variation in surface sediments will be estimated.  he pore water fi values in the vertical sediment profiles of a large shallow lake with comparat  e changes in the autochtonous microbial production rather than changes in the catchment process
10821	1	in to understand better the patterns of environmental change in a major mountain belt.
11022	7	he part that mammals played in mesozoic ecosystems is sketchy. exceptionally though, the fissur  l new information about the ecology and evolution of these mammalian ancestors, using a rigorou  ncestors, using a rigorously quantified modelling approach. we know a lot about certain aspects  nd indicates a mammalian physiology and growth pattern. palaeontologists are using many new tec  ted. the analysis calculates strain and stress within the structure in response to these loadin  the basis of an accurate finite element model. tiny early mammals are assumed to be insectivore  n priority of the two joints during the growth of an individual. is there some indication for t
12490	27	onia can have a range of impacts on the environment and human health, including : - effects on    diversity of semi-natural areas due to nitrogen enrichment through atmospheric nirogen deposit   transformation of deposited ammonia to nitrate and its subsequent leaching; - pollution of gro   ground water and drinking water due to nitrate leaching; - eutrophication of surface waters du  eutrophication of surface waters due to nitrogen enrichment; - global warming due to emission o  rs due to nitrogen enrichment; - global warming due to emission of nitrous oxide and methane, a  ng due to emission of nitrous oxide and methane, and cooling due to ammonium sulphate aerosols;  te aerosols; air quality management for ecosystem protection has primarily focussed to date on    critical loads to define environmental thresholds above which adverse effects may occur. howev  ects may occur. however, the effects on ecosystem services of exceedance of these thresholds ha  osystem services of exceedance of these thresholds have not been fully evaluated. furthermore,    been fully evaluated. furthermore, the nature of ammonia emissions and their diffuse sources m  a policy approach which considers these ecosystem impacts in isolation is not viable. the addit  isolation is not viable. the additional complexity arises from the way nitrogen derived from am  ditional complexity arises from the way nitrogen derived from ammonia emissions ‘cascades’ thro  mmonia emissions ‘cascades’ through the environment undergoing transformations that create pote  tial for interactions between losses of nitrogen compounds to air and water from terrestrial sy  il to air could potentially lead to the nitrogen emerging as nitrates in water courses to the d  courses to the detriment of the aquatic environment or to nitrous oxide emissions that contribu  rous oxide emissions that contribute to climate change. in the uk to date, most effort has been  ng abatement strategies at the national scale. the gothenburg protocol of the united nations ec  measures. this project will compare the ecosystems approach with current conventional air quali   approaches to determine which assesses ecosystem services more comprehensively in terms of imp  value of ecosytem services and links to human well-being. this will acheived by comparing three  eir causes, to the implementation of an ecosystems approach for air quality policy development   systems approach for air quality policy development at national level in the uk. a stakeholder   to the barriers, and to identify how an ecosystems approach could be implemented within current
12516	10	an ecological approach to orchard floor vegetation management will determine if this can lead t  l management of this disease. finally a review of the effects of calcium on fruit rotting in st  y areas for future research. generalist predators will attack a range of prey species. many spe   range of prey species. many species of predators/parasitoids occur naturally in crops and surr  ccur naturally in crops and surrounding vegetation, but they may colonise and remain in crops o  s within the crop to provide attractive vegetation both in terms of refuges and alternative foo   food sources is likely to increase the abundance of beneficials in the cropping area, leading    fruit quality and indirectly increases resistance to fungal rots. more recent research in trop  s, reducing spore germination, mycelial growth and sporulation and possibly also on the host, i  and possibly also on the host, inducing resistance to the pathogen. thus calcium, if effective,
12046	2	elled organisms, are typical as species richness is high and each species appears to be very wi  ine food chains work and the effects of global change. we examined basic questions concerning p
12057	5	. however, comprehensive studies at the community level are still missing. the following object   assessing transduction, host range and resistance processes in communities; 4/ refining the ki  nities; 4/ refining the kill the winner model on the influence of viruses on prokaryotic divers  of phage and host diversity to test the model. the findings will be compared between different   quatic environments to assess diversity productivity relationships.
11045	3	emicals are extremely long-lived in the environment and are know to be accumulating within diff  on the hormonal regulation of aquaporin function in the european eel as it is possible that del  nsporters may compromise the successful migration of fish from fw to sw environments and/or red
11057	3	emicals are extremely long-lived in the environment and are know to be accumulating within diff  on the hormonal regulation of aquaporin function in the european eel as it is possible that del  nsporters may compromise the successful migration of fish from fw to sw environments and/or red
14892	12	ry field in ecology that analyses large-scale patterns and processes of ecological particles .   s factors implied in observed patterns. community and population level patterns will be related  taxonomical level in order to assess if community-population richness relationships are coincid  order to assess if community-population richness relationships are coincident across taxonomica  nd non-neutral processes contributed to community and population richness in each region by ana  contributed to community and population richness in each region by analysing the relationship b  n by analysing the relationship between community and population richness and abundance, site o  onship between community and population richness and abundance, site occupancy, niche breadth,   n community and population richness and abundance, site occupancy, niche breadth, spatio-tempor  cupancy, niche breadth, spatio-temporal connectivity, and dispersion capabilities. thus, we wil  s, we will bring population genetics to community genetics and how it is linked to patterns of   ics and how it is linked to patterns of community composition generally. with the accomplishmen
7254	1	ct is to characterize the diversity and distribution of microorganisms
10238	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
10697	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
11252	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
11262	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
11793	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
11800	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
11803	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
9971	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
9977	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
9986	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
9988	4	how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi  d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua  pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t   use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve
12247	5	cantly as a consequence of agricultural intensification over the last 40 years. biodiversity is  s an essential component of sustainable development helping farmers to become net positive cont  become net positive contributors to the environment and reduce the environmental footprint of f  uce the environmental footprint of food production substantially. this has clear significance f  clear significance for sustainable food production and security.
7035	14	in the landscape that transport organic carbon from the continents to the oceans. recent studie  he net heterotrophy — the dependence of ecosystem metabolism on terrestrial organic carbon — in  ystem metabolism on terrestrial organic carbon — in streams and rivers. obviously, these observ  ons raise the question: how can organic carbon that was initially stored in soils over extended  elatively short residence time in these ecosystems. this project will answer this essential que  pended aggregates, are major drivers of carbon cycling in streams and large rivers. first, we w  ll identify populations involved in the metabolism of key organic compounds of terrestrial orig  pproach, will then study whole-ecosytem metabolism in and co2 outgassing from various ecosystem  lism in and co2 outgassing from various ecosystems in alpine, tropical and arctic networks. the  pine, tropical and arctic networks. the carbon cycle in these biomes is predicted to be particu  cted to be particularly prone to global warming. this ecosystem-level information, coupled with  ticularly prone to global warming. this ecosystem-level information, coupled with our mechanist  tion, coupled with our mechanistic fine-scale understanding of processes, will serve to test fl  formance to oxidize terrestrial organic carbon.
10518	13	ocean, hundreds of plumes of bubbles of methane gas were discovered in 2008, rising from the se  se to that of the landward limit of the methane hydrate stability zone. methane hydrate is a so  e landward limit of the methane hydrate stability zone. methane hydrate is a solid with the app   of the methane hydrate stability zone. methane hydrate is a solid with the appearance of ice,   e-like structure enclosing molecules of methane. methane hydrate is stable under conditions of   ructure enclosing molecules of methane. methane hydrate is stable under conditions of low tempe  drate is stable under conditions of low temperature and high pressure such as those found in re   300-600 metres, depending on the water temperature. over the past thirty years, the ocean s te  over the past thirty years, the ocean s temperature at the seabed has increased by 1 degree c,   at hydrate has broken down and released methane, which has migrated to the seabed and into the   ean. at present, the rate of release of methane is generally too slow to overcome dissolution a  sewhere, could release large amounts of methane over a short period of time. the strength of su  ution seismic system to image the small-scale structures that convey gas to the seabed and to d
10183	1	central to marine foodwebs, the global carbon cycle and represent a key life-stage of many ben
11453	1	al analysis of germination and seedling development. symbionts will be identified by molecular
11785	7	reme negative correlation between taxon body size and the number of species described. current   es are ecologically important in marine sediment ecosystem processes and comprise the majority   ologically important in marine sediment ecosystem processes and comprise the majority of the pr  sms rely. despite their pivotal role in ecosystem functioning, a current estimate of global nem  stimates of regional and global species richness. the utilization of mps to quantify nematode m  ial biological component of the earth s ecosystems. furthermore, the project will serve as a te  rtaining to the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning.
11636	10	l contains a complex and highly diverse community of microorganisms. these microorganisms are r  ce of soil structure and for cycling of nutrients for plant growth. the majority of soil microo   and for cycling of nutrients for plant growth. the majority of soil microorganisms cannot be r  determine identity and diversity of the community. molecular analysis has revealed the existenc  ted with extreme environments, e.g. low ph, high temperature. non-thermophilic crenarachaeota a  extreme environments, e.g. low ph, high temperature. non-thermophilic crenarachaeota are abunda  e their role in soil processes or their ecosystem function. two recent studies involving sequen  marine environments indicate a possible function for these organisms. 16s rrna genes of non-the  nucleic acids will then be separated by density gradient centrifugation. the different nucleic   anisms contributes to an important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.
10070	4	n plant nutrition by exchanging mineral nutrients captured from the soil for access to plant or  om the soil for access to plant organic carbon. however, we know surprisingly little about how   ral environments. heathlands are unique ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by ectomycorrh   and laboratory approach to uncover the distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi in lowland heaths
10429	4	tropical ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases .   ine the relative contribution of andean ecosystems to the ch4 and n2o budgets for south america  n ch4 and n2o fluxes from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tro  ric budgets of ch4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that
10967	4	tropical ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases .   ine the relative contribution of andean ecosystems to the ch4 and n2o budgets for south america  n ch4 and n2o fluxes from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tro  ric budgets of ch4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that
11699	4	tropical ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases .   ine the relative contribution of andean ecosystems to the ch4 and n2o budgets for south america  n ch4 and n2o fluxes from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tro  ric budgets of ch4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that
14952	2	e a significant component of the global environmental change and are viewed as one of the most   s of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ecological and economic eff
14540	5	the development of former research projects dealing with id  ous artemia strains from their original ecosystems. facing these prospects, the present project  il the following objects: to update the distribution of saline ecosystems inhabited by autochth  s: to update the distribution of saline ecosystems inhabited by autochthonous artemia strains i  system, should show which are the major traits of this competitive mechanism and its consequenc
14638	1	the development of former research projects dealing with id
7151	8	igh economic value because of its rapid growth, the light color and excellent mechanical proper  us excelsior, indigenous, have separate distribution areas but are actually sympatric in some r   a business perspective. the reality of climate change, notably that of the increase in the ave  bly that of the increase in the average temperature at the earth's surface will change the dist   at the earth's surface will change the distribution of species and some will migrate to higher   he ash oxyphylle its northern limit of distribution is currently located in loire valley and s  oncern us are related to the process of colonization, local adaptation, mating system and gene   better understand the dynamics of post- colonization of pioneer species that necessarily will h
13875	6	ica. it constitutes a major concern for nature conservation along the coasts of the north sea a  o kinds of causes may be distinguished, evolution and ecology. a genetic change may have taken   y altered selective pressure in the new environment or by introgression from native or cultivat  atural enemies , which limit population growth and plant vigour in its native range. circumstan   release hypothesis by reducing general herbivory and disease under field conditions with compe  ive and exotic ranges. in addition, the population dynamics will be studied in order to identif
14583	1	d up the process of restoration of this community in the places where due to the human activiti
12590	5	a key requirement for reliable data on soil carbon on which evidence-based policy decisions ca   be made. recent evidence suggests that carbon is being lost from soils in england and wales, b  likely that the impacts of any specific mitigation measures cannot currently be quantified. it   road representative base of the uk soil community, was convened, through the auspices of previo   the spatial and temporal properties of carbon in soils. • using the decision tool to define th
14480	3	nces on the individual, population, and community, of a supplementary feeding program as a way   pplementary feeding program as a way to recovery the populations of iberian lynx . according to   . according to previous information on intraguild predation and mesopredator release, it could
10163	6	minated to algae-dominated reefs. these habitat changes, combined with fishing pressure, are ex  nd unpublished information on reef fish abundance across the caribbean. using the same analytic  ish the long-term patterns of change in abundance of reef fish and relate these to changes in h  eef fish and relate these to changes in habitat and fishing pressure. in addition, the role of   altering the patterns of change in fish abundance, particularly for those species that are not   ill yield a unique picture of the large-scale ecological changes that have occurred on caribbea
10190	3	in unicellular microbes, fitness = growth rate, and very small changes in growth rate, and   growth rate, and very small changes in growth rate, and thus fitness, may be discriminated usi  hus fitness, may be discriminated using competition analysis in chemostat culture. molecularly
10998	3	in unicellular microbes, fitness = growth rate, and very small changes in growth rate, and   growth rate, and very small changes in growth rate, and thus fitness, may be discriminated usi  hus fitness, may be discriminated using competition analysis in chemostat culture. molecularly
12342	4	nefits of improved estimates of discard mortality will be to reduce the risk that unsustainable  ntial. in addition, it will benefit the development of any proposed recovery plans for threaten  benefit the development of any proposed recovery plans for threatened stocks. furthermore, the    to fishing practices to reduce discard mortality, but without requiring punitive quotas or ove
12291	16	novel agricultural weeds as a result of climate and other environmental change. in the last 30    weeds as a result of climate and other environmental change. in the last 30 years, agricultura  re is increasing incidence of herbicide resistance in weeds. herbicide resistance evolves in we  erbicide resistance in weeds. herbicide resistance evolves in weed species following frequent e   single herbicide mode of action. where resistance is already prevalent in weed populations, it  s of action. where farmers are fighting resistance with judicious rotation of many herbicide mo   this research is to develop a computer model that will predict the impacts of changes in herbi  e most severe, widespread and herbicide-resistance prone weed species in the uk. once the model   prone weed species in the uk. once the model has been used to demonstrate the impacts of chang  nvironmentally benign and less prone to development of herbicide resistance. a key element of t   less prone to development of herbicide resistance. a key element of these changes will be to i  d biological weed control options. this modelling-based project will help defra to quantify the  nded weeds research. in particular, the development of alternative weed control strategies will  rica are increasing their incidence and distribution in the uk. the project will examine the ev  r how this spread may be exacerbated by climate and environmental change. recommendations will   pread may be exacerbated by climate and environmental change. recommendations will be made for
10840	5	global freshwaters on an unprecedented scale. a suite of uk lake types, exhibiting a range of   gy and hence can be used to reconstruct phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a levels u  ed to reconstruct phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a levels using a range of pre-ex  eters will be correlated with the known sediment and catchment data, enabling the differences i  ta, enabling the differences in timing, nature and magnitude of response in different lake type
11610	2	, p- and fe-limitation of phytoplankton growth, photosynthesis and n2 fixation will be undertak  teor cruise 55 are limited by different nutrients.
15438	4	ng multifactor interactions influencing ecosystem structure and functioning is critical to unde  ritical to understand their response to global change. therefore, there are a high demand of in  tent our knowledge on how organisms and ecosystems respond to the interaction between global .   ixing vertical in marine and freshwater ecosystems. this is a guarantee to achieve the complex
14903	2	this project studies distribution, reservoirs and survival of edwardsiella t  hich is an eel pathogen, in the natural environment as well as the influence of some other biot
10973	4	i propose to undertake large scale sequencing of dna extracted from pelagic antarcti  o assess biodiversity within planktonic ecosystems in the southern ocean. following large-scale   in the southern ocean. following large-scale sequencing i will design sequence-specific probes  e optimised, will allow rapid and large-scale biodiversity and ecological studies of planktonic
13794	6	rms of insights in landscape analyze of ecosystem services , trade-offs between bundles of serv  ernance challenges involved in managing ecosystem services at a landscape scale. in addition to  aging ecosystem services at a landscape scale. in addition to work within my previous case stud  nalize this work and participate in the development of a regional model of the agricultural per  cipate in the development of a regional model of the agricultural peri-urban region in southern  l for an extended period. experience of modeling of social-ecological systems will be an import
7485	5	reeding, and ecological effects through predation, competition and the transfer of diseases to   d ecological effects through predation, competition and the transfer of diseases to wild fish.   echnological research on a pan-european scale to improve recommendations and guidelines for aqu  reby improving operations and equipment production, and advancing national and international st   effects of escapees. if prevention and mitigation are more successful, genetic and ecological
14109	8	lower seed mixtures is a common tool in habitat restoration, while the genetic consequences of    project are to evaluate the functional habitat connectivity using novel landscape genetic tool   are to evaluate the functional habitat connectivity using novel landscape genetic tools and to   wetland plant lychnis flos-cuculi as a model species representing the group of species, which   ch verges in agricultural landscapes as model systems. i will sample sown and natural populatio   pollen and whether it is influenced by habitat connectivity. i will set up an experiment in th  and whether it is influenced by habitat connectivity. i will set up an experiment in the study   tainable planning of agri-environmental connectivity measures and restoration ecology.
12168	6	current agri-environment schemes are central to meeting the governme  els monitoring project, will inform the development and implementation of agri-environment meas   development and implementation of agri-environment measures designed to enhance the conservati  andscape context and some indication of threshold habitat areas required for population recover  ontext and some indication of threshold habitat areas required for population recovery for a nu  d habitat areas required for population recovery for a number of key bird species.
12550	4	ial contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce hone   honey bee , are known to assist colony recovery. alternatively in cases of higher disease leve  ce of the disease causing organisms and threshold levels of bacteria within colonies that lead   f bacteria within colonies that lead to development of clinical signs of disease. all samples o
10865	5	pervisory team that is world-leading in ecosystem based ocean acidification research using natu  tor spatial and temporal variability in ph . the student will examine whether calcified algae,   s will be used to assess the diversity, behavior and abundance of shrimps and fish recording th  d to assess the diversity, behavior and abundance of shrimps and fish recording the distributio  dance of shrimps and fish recording the distribution of gravid females and fish nests in relati
14816	6	s of different species, and the spatial modelling of the distributions of the implied species,   ose distributions more dependent on the environment, we will build predictive models of future   ive models of future distributions in a climate change scenario. we will also extract the perti  sions for the conservation of different distribution types, depending on whether they are more   alysis, as the spanish ministry for the environment has just published the distribution atlases   the environment has just published the distribution atlases of all vertebrate groups on the ut
11012	3	to one another. for example, changes in temperature or habitats can alter distributions of host  system . a. lyrata tends to grow in low competition environments so we will also question wheth  d albugo and establish whether the same resistance mechanisms operate in host populations sampl
11524	3	to one another. for example, changes in temperature or habitats can alter distributions of host  system . a. lyrata tends to grow in low competition environments so we will also question wheth  d albugo and establish whether the same resistance mechanisms operate in host populations sampl
12171	9	which it can provide valuable foraging habitat in summer and winter, as well as breeding habit   summer and winter, as well as breeding habitat for some ground-nesting species. a review of re  itat for some ground-nesting species. a review of recent studies suggests that, on average, set   used to characterise valuable foraging habitat and inform the sorts of habitat features that c  oraging habitat and inform the sorts of habitat features that could potentially be promoted as   d potentially be promoted as field-edge mitigation measures for the loss of set-aside. the resu  ng evidence base for the impact of this habitat change on the behaviour and population trends o   they will also provide a basis for the development of possible options in terms of field edge    may be implemented alongide other agri-environment measures to prevent further population decl
10311	8	milar to some predictions of the future climate of the region. this is because most climate mod  ate of the region. this is because most climate models predict an increase in dry season intens  eason intensity, and all an increase in temperature in the coming century as a consequence of g  ming century as a consequence of global climate change. whether or not long-term climate change  limate change. whether or not long-term climate change is already involved the current event ca  d forest, deciduous forests and savanna ecosystems and species respond to drying, so helping as  drying, so helping assess the potential scale of impacts as the amazon climate dries. our team   otential scale of impacts as the amazon climate dries. our team has a large network of on-the-g
9953	2	ght in amazonia. this may be related to warming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the s  d the precise magnitude, intensity, and distribution of the drought, and also satellite-based m
9985	2	ght in amazonia. this may be related to warming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the s  d the precise magnitude, intensity, and distribution of the drought, and also satellite-based m
2182	1	ng sets of categories and criteria. the evaluation will conform to these guidelines to enable e
10858	1	me of the most basic information on the life history of this species, information that may be v
10067	1	ow environmental conditions promote the development of pkd is poorly understood but such unders
10156	7	e interactions may arise through direct competition between parasites within each host. however   may also be indirect, possibly through competition for shared resources . in this case, immune  s that result in a diverse, interactive community within each individual host. clearly, underst   measuring interactions using classical community ecology perturbation experiments, by removing  pecies was previously suppressing their abundance. by repeating this process for all main paras   these interactions into a mathematical model will allow us to predict how such parasite commun  of two species at the same time. if our model predictions prove accurate for more complex co-tr
11676	7	e interactions may arise through direct competition between parasites within each host. however   may also be indirect, possibly through competition for shared resources . in this case, immune  s that result in a diverse, interactive community within each individual host. clearly, underst   measuring interactions using classical community ecology perturbation experiments, by removing  pecies was previously suppressing their abundance. by repeating this process for all main paras   these interactions into a mathematical model will allow us to predict how such parasite commun  of two species at the same time. if our model predictions prove accurate for more complex co-tr
12341	3	an level on setting a zero tac. further mitigation measures such as area or seasonal closures,    limited knowledge of the movements and distribution of these species, and their survivorship a  hip after capture, severely hampers the evaluation of proposed policies.to evaluate the efficac
12615	1	eliable data. this will then inform the nature and extent of the main survey. there is also the
10992	7	affected by the replacement of natural ecosystems with human-dominated ones. in order to bette  rsity and the impact of factors such as climate change, this project aims to provide a small-sc  e, this project aims to provide a small-scale microsampling technique for the thorough identifi   has had a recent from the recent small-scale excavations at pin hole cave. the sampling will b  ormation obtained from the earlier full-scale excavation to evaluate the potential of small-sca  tion to evaluate the potential of small-scale excavations that are comprehensively analysed. re  ly analysed. reducing the need for full-scale excavation would minimise site destruction and al
11214	12	culation patterns and/or changes in the abundance and distribution of their food; primarily the  rns and/or changes in the abundance and distribution of their food; primarily the small single-  f 2001/2 we gathered information on the distribution and abundance of calanus over the entire i  red information on the distribution and abundance of calanus over the entire irminger basin. we  easure various indices of phytoplankton abundance and activity in the water and relate this to   sured relationships between biomass and productivity to reconstruct phytoplankton production ra  oductivity to reconstruct phytoplankton production rates, from space. production rates estimate  oplankton production rates, from space. production rates estimated from space will then need to  need to be validated with phytoplankton productivity measured in the sea. once we have establis  tablished reliable year-round and basin-scale phytoplankton production, this will provide an es  ear-round and basin-scale phytoplankton production, this will provide an estimate of the availa   this information to assess whether the abundance of calanus is controlled by the available foo
11754	6	fish stocks, we need to understand the population dynamics and productivity of the zooplankton   understand the population dynamics and productivity of the zooplankton populations on which th  orth atlantic. the study of zooplankton growth in the ocean is very difficult and time consumin  sure the activity of enzymes related to growth and perform growth experiments combined with enz  f enzymes related to growth and perform growth experiments combined with enzyme activity assays  fying true costs of over-wintering, and modelling this important aspect of life-history.
419	5	ears to be one of the most sensitive to climate change. the potential impacts of these changes   onsequences on the preservation of many ecosystems and species. a strong research effort to det  etermine the past and coming effects of global change over the mediterranean must be supported   onmental events: epizootic diseases and mortality, change in the geographical and/or bathymetri   in the geographical and/or bathymetric distribution of species. by using a multi-disciplinary
7136	3	be one of the most sensitive regions to climate change. the potential impacts of this change co  or the conservation of many species and ecosystems. a determined effort to discern research pas  ern research past and future effects of global change in the mediterranean should be supported
12272	10	nd environmental impacts of arable crop production. this project will maintain consistency of s  evalence of each species in response to climate and agronomic practice and provide data to assi   key resource for monitoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator  e change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator species. most recently these data were used t  ity of pesticide active ingredients, to production of wheat in this country. as well as address  acts of issues including food security, climate change, environmental protection, uk and eu gov  , uk and eu government policy, varietal resistance, pathogen resistance, land management and ec  t policy, varietal resistance, pathogen resistance, land management and economics on wheat and   and economics on wheat and oilseed rape production. samples or data will also be provided to su   to support monitoring for food safety, development and validation of models for disease and pe
7457	12	as the evidence for human induced climate change becomes clearer, so too does the realiza  ts effects will have impacts on natural environment and socio-economic systems. some regions ar  l will assess the impacts of a changing climate on the quantity and quality of water in mountai  d quality of water in mountain regions. modeling techniques will be used to project the influen  various time and space scales. regional climate models will provide the essential information o  e the essential information on shifting precipitation and temperature patterns, and snow, ice,   formation on shifting precipitation and temperature patterns, and snow, ice, and biosphere mode  odels in order to assess the changes in seasonality, amount, and incidence of extreme events in  e analyzed in terms of hazards, aquatic ecosystems, hydropower, tourism, agriculture, and the h  ed to the interactions between land use/land cover changes, and changing or conflicting water r   will be elaborated on the basis of the model results. specific environmental conditions of mou  ratures, prolonged droughts and extreme precipitation. the methodological developments gained f
12295	8	mmend future work that could aid in the development of a land use framework. such suggested fut  hesised land use typology into a single classification scheme. the resulting maps would provide  s would provide an understanding of the distribution and patterns of land use at a meaningful l  of a land use framework, to address the function of such a framework and the user requirements   es the typology of land in terms of its development status/function/designation include: • urba  land in terms of its development status/function/designation include: • urban – residential hou  esignated status – aonbs/national parks/nature designations analysis will be performed. this sw   for additional work that would aid the development of such a framework, including identifying
14981	14	ents, both biotic and abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the   is known about the effects on the river function, and much less if these effects are of the sam  ts are of the same magnitude in fluvial ecosystems located in different climatic areas, as thos  . solutions to problems affecting river ecosystems, will arrive with a better understanding on   er understanding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-  anding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level proc  eir structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sens  ion. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sensitive to disturbances a  ffecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological river status. the ai  rian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in differ  h the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and   se of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and climatic reg  emonstrate the importance of functional indicators in providing an integrated drawing of river   roviding an integrated drawing of river ecosystem health
14979	14	ents, both biotic and abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the   is known about the effects on the river function, and much less if these effects are of the sam  ts are of the same magnitude in fluvial ecosystems located in different climatic areas, as thos  . solutions to problems affecting river ecosystems, will arrive with a better understanding on   er understanding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-  anding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level proc  eir structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sens  ion. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sensitive to disturbances a  ffecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological river status. the ai  rian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in differ  h the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and   se of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and climatic reg  emonstrate the importance of functional indicators in providing an integrated drawing of river   roviding an integrated drawing of river ecosystem health.
14980	14	ents, both biotic and abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the   is known about the effects on the river function, and much less if these effects are of the sam  ts are of the same magnitude in fluvial ecosystems located in different climatic areas, as thos  . solutions to problems affecting river ecosystems, will arrive with a better understanding on   er understanding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-  anding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level proc  eir structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sens  ion. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sensitive to disturbances a  ffecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological river status. the ai  rian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in differ  h the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and   se of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and climatic reg  emonstrate the importance of functional indicators in providing an integrated drawing of river   roviding an integrated drawing of river ecosystem health.
14978	14	ents, both biotic and abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the   is known about the effects on the river function, and much less if these effects are of the sam  ts are of the same magnitude in fluvial ecosystems located in different climatic areas, as thos  . solutions to problems affecting river ecosystems, will arrive with a better understanding on   er understanding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-  anding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level proc  eir structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sens  ion. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sensitive to disturbances a  ffecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological river status. the ai  rian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in differ  h the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and   se of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and climatic reg  emonstrate the importance of functional indicators in providing an integrated drawing of river   roviding an integrated drawing of river ecosystem health.
7370	3	g the emergence of a dynamic management model of genetic resources of wheat involving farm mana  ty of land agricultural landscape. this indicator will quantify the evolution of diversity and   scape. this indicator will quantify the evolution of diversity and evaluate the effectiveness o
7191	4	mpas review of marine reserves governance implications of la  serves governance implications of large scale in national and international waters. we will app  from bycatch that demonstrate different migration patterns. these three regions have expressed   trong interest in pursuing a scientific review of the potential effects of amp. through this co
14649	3	river ecosystems are of special value to society since they s  icting and diagnosing pollutant induced stress in freshwater ecosystems, and will improve its e   pollutant induced stress in freshwater ecosystems, and will improve its environmental manageme
12252	7	sustainable development is key concept that has emerged in society   ities consume and utilise materials and energy like any other production processes, but this pr  ise materials and energy like any other production processes, but this production is carried ou  ny other production processes, but this production is carried out in the environment itself cau  t this production is carried out in the environment itself causing point source and diffuse pol  to undertake this work: a comprehensive review and critique of the whole farm and targeted syst  arnt from this approach will enable the development of an innovative environmental management s
7666	1	global change is expected to progressively drive crop g
14674	5	agri-environment schemes compensate farmers for income losse  ing of their effectiveness. in a recent review, kleijn & sutherland , of demographic parameters   demographic parameters bird densities, productivity, survival- and behavioural parameters habi  y, survival- and behavioural parameters habitat selection, diet- of great bustards, with comple  irds. the series of data on demography, distribution and behaviour we have collected during our
12153	1	t communities. variation in the spatial distribution of sheep relative to seasons can also be g
12646	1	to review and assess the level of compliance, and hence th
15465	6	e canary islands. the implementation of stable isotopes will open the possibility of raising th   this methodology requires the parallel development of information that will allow us a correct  ic thooth collections, would enable the evaluation of ontogenic shifs in diet and feeding habit   of ontogenic shifs in diet and feeding habitat but also the detection of long-term changes in   hange or intend to use these species as indicators of changes occurring in the marine environme  tors of changes occurring in the marine environment.
7667	5	d in the impacts of human activities on function of the ecosystems, and more recently on a very   of human activities on function of the ecosystems, and more recently on a very particular urba  ore recently on a very particular urban ecosystems. the assesment of ecosystem services of the   ular urban ecosystems. the assesment of ecosystem services of the urban biodiversity its a comp  ntary step for the comprehention of the ecosystem function and the impact of urbanization, spec
13778	17	that are necessary for quantifying the carbon flux through this part of the pelagic community   n flux through this part of the pelagic community are lacking. the aim is to study energetics o  h special attention to assimilation and production. by applying laboratory determined carbon bu  tion. by applying laboratory determined carbon budgets and vital rates to data on abundance, si  rbon budgets and vital rates to data on abundance, size and growth in the field, to the project  al rates to data on abundance, size and growth in the field, to the project will evaluate both   e project will evaluate both direct and indirect effects of predation by gelatinous species in   ate both direct and indirect effects of predation by gelatinous species in coastal waters. the   other trophic levels including vertical distribution during blooms. in the laboratory we will c  es. in controlled experiments, feeding, growth, doc release, assimilation and respiration of th  , growth, doc release, assimilation and respiration of the dominant gelatinous predators will b   respiration of the dominant gelatinous predators will be measured in relation to prey abundanc  rs will be measured in relation to prey abundance and prey species. the project will contribute  te considerable to our understanding of predation and cascading effects of gelatinous predators  ion and cascading effects of gelatinous predators in general. most likely it will change our cu  urrent view of the effect of gelatinous predators since their role in the ecosystem has been se  inous predators since their role in the ecosystem has been severely underestimated until now.
7426	1	by rain and level of culture components resistance
13941	2	biosynthetic pathways leading to their production and dissect the genetics of pheromone differ  unt for differences in female pheromone production between the e and z pheromone strains.
14699	7	e to host plants make them an excellent indicators for environmental changes, both those relate  onmental changes, both those related to environment destruction and to higher relevance alterat  er relevance alterations such as global warming. nevertheless, no systematic compilation of bur  stematic compilation of burnets species distribution has been made within the spanish territory  gical collections references of burnets distribution in the iberian peninsula and balearic isla  ent morphometry studies. - to conform a distribution atlas of all burnets species. - according   ic models of this insect group and also phenology, ecology and establish the basics for their p
6757	3	ression of several bacterial phenotypic traits including virulence factors. investigations on t  investigations on the global regulatory function of leux, rfah, reca and rpos loci of extra int  pable to evoke protective immunity. the behavior of wild type strains, their mutants and transc
10191	3	they respond antagonistically with the production of extracellular enzymes, and volatile and d  ll also aid the understanding of fungal community development and soil invertebrate population   d the understanding of fungal community development and soil invertebrate population biology. s
11040	1	urements that tell us about the rate of climate change and its effects. our work will increase
10002	22	determining the distribution and abundance of life is challenging, espe         determining the distribution and abundance of life is challenging, especially in the dee  gions directly influences the burial of carbon and nutrient cycling. long-term research has now  ger animals in the deep sea can vary in density by orders of magnitude, with concurrent changes  ude, with concurrent changes in average body size, over periods as short as months. these varia  ons are widely believed to be linked to climate-driven variation in the food supply to the deep  stances approaching 100 km or more, the abundance of deep-sea life is related to surface produc   of deep-sea life is related to surface productivity in the waters above. thus the deep sea cou  hat alter surface ocean conditions like climate change, fishery activity, or ocean iron fertili  an increase in the understanding of how climate and surface processes affect deep-sea communiti  mited by sampling error from undetected habitat heterogeneity and sediment mixing indicators me  om undetected habitat heterogeneity and sediment mixing indicators measured in oceans2025 and o  bitat heterogeneity and sediment mixing indicators measured in oceans2025 and other nocs projec  ns2025 and other nocs projects, and the abundance and size measures collected here to create ma  asures collected here to create maps of ecological function. this will show how factors such as   factors such as hills, food supply, or community composition relate spatially to respiration a  mmunity composition relate spatially to respiration and sediment mixing. that knowledge will pr  ion relate spatially to respiration and sediment mixing. that knowledge will provide important   t into how spatially pervasive temporal climate change impacts might be, a significant input fo  pacts might be, a significant input for ecosystem and carbon budget modelling. our effort will   , a significant input for ecosystem and carbon budget modelling. our effort will also have impa  t input for ecosystem and carbon budget modelling. our effort will also have impacts on future
13501	16	processes like grazing and productivity influence autotroph species richness. graz  roductivity influence autotroph species richness. grazing may reduce plant species richness thr  hness. grazing may reduce plant species richness through the loss of rare species, but increase  the loss of rare species, but increases richness if preferred food plants are competitively dom  sal of grazing effects on plant species richness between nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich ecosys  between nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich ecosystems, since nutrients increase the ability of pla  oor and nutrient-rich ecosystems, since nutrients increase the ability of plants to compensate   ing pressure leads to increased species richness in nutrient-rich ecosystems, but to decreased   eased species richness in nutrient-rich ecosystems, but to decreased species richness in nutrie  ch ecosystems, but to decreased species richness in nutrient poor ecosystems. peak richness is   eased species richness in nutrient poor ecosystems. peak richness is thus expected to shift fro  hness in nutrient poor ecosystems. peak richness is thus expected to shift from low to high nut  he interacting effects of consumers and nutrients on species richness might be stronger at high  s of consumers and nutrients on species richness might be stronger at high light intensities. i  azing in determining periphyton species richness. this proposal unites the determination of bio  iversity, the role of nutrient state in ecosystems, and the relative importance of bottom-up an
15370	7	the evolution of avian cavity nesting has been presumably f   conditions in order to optimize embryo development and nestling growth during nesting as well   ptimize embryo development and nestling growth during nesting as well as through the reduction   ing as well as through the reduction of predation risk of nest contents. however, avian nests i  te also an ideal microecosystem for the development of a diverse community of potentially patho  system for the development of a diverse community of potentially pathogenic organisms . we expe  to obtain a better understanding of the evolution and ecology of avian cavity nesting and of ho
2121	5	global change is expected to result in changes in the m  ental changes, and in which demographic traits those responses will be observed. these hypothes  d from long-term studies of demographic traits and population sizes of seabirds, which are comp  h will enable us to separate effects of climate, geography, taxonomy and life history.   cts of climate, geography, taxonomy and life history.
10285	4	one of the most important issues in climate policy over the next few years will be the choi  sion reductions to play a major role in climate mitigation policy. the research will contribute  uctions to play a major role in climate mitigation policy. the research will contribute useful   rize winning intergovernmental panel on climate change. it will be accompanied by a 2-way inter
14784	4	the high rate of mineralization of the soil organic matter, with the consequent decrease of th   of the quantity and the quality of the soil organic matter, as well as of the soil biochemical  d the relation with short and long-term productivity functions in the agroecosystem 4. construc  ultural managements, able to be used as indicator of agricultural sustainability in soils in ol
11743	2	of bacteria in natural populations of a community of aphids is an important factor shaping the   ant factor shaping the structure of the microbial community in aphids, then the microbiota in d
12463	5	of species and size composition 2. the development of indicators of discard issues 3. an analy   size composition 2. the development of indicators of discard issues 3. an analysis of the fact  ous steps, the elaboration of potential mitigation measures. key customer purpose: in the eu th  is key if we are to develop operational indicators and propose mitigation tools for fisheries m  elop operational indicators and propose mitigation tools for fisheries management.
15153	9	incorporated to the mainstream of plant community ecology in the last decades, and since then t  the most thoughtful lines of inquire on facilitation is the investigation of its ecological and  its ecological and evolutionary role in community assembly in arid and semi-arid climates. cons  regional species pool. in this context, facilitation, which ameliorates the abiotic conditions    proposed as a fundamental mechanism of community assembly and biodiversity conservation. in co   plant lianaeges, adapted to more mesic climate in the past, would be preserved through facilit  in the past, would be preserved through facilitation, a process giving rise to facilitation net   facilitation, a process giving rise to facilitation networks highly resistant to species extin  biodiversity of the region and, second, facilitation seems to operate as fundamental mechanism
400	9	biodiversity is indispensable to ecosystem production of goods and services and provides  diversity is indispensable to ecosystem production of goods and services and provides the basis   baltic sea in which populations of key ecosystem species are known to be genetically unique in  e functioning and the resilience of the ecosystem. baltgene will also assess the potential thre  to the unique diversity from fisheries, climate changes, aquaculture activities and habitat los  ate changes, aquaculture activities and habitat loss. fisheriesinduced selection is a serious t  us threat that might lead to lower fish production if management does not take the demographic    will respond to scenarios of decreased salinity and changed oceanic currents. baltgene will al  enetic biodiversity information into an ecosystem-based management of the baltic sea.
14113	1	ing and discussion about the baltic sea environment. the project aims to raise environmental aw
7572	2	majus snapdragon, a species widely used model in horticulture. in the pyrenees, has. majus is r  rtunity to build on the gains made on a model species for understanding evolutionary processes
12595	6	have potential benefits for a range of ecosystem services such as carbon capture and other gov  r a range of ecosystem services such as carbon capture and other government requirements such a   out peat changes the bog structure and hydrology and kills off the existing plants and animals  fects of these activities on future bog hydrology. the scope for amelioration of the potential   around the country adopting a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation such as the manc  employment can be mitigated through the development of peat alternatives.
10281	2	astal zone are increasing due to global warming, with sea-level expected to rise by 0.5 m over    a natural buffer against incoming wave energy, hence the popularity of beach nourishment . our
6753	4	beef production mostly for export purposes was very importan  . hungary is going to join the european community. when eu member is beef cattle breeding will   ferent branches of agriculture. for the development of beef cattle breeding methods research ha   of the project is to contribute to the development by his new results.
15563	3	, wp3 is going to initiate an iterative evaluation process with participation of political and   te an iterative evaluation process with participation of political and scientific stakeholders,  ope, and valuation and marketing of the environmental services beech forests can provide. the r
13482	16	eractions zooplankton contribute to the energy flow in pelagic food webs and to the downward fl  ontribute to the energy flow in pelagic food webs and to the downward flux of organic matter. b  c food webs and to the downward flux of organic matter. behavior and sensory functions of zoopl  to the downward flux of organic matter. behavior and sensory functions of zooplankton thus play  uring and functioning of marine pelagic ecosystems. despite that motility has large consequence  hat motility has large consequences for growth and predation risk and that it can be altered in  y has large consequences for growth and predation risk and that it can be altered instantaneous  ptimality and adaptive value of plastic behavior is rarely considered in model studies. here we  lastic behavior is rarely considered in model studies. here we aim at quantifying the degree of  odels and experiments. we will quantify behavior and behavioral plasticity in response to cues   asticity in response to cues related to predators, prey and the environment considering both ch  cues related to predators, prey and the environment considering both chemical and hydrodynamic   ydrodynamic signals. by combining small-scale process-models and dynamic programming we will ex  ased understanding of zooplankton small scale behavioral processes is needed for a comprehensiv   comprehensive understanding of pelagic ecosystems and their biodiversity, and necessary if we    resources wisely while confronted with climate change and increased maritime activities.
15487	5	nest predation and inter-specific brood parasitism are mayor  led breeding behaviour and life-history traits in birds. recently, it has been suggested that,   sted that, apart from lethal effects of predation, the modification of behaviour to reduce pred  the modification of behaviour to reduce predation risk to quantify the effects of predation and  edation risk to quantify the effects of predation and brood parasitism risk on reproductive suc
14152	17	production of stress hormones in response to variety of                            production of stress hormones in response to variety of stressors may  r, relatively little is known about the development of physiological and behavioural stress res  opment of physiological and behavioural stress responses in developing young of wild birds. thu   thus to understand the adaptiveness of stress responses and their effects on offspring quality  his project, we plan to investigate the development of behavioural and adrenocortical stress re  pment of behavioural and adrenocortical stress responses, its environment-dependent variability  nd adrenocortical stress responses, its environment-dependent variability and extended effects    and extended effects on physiology and growth of the young in altricial birds. using experimen  test the following hypotheses: repeated stress influences nestlings’ immune function, growth an  ted stress influences nestlings’ immune function, growth and post-fledging mortality. the resul   influences nestlings’ immune function, growth and post-fledging mortality. the results of the   mune function, growth and post-fledging mortality. the results of the project can be of general  chanisms of developmental plasticity of stress responses and helping us to understand the role   g us to understand the role of repeated stress on different aspects of offspring development an  tress on different aspects of offspring development and subsequent fitness. this project can al  s regarding a link between the maternal stress and offspring subsequent quality.
13503	12	onnections between these behaviours and growth rates in a common environment, and physiological  behaviours and growth rates in a common environment, and physiological stress response, will be  a common environment, and physiological stress response, will be studied. the perch has lately    is assumed to be connected with innate traits in individual fish, which has been found in salm  almonid fishes. the knowledge about the development of individual traits and differences betwee  dge about the development of individual traits and differences between populations in growth pe   and differences between populations in growth performance and stress levels is important for t  n populations in growth performance and stress levels is important for the selection of perch s  for farming, both regarding welfare and production issues. whether differences in behaviour and  s. whether differences in behaviour and growth, already found between individual perch, are inh  m experiments by comparing boldness and growth in fish from different populations raised in the  ifferent populations raised in the same environment, and by investigating the consistency of be
11602	4	boratory, to investigate the year round energy expenditure of a top predator of the southern oc   year round energy expenditure of a top predator of the southern ocean, the king penguin. the s  otential usefulness of king penguins as indicators of fluctuations in biological resources and   luctuations in biological resources and climate, thus providing important information for the m
14717	5	ontroversial. understanding the role of behavior on diversification processes requires the inte  erstand how animals interact with their environment and then test how behavioral shifts affects  ive approach to investigate the role of behavior on processes of adaptive diversification in bi  nts there is selection on morphological traits. the integration of these three levels of study   tested hypothesis that behaviour drives evolution.
14974	10	confronted with alterations in their environment, animals can avoid extinction through the d  nimals can avoid extinction through the development of behavioural adjustments. a growing body   ources or to develop responses to novel predators. despite the progress, there are two major qu   insufficiently understood: what is the function of learning in the relationship of animals wit   the relationship of animals with their environment and as species model to test experimentally  s with their environment and as species model to test experimentally whether learning helps ind  to survive under conditions of foraging stress. second, we will use a comparative approach to e  s respond environmental threats such as habitat destruction or climate change. using this two-l   threats such as habitat destruction or climate change. using this two-level approach, we hope   which animals respond to changes in the environment, which hopefully will increase our power to
14338	1	to integrate findings on microbial taxa distribution with results from ambio. 7. to obtain a fi
14329	2	workshops covering different aspects of ecosystems services research. the workshops are in engl  the gaps between es-research and policy development. what research is needed and for what polic
14304	1	ientific support plan for a sustainable development policy ' spsd ii ' part 3: supporti
2212	2	the social, or economic, and ecological environment. our main objectives are to: • increase the  timal and or cost efficient regulations/incentives schemes may be designed.
12718	1	tion that sssis make to the delivery of ecosystem goods and services both on the site and withi
11319	1	nformation against which the process of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assess
11320	1	nformation against which the process of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assess
11585	1	nformation against which the process of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assess
10200	2	biostratigraphic and palaeoceanographic indicators, and test the idea of using morphogroups to   morphogroups to provide a proxy for the oxygen content of deep water. this study will serve as
2476	12	s a basis for the selection and further development of benthic indicator organisms for the moni  tion and further development of benthic indicator organisms for the monitoring of contaminants    endpoints and contaminants in selected indicator organisms. a secondary objective will be to e  posure and effects for pahs in selected indicators. biodiversity indicators will be developed b  hs in selected indicators. biodiversity indicators will be developed by applying a number of cl  entific basis for proposing appropriate indicators and to establish a baseline that is unrelate  xt of a changing barents sea, examining climate-related ecosystem changes and petroleum industr   barents sea, examining climate-related ecosystem changes and petroleum industry activities in   ture changes may affect the validity of indicators developed for the present day barents sea. i  y, ecobar will achieve a set of benthic indicators with maximum flexibility and validity for as  ed research projects on the barents sea ecosystem which are led by or have significant particip  em which are led by or have significant participation by scientists from ecobar.
10744	6	osed for surficial sediments across the oxygen minimum zone on the pakistan margin. a quantitat  l processes. objectives are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon,   are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon, b redox status and fluxe  reon, b redox status and fluxes of doc, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om   c, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om burial efficiencies. the results will  the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will
11255	6	osed for surficial sediments across the oxygen minimum zone on the pakistan margin. a quantitat  l processes. objectives are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon,   are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon, b redox status and fluxe  reon, b redox status and fluxes of doc, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om   c, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om burial efficiencies. the results will  the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will
11259	6	osed for surficial sediments across the oxygen minimum zone on the pakistan margin. a quantitat  l processes. objectives are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon,   are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon, b redox status and fluxe  reon, b redox status and fluxes of doc, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om   c, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om burial efficiencies. the results will  the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will
11356	6	osed for surficial sediments across the oxygen minimum zone on the pakistan margin. a quantitat  l processes. objectives are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon,   are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon, c redox status and fluxe  reon, c redox status and fluxes of doc, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om   c, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om burial efficiencies. the results will  the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will
10450	1	iron is essential to the growth of marine micro-organisms, and when concentratio
12606	3	the overall aim of this project is to review recent research on practices for managing soil o  cent research on practices for managing soil organic matter and lowland' agriculture in england  ighlighted. additionally, the potential carbon storage achievable with each management option w
10988	1	a, stakeholders and the nerc scientific community.
11595	12	evolution is change over time. most people know of evol  s change over time. most people know of evolution in terms of responses to man-made influences   o man-made influences - bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics; industrial pollution led to   iotics; industrial pollution led to the evolution of dark forms of the peppered moth. however,   ered moth. however, in natural systems, evolution is most rapid in genes that contribute to par  volved in parasite infectivity and host resistance should evolve more quickly than others. this  y than others. this theory noticed that evolution would be rapid where there was mutual antagon  parasites must adapt to circumvent this resistance runs rapidly with the evil red queen, yet ge  est an alternative explanation for fast evolution of parasite genes rarely examined to date: pa  ce. following a host switch, the entire environment of the parasite is different, and a parasit  ry that host shifts drive fast parasite evolution. in the laboratory, we will produce host shif  has colonised through host switching in nature. by comparing the differences seen between bacte
14285	1	cture and dynamics of coastal and shelf ecosystems in the perspective of global changes
7260	3	e effects of the exploitation of marine ecosystem goods and services that biodiversity provides  l number of acceptable operators by the ecosystem in a dual economic and ecological approach. h  oach. he develops a dynamic multi-agent model using game theory and viable control theory. it o
14997	3	o observe the influence of altitude and temperature on abundance and density of phlebotomine. a  nfluence of altitude and temperature on abundance and density of phlebotomine. also we catch sa  titude and temperature on abundance and density of phlebotomine. also we catch sandflies in the
14996	9	s. few data are available concernig the distribution and bio-ecology of sand flies in the balea  man leishmaniosis indicate an irregular distribution of these protozoosis between the different   delimitant factor of this heterogenous distribution is the sand fly fauna. the probability of   een the possible vectors depends on the abundance of the vector, its survival, the bite ratio,   rs depends on the climatic factors. the temperature and the relative humidity are the climatic   the possibility exists that extends the distribution area of the vectors, as much in latitude a   reason, is also tried the study of the distribution and biology of the leishmaniosois vectors   ntioned areas. the data obtained on the distribution, density, activity period, survival, paras   the data obtained on the distribution, density, activity period, survival, parasitism by leish
2472	6	rstanding how to bio-engineer livestock production landscapes in nicaragua, i. e. how to exploi  l system that maximizes provisioning of ecosystem services and economically efficient food prod  ervices and economically efficient food production at the farm and landscape level. we will ass  ovide in two study areas with different climate, which of these functions and services are farm  ecies combinations can best serve multi-function sps at the farm and landscape scale, analyzing  -function sps at the farm and landscape scale, analyzing trade-offs and synergies between funct
7249	4	al contamination and its impacts on the ecosystem. the biological indices currently used to def  politan territory: reflections of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sisteo th  oject aims to analyze the impact of the development of metropolitan paris in the suburban terri  mination and biological response of the ecosystem adapted to high anthropogenic hydrological sy
14200	3	the pollution of freshwater ecosystems by potentially hazardous chemicals is very a  sed to evaluate the effect of dissolved organic matter on toxicity of contaminants. this invest  ent of hazards of chemicals for aquatic ecosystems. the obtained results will provide the data
15347	2	gh humidity along the year, an abundant colonization and development of phototrophic biofilms c   the year, an abundant colonization and development of phototrophic biofilms can be observed wh
12044	5	es that different scenarii of landscape evolution would have on the dynamics and persistence of  whose objectives are to a determine the traits of landscapes favourable to biodiversity at the   able to biodiversity at the species and community levels; the processes that underlie these lan  processes that underlie these landscape traits not only at small temporal and spatial scale .   e traits not only at small temporal and spatial scale .
12015	12	the protection of nature imposes the twin requirements of conserving biod   biodiversity and fostering sustainable development. to achieve these ends instruments must be   ween local communities and the specific environment that surrounds them. the growing predilecti  ocalised products and the new status of nature as patrimony have been widely studied in recent   outh, studies of prominent products and production chains, from bourbon vanilla to millet beers  jor emerging trends: promotion of local production and specialities to spur local economic deve  and specialities to spur local economic development; taking local production and specialities i  ocal economic development; taking local production and specialities into account under policies  ultural diversity; utilisation of local production and specialities as instruments in wider pro  gmentation; recognition of the value of ecological services; creation of original local arrange  l peoples patrimony and heritage. rural development and conservation of biological and cultural   structures explicitly link sustainable production modes, the intrinsic and extrinsic quality o
13335	1	of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystems are major scientific and societal challenges
13312	1	ven stages: -inventory, description and classification of biodiversity research programmes and
2492	10	mammal species in europe, with current model-based forecasts predicting high rates of extincti  es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha  ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati   populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac  determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w  obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r  ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati  o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr  vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year  empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and impr
2493	12	uch as voles and lemmings with cyclical population dynamics has taken place nearly simultaneous  o originate from change in land use and climate, have the potential to lead to ecosystem re-org   climate, have the potential to lead to ecosystem re-organisation and therefore represent a cha  ersity. in particular, several european predator species of high conservation concern are intim   transmitted to other components of the food web owing to cascading indirect effects. along wit  ents of the food web owing to cascading indirect effects. along with outstanding issues of theo   theoretical interest in population and food web ecology, a main objective of this project is t  te impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exploit cyclically fluctuating herbivore  act directly on population viability of predators; 4. and indirectly influence other species in  directly influence other species in the food web through cascading effects. within the last wor  s tested that pertain to the impacts of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity and to the  on management of exploited and pristine ecosystems in four european countries.
12676	3	overseas territories and international development. the mechanism for such a common call has s  consequences of biodiversity changes on ecosystem functioning and services; 2. step up assessme  biodiversity at population, species and community level in europe and provide wide access to th
7104	6	the space by intensifying agricultural production on part of the territory so as to release th  s and reserves associated with the full development of agriculture and tourism that was the rul  alance of pnr and have often taken as a model. it seems to us important to note is that the zon   effects of human impact on the natural environment versus environmental protection hampers eco   protection hampers economic and social development. attempt to methodically examine different   t situations anthropization. methods of recovery, in addition to seminars and publications stan
516	15	onsists in dividing the area through an intensification of the agricultural production on a par   an intensification of the agricultural production on a part of the territory so as to liberate  nd reservoirs totally associated to the development of agriculture and tourism. this was the ru  he pnr report and have often used is as model. what we find important to highlight is that the   mental protection strategies enter into competition with other socially important uses of the t  ural areas versus the protection of the environment, which compromise the economic and social d  hich compromise the economic and social development. trying to methodically examine different s  opization within a context of worldwide competition, the evolutions of the cost of energy or th  petition, the evolutions of the cost of energy or the acknowledgement of the greenhouse effect.  anean agriculture, the pre-urbanization development plays an important role in reducing progres  ble for agriculture, in multiplying the competition for access to land resource and in favourin  has a vague sense and may refer to: the functional diversity evaluated either by the number of   esent in one area, or by the presence / abundance of some species / groups of species having a   ly important role in the functioning of ecosystems or agrosystems the patrimonial biodiversity   hich society is giving great importance indicators linked to these diversities such as the dive
11505	7	agriculture, ecosystems, and humans have co-evolved over millennia i  nge of domesticated crops and landraces ecosystem management options in centers of crop origin   mes 1. increased benefits obtained from ecosystem services by local low-income populations thro   and empowerment * regulating--of yield stability and resilience 2. results of trade-off modeli   and resilience 2. results of trade-off modeling and biosocial assessment of conservation strat  ersity whilst mitigating the effects of environmental change 3. economic and social exchanges o  ted by value-chain actors 4. macrolevel ecosystem management strategies adopted, involving inte
11619	2	in all environments carbon and nutrients are recycled by organisms that dec           in all environments carbon and nutrients are recycled by organisms that decompose dead
11234	5	grazer mobility, and attendant loss of ecosystem services and of poor people s livelihoods. th  d materials use conceptually innovative modelling, alongside major extant datasets, and a cross  l and socioecological dimensions of the ecosystems studied, advanced modelling capabilities, an  ons of the ecosystems studied, advanced modelling capabilities, and outstanding experience in c   credible and relevant insight into the ecosystem services and poverty implications of differen
10724	1	ental agencies to assess the health and carbon budgets of soil and freshwater environments.
451	4	s entirely on the coralline and oceanic ecosystem. the atolls, dispersed along a long latitudin  ne areas - in what way can the specific richness of these areas be compared to that observed in  ns may one draw on the endemism and the evolution of marine species in the maldives - with the   t is the status of the resource and its habitat are the essential habitats used throughout the
14677	5	project is to determine the diversity, distribution and space-time structure as well as the fu  ime structure as well as the functional stability of the microbial mats of the ebro delta . thu  bial mats are the paradigm of a minimal ecosystem. the definition of the requirements for the s  d persistence of organisms in a minimal ecosystem is presently essential to search for extrater   life and to essay the establishment of ecosystems out of the earth.
11774	4	ecosystem processes and community structure are inextri                  ecosystem processes and community structure are inextricably linked, as reveale  pecifically on the potential impacts of climate change, which has been identified as a major st  f surveys, experiments and mathematical modelling.
10746	13	the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of recent research.  on has been a focus of recent research. spatial heterogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosy  terogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosyst  many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship have not b  . this project will examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem  geneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and ex   ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine sys  mental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments will be used to determine: the rel  ionship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within a patch. the experiment  d to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocos  rameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocosm exper  odel predictions will be tested against mesocosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat pat  cosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat patches.
11442	13	the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of recent research.  on has been a focus of recent research. spatial heterogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosy  terogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosyst  many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship have not b  . this project will examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem  geneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and ex   ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine sys  mental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments will be used to determine: the rel  ionship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within a patch. the experiment  d to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocos  rameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocosm exper  odel predictions will be tested against mesocosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat pat  cosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat patches.
11508	13	the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of recent research.  on has been a focus of recent research. spatial heterogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosy  terogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosyst  many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship have not b  . this project will examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem  geneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and ex   ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine sys  mental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments will be used to determine: the rel  ionship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within a patch. the experiment  d to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocos  rameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocosm exper  odel predictions will be tested against mesocosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat pat  cosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat patches.
532	1	ementary sub-objectives : 1- at a local scale and different social justifications of biodiversi
7216	4	tory missions, monitor the post- larval recruitment estuary in the three types of systems will    combination of field data, analyzes of population dynamics and large-scale remote sensing will  alyzes of population dynamics and large-scale remote sensing will help to clarify the operation   of population dynamics and large-scale remote sensing will help to clarify the operation of re
531	1	the integration of biodiversity in the evolution of agriculture, through the evolutions proble
7118	1	he incorporation of biodiversity in the evolution of agriculture through the issue of changes i
14418	2	the biological protection of our forest ecosystems. the main goals of the proposed project are:  • to establish the species composition, distribution and prevalence of entomopathogens will be
14846	8	been established that the biodiversity abundance, and metabolic capabilities of the kingdom cr  le in biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems that may act as chemoautotrophs, oxidizing a  s chemoautotrophs, oxidizing ammonia to nitrate and fixing inorganic carbon in the dark. in add  ammonia to nitrate and fixing inorganic carbon in the dark. in addition, they also seem to be a  em to be an important source of organic carbon in the sediments of aquatic systems. the project  ic origin to its present day world-wide distribution. it is foreseen that crenyc will result in  tanding of the biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycling of this enig  e biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycling of this enigmatic group o
14845	8	been established that the biodiversity, abundance and metabolic capabilities of the kingdom cre  le in biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems that may act as chemoautotrophs, oxidizing a  s chemoautotrophs, oxidizing ammonia to nitrate and fixing inorganic carbon in the dark. in add  ammonia to nitrate and fixing inorganic carbon in the dark. in addition, they also seem to be a  em to be an important source of organic carbon in the sediments of aquatic systems. the project  ic origin to its present day world-wide distribution. it is foreseen that crenyc will result in  tanding of the biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycling of this enig  e biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycling of this enigmatic group o
14804	7	d artificial subterranean cavities with ecosystems worth of study because they contain an inter  isms and animals whose interactions and function in the ecosystem is unknown. complex bacterial   whose interactions and function in the ecosystem is unknown. complex bacterial communities are  . caves constitute a largely unexplored habitat and it is needed a clearer understanding of the  ing of the microbial diversity of these ecosystems. the aim is not only to know the biodiversit  so to know more about its structure and function. for this purpose, a must is to develop and te  he metabolically active fraction of the community. fluorescently-labeled probes and in situ hyb
409	2	scales, from single trees to very large nature reserves. the goal of the project is to identify   of biodiversity are considered through modelling approaches.
11514	11	f such loss on the functioning of whole ecosystems is high. the proposed research will examine   ects of biodiversity loss in the marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pool  marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pools on rocky shores. these pools ac  the tide out period allowing a range of ecosystem processes including community respiration, pr   range of ecosystem processes including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling a  ecosystem processes including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumul  cesses including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumulation of biom   between algal and faunal diversity and ecosystem processes in a range of contrasting environme  luscs. the consequences of such loss to ecosystem function will be measured over a 2 year perio   measured over a 2 year period. finally modelling will integrate the correlative and manipulati  ding of biodiversity loss in the marine environment.
9925	11	f such loss on the functioning of whole ecosystems is high. the proposed research will examine   ects of biodiversity loss in the marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pool  marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pools on rocky shores. these pools ac  the tide out period allowing a range of ecosystem processes including community respiration, pr   range of ecosystem processes including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling a  ecosystem processes including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumul  cesses including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumulation of biom   between algal and faunal diversity and ecosystem processes in a range of contrasting environme  luscs. the consequences of such loss to ecosystem function will be measured over a 2 year perio   measured over a 2 year period. finally modelling will integrate the correlative and manipulati  ding of biodiversity loss in the marine environment.
1977	10	mparative study on the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of lophelia pertusa and madrepora   chemoautotrophic prokaryotes obtaining energy and carbon from cold seeps e.g. via methane. ben  rophic prokaryotes obtaining energy and carbon from cold seeps e.g. via methane. benthic lander  rgy and carbon from cold seeps e.g. via methane. benthic landers will be put in for in situ stu   be put in for in situ studies of coral growth and calcification and for assessing ecosystem fu  wth and calcification and for assessing ecosystem functions such as providing structural framew  uch as providing structural frameworks, community respiration and organic matter remineralizati  viding structural frameworks, community respiration and organic matter remineralization. the po  l frameworks, community respiration and organic matter remineralization. the potential link bet  potential link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning will be investigated for dwcrs an
6891	6	and-use changes may considerably affect ecological integrity, thus a further decline in biodive   in biodiversity can only be avoided if nature conservation and socio-economic priorities are c  hips between land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. in a collaboration between leadi  at hungarian plain based on data from a habitat mapping to be finished in 2005. the major outco  rian plain based on data from a habitat mapping to be finished in 2005. the major outcome of th  which provides recommendations on rural development and sustainable land-use. the expert sytems
396	6	es. it is likely that, depending on the traits and dispersal ability of different organisms and  ike organic farming on biodiversity and ecosystem services thus requires knowledge of both the   problem based on recent developments in metacommunity and landscape ecology. we will examine pl   predatory insects, pollinators and two ecosystem services along a time-since-transition gradie  nsition gradient crossed with the large-scale gradient in landscapes established in our previou  ong-term effects of organic farming and landscape change on biodiversity.
11310	1	ivotal importance for understanding the evolution of eukaryotes as a whole. ribosomal rna compa
15337	7	lignisation processes, no comprehensive model bringing together the evolution, basic and infect  mprehensive model bringing together the evolution, basic and infection biology and epidemiology   provided thus far. our knowledge on pv evolution is rather scarce and still based on assumptio  low mutation rate. our previous results stress the concept that different viruses are different  sures that have driven the differential evolution of the pvs, their differential interaction wi   will generate global hypotheses on the distribution and evolution of these viruses, related to  obal hypotheses on the distribution and evolution of these viruses, related to their hosts. the
7021	9	rooding patterns and larval biology and evaluation of possibilities of migration for different   logy and evaluation of possibilities of migration for different taxa of cheilostomate bryozoa.   sult in a detailed understanding of the distribution of bryozoa in space and time aiming to inv  me aiming to investigate the origin and evolution of faunas in the paratethys. rich collections  gle faunal elements: a documentation of distribution patterns will be used to test the hypothes   in general and to basic aspects of the development of bryozoan faunas, existing under pressure   faunas, existing under pressure of the global change. realizing the great importance of this g  ntribute to a detailed knowledge of the development of ecosystems in the paratethys.   etailed knowledge of the development of ecosystems in the paratethys.
14795	3	s by which bacteria sequentially reduce nitrate will be used to analyse the proportion of the n  e used to analyse the proportion of the nitrogen oxides gases, including n2, being released int  ucture and dinamics of the denitrifying community and to study its contribution to greenhose ga
11750	1	sequencing. to make higher level amoeba classification evolutionarily sounder we shall also seq
12518	2	c farming practices on biodiversity and environment recommendation that research be conducted i  f duration under organic management and scale effects, to identify features of organic systems
13729	6	nary project aimed at understanding how ecosystem resilience in managed landscapes is linked to   a key natural resource for maintaining ecosystem functioning and thereby ecological resilience  ms that contribute to the resilience of ecosystems. the specific goals are: * to examine how bi  examine how biodiversity contributes to ecosystem services like pollination and resilience in s  tion and resilience in selected managed ecosystems. * to identify institutional mechanisms for   echanisms for sustaining resilience and functional diversity. * to examine how the spatial and
13947	5	esent project is to investigate how the trophic structure of local communities, spatial structu   species affects the response of a meta-community to local and global losses of species. to acc  s. to accomplish this we develop a meta-community viability analysis that generates risk assess  y that the number of species in an meta-community falls below some given level following the lo  reat promise for identifying vulnerable ecosystems and keystone species.
14186	3	ess the establishment, biodiversity and stability of lactic acid bacteria and yeast population    the properties obtained the predictive modeling on stability of theses strains in sourdough sy  ies obtained the predictive modeling on stability of theses strains in sourdough system will be
12650	2	provide an evidence base to support the development of policies to improve the conservation of   ability of the marine system to deliver ecosystem goods and services.
520	2	area. it also has for goal to analyze a development project in favour of biodiversity on an aoc  le the follow-up of the project and the evaluation of the implemented actions.
7108	3	ne territory. it also aims to analyze a development project in favor of biodiversity at the sca  project in favor of biodiversity at the scale of an aoc as a result of a local initiative. the   atory that will monitor the project and evaluation of actions implemented
521	2	tion of origin in positioning them on a scale containing five levels of diversity. this tool wi  , produced, used within which aoc dairy production farms, and using what practices which are th
7674	6	veness of the management over long time scale . in this project we will simulate elephant abund   this project we will simulate elephant abundance scenarios and their effects on tree diversity  comes under various downscaled regional climate projections and current management practices wi  who will then be engaged in a companion modelling exercise to model the ecologically-based deci  ed in a companion modelling exercise to model the ecologically-based decision rules governing w   the ecological and human dimensions of ecosystem functioning, facilitates their incorporation
14114	2	understanding the origin of present-day ecosystems. this project will elucidate how biodiversit  and biodiversity changes can be used as indicators in predicting future patterns of biotic chan
437	1	biodiversity at a century and millenium scale. it was developed in four directions: . the histo
7158	3	predicting the effects of global change on biodiversity at large spatial scales.    can predict the variability of species richness and extinction rates and local turnover will b  ssues important to assess the impact of global change on biodiversity dynamics.
442	2	ties. using approaches accounting for a heterogeneity in species detectability and for spatial   a, we found that not only local species richness can be affected by landscape structure, but it
13942	8	on increases with increasing species or functional group diversity. 2. a more diverse community  onal group diversity. 2. a more diverse community has the potential to transfer more carbon up   nity has the potential to transfer more carbon up the food chain. 3. a more diverse community b  on up the food chain. 3. a more diverse community buries more organic matter deeper in the sedi  3. a more diverse community buries more organic matter deeper in the sediment. 4. nodularin and  uries more organic matter deeper in the sediment. 4. nodularin and bmaa in cyanobacterial bloom  can accumulate in and reduce diversity, growth and survival of deposit-feeding invertebrates, a  rates, and be transferred to their fish predators. the results can be used to evaluate the like
7567	5	also the correlative study of mycotoxin production. using the model p. expansum producer of pat  tudy of mycotoxin production. using the model p. expansum producer of patulin, we analyze the e  sum producer of patulin, we analyze the evolution of the production during growth and the effec  atulin, we analyze the evolution of the production during growth and the effect of the usual ph   the evolution of the production during growth and the effect of the usual physiological and nu
2051	3	l investigate biodiversity in a natural ecosystem, believed to be reasonably representative of   ly representative of the coastal marine environment . through this cooperation the project will  l be able to develop a full statistical model for biodiversity without losing biological inform
7422	3	es resulting from the specialization of production systems, significantly reduced the diversity  ct of mycorrhizal biodiversity on wheat productivity and grain quality. this work will lay a so  or the operation of these new biotech / ecosystem tools of mycorrhiza in wheat farming and thus
7281	1	of researchers and practitioners in the development of the north pas de calais
14821	5	rranean coastal wetlands are considered ecosystems that deserve to be protected in a european c   and attractiveness for touristic-based development has led to a series of adverse impacts and   e area of highest rainfall in valencian community and with warm temperatures, permits species o  idered a refuge of biodiversity for its richness in different kinds of water body: streams, cha  itats. algae, however, are very precise ecological indicators and are widely used, alone or tog
456	2	combination of field data, analysis of population dynamics and the large-scale satellite sensi  is of population dynamics and the large-scale satellite sensing will make it possible to clarif
7262	2	associated with sunken wood deep marine environment has always been perceived as a zoological c  iated with sunken wood and identify new model organisms to understand in an evolutionary light,
9933	8	uropean biodiversity. a major source of nutrients to semi-natural ecosystems is atmospheric nit  jor source of nutrients to semi-natural ecosystems is atmospheric nitrogen deposition and exper   semi-natural ecosystems is atmospheric nitrogen deposition and experiments have suggested that  d experiments have suggested that these nutrients may reduce species richness.however, until ve  that these nutrients may reduce species richness.however, until very recently there was no clea  predictive equation to estimate species richness of similar sites based on n deposition.the cur  position is seriously impacting species richness on a wider scale across european grasslands an  y impacting species richness on a wider scale across european grasslands and to elucidate the m
7467	2	age of the services provided by aquatic ecosystems, but also to make it possible to establish e  k will help to shed light on how future climate and socioeconomic pressures will give rise to g
2137	9	the impacts of pronounced climate change are now apparent at various sites in the   converge on the prediction that future warming trends will be amplified at high northern latit  nderstanding of norways northern marine ecosystems and their responsiveness to environmental ch   ecosystems and their responsiveness to environmental change. the benthic biodiversity has been   closely related with variables such as productivity and sea surface temperature for which a st  es such as productivity and sea surface temperature for which a strong gradient is seen along t  ese two biodiversity drivers are highly climate-dependent and are expected to change with the p  e expected to change with the predicted warming. this funding request is for a post-doctoral fe   framework of the impacts of the global warming on the soft-bottom marine biodiversity in the n
474	4	ts in eukaryotic microbial taxonomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, genomics and mol  s of marine biodiversity change and for evaluation of its ecological and economic cost. the bio   database will become the largest world community resource on marine unicellular eukaryotic bio  compartment, and elevating the european community to the forefront of marine eukaryote microbia
1930	1	be divided over different functions in nature areas and in the agricultural landscape.
7583	1	iversity toxigenic molds to dry at room temperature in sterile sand. . strains of the collectio
14419	4	they are primary drivers of the global carbon cycle and they belong to the most valuable micro  rated that flowering plants and insects ecosystems harbor vast untapped diversity of yeasts. in  sity and ecology of yeasts in different ecosystems have attracted little systematic research in  portant properties from these bulgarian ecosystems. the research project will be accomplished i
7008	1	g information about yeast phylogeny and development of yeast endocytobiosis, discovering new sy
7286	1	on. a floristically diverse surrounding community with a rich assemblage of insects would reduc
7153	3	y, that the century or millennium. this scale is primarily documented by the exo or endo -skele  oup, which will result in an attempt to model the effects of human impact on animal biodiversit  impact on animal biodiversity in a time scale ranging from century to millennium. these case st
7211	7	country is based entirely on the coral ecosystem and ocean. atolls, distributed along a latitu  ocal / regional factors controlling the distribution of diversity. protected marine areas of th  the republic of maldives: • what is the habitat diversity and structure of coral communities en  of marine protected areas • how species richness of these sites does it compare with that obser  onclusions can be drawn on endemism and evolution of marine species of the maldives • fisheries  t is the status of the resource and its habitat critical habitats used during the life cycle of  etely mastered locally training in reef mapping, visual counting diving fish larvae capture and
14716	10	the edaphic ecosystem is complex, scaresly studied, with a large de  omplex trophic webs which depend on the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems. th  roductivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems. the isolation, identification and bioecolog  me of these organisms could lead to the development of new technologies. the aim of the project  pathogenic nematodes and evaluate there efficiency as an alternative technology in the biologic  th the aim of providing a base for tthe development of biocontrol agents which are environmenta  ion of autochtonous strains of epns; 2. evaluation of their virulence against spodoptera littor  ram of biodiversity, earth sciences and global change in the national subprograme of biodiversi   the thematic line of new technologies, development of technologies in the improvement of enivr  vement of enivronmental quality in land ecosystems
2499	8	esearch regarding utilization of marine ecosystems with emphasis on decision modeling of total   ne ecosystems with emphasis on decision modeling of total allowable catches in a broad multispe  roductive ocean areas in the world. the ecosystem is highly dynamic and volatile. the modeling   tem is highly dynamic and volatile. the modeling of a top-down and multidimensional bioeconomic  e validated by more detailed biological ecosystem models which, by themselves, lack the ability  lity to determine optimal policies. the modeling and integration of such a two-stage process ne  utting-edge academic quality beyond the ph.d. level. a successful outcome of the proposed proje  onomics and fishery research, numerical modeling of multidimensional stochastic bioprocesses, a
10969	4	ficant role in biofouling in the marine environment, and also in the pathogenesis of many infec  e have recently found that this form of competition occurs. preliminary studies of the effect o  nary studies of the effect of bacterial competition on biofilm disruption were carried out. a m  cus bioflim. the extent of this form of competition amongst marine bacteria will also be invest
13336	2	age of the services provided by aquatic ecosystems, but also to make it possible to establish e  k will help to shed light on how future climate and socioeconomic pressures will give rise to g
12026	1	n this project, we explore the roles of trophic interactions, vertical diversity and nutrient e
2511	7	since more than 10e9 years, nature operates endosymbiotic metabolic pathways in euk  ls. in plants, maintenance of the cells metabolism is compartmentalized. the metabolic stage of  loroplast are essential to maintain the metabolism of the photoautotrophic developmental state    proven extremely valuable to study the development of chloroplasts. upon illumination the onse  lumination the onset of photoautotrophy development can be precisely controlled to study the pr   utilize in darkness, differentiate the function of pigmentation changes in the cytb6f complex,   in the cytb6f complex, and resolve the function of chlorophyll binding to the lil3 protein. th
13485	2	biogenic phosphorus spectroscopy, the most powerful analysis met  xperiments and multivariate statistical evaluation of the results. this will answer questions r
10561	3	carbon is one of the essential elements required for li  s required for life to exist, alongside energy and liquid water. in contrast to other parts of   ts of the earth s biosphere, cycling of carbon compounds beneath glaciers and ice sheets is poo
15346	1	e monitoring of the processes up to the modelling, passing through the experimentation designed
15436	2	recent warming and variations in atmospheric circulation patte  years trough the analysis of lake dated sediment cores. we plan to identify similarities and di
11672	4	l zone contributes significantly to the nitrogen cycle, removing nitrogen washed in from the la  icantly to the nitrogen cycle, removing nitrogen washed in from the land by rivers and so reduc  ms, also contribute to the formation of nitrogen gases, some of which are important in global w  , some of which are important in global warming. while a lot of work has been done to measure t
11794	4	l zone contributes significantly to the nitrogen cycle, removing nitrogen washed in from the la  icantly to the nitrogen cycle, removing nitrogen washed in from the land by rivers and so reduc  ms, also contribute to the formation of nitrogen gases, some of which are important in global w  , some of which are important in global warming. while a lot of work has been done to measure t
10920	2	of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad  volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different
11710	2	of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad  volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different
11811	2	of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad  volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different
11812	2	of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad  volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different
9904	2	of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad  volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different
9954	2	of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad  volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different
7273	3	mplex systems such as the amazon, local migration of freshwater fish are essential for maintain  hods icp- ms - and - mc- icp- ms in the growth rings of scales, including life history of fish   n the growth rings of scales, including life history of fish
10398	6	on the microbiota of a rarely explored environment and geochemical data that will provide clue  ce other potential areas for geothermal energy recovery, which could be contribute to the uk s   r potential areas for geothermal energy recovery, which could be contribute to the uk s renewab  uld be contribute to the uk s renewable energy portfolio. analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isoto  rgy portfolio. analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes will be used to identify the source of   al analysis will define the geochemical environment and process measurements coupled with analy
11449	1	the moorings will be instrumented with sediment traps, current meters, adcp, thermister chains
15206	13	of v. parahaemolyticus with pathogenic traits in the marine environment. these data contrast w  us with pathogenic traits in the marine environment. these data contrast with the low number of  thogenic strains detected in the marine environment have no relation with the strains causing i  ns of v. parahaemolyticus in the marine environment of galicia throughout one year. this inform   information allows us to determine the distribution and population dynamics of pathogenic v. p  ws us to determine the distribution and population dynamics of pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus a  e environmental factors determining the abundance. in a second stage, the strains obtained in t  re, as well as to establish the spatial distribution of genotypes in association with the envir  on of genotypes in association with the environment. the strains recovered from galicia will be  s identified as pathogens in the marine environment could be assessed, allowing for an evaluati  ment could be assessed, allowing for an evaluation of the current virulence markers as suitable  e current virulence markers as suitable indicators of the pathogenic potential of any one strai   potential, ultimately allowing for the development of an enhanced environmental surveillance o
14853	1	d autoecological studies in its natural habitat. however, and as it has been observed, saliniba
11782	5	r the purposes of this study, the rapid evolution of centromeres is also very curious. centrome  , from the most devastating failures in growth and reproduction to reduced fertility among a ye  nt be evolving so fast might this rapid evolution have consequences for growth, fertility or th  s rapid evolution have consequences for growth, fertility or the reproductive isolation between  es and consequences of rapid centromere evolution.
182	1	tomentella bryophila or t. stuposa. the distribution of genets of tomentella sp. in transects w
10249	4	of biodiversity in the earth s largest ecosystem. the proposal is to visit a site on the south  species, revolutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy, and even provid  out how ecosystems can be supplied with energy, and even provided clues to the origins of life.   to understand what controls the global distribution of species in these island-like extreme en
14706	1	1.- infer the geographical history and evolution of the reptiles and amphibians around the wes
14937	10	distributions, but at the intraspecific scale it is fine tuned by population differentiation. e  ne tuned by population differentiation. evolution of parasite resistance could drive hosts popu   differentiation. evolution of parasite resistance could drive hosts population differentiation  hosts population differentiation if the distribution of parasites is heterogeneous among hosts   orted worldwide due to global trade and climate change. this project will study the biogeograph  we will examine to what extent parasite distribution drives the evolution of the mhc in the bla  extent parasite distribution drives the evolution of the mhc in the blackcap at the same geogra  iation in the context of the geographic distribution of parasites. the results of this project   ddition to the study of this species, a model in ecology and evolution. the project will also a  of this species, a model in ecology and evolution. the project will also allow training phd stu
6808	2	of the winter period combined with the evolution of different hibernation strategies. these pr  ispersal as some dominant groups of the vegetation and dispersal show a group-specific hierarch
11728	3	rial populations, and for environmental/climate change. this research will develop analytical p  l form the theoretical basis for future development of molecular tools to address microbial bio  iodiversity in natural environments and global change.
14115	8	racter of the components of the natural environment and integrated impact of human induced devi  on is also an indirect threat to future human well-being because of loss of biodiversity, parti  cies that perform critical tasks within ecosystems. there continues to be a steady decline in t   implement methods of biomonitoring for evaluation of air and precipitation pollution distribut  biomonitoring for evaluation of air and precipitation pollution distribution . 2.develop and im  tion of air and precipitation pollution distribution . 2.develop and implement biological indic  as. 3.to use bioindicational methods in evaluation of human activities impact on natural commun  tural communities and for indication of nature conservation value of communities. 4.to develop
15264	2	we have named a syndrome of strandings stress , in which clinical signs and lesions founded ar  ausing a failure of the therapy and the recovery of the involved animals. the purpose of our st
1101	16	dels for phylogenetic studies, from the development and application of new computational method  e and proteome, to studies on molecular modeling from protein structure-function studies are co  lecular modeling from protein structure-function studies are coordinated and lead to a national  cts are useful for the whole scientific community. the presence in the group of several profess  arning activities or simply through the production of multimedia support material for training.  bases and with analysis packages; - the development of new technologies for database indexing a   of palermo. wp2. comparative genomics. development of new computational methods for the analys  divided into 4 activities as follows: - development of new method for evolutionary studies and   ry studies and phylogenetic analysis; - development of new computational methods for sequence a   be on the use of agent technologies; - development of computational methods for microarray dat  and genome sequences of human and other model organisms; - transcriptome and proteome analysis;  ch of regulatory elements. wp4. protein modeling divided into four activities as follows: - lar  nto four activities as follows: - large scale modeling of globular and membrane proteins, - mul  ur activities as follows: - large scale modeling of globular and membrane proteins, - multidime  ar dynamics of dna-protein complexes; - development of algorithms and calculation codes for thr  calculation codes for three-dimensional modeling of biological macromolecules. wp5. implementat
7642	4	functional traits of organisms are central to their ada  f the soil and thus to the provision of ecosystem services. betsi the project aims to synthesiz  nformation on biological and ecological functional traits of soil invertebrates. originality of  ls specific to the compartment ' soil ' ecosystems
15074	6	ncidence of prematurity, low weight and mortality at birth. existing regional variation due to    1-analyze for the period 1983-2007 the evolution of the number of deliveries per province and    deliveries per province and autonomous community, single and multiple deliveries, dystrophic p  accomplished regarding the maternal age distribution and newborn weight. 2- identify territoria  fy territorial variations responding to heterogeneity for observed values. 3- identify relevant  ewborns per province and per autonomous community that could require special neonatal care.
14743	3	o the biotic diversity and integrity of ecosystems. the mechanisms that permit the initial esta   study of this issue are to: assess the habitat use and movement patterns in several aquatic ec  nd movement patterns in several aquatic ecosystems in order to evaluate the dispersion capacity
15120	24	d structure of the communities, and the food web organization. the high environmental variabili  ility, such as water level, nutrient or salinity fluctuations, and the environmental constraint  oastal lagoons, are determinant for the community structure in mediterranean shallow lentic eco  ructure in mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystems. the effects of the physical control act dir  he physical control act directly on the community structure, by means of the species selection   t also indirectly due to changes in the food web organization. the influence of the environment   of the environmental conditions on the biological traits of the top predators explains these c  ons on the biological traits of the top predators explains these changes and could imply a modi  s and could imply a modification of the predation pressure on the aquatic community. the main o  f the predation pressure on the aquatic community. the main objective of this project is to ana  ctive of this project is to analyse the predation effects on the food web functioning in medite  to analyse the predation effects on the food web functioning in mediterranean water bodies, and  iotic factors, characteristics of these ecosystems, modify or regulate the predation effects. i  hese ecosystems, modify or regulate the predation effects. in order to reach this objective we   ective we will study two shallow lentic ecosystems: temporary ponds, where the drought is a det   high variability of nutrient input and salinity are reported. these studies take into account   unt different trophic levels, from fish predation to intraguild predation in the microbial loop   trophic levels, from fish predation to intraguild predation in the microbial loop. we will dev  iments, using mesocosms with or without predator presence, as well as field studies in sites wi  field studies in sites with high or low predation density, in which we will compare the communi  ies in sites with high or low predation density, in which we will compare the community structu  n density, in which we will compare the community structure. in all the studies we will perform  in all the studies we will perform, the community structure will be analysed by means of two ap  oaches, taxonomic and functional, using community size structure.
11185	4	this project would enable the participation of stephen archer in an exciting, new zea   responsible for the measurement of the production rates of dimethylsulphoniopropionate analysi  system that will substantially increase productivity and to cover voyage-participation costs.   crease productivity and to cover voyage-participation costs.
10129	8	y to quantify the influence of climatic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigati  y investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where tha  oil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and   ity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is  ted and which organisms use it in their metabolism. this will give us valuable information to i  ortant for constraining the response by soil respiration to climatic change and use our laborat   a new understanding of the response by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test h  esponse by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diver
10417	8	y to quantify the influence of climatic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigati  y investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where tha  oil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and   ity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is  ted and which organisms use it in their metabolism. this will give us valuable information to i  ortant for constraining the response by soil respiration to climatic change and use our laborat   a new understanding of the response by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test h  esponse by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diver
11411	8	y to quantify the influence of climatic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigati  y investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where tha  oil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and   ity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is  ted and which organisms use it in their metabolism. this will give us valuable information to i  ortant for constraining the response by soil respiration to climatic change and use our laborat   a new understanding of the response by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test h  esponse by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diver
9891	8	y to quantify the influence of climatic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigati  y investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where tha  oil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and   ity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is  ted and which organisms use it in their metabolism. this will give us valuable information to i  ortant for constraining the response by soil respiration to climatic change and use our laborat   a new understanding of the response by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test h  esponse by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diver
13943	1	n biological diversity . recent reserch stress the insufficient connection that exist between g
14420	8	project aims to study the effect of the climate factors, biological interrelations, environment  iodiversity, supporting the sustainable ecosystem functioning and optimal use of their biologic  ogical researches will be combined with gis-based and remote methods for describing and evaluat  d and remote methods for describing and evaluation of the hydro-morphological parameters of wat  qualitative and quantitative models for evaluation and prediction of the behaviour of studied s  n of the main mechanisms supporting the ecological integrity of the riparian wetlands with diff  the results obtained will be useful for development of the multidisciplinary approach in decisi  nsive anthropogenic pressure and global climate changes.
12681	6	process for collating and reporting on climate change induced trends in the abundance and dist  on climate change induced trends in the abundance and distribution of native species and in the  nge induced trends in the abundance and distribution of native species and in the extent and co  species and habitats most vulnerable to climate change. it will identify, develop and update in  e. it will identify, develop and update indicators of climate change induced trends which will   ntify, develop and update indicators of climate change induced trends which will be available o
14703	4	mediterranean river ecosystems, mainly in low and mid-order reaches, are su  ariations can be accentuated because of climate change effects. discharge changes drive biogeoc  vance. it is then necessary to know the function of the biological communities during such chan  icrobial loop. an important quantity of energy and matter processed by the river is flowing thr
2550	14	recent isolation of thermoacidophilic methane-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the verrucomicr  nging to the verrucomicrobia lineage of evolution has expanded our understanding of the diversi  standing of the diversity of biological methane oxidation. these microorganisms share the uniqu  ganisms share the unique ability to use methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as a sole carbon and   ane, a potent greenhouse gas, as a sole carbon and energy source. methylacidiphilum kamchatkens  nt greenhouse gas, as a sole carbon and energy source. methylacidiphilum kamchatkense, strain k  in kamchatka, russia, will be used as a model for further molecular and physiological analyses   molecular and physiological analyses of methane oxidation in these organisms, which possess 3-4  ved operons each encoding 3 particulate methane monooxygenase protein subunits. preliminary ana  onally expressed in kam1 under standard growth conditions. through further transcriptional and   novel subcellular micro-compartment for methane oxidation, compensating for the lack of the typ  so play a role in detoxification and/or carbon assimilation. the organelles will be purified fr  ct will provide novel insights into the evolution and diversity of biological methane oxidation  e evolution and diversity of biological methane oxidation, a presumed ancient metabolic trait a
14702	7	luvial systems and they form the global food web in streams. the trophic structure of fauna, fr  orm the global food web in streams. the trophic structure of fauna, from protozoa to macroinver  roinvertebrates, has a relevant role in organic matter processing and in biofilm structure. ben  base to material availability and their efficiency depends on organic matter inputs and autocht  ability and their efficiency depends on organic matter inputs and autochthonous primary product  matter inputs and autochthonous primary production. in mediterranean streams these characterist   besides changes on light intensity and temperature modulate intensity and relevance of biologi
14558	4	ee of parasitic infection.. analysis of abundance estimation will contribute to characterise th  yrenean populations. analyses of use of habitat and space will allow, respectively, to clarify   o highlight its spatial requirements in function of individual space use. parasitological studi  out sacrificing any animal, to know the nature of parasitic helminthofauna, potential diet, and
14421	9	estigate into and better understand the distribution, biology, ecology and paths of invasion of  ative effects on the native species and ecosystems. the following methods will be used: field o  karyological, molecular, embryological, gis-mapping, experimental, etc. in order to study popul  ological, molecular, embryological, gis-mapping, experimental, etc. in order to study populatio  haracteristics of ias, past and current distribution, plant communities susceptible for particu  ses and effectiveness of the methods of mitigation and control. it is expected that at the and    following results will be achieved: 1. gis-distribution maps of the invasive aliens species. 2  lowing results will be achieved: 1. gis-distribution maps of the invasive aliens species. 2. be   alien vascular plants. 5. measures for mitigation and control of worst ias tested. 6. paramete
15280	10	ong ago with their functions, roles and distribution in inland waters well established. however   established. however, knowledge of the distribution and functions of archaea have increased dr   most of them and no evidences on their metabolism or role within the ecosystem are available.    on their metabolism or role within the ecosystem are available. to overcome current limitation  le in biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems acting as nitrificant chemoauto/mixo-trophs   gy and population ecology to understand population dynamics and distributions in natural enviro  e natural frameworks to follow archaeal population dynamics using several molecular and geochem  igh-resolution technologies to describe community composition, the assembly rules, evaluation o  munity composition, the assembly rules, evaluation of the impact of their activity in the carbo   of the impact of their activity in the carbon fluxes, and metagenomic and 454 pyrosequencing t
15281	4	has discovered the enormous wealth and abundance of archaea both in aquatic environments and t  ies, optimal physiological activity and function in the ecosystem. only combining advanced mole  siological activity and function in the ecosystem. only combining advanced molecular and bioinf  he lake and determine their role in the ecosystem functioning
14575	4	e a significant component of the global environmental change and are viewed as one of the most   s of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ecological and economic eff  hids, through interference with natural predators and parasitoids and, accordingly, an eventual  an eventual harmful effect in tangerine production.
14951	3	cal interactions. by their ubiquity and abundance, ants establish many kinds of relations with   he completion of the map of the iberian distribution of the two supercolonies described in euro  e would complete the study of the local distribution of both supercolonies in the streets, park
13732	9	of great commercial interest to shorten production cycles and increase food production. however  ten production cycles and increase food production. however, there is growing concern over the   growing concern over the impact escaped growth hormone transgenic fish may have on the natural   transgenic fish may have on the natural environment. to predict these risks it is crucial to ob  ransgenic and non-transgenic fish under nature-like conditions. empirical data on this is, howe   of the potential risks associated with production of transgenic fish. in addition, these trans  ones interact with the organism and its environment to regulate behaviour, and to examine evolu  o examine evolutionary questions of why growth in nature often is below that physiologically po  evolutionary questions of why growth in nature often is below that physiologically possible. by
15026	4	ously the study of the fenology and the habitat will complement it. these experiments will allo  s. this assay will let to establish the life history and the optima conditions molecular experi  ll set up the optima conditions for the development and growth of the iberian species, essentia  tima conditions for the development and growth of the iberian species, essential for future use
14494	5	l to forget that it seems to approach a climate change that could involve an increase of the su  will provide us information about their function in iberian soil, including agriculture ones wh  y its important role in soil fertility, development of organic fertilizers, improvement of phys  nthly sampling and quantifying the cast production in laboratory microcosms and jail microcosms  y to investigate the transformations of organic matter during gut transit and their influences
14788	1	ors suggested that slugs can be used in soil health assessment in the manner that mussels and o
15564	4	ts in eukaryotic microbial taxonomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, genomics and mol  s of marine biodiversity change and for evaluation of its ecological and economic cost. the bio   database will become the largest world community resource on marine unicellular eukaryotic bio  compartment, and elevating the european community to the forefront of marine eukaryote microbia
11506	3	biomass energy makes up 77% of the world primary renewable ener  s up 77% of the world primary renewable energy mix - or 10% of the total world energy mix will    energy mix - or 10% of the total world energy mix will help design appropriate research, commu
11601	9	tury is to improve our knowledge on how global change, including climate change and human modif  owledge on how global change, including climate change and human modifications of the earth s s   earth system, the status, dynamics and evolution of the terrestrial biosphere are the least un  hat the land surface is suffering large-scale and rapid changes in response to human demands fo  esources, with serious consequences for climate, biodiversity and sustainability. current gridd  ridded biomass information suitable for carbon cycle and earth system models does not exist, no  istent, accurate and frequently updated mapping of forest area, structure and change needed for  antify the terrestrial component of the carbon cycle and its links to the water cycle, will pro  n of major importance for societies and ecosystems, and will help to fill a crucial gap in the
11467	3	key scientific challenge is quantifying ecosystem biomass and productivity by scaling up observ  ge is quantifying ecosystem biomass and productivity by scaling up observations from individual  dividual holes to the glacier/ice sheet scale. highspy, our knowledge transfer partner have dev
6917	3	orphological characters relevant to the evolution of the reproductive isolation and in speciati  s and the polyandry, and with the sperm competition 2. can we detect the principle of parsimony  ciple of parsimony in the morphological evolution of the copulatory organs 3. whether the simil
14901	2	aim is to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of crystallites and of their crystallograp  cture which can be explained by crystal growth processes constitute the purely morphological se
14924	7	of the most important findings are the production of vaterite, the production of magnesian cal  ngs are the production of vaterite, the production of magnesian calcite by m. xanthus and the o   to study in detail bacterially induced precipitation of vaterite and dolomite. therefore, the   r study of bacterially-induced vaterite precipitation, in particular, to get a better understan  culture medium that ends up in vaterite precipitation versus the precipitation of any other cal  up in vaterite precipitation versus the precipitation of any other calcium carbonate polymorph.  ite, we intend to study dolomite induce precipitation by m. xanthus and by other bacteria in no
10797	5	n in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors in i   poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors in its occurrence today. the   h as immigration, changes in population density, and changes in the environment. there are also   population density, and changes in the environment. there are also interesting questions about  re also interesting questions about the evolution of tb in the new world after contact with eur
11565	5	n in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors in i   poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors in its occurrence today. the   h as immigration, changes in population density, and changes in the environment. there are also   population density, and changes in the environment. there are also interesting questions about  re also interesting questions about the evolution of tb in the new world after contact with eur
15087	3	o point towards the cause of a specific environmental change. in the second place, non-destruct  behavioural parameters, clinical signs, population dynamics, etc. long-term studies could not o   useful in concrete episodes of massive mortality of wild birds when decisions on population ma
7613	7	/ solid interface between the water and sediment particles or the soil organic matter, and liqu  the water and sediment particles or the soil organic matter, and liquid / liquid interfaces for  the pollutants, they do not predict the ecosystem's ability to degrade the. a possible strategy  ed on biological, or bioindicators. the development of different types of bio-indicators will p  e development of different types of bio-indicators will provide innovative tools for decision s  rt in the treatment of pollution. these indicators may be biosensors consist of a bacterial str  nes whose presence and expression in an environment indicate the presence of a pollutant. such
12048	1	and remote island with amazing specific richness and endemism. the project is aimed at investig
14954	4	elevant aspects of bioaccessibility and metabolism of pah in model systems with defined substra  oaccessibility and metabolism of pah in model systems with defined substrates and cultures . ta  nd cultures . target pahs to be used as model compounds will be naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluo  sent in creosote, that will be taken as model pah mixture. also, part of this study will be per
13313	12	biodiversity indicators and monitoring frameworks are currently deve  ndorsed set of eu headline biodiversity indicators. a requirement by the eu is to complement th  uirement by the eu is to complement the indicator set and the development of biodiversity monit  to complement the indicator set and the development of biodiversity monitoring frameworks with   hat are able to assess the impacts from community policies on biodiversity in a cost-effective   versity as measured by the presence and abundance of individual species. the tool will contain   oral pressures and relating to selected community policies as well as the eu headline biodivers  as well as the eu headline biodiversity indicators. this tool will be applied for assessing imp   assessing impacts and effectiveness of community policies based on historic data as well as fo   biodiversity monitoring frameworks and incentives for uptake will be formulated. also the data   policy responses; - apply the tool for modelling european-wide scenarios for selected drivers;  ed pressures on biodiversity; - propose incentives for a wide uptake of the tool.
14331	1	ation. yet, more than just logs, forest ecosystems produce many other services of prime importa
15126	4	trichomycetes are cosmopolitan in their distribution, evidencing the very successful symbiotic   rever their hosts live, and may provide stability to the arthropod communities, and consequentl  the use of these fungi as water quality indicators. though aquatic insects are routinely used a  be more susceptible to minor changes in ph and ion concentrations that could possibly be correl
10618	1	ta gathered from climatically sensitive indicators from the host sediments to test climatic inf
13314	4	e of biostrat is to support the further development of a european biodiversity research strateg  y-related research at both the european scale and in individual eu member states by linking exi  g biodiversity research projects in the development of the eu biodiversity research strategy. -  s of the paris conference,the millenium ecosystem assessment, the 2010 target, esri, gti, gbif,
10459	3	summer s arctic coring expedition , the nature of the polar marine fauna, and its response to c  ponse of the arctic ocean to this rapid warming event. we propose to study the benthic foramini  rovide estimates of the water depth and oxygen content. we will make comparisons with benthic f
15409	1	llaboration, on the systematics and the evolution in several groups of the asteraceae. the pres
15410	1	llaboration, on the systematics and the evolution in several groups of the asteraceae. the pres
15180	1	ortant applied aspect as regards to the evaluation of the possible
1083	12	the evolution of life on earth can be reconstructed using t   relationships between biodiversity and global change. present knowledge of evolutionary proces  ly controlled by changes in the abiotic environment and/or interactions between organisms. whil  s are detectable and modelled in extant ecosystems, long-term variations in the biosphere, usua  ciation/extinction rates, turnovers and stability, require investigations of paleobiotic modifi  ical archives. the links between biotic evolution and environmental pressure are usually derive  n years time-slices compared with large scale events such as climate and sea level changes. how  ompared with large scale events such as climate and sea level changes. however, this approach g  s. the oceans is the oldest and largest ecosystem on our planet and, thus, is best suited for e  tive producers of calcite on earth. the evolution of calcareous plankton is of particular inter  turnovers, relatively long intervals of stability and major changes in abundance. pelagic seque  rvals of stability and major changes in abundance. pelagic sequences offer an excellent archive
11242	20	ne how biodiversity will be affected by global change we need to understand the evolutionary pr  gether in the context of communities or ecosystems. consider two species that need the same lim  exist one might think not - they are in competition with one another and for one species to suc  arwin, reveal both of these outcomes of competition: where two species, the medium ground finch  ns within communities can influence the evolution of biodiversity over thousands to millions of  er thousands to millions of years. does competition cause evolution to speed up can changes in   llions of years. does competition cause evolution to speed up can changes in diversity through   e in the fossil record be attributed to competition my solution to understanding these problems  ocesses determine how species and their traits diversify and which species live together. this   es. not only that but the importance of species interactions is influenced by other factors. if  nity such as the chance to occupy a new habitat, then the pressures driving evolution will chan  new habitat, then the pressures driving evolution will change. ecological opportunity could ari  ological opportunity could arise due to environmental change, the evolution of a key innovation   arise due to environmental change, the evolution of a key innovation or a host of other factor  idly to occupy trees, partly due to the evolution of a unique toe-pad. this type of ecological    the role of ecological opportunity and competition in generating biodiversity i explore variat  ng biodiversity i explore variation and evolution in the morphology, ecology and behaviour in d  roup to test the relative importance of competition and ecological opportunity in driving large  ecological opportunity in driving large-scale evolution change. by combining this real-world da  ical opportunity in driving large-scale evolution change. by combining this real-world data wit
10977	13	climate change over the last million years has seen rap   lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would rise once more. understan  ble ramifications of the current global warming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most  e. until now, no one has considered the evolution of dwarf mammals in the context of climate ch  tion of dwarf mammals in the context of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to  o calculate the percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the  y, we will use existing knowledge about climate and sea-level changes over the past million yea  termine how global changes impacted the evolution of the mammals. did major climatic events tri  major climatic events trigger bursts of evolution on many islands what was the speed of evoluti   become extinct, perhaps due to further climate change did the same thing happen repeatedly in   ion, or other factors such as available vegetation the results of this project will provide a m  ll provide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help ex  f the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a long-debated phe
11166	13	climate change over the last million years has seen rap   lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would rise once more. understan  ble ramifications of the current global warming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most  e. until now, no one has considered the evolution of dwarf mammals in the context of climate ch  tion of dwarf mammals in the context of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to  o calculate the percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the  y, we will use existing knowledge about climate and sea-level changes over the past million yea  termine how global changes impacted the evolution of the mammals. did major climatic events tri  major climatic events trigger bursts of evolution on many islands what was the speed of evoluti   become extinct, perhaps due to further climate change did the same thing happen repeatedly in   ion, or other factors such as available vegetation the results of this project will provide a m  ll provide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help ex  f the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a long-debated phe
9890	13	climate change over the last million years has seen rap   lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would rise once more. understan  ble ramifications of the current global warming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most  e. until now, no one has considered the evolution of dwarf mammals in the context of climate ch  tion of dwarf mammals in the context of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to  o calculate the percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the  y, we will use existing knowledge about climate and sea-level changes over the past million yea  termine how global changes impacted the evolution of the mammals. did major climatic events tri  major climatic events trigger bursts of evolution on many islands what was the speed of evoluti   become extinct, perhaps due to further climate change did the same thing happen repeatedly in   ion, or other factors such as available vegetation the results of this project will provide a m  ll provide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help ex  f the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a long-debated phe
2196	7	biodiversity of blue mussel ecosystems: patterns and processes blue mussels are key  t structuring role for biodiversity and ecosystem function. the aim of this wp is to use experi  the mussel bed, e.g. patch size, mussel density and meta population structure may influence the  these interactions may lead to dramatic ecosystem changes and flips and to changes in the biodi   and to changes in the biodiversity and ecosystem function. the wp should in addition present a  analysis of the main threats to mytilus ecosystems and the goods and services produced. the wp   omparison between baltic and west coast ecosystems. it is also expected that under this wp a sc
12017	5	tool for studying long-term changes in climate and biodiversity. today, one of the main effect  their biodiversity, life cycle, and the function and molecular complexity of biomineralization,  e cycle, and the function and molecular complexity of biomineralization, is strikingly lacking,  on and adaptation potentials to oceanic ph changes. we propose a pluridisciplinary approach inv  tentials of species-level diversity and functional diversity of biomineralization in coccolitho
10571	2	ogical record have shaped the course of evolution and life on earth, and without them, humans w  ain a unique perspective on current-day climate change and the issues affecting life on earth.
14594	1	e role of cyanobacteria biofilms on the ecological stoichiometry of stream foodwebs.
12442	2	at depths less than 2000 m. – study the distribution of fishing effort in the nafo regulatory a  fisheries. studies on vulnerable marine ecosystems are an important aspect of rfmo compliance w
11456	5	iño events can switch the region from a carbon sink to a source. however, we do not understand   ing these responses and this constrains modelling of amazon forest-atmosphere interactions. the  g the 21st century, but measurements of carbon exchange by rain forest during an el niño do not  e of this event to make measurements of carbon exchange at multiple scales at an e. amazonian s   use the new data in combination with a modelling framework to test hypotheses of the mechanist
10859	4	may actively transport large amounts of energy from land to freshwaters. their role in active t  ters. their role in active transport of energy resources will be investigated in a small river   ure information, use of the terrestrial environment by this freshwater taxon will be determined  eding on land occurs, while correlating habitat use with discharge will demonstrate the extent
11035	1	d populations to genes, is critical for ecosystem health. it is essential, therefore, to provid
6971	3	gical standard, without endangering the environment. in this way new inbred lines could be deve  troduction of new, favourable agronomic traits, thus contributing to developments in hungarian   ting to developments in hungarian maize production.
14592	1	nous steppe bird declining all over its distribution range. it presents a exploded lek mating s
6919	6	e project. the methods of screening and resistance testing are evaluated, now the task is their  l also be tested. they are important is stress resistance, so an antifungal effect can be suppo  be tested. they are important is stress resistance, so an antifungal effect can be supposed. th  an be supposed. the organization of the production of the new cultivars with goof fhb resistanc  tion of the new cultivars with goof fhb resistance, resistance to other diseases with good or e  new cultivars with goof fhb resistance, resistance to other diseases with good or excellent qua
6829	4	asks: 1. finding of sources for drought resistance 2. breeding of hybrid material and its growi  f the research data 4. study of variety-environment interaction probable results: 1. finding of  raction probable results: 1. finding of resistance and its markers 2. seedling-population 3. kn  edling-population 3. knowing of variety-environment interaction 4. finding of connections
6728	7	ed in hungary have not yet such complex resistance. in drought the water use efficiency of gree  ex resistance. in drought the water use efficiency of green peas is more emphasised and it affe  ready produced one dry pea variety with resistance to fusarium named debreceni galamb and it ca  dle and late ripening f4 progenies with resistance to plant diseases. our research purpose to p  od seed quality genetic components with resistance to fusarium pathogens. we investigate the ag  pathogens. we investigate the agronomic traits and nutritive quality of existing f4 strains so   te ripening breeding lines with complex resistance to fusarium and high crop quality. drought t
6927	7	and malting barley having more complex resistance to leaf spot- and virus diseases, to extreme  eme winter climatic conditions, lodging-resistance, above-average drought resistance, early rip  dging-resistance, above-average drought resistance, early ripening, excellent yield potential,    be planned to produce by means of this competition. chemical contamination of environment will   competition. chemical contamination of environment will be decreased by introduction of the ne  ced increasing the profitability of the production. in our program, resistance to the most impo  lity of the production. in our program, resistance to the most important leaf spot diseases and
10395	1	ties of s. aria required to effect seed production in rare pseudogamous apomicts.
12032	4	l niche theory predicts that in a local community, each species has a unique combination of fea  f biodiversity neglects any role in the competition to explain the coexistence of species. acco  ich species occur on these sites, their functional traits, and their evolutionary relationships  n addition, to date, five papers are in review, and 6 are in preparation.
14899	3	t a spatially-explicit individual-based model to study the adaptive evolution of male morpholog  idual-based model to study the adaptive evolution of male morphologies. we hope that this proje  esearch on sexual selection by scramble competition, which has been relatively neglected in the
11738	3	new species is central to understanding evolution. furthermore, this process of speciation is t  for evaluating how organisms respond to environmental change. but there is a fundamental proble  ge were driven by shifts in feeding and competition for food.
13572	5	r and doc in surface waters, is a large-scale environmental problem, probably caused by climate  vironmental problem, probably caused by climate change. we will analyze the magnitude, time cou  omposition, and pollen. experiments and modeling will be made on leaching of doc from soils und  c from soils under various scenarios of precipitation and vegetation. the project will test eff   various scenarios of precipitation and vegetation. the project will test effects of lake brown
14117	6	the loss of taxons and fragmentation of distribution areas is a challenge to almost all organis   of semi-natural communities by humans. climate warming also causes changes in distribution are  -natural communities by humans. climate warming also causes changes in distribution areas and o   climate warming also causes changes in distribution areas and overall diversity. it is yet not  d endangered species. their reaction to climate change and management may be much different fro  nables to use bryoflora of estonia as a model for different impact studies. the aim of the pres
14731	1	olume iv of fbi. moreover, cataloguing, distribution analysis, identification, publicaction of
15430	16	global climate change is a fact acknowledged by the scientific  s a fact acknowledged by the scientific community. the speed of this change imposes an enormous  ain systems are especially sensitive to climate change since climatic conditions drastically ch  ortant part of the biodiversity in land ecosystems with approximately 15000 species in the worl   can be very useful as bioindicators of climate change: because of their poikilohiydric conditi   substrate make them more vulnerable to climate change, in addition, they have rapid responses   show that bryophytes are almost perfect model organisms for molecular ecology studies. therefor  ing the responses of these organisms to climate change is of vital importance. nevertheless, th   frequently due to lack of data such as distribution maps. bearing in mind the threat of global  s. bearing in mind the threat of global climate change to the biodiversity of the planet, we pr  e biology of bryophytes: 1. the present distribution of the artic-alpine genotype of bryum arge   in the case of ceratodon purpureus. 2. modelling of the geographical distribution based on cli  ureus. 2. modelling of the geographical distribution based on climate factors that determine th   the geographical distribution based on climate factors that determine the presence-absence of   ification of genomic markers related to climate factors. this project will benefit from the ava  a of the species ceratodon purpureus, a model system in genetics. several genetic markers will
12417	1	the presence of plastics in the marine environment. the contractor will produce an annual repo
15582	2	e in the economic, social and political development of many countries. however, they are amongs  s the identification and integration of indicators of coupled social-ecological resilience as t
11064	32	s project is to develop a user-friendly model that can be used to predict how environmental cha  y model that can be used to predict how environmental change influences animal populations. the  ange influences animal populations. the model will be developed by adding a user-friendly inter  iendly interface to a novel, specialist model that has to date only been used within the scient  te only been used within the scientific modelling community. this existing model has been succe  en used within the scientific modelling community. this existing model has been successfully ap  ific modelling community. this existing model has been successfully applied by the research tea   coastal sites, and used to predict how environmental change influences the wading bird and wil  y and management for these species. the model has been used to advise management of coastal she   has been used to predict the effect of habitat loss through port development, and the most eff  the effect of habitat loss through port development, and the most effective way of mitigating t  mitigating the negative effects of this habitat loss through habitat creation schemes. the mode  ve effects of this habitat loss through habitat creation schemes. the model has been used in th  s through habitat creation schemes. the model has been used in the marine environment to predic  . the model has been used in the marine environment to predict the relative impact of offshore   fect on wildlife. although the existing model has successfully advised coastal policy and manag  e technical difficulties of running the model and understanding its output, it has only been us  cialist modellers within the scientific community. this is unsatisfactory, as this tool should   lfishery regulators collect data on the abundance of shellfish from which they need to set quot   could do this in-house with a suitable model. likewise, the model could be used by developers   se with a suitable model. likewise, the model could be used by developers to compare the ecolog  encies to assess the relative impact of development schemes to prioritise which, if any, scheme  y and accessible software tool. the new model will reduce the complexities of running the curre  the complexities of running the current model to a sequence of simple steps to develop a model   a sequence of simple steps to develop a model for a system and define the required outputs. the  required outputs. the new user-friendly model will be developed and tested for coastal birds, c  an interest in predicting the effect of environmental change on coastal birds, and with whom th  developed, by an iterative processes of development, followed by testing by the project partner  , during the project, the user-friendly model will be applied to coastal birds, it will be cons  m to advertise the existence of the new model as a tool for addressing environmental conflicts   ity systems. additionally, to allow the model to be distributed as widely as possible, and to e  ite will be constructed, from which the model and updates can be freely downloaded.
12722	3	families. this project will assess and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore   ject will assess and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore links to the cites    and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore links to the cites non-detriment pr
15221	9	efore in the fucntioning of terrestrial ecosystems. this decline is a component of the global p  lobal pollination crisis. in principle, global change is held responsible for this decline, par  ticularly due to two of its components: climate change and shifts in the uses of the land, whic  the land, which directly affect species distribution ranges and resource availability. it is ma  gested that those species with narrower climate tolerances and higher trophic specialization ar  re sensitive to the negative effects of global change. this proposal is based in the cantabrian  ian mountains to analyze the effects of habitat context at different spatial scales on the dist  text at different spatial scales on the distribution and relative abundance of some species. th  scales on the distribution and relative abundance of some species. the main applied outcome is
10643	7	modern marine ecosystems were established during the early palaeozoic  ruct not only the dynamics early animal evolution, but also the underlying effects of accruing   ss shale are too rare to provide larger-scale patterns. i propose to circumvent these problems    evolutionary view of how modern marine ecosystems function. this study will focus on the weste  ry view of how modern marine ecosystems function. this study will focus on the western canada s   macroevolutionary patterns, and the co-evolution of ecosystem function and environments.   onary patterns, and the co-evolution of ecosystem function and environments.
6916	1	of tree species, tree-ring studies for climate reconstruction, stable isotope study of the woo
12419	4	conomies, which are in harmony with the environment. key customer purpose: the coastal zone is   ojected pressures facing the coast from development, climate change, and competition for space   ures facing the coast from development, climate change, and competition for space between marit  t from development, climate change, and competition for space between maritime sectors there is
12059	3	nding of the natural variability of the environment and how it has interacted with the marked i  rces, helping to reconcile human needs, ecosystem services and biodiversity in the sustainable   ces and biodiversity in the sustainable development of this part of the continent.
14764	9	the mechanisms by which the terrestrial ecosystems work - maintenance and improvement of the ex  an shrublands and forests. - effects of climate change in plant ecophysiology and the structure  ondary metabolites in the mediterranean vegetation - studies of molecular biology applied to th  lecular biology applied to the study of ecosystems structure and functioning - direct effects o  - direct effects of co2 increase on the ecosystems - biogenic volatile organic compounds - chem  ts of tropospheric ozone on the plants. evaluation of atmospheric pollution effects through bio  ic pollution effects through biological indicators. -isotopic signals and environmental changes  pic signals and environmental changes. -remote sensing and optical diagnosis of plants and ecos  ing and optical diagnosis of plants and ecosystems structure and functioning.
15290	5	l- in agricultural landscapes. hedgerow vegetation can be made of forests, grasslands or rudera  le lands. on the other hand, there is a scale factor that determines that plant composition in   s in hedgerows can be determined by the organic matter quality associated to the vegetation typ  rganic matter quality associated to the vegetation types . for this purpose we will use organic  agricultural landscapes with contrasted intensification.
9865	4	out 10,000 years ago, and of industrial scale food production, starting about 100 years ago. mi  years ago, and of industrial scale food production, starting about 100 years ago. milk and its   out the influences for human population growth. an exciting prospect is that it might be applic   it might be applicable to studying the development of early man in africa . other plans includ
11116	14	climate change is a cause for concern in the 21st centu  cieties around the world, as changes in temperature and precipitation for western uganda. if we  he world, as changes in temperature and precipitation for western uganda. if we can show that t   sediments have responded to changes in climate in the region that have been documented, we can  go back further in time within the lake sediment archive to look at climate in periods where th  in the lake sediment archive to look at climate in periods where there are no written records,   rds, and provide a long-term history of environmental change, and its variability, for this reg  if there are relationships between lake sediment proxies and disease incidence, that may be rel  sease incidence, that may be related to climate, or vegetation, for example. in this way, lake   nce, that may be related to climate, or vegetation, for example. in this way, lake sediments ma  iseases in the region. evidence of past environmental change and its links to climate, vegetati  t environmental change and its links to climate, vegetation, disease and human society may ther  mental change and its links to climate, vegetation, disease and human society may therefore be   and human societies, may be affected by environmental change in the future.
1093	7	able variation in the rate of molecular evolution among lineages. many factors have been pointe  c rate, generation time, and dna repair efficiency heterogeneity. a further complication is rep  eration time, and dna repair efficiency heterogeneity. a further complication is represented by   stable over time, as a response to the stability of cave environments. the adaptation to cave   that result in slow and stable rates of metabolism and reproduction.in particular, we will inve  species that show vicariant patterns of distribution determined by paleogeographical events dat  to compare rates and modes of molecular evolution of the same gene in different organisms.
11244	17	ple today become concerned about global warming and the effect that humans are having on the cl  he effect that humans are having on the climate, it becomes more important for people to unders  rtant for people to understand what the climate and environment was like in the past, before hu  ople to understand what the climate and environment was like in the past, before humans began t  ords. in order better to understand the climate and environments of the past, scientists study   ironments of the past, scientists study sediment, which has accumulated on the bottom of lakes   lake or ocean in which the diatom grew. oxygen and silicon, the elements that combine to make s  s and still be chemically recognised as oxygen and silicon. the two most common oxygen isotopes  oxygen and silicon. the two most common oxygen isotopes are 16o and 18o. the most common silico   relative proportion of heavy and light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example, when  the water and silica in their immediate environment, scientists believe that the relative amoun  ts believe that the relative amounts of oxygen and silicon isotopes in diatom silica reflect th  oratory and carefully controlling their growth conditions. i will test the effects of temperatu   conditions. i will test the effects of temperature, diatom species and nutrient silicon availa  nd nutrient silicon availability on the oxygen and silicon isotope ratios of diatom silica. the   make more reliable assessments of past climate and environmental change.   eliable assessments of past climate and environmental change.
11321	17	ple today become concerned about global warming and the effect that humans are having on the cl  he effect that humans are having on the climate, it becomes more important for people to unders  rtant for people to understand what the climate and environment was like in the past, before hu  ople to understand what the climate and environment was like in the past, before humans began t  ords. in order better to understand the climate and environments of the past, scientists study   ironments of the past, scientists study sediment, which has accumulated on the bottom of lakes   lake or ocean in which the diatom grew. oxygen and silicon, the elements that combine to make s  s and still be chemically recognised as oxygen and silicon. the two most common oxygen isotopes  oxygen and silicon. the two most common oxygen isotopes are 16o and 18o. the most common silico   relative proportion of heavy and light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example, when  the water and silica in their immediate environment, scientists believe that the relative amoun  ts believe that the relative amounts of oxygen and silicon isotopes in diatom silica reflect th  oratory and carefully controlling their growth conditions. i will test the effects of temperatu   conditions. i will test the effects of temperature, diatom species and nutrient silicon availa  nd nutrient silicon availability on the oxygen and silicon isotope ratios of diatom silica. the   make more reliable assessments of past climate and environmental change.   eliable assessments of past climate and environmental change.
1970	5	nge in response to selection within our model species will be compared to patterns of divergenc  the 80 or so species in this genus. the development of eyespot colour differs from eyespot size  rent directions, but also the molecular nature of the evolutionarily relevant variation on whic  her integrate the fields of ecology and evolution whilst focussing on the roles of development   lution whilst focussing on the roles of development and genetics in generating morphological va
7025	39	river ecosystems play a key role in the transport and transfo   in the transport and transformation of carbon and nutrients. while material is being transport  nsport and transformation of carbon and nutrients. while material is being transported downstre  terial is being transported downstream, organic matter is produced and degraded. this matter ca  man activities along its entire course. microbial community features such as composition and ac  mponent in all processes, especially in nitrogen cycling. within the riverine landscape these p  nstream zones. the processes related to nitrogen and organic matter cycling are basically contr  . the processes related to nitrogen and organic matter cycling are basically controlled by the   hydromorphology. thus, at the landscape scale, three fundamental principles regulate the cyclin  es regulate the cycling and transfer of carbon and nitrogen in river ecosystems: i the mode of    the cycling and transfer of carbon and nitrogen in river ecosystems: i the mode of carbon and   ransfer of carbon and nitrogen in river ecosystems: i the mode of carbon and nitrogen delivery   ogen in river ecosystems: i the mode of carbon and nitrogen delivery affects ecosystem function  er ecosystems: i the mode of carbon and nitrogen delivery affects ecosystem functioning - conne  of carbon and nitrogen delivery affects ecosystem functioning - connectivity patterns; ii incre  elivery affects ecosystem functioning - connectivity patterns; ii increasing contact between wa  asing contact between water and soil or sediment increases nitrogen retention and processing -   en water and soil or sediment increases nitrogen retention and processing - geomorphology; iii   ses nitrogen retention and processing - geomorphology; iii floods and droughts are natural even  nts that strongly influence pathways of carbon and nitrogen cycling. these three principles can  rongly influence pathways of carbon and nitrogen cycling. these three principles can be strongl  storation of landscape dynamics and key ecosystem processes such as carbon and nutrient retenti  ics and key ecosystem processes such as carbon and nutrient retention. in this context the obje  low regimes on the functioning of river ecosystems and, more specifically, on their nitrogen cy  ystems and, more specifically, on their nitrogen cycling capacity, and ii to accurately estimat  proach to investigate the regulation of nitrogen and carbon cycling and transfer at the sedimen  estigate the regulation of nitrogen and carbon cycling and transfer at the sediment/water inter   and carbon cycling and transfer at the sediment/water interface in retention areas of river ec  r interface in retention areas of river ecosystems: h1: the hydromorphic structures of retentio  tructures of retention areas affect the nitrogen cycling: high surface water connectivity level  he nitrogen cycling: high surface water connectivity levels and high sediment to water ratios i  face water connectivity levels and high sediment to water ratios in retention areas increase po  2 /n 2 0 ratio. h2: the mode of organic carbon supply to retention areas controls denitrificati  trols denitrification potential because carbon availability directly affects microbial nitrogen  availability directly affects microbial nitrogen processing at the sediment surface h3: past wa  ts microbial nitrogen processing at the sediment surface h3: past water regime patterns control   past water regime patterns control the resistance and the resilience of the nutrient cycling p  gical setting of retention areas at the habitat and at the reach scale.   n areas at the habitat and at the reach scale.
1963	3	oduce volatile compounds in response to herbivory plants and herbivores are involved in an arms  n arms-race leading to gene-for-gene co-evolution. we intend to test one of the assumptions und  . the number of genes involved in these traits will be estimated from the response to selection
13710	7	habitat losses caused by changes in agricultural land-u   these changes. even if factors such as predation or genetics affect some populations, the cont  he continuing, rapid decline of a whole community of species remains unexplained. here, i will   shorebirds is caused by on-going, large-scale changes in the environment, negatively affecting   by on-going, large-scale changes in the environment, negatively affecting the reproductive succ  , sex ratio, and cellular/physiological stress levels as indicated by a genetic fingerprint . t  ur understanding of the impact of large-scale environmental changes on biodiversity.
11102	6	f local extinction, and the patterns of habitat patches in a landscape. it has also proved impo   human impacts on biodiversity, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, the ability of species   n, the ability of species to respond to climate change and the spread of non-native species. ho  of seed in the soil, and characterising habitat patches. we propose a study in which we will co  llect appropriate data at the landscape scale for two contrasting plant species and will invest  by these data using models of differing complexity.
10632	2	. these new species evolve to differ in traits used to exploit their new environments, a proces  lability, or in physical aspects of the environment are most the important causes of local adap
11670	4	interpreting past environmental change from lake sediments is becoming in   understanding past, present and future global change. in order to understand rates of environm  nces is fundametal. currently most lake sediment sequences are dated by radiocarbon. these date  ake sediments is problematic due to old carbon entering the lake from surrounding soils. we the
13777	14	the impacts of climate change on species and ecosystems are already ev  mpacts of climate change on species and ecosystems are already evident, and effects during the   icant irrespective of which of the ipcc climate change scenarios that comes true. thus, strateg  . thus, strategies to adapt to a warmer climate are needed, but methods are lacking. ecological   strategy to increase the resilience of ecosystems threatened by climate change. this project t   resilience of ecosystems threatened by climate change. this project tests whether ecological r  ive way to increase their resilience to climate change effects. as more of precipitation falls   e to climate change effects. as more of precipitation falls as snow instead of rain, spring flo  r. this threatens species-rich riparian ecosystems, which depend on recurrent floods, and plant  ill increase and decrease with a future climate. to evaluate if restoration of streams affected  s affected by timber floating increases habitat availability to species threatened by climate-d  t availability to species threatened by climate-driven hydrological changes, i will use project  ure stream flows to forecast changes in habitat availability, and compare projections of future  lity, and compare projections of future habitat availability to riparian species between pairs
10045	16	n 50% of all species are found in these ecosystems - or their importance as a store of carbon,   ems - or their importance as a store of carbon, as they contain 60% of all carbon found on land  e of carbon, as they contain 60% of all carbon found on land. however, we also hear about their  pansion drives their clearance by small-scale farmers, how large agribusinesses convert vast ar  s into oil palm plantations or soy bean production, and how pressures to extract minerals and o  osphere and hence increases the rate of climate change: deforestation of tropical forests contr  tropical forests contributes 25% of all carbon dioxide emissions by humans. many attempts have    value to the environmental benefits or ecosystem services like biodiversity and carbon storage  cosystem services like biodiversity and carbon storage that tropical forests provide, it is pos  able to sell the resulting reduction in carbon dioxide emissions on international carbon market  rbon dioxide emissions on international carbon markets or through bilateral agreements. this id  t is this broad concept of payments for ecosystem services that our project aims to address. in  ate of tropical deforestation, conserve carbon stocks and biodiversity, and alleviate poverty t  surround how to measure and monitor the carbon or biodiversity that a project claims to protect  ty alleviation in an equitable way, the participation of local communities in the projects them  ough new projects based on payments for ecosystem services with the twin objective of alleviati
15422	4	n of invasive species is, together with habitat destruction, the main cause of biodiversity los  in cause of biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems. alien species are considered invasive when   aceans with an important role in marine ecosystems . furthermore, we will work with the life st  condictions to explore the use in large scale cultures as food resource for fishes and molluscs
11162	1	commitment to the management of coastal ecosystems through addressing both ecological and socia
7251	10	ct aims to better simulate the flow and carbon stocks in forest ecosystems at different scales.  te the flow and carbon stocks in forest ecosystems at different scales. indeed, forests are an    an essential component of the earth 's carbon cycle by their surfaces and their life time whic  rfaces and their life time which allows carbon storage in plant biomass and soils. current carb  age in plant biomass and soils. current carbon footprint models, in particular global models li  s, in particular global models like the model used by orchid ipsl, simulate the carbon balance   model used by orchid ipsl, simulate the carbon balance of forests relatively simply. indeed, th  ct therefore aims to: * orchid test the model in its original release in different bioclimatic   rminants of the temporal variability of carbon fluxes across europe; * creation of a forestry m  ons by age classes; * validation of the model at different scales: site / region / france -euro
10086	6	racellular carbohydrates, the rates and nature of degradation of this organic material by micro  ial taxa involved will be investigated. sediment carbohydrate size categories, chemical composi  ries, chemical composition and rates of production of carbohydrates by benthic microalgae will   in molecular microbial diversity. tidal mesocosm, sediment slurry and culture studies will dete  ar microbial diversity. tidal mesocosm, sediment slurry and culture studies will determine pote  of carbohydrate breakdown and shifts in microbial activity in response to carbohydrate inputs.
13605	4	or plant cell walls represent key nano-scale components for reinforcing new biomaterials. carb  synthesis, nanostructure and mechanical function to foster ideas for nanostructured hydrogels a  petrochemical-based materials in larger scale applications such as functional textiles or struc  ntire life cycle, from bioproduction in nature, bioprocessing for manufacture and recycling or
13454	1	and n-release in the baltic sea. small-scale c- and n-fluxes associated with the different n2-
14612	23	to predict the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and to understand their ro  e response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and to understand their role in the glob   to understand their role in the global carbon cycle. two major aspects of climate change are t  obal carbon cycle. two major aspects of climate change are the increase in mean global temperat   change are the increase in mean global temperature and changes in precipitation patters. one o   mean global temperature and changes in precipitation patters. one of the most vulnerable regio  . one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change is the mediterranean basin. several mode  eral models predict not only changes in precipitation patters but also a reduction in the amoun  s but also a reduction in the amount of precipitation in these areas. this would be of particul  f particular risk for arid and semiarid ecosystems such as those in the province of almeria whe  e which are the factors controlling the productivity of these ecosystems and the seasonal, annu  s controlling the productivity of these ecosystems and the seasonal, annual and interannual var  , annual and interannual variability of ecosystem fluxes. we will investigate aspects related t   we will investigate aspects related to vegetation and soil such as plant biomass, spatial vari  etation and soil such as plant biomass, spatial variability, and carbon stocks. furthermore, we  plant biomass, spatial variability, and carbon stocks. furthermore, we will study soil respirat  rbon stocks. furthermore, we will study soil respiration and the response of soil respiration a  dy soil respiration and the response of soil respiration and ecosystem fluxes to summer rainfal  nd the response of soil respiration and ecosystem fluxes to summer rainfall events in order to   rmining the sink and source capacity at ecosystem level. finally, we will integrate these data    to describe the processes of water and carbon balances and to predict their response to change  ables that control them under different climate change scenarios. at the same time, we will exp  iables that reflect possible changes in carbon stocks and fluxes not only erosion factors.
10939	2	changes in global carbon pools and changes in palaeoredox will be investi   with sedimentology, faunal range data, sediment geochemistry and framboid size analysis to rec
12717	4	ng of suitable guidelines, criteria and indicators, for maximising the benefits of finance for   ts of finance for redd efforts to wider environment objectives. the successful contractor will    successful contractor will undertake a review of existing and planned redd mechanisms to ident  ify known and potential co-benefits for environment. they will identify any gaps in the deliver
11297	5	mediated by infaunal invertebrates. the efficiency of this process has important implications f  nutrient and element recycling. benthic carbon mineralization represents the biogeochemical and  cal and biological conditions of marine ecosystems and can be readily measured. ultimately, the  he fraction of material retained in the sediment record versus being degraded, regulates the co  d environments in estimates for coastal carbon turn over.
201	21	n the atmosphere, which leads to global climate warming. it is very important, globally and reg  mosphere, which leads to global climate warming. it is very important, globally and regionally,  , to reduce co2 emission and to balance carbon budget in the atmosphere. for inhibiting the inc  n the concentration atmospheric co2 and climate changes, more attention should be paid both to   g of co2 emission but also to extensive carbon sequestration. for this reason, during the last    during the last decade accumulation of carbon in different ecosystems, including forests, has   ade accumulation of carbon in different ecosystems, including forests, has been an actual topic   estimation of the potential ability of carbon accumulation of forests in various regions, howe  in aims of the proposed project are: to model growth of silver birch stands growing at fertile   s of the proposed project are: to model growth of silver birch stands growing at fertile sites.  ung silver birch stands may have higher productivity than it is assumed and yield tables for bi  bles for birch may show lower values of growth and yield, specially at fertile sites. also our   growing at fertile site proceeding from carbon accumulation capacity and to provide recommendat   this project will improve knowledge of development and formation of birch stand as an ecosyste  ment and formation of birch stand as an ecosystem. the importance for estonian science lies in   ledge about the role of birch stands in carbon accumulation. research findings associated with    findings associated with formation and development of birch stands and their carbon sequestrat  d development of birch stands and their carbon sequestration potential can be considered novel   d novel information. new data about the growth and yield of silver birch stands are of essentia  tance and will improve the precision of growth models. since nowadays management and planning o  n a computer system, by using different growth models, the results obtained from proposed proje
7663	6	. the mineralization of the nitrogen will be followed in parallel to the solubiliza  rallel to the solubilization of organic nitrogen in the soil water, by measuring the isotopic c  1 draft a publication on the historical evolution of the isotopic composition measurements for   hed on the qualitative and quantitative evolution of turnover of organic matter with depth - st  d quantitative evolution of turnover of organic matter with depth - step 3 2010-2011 samples an  nfluence of land use on the turnover of organic matter
14873	11	oagropas has as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral   d-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems in the iberian peninsula at different spatia  ales, modifying their ability to retain nutrients and store soil carbon. results from the previ  r ability to retain nutrients and store soil carbon. results from the previous project carbopas  les. more detailed studies at the local scale and more specific at the regional scale are neede  scale and more specific at the regional scale are needed to confirm the meaning of the patterns  ting database on c content in grassland ecosystems through the use of altitudinal/climatic grad  ulation will be analyzed in detail. the complexity of the proposed topic, and the fact that man  of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a multidisciplinary team,  will be useful beyond the agro-pastoral ecosystems, which in this context would be model system  systems, which in this context would be model systems to test hypotheses on the c cycle, its re
14874	11	oagropas has as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral   d-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems in the iberian peninsula at different spatia  ales, modifying their ability to retain nutrients and store soil carbon. results from the previ  r ability to retain nutrients and store soil carbon. results from the previous project carbopas  les. more detailed studies at the local scale and more specific at the regional scale are neede  scale and more specific at the regional scale are needed to confirm the meaning of the patterns  ting database on c content in grassland ecosystems through the use of altitudinal/climatic grad  ulation will be analyzed in detail. the complexity of the proposed topic, and the fact that man  of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a multidisciplinary team,  will be useful beyond the agro-pastoral ecosystems, which in this context would be model system  systems, which in this context would be model systems to test hypotheses on the c cycle, its re
10243	4	study is to follow the incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site fro  iodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organ  n dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achieved through the   versity interact to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-di
11005	4	study is to follow the incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site fro  iodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organ  n dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achieved through the   versity interact to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-di
11216	4	study is to follow the incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site fro  iodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organ  n dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achieved through the   versity interact to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-di
15527	2	important components of the continental carbon ; and numerical modeling in order to integrate t   the continental carbon ; and numerical modeling in order to integrate the knowledge generated
15528	2	important components of the continental carbon ; and numerical modeling in order to integrate t   the continental carbon ; and numerical modeling in order to integrate the knowledge generated
14118	26	changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and d          changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and disturbance regimes ha  in it. it is expected, that with future climate change the frequencies, intensities and severit  turbance processes and the responses of ecosystems to disturbances. fire is one of the most imp   in boreal forest. forest fires and the recovery from there are important regional carbon stora  overy from there are important regional carbon storage because carbon lost in fires has a subst  portant regional carbon storage because carbon lost in fires has a substantial contribution to    a substantial contribution to regional carbon budgets. the main aim of the study is to evaluat   the changes in the size and quality of soil carbon and nitrogen pools after forest fires. the   the size and quality of soil carbon and nitrogen pools after forest fires. the topic is very ti  ry timely since deeper understanding on soil carbon stocks and its underlying processes is urge  o fill our gaps of understanding on the ecosystem carbon cycle in the changing climate. soil is   gaps of understanding on the ecosystem carbon cycle in the changing climate. soil is the large   ecosystem carbon cycle in the changing climate. soil is the largest stock of organic carbon, b  e. soil is the largest stock of organic carbon, but the related processes changing soil organic  bon, but the related processes changing soil organic matter quality and its pool distribution a  oil organic matter quality and its pool distribution are still poorly understood. simulations w  poorly understood. simulations with the model microforest, that combines a process based forest  process based forest photosynthesis and growth model to below-ground processes such as: soil or   based forest photosynthesis and growth model to below-ground processes such as: soil organic m  odel to below-ground processes such as: soil organic matter decomposition, turnover of carbon c   processes such as: soil organic matter decomposition, turnover of carbon compounds of differen  ganic matter decomposition, turnover of carbon compounds of different chemical fractions, soil   s of different chemical fractions, soil nitrogen/protein pools, root and rhizosphere respiratio  gen/protein pools, root and rhizosphere respiration and exudation of recent photosynthates thro  ith help of field measurements data the model will be improved.
2124	11	ng time been interested in how negative plant-animal interactions, such as herbivory and seed p  tive plant-animal interactions, such as herbivory and seed predation affect the population dyna  mal interactions, such as herbivory and seed predation affect the population dynamics of plant   herbivory and seed predation affect the population dynamics of plant species, their distributio  lation dynamics of plant species, their distribution on small and large spatial scales, and the  and large spatial scales, and the plant community species composition and diversity. positive p  y little attention with regard to plant population dynamics and absolutely no empirical attenti  mpirical attention with regard to plant community composition and diversity. this lack of atten  vably play a fundamental role for plant community composition and diversity through their contr  sity through their contribution to seed production of animal-pollinated plant species. the cent  to assess how the species diversity and abundance of bumblebees within the pollinator assemblag
10891	7	effort in recent years to determine how ecosystems are affected by species loss. most of these   consequences for the functioning of the ecosystem e.g. the amount of plant biomass produced. th  iment will determine whether changes in predator species number propagate through the food chai  ivore species number, or the pattern of distribution of herbivores on different host plants, af   the propagation of effects through the food web. the experiment will reveal novel information   on about the effects of species loss on ecosystems and the mechanisms by which these effects oc  ement of insect species in agricultural ecosystems.
12710	3	e application of theoretical models and climate change adaptation principles in the landscape a  icality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures on the basis of practical exp  at will enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change. •to provide a short best practice guida
12723	3	e application of theoretical models and climate change adaptation principles in the landscape a  icality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures on the basis of practical exp  at will enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change. •to provide a short best practice guida
12481	3	ished in december 2004. the sustainable development strategy published in march 2005 also ident  ions international work programme, the ‘millennium ecosystem assessment, not only recognised th  ecisions must also take into account an ecosystem-based approach can be developed and built int
12480	22	ecosystems are natural resources that provide people wi  scape, recreation space. the concept of ecosystem services has been developed internationally b  eloped internationally by the millenium ecosystem assessment, supported by the global environme  tem assessment, supported by the global environment facility and the united nations environment  ronment facility and the united nations environment programme, among others. defras natural env  programme, among others. defras natural environment programme has already undertaken considerab  or example on developing inventories of ecosystem services, understanding environmental limits   g environmental limits and valuation of ecosystem services. the purpose of this project, howeve  ect, however, is to assess the types of ecosystem services provided within a particular case st   area selected is kent thameside, a key development area of the thames gateway growth area with   development area of the thames gateway growth area within the governments sustainable communit  s of brownfield and use of a specialist modelling software tool called stella, which provides a   with spatial data analysis provided by gis. the case study, therefore, will enable the explora   impacts of different policy options on ecosystem services, or impact of development on local e  ons on ecosystem services, or impact of development on local ecosystem services. in doing so it  ices, or impact of development on local ecosystem services. in doing so it should provide for a   for a much better understanding of the nature of ecosystem services provided by the green grid  h better understanding of the nature of ecosystem services provided by the green grid and their  ssex and medway, but also for other key growth areas under the governments sustainable communit  e a means of integrating the concept of ecosystem services into existing land use planning fram  g frameworks, for example through local development frameworks, regional spatial strategies and   sustainability appraisal. importantly, ecosystem services provide a different conceptual appro
2154	7	d archipelago and are replaced by total dominance of a carpet of silty turf algae. this event h  ly to be involved in the observed large-scale shift in vegetation. it will be difficult to find  ed in the observed large-scale shift in vegetation. it will be difficult to find or test what a  to study processes of importance for re-growth and restoration of the sugar kelp forests in ord   be achieved by experimental studies of recruitment, growth and competition in the laboratory w  by experimental studies of recruitment, growth and competition in the laboratory where the envi  ntal studies of recruitment, growth and competition in the laboratory where the environmental c
14928	9	may alter inter-species interaction and ecosystem functions. therefore, the understanding of de  rch area of international programmes on global change. the main questions posed by these progra  ith causes of species invasivity and of ecosystem invasibility, together with consequences of b  he first question; however, many of the biological traits posed as predictors of the invasivene  regions. regarding the vulnerability of ecosystems to be invaded, literature shows that environ   this proposal are: 1 to assess certain traits of plant species, which can be easily obtained f  ogical pattern differs from the average phenology of the local community may successfully occup  from the average phenology of the local community may successfully occupy non-saturated tempora  djustment of native plants to the local environment and create opportunities for alien plants t
2538	4	fitness, is the major force for causing evolution of phenotypic characters. in spite of its imp  opulations are subject to a fluctuating environment. here we examine the relationship between t  ioship is likely if fluctuations in the environment produce large temporal variation in phenoty  age structure. here we will use a novel modelling framework based on the concept of the total r
11338	2	en suggested as driving the ecology and evolution of their host species. however, the reasons w   parasites for driving host ecology and evolution, and in addition give us understanding of why
10687	13	throughout its history, the climate on earth has fluctuated from episodes of extens  ifferent conditions may appear, earth s climate has nevertheless remained within the bounds tha  nious mechanisms that help regulate its climate so that it never becomes too hot, or too cold,   of continental rocks, burial of organic carbon, and changes in the flora of the oceans and cont  sually takes many millions of years for climate to shift to either generally warmer conditions   sands of years before recovering to pre-warming levels. in geological terms, these episodes las   these sudden episodes of severe global warming coincided with so-called mass extinctions when   million years ago and resulted in major growth of the antarctic ice sheet. this episode is one   arine sediments as proxies for seawater temperature, continental weathering rate, and so on. by   a slice of time, we can then infer how temperature and weathering have varied over this interv  ering have varied over this interval. a succession of sedimentary rocks known as the monterey f  ate, high-resolution timescale for this succession through the use of a built-in astronomical c  predicting the future course of earth s climate. a further objective is to obtain reliable info
10356	2	inbreeding depression. it suggests that development and physiology must be considered explicitl  arative microscopy of male reproductive function, aligned with qtl analysis, will be used to un
14792	4	seed size is a key life history trait in plants. until recently, this trai   in space and in time due to direct and indirect effects of the climatic and structural variabi  bility in seed size variability confers resistance to global change, either climatic or due to    size variability confers resistance to global change, either climatic or due to changes in lan
2085	8	density-dependent regulation of mortality in winter, an          density-dependent regulation of mortality in winter, and inf1uences of climatic and hab   winter, and inf1uences of climatic and habitat quality on fecundity are central processes in t   fecundity are central processes in the population dynamics of ungulates in northern environmen  use data gathered at a large geographic scale, will be used to answer the following questions:   al variability and variation individual life history influence the growth rate and production o  n individual life history influence the growth rate and production of herds, and thus the optim  e history influence the growth rate and production of herds, and thus the optimal harv esting s
10731	17	nimal species, bigger is better. larger body size reduces the risk of being consumed by predato  e reduces the risk of being consumed by predators, and can also lead to an increase in the numb  te these apparent benefits of increased body size, mounting evidence suggests that most organis  significant costs associated with rapid growth. compensatory growth provides a useful means to   ociated with rapid growth. compensatory growth provides a useful means to study these potential  viduals that have undergone a period of growth compensation tend to display reduced swimming pe  for this trade-off between compensatory growth and impaired swimming ability is not understood.  ndividual variation in the compensatory growth response in fishes, and the extent to which the   redict the consequences of compensatory growth for the survival and reproductive success of ind  ood availability due to factors such as climate change. the proposed research will examine musc  e muscle fibre structure, biochemistry, metabolism, and swim performance in individual fish to   s responsible for the trade-off between growth rate and swim performance. additional laboratory  e performed to examine the influence of predator presence on individual variation in the growth  presence on individual variation in the growth response, and also to study the consequences of    study the consequences of compensatory growth for individual risk-taking behaviour and reprodu  tigate the implications of variation in growth rate for individual fitness. overall, this inter  tic underpinnings of the costs of rapid growth in fish, and also the consequences of this trade
10015	2	ties. many prey protect themselves from predators by investment in repellent secondary defences  warning signals, signal mimicry and the evolution of secondary defences.
9910	2	ties. many prey protect themselves from predators by investment in repellent secondary defences  warning signals, signal mimicry and the evolution of secondary defences.
14819	6	affects the quality of the terrestrial ecosystems and consequently, its biodiversity loss. thi  iodiversity and its implications on the ecosystems functioning. topics of current interest are   hat determines the biodiversity in some ecosystems. some authors consider that in order to reha  g of the organic material, to introduce energy that could maintain the soilsystem, and in such    soil biodiversity and could affect the ecosystem functioning. the main target of this project   ntation: effects of soil degradation on ecosystem functioning and biodiversity
10236	4	re is very little information about the vegetation and climate of sundaland during the last ice  le information about the vegetation and climate of sundaland during the last ice age, with no i  therefore improve our understanding and modelling of global climate changes in the past and pro  r understanding and modelling of global climate changes in the past and provide vital informati
9812	4	re is very little information about the vegetation and climate of sundaland during the last ice  le information about the vegetation and climate of sundaland during the last ice age, with no i  therefore improve our understanding and modelling of global climate changes in the past and pro  r understanding and modelling of global climate changes in the past and provide vital informati
14273	2	e in the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon and its perturbations. there remain, however, la   concerning the uptake of anthropogenic carbon by the ocean, mainly due to insufficient knowled
7671	3	edrus will be predicted using different climate scenarios and sensitivity tests. the models pro  erable and where potential new suitable habitat may develop with climate change. the models out  l new suitable habitat may develop with climate change. the models output will play a central r
13749	4	microbial communities for recalcitrant organic matter formation and nutrient turnover in soils  r in soils under different scenarios of nitrogen sequestration, and fertilization, including n   osed as a mean to sequester c in forest ecosystems. however, on a longer term increased n input  nt environmental scenarios. on a larger scale, we will use a network of sites in northern europ
13848	5	in the baltic sea. in the wake of large-scale consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem proce  scale consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem processes in the great lakes after invasion o   stable isotope analysis of the pelagic food web suggest that trophic position of herring in th  ral role of this species in the pelagic food web, this implies that the invasion by cercopagis   by cercopagis has resulted in a general food web change. to provide essential information for r
15267	6	cover 95% of the canary islands marine ecosystem. however, little is known about the biologic   dental islands. cetacean are considered indicator species in the marine ecosystem due to their   sidered indicator species in the marine ecosystem due to their position as top-predators in the   ecosystem due to their position as top-predators in the trhophic net and to their life history  dators in the trhophic net and to their life history. the occidental canary islands are home to  ess their possible incorporation to the nature 200 network. in this context, it is important th
12642	3	mprehensive estimates of common dolphin abundance in offshore european atlantic waters. abundan  e in offshore european atlantic waters. abundance will also be estimated for other delphinid sp  ided dolphin and striped-dolphin. these abundance estimates together with those from will enabl
12661	1	ill lead to better understanding of the nature and extent and of cetacean strandings which in t
12309	3	ed threats from diseases as a result of climate change, which will bring milder, wetter winters  ance of arable crop disease control for climate change mitigation .   crop disease control for climate change mitigation .
10788	12	ortant natural laboratory for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital   ry for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological cha   a combination of the simplicity of its ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity   ricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurri  od chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurring at approximately twice the r  rch will develop novel experimental and modelling techniques to find out the importance in anta  in antarctic soils of specific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we want to find out whether thes  find out whether these forms of organic nitrogen are available to microbes and plants, and whet  microbes and plants, and whether global warming will alter the nitrogen dynamics of antarctic s  d whether global warming will alter the nitrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize th  k directly underpins policy relating to climate change and biodiversity in polar regions. the w  remely relevant to many other low-input ecosystems around the world .
10804	12	ortant natural laboratory for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital   ry for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological cha   a combination of the simplicity of its ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity   ricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurri  od chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurring at approximately twice the r  rch will develop novel experimental and modelling techniques to find out the importance in anta  in antarctic soils of specific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we want to find out whether thes  find out whether these forms of organic nitrogen are available to microbes and plants, and whet  microbes and plants, and whether global warming will alter the nitrogen dynamics of antarctic s  d whether global warming will alter the nitrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize th  k directly underpins policy relating to climate change and biodiversity in polar regions. the w  remely relevant to many other low-input ecosystems around the world .
12014	14	objectives ecosystem effects of fishing are well described . the r  cts of fishing are well described . the resistance of communities to environmental modification  ntal modifications such as those due to climate change could then be altered. changes in the co  hes of fisheries are explained by these ecosystem effects , but also by the exploitation strate  multi-decadal changes of the ecological community-fishery system, the key ecological and econom  guyana. results despite contrasted mean temperature regimes, a 1°c sea surface warming was obse   temperature regimes, a 1°c sea surface warming was observed during the last two decades. chang  two decades. changes of the ground-fish community structure were observed and interpreted as co  eted as combined effects of fishing and warming in the bay of biscay and guyana cases. greater   ed by heavier exploitation and/or lower resistance of the low diversity system as compared to g  e changes observed in the south-morroco community could be attributed only to fishing impacts a  riability of the upwelling may hide the warming effects. facing ecosystem effects of fishing an  ng may hide the warming effects. facing ecosystem effects of fishing and of climate change, the  ing ecosystem effects of fishing and of climate change, the studied fisheries were able to part
440	9	biological traits are assumed to control the distributi  gical traits are assumed to control the distribution of species across environmental gradients   esis at a large geographic and specific scale, we developed a data base, plantraits, with which  one of the 61 individual and population traits currently defined in plantraits, taken on 2685 s  g which 45% are tropical species. those traits were measured at one or more of 319 locations wo  potential proxys of uneasily accessible traits such as leaf thickness to include plantraits in   ata bases, including worldwide bases of climate and soil properties. this will contribute to th  ncluding worldwide bases of climate and soil properties. this will contribute to the emerging f   relationships between plants and their environment.
528	2	is phenomenon is the consequence of the intensification of agriculture on an important area of   systems co-exist with various stages of environment closures. furthermore, the grasslands there
12656	1	analysis of the species composition and abundance of breeding birds in urban and suburban housi
11294	3	the issue of carbon field experiment at the moor house national natu  d experiment at the moor house national nature reserve, northern england, with various grazing    burning treatments. we will manipulate vegetation of different management systems to test how
11305	3	summary the issue of carbon field experiment at the moor house national natu  d experiment at the moor house national nature reserve, northern england, with various grazing    burning treatments. we will manipulate vegetation of different management systems to test how
14949	5	ulations. we want to see the effects of precipitation changes on soil respiration and soil carb  the effects of precipitation changes on soil respiration and soil carbon accumulation, and rela  itation changes on soil respiration and soil carbon accumulation, and relate these changes to m   the us and the arctic. but, apart that vegetation responses would be very different from medit  ld be very different from mediterranean ecosystems, very few scientists have attempted to manip
15388	7	despite semi-arid ecosystems occupy globally a wide extension of the land  the land surface, the studies examining function in relation with global change in this type of  ies examining function in relation with global change in this type of ecosystems are relatively  tion with global change in this type of ecosystems are relatively scarce. one of the most inter  ing and intriguing aspects of semi-arid ecosystems is the role that biological soil crusts the   f semi-arid ecosystems is the role that biological soil crusts the intrinsic variability of the  g-rewetting cycles in stipa tenaccisima ecosystems at the center of the iberian peninsula.
14875	1	biodiversity will be examined along the chronosequence.
7150	10	nd sorghum are the staple food and main energy food source for populations of sahelian countrie   of sahelian countries like niger. agro ecosystems in this country are exposed to profound chan  varieties. no precise study on a larger scale on the development of agro-biodiversity of millet   precise study on a larger scale on the development of agro-biodiversity of millet and sorghum   ing to varieties, the cropping systems, climate and soil conditions and demographic, entries co  • identify factors that influenced this development: physical and biotic environment, human env  d this development: physical and biotic environment, human environment. this project is first b   physical and biotic environment, human environment. this project is first based on data and pl  hat of data characterizing the physical environment and bio-economic, will interpret any variat  ght of changes in the natural and human environment
14175	6	the stratigraphic record. knowledge of habitat preferences of taxa, general distribution patte  of habitat preferences of taxa, general distribution pattern of ecological assemblages of fauna  cation in time and space, and trends in abundance and diversity variations provides information  thologically, these strata consist of a succession of quite homogeneous more or less calcareous  y high sea level. still, we assume that sedimentation in the baltic silurian palaeobasin was no   only we think that they still affected distribution of faunas and can be traced via detailed s
6945	4	f the study is to reveal the population density and biodiversity of microbial communities inhab  tivity affected habitats. examining the abundance of microorganisms in the uncovered and differ  ck surfaces, revealing the phylogenetic distribution and the potential metabolic activities of   icrobial communities can also be a good indicator of degradation of karst environments due to h
10499	1	ization, gene expression and phenotypic evolution, we will compare these processes in both natu
10699	1	ization, gene expression and phenotypic evolution, we will compare these processes in both natu
7156	5	ar place are those that have functional biological traits values ​​compatible with the constrai  ble with the constraints imposed by the environment, and these are the functional characteristi  untered and the characteristics of many biological traits is an essential step to test this hyp  lyzable form, quantified information on functional traits variations of herbaceous and woody sp   contrasting climates of regions on the evolution of plant communities and provide in significa
11062	4	c, due in part to the poor survival and recovery of fish remains, the processing of marine food  alia or other related artefacts. stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signals for marine foods im  er related artefacts. stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signals for marine foods imprinted in   temporary peoples were exploiting their environment. where longer sequences of occupation exist
10349	4	how increased biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - but the underlying drivers   biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - but the underlying drivers of these chang  orest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to identify  f changing dynamics on biodiversity and climate change
11786	4	how increased biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - but the underlying drivers   biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - but the underlying drivers of these chang  orest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to identify  f changing dynamics on biodiversity and climate change.
11463	6	water salinities and we hypothesis that salinity and temperature interact to allow these organi  ies and we hypothesis that salinity and temperature interact to allow these organisms to surviv  der varying salinities and temperatures growth of these groups of isolates to determine the int  es to determine the interactive role of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may  ne the interactive role of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may help explain  le of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may help explain the presence of arch
11802	6	water salinities and we hypothesis that salinity and temperature interact to allow these organi  ies and we hypothesis that salinity and temperature interact to allow these organisms to surviv  der varying salinities and temperatures growth of these groups of isolates to determine the int  es to determine the interactive role of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may  ne the interactive role of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may help explain  le of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may help explain the presence of arch
11013	4	tions between biogeochemical cycling of carbon and water in semi-arid regions of the western u.  s is that biogenic emission of reactive carbon gases from plants and soil, and wind transport o  nuclei bacteria, fungal spores, pollen, leaf litter , and in derived from bacterial decompositi   litter , and in derived from bacterial decomposition of these particles. biological in are par
11461	2	oflim grown cells can induce antibiotic production in planktonic cells. compounds released from  llus pumilus can also induce antibiotic production in b. licheniformis cell suspensions. we wil
9937	2	oflim grown cells can induce antibiotic production in planktonic cells. compounds released from  llus pumilus can also induce antibiotic production in b. licheniformis cell suspensions. we wil
12514	5	ble, food processing and manufacturing, distribution and retailing. the supply chain in each se  re blocking market entry, operation and development. this will identiy topics for targeted case  barriers to market entry, operation and development in each sector will be identified by consid  entified by considering factors such as production capability, processing and manufacturing cap   processing and manufacturing capacity, distribution, consumption, the retail market and access
11476	6	oth produced and consumed in the marine environment. we have recently isolated a number of nove  mebr-degrading bacteria from the marine environment. these bacteria grow on mebr and related co  sms in cycling of methyl halides in the environment and our knowledge of the mechanisms of meth  anisms for the breakdown of mebr in the environment, we propose to characterise these new mebr    in order to assess their potential for development of commercial biotransformation processes u  wide range of halogenated substrates in oxygen electrode and gas chromatography experiments. if
10743	2	ontinue the measurement of organic n in precipitation across the uk, using the new protocols fo   inorganic n deposition as ammonium and nitrate.
11755	2	ontinue the measurement of organic n in precipitation across the uk, using the new protocols fo   inorganic n deposition as ammonium and nitrate.
9974	2	ontinue the measurement of organic n in precipitation across the uk, using the new protocols fo   inorganic n deposition as ammonium and nitrate.
12185	6	at may threaten the achievement of agri-environment scheme objectives in england and wales. the  grasslands and to identify and evaluate mitigation methods that will enhance the ability of agr  s that will enhance the ability of agri-environment schemes to meet their objectives. in the fi  meadows; fields within and without agri-environment schemes and biodiversity. the findings will  d a final report on the plot- and field-scale experiments, including an assessment of the ecolo  cal information that could underpin the production of a technical advice note on soil compactio
10228	3	heoretically, the introduction into any environment of a pair of sexually reproducing animals d   introduction. outputs will include the production of predictive models of processes essential   n current preventative, remediation and mitigation techniques of alien species in the uk and be
11625	4	of its occurrence and extent require a model of erodibility. erodibility is difficult to estim   easily be applied over several scales. remote sensing data has tackled these scaling issues wi  ablish a physical basis between surface soil properties including roughness and bi-directional   tra and to develop the applicability of remote sensing data for wind erosion models.
13465	8	levels of biodiversity and agricultural production through its role in plant pollination. howev  luding pathogens, biological invasions, climate change and pollution. honeybees, and the plants  ubspecies becoming adapted to its local environment. more recently, the management of colonies   d in artificial selection for desirable traits. our goal is to uncover the molecular basis of t  to uncover the molecular basis of these traits, such as cold adaptation and gentleness. to achi  echnology. we will then scan these fine-scale patterns of genetic variation for the characteris  e genetic variation underlying adaptive traits could be crucial in maintaining them in the face  uable for studying honeybee ecology and evolution.
13359	3	forage crops to be grown very variable climate and soil conditions are required both rehabilit  marginal areas especially for providing nitrogen to soil, improving soil texture and supplying   for various agronomic and morphological traits for the further breeding studies
14514	3	ys one of the priorities of sustainable development. in this sense, among many options, the dev   in this sense, among many options, the development of strategies of ex situ reproduction for s  n danger of extinction. related to this model, germoplasm banks .
1096	3	index will be calculated. at slaughter ph45 will be measured and from right side, sample joint  ing determinations will be carried out: ph; colour will be carried out. the results of these an  ducts will be submitted to organoleptic evaluation by trained panel. the results will be analys
15217	8	characterization of the extreme acidic ecosystem of rio tinto to generate an operative model o  m of rio tinto to generate an operative model of a unique environment, in which not only the bi  generate an operative model of a unique environment, in which not only the biological diversity  nent group has a vast experience in the model of study and masters most of the methodologies re  t of the methodologies required for the development of the project. the results obtained during  roject. the results obtained during the development of the grant cgl2006-02534, more than 40 pu  blications, back up the interest of the model and the convenience of a deeper characterization   nce of a deeper characterization of the ecosystem and the search for possible applications.
14749	5	ematic study of the tinto river extreme ecosystem with the aim to generate a functional model i  m with the aim to generate a functional model in which not only the biological diversity is con  2-02148, which is in its final stage of development, and contains the extension of several obje  f the experience accumulated during its development. the project is multidisciplinary and has t  ent fases underline the interest of the model system and the convenience of its extension.
15181	1	t affects pyrenean chamois populations. mortality associated to this virus has reached values a
7501	2	heavily involved in relations with the environment. the second objective is the search for rel  ionships between these polymorphisms or classification resulting in clean and adaptive characte
15334	1	asteraceae , who proposed a predictive model for gen s diversity in steady panmictic populatio
7510	3	of methods for the characterization and classification of isolates obtained from geographically  nt hydrothermal sites. because of their abundance in these ecosystems and their biotechnologica  es. because of their abundance in these ecosystems and their biotechnological interest, the ord
7384	1	yze the microsatellite polymorphism and evolution compared, in time, in space, in that they are
7625	12	not take into account the architectural complexity of the root system of trees. so we will ende  o evaluate the effects of architectural traits of interest for soil reinforcement and integrate  nt and integrate these effects in slope stability models. the approach is based on the embodime  ping digital models ground roots at the scale of the tree; 3. the implementation of a digital e  esign to quantify the influence of root traits on soil resistance; 4- integration of these resu  fy the influence of root traits on soil resistance; 4- integration of these results in a slope   integration of these results in a slope stability scale model of a catchment. the use of vegeta  n of these results in a slope stability scale model of a catchment. the use of vegetation, espe  hese results in a slope stability scale model of a catchment. the use of vegetation, especially   scale model of a catchment. the use of vegetation, especially forest ecosystems, with a view t  he use of vegetation, especially forest ecosystems, with a view to ensuring a protective functi  s, with a view to ensuring a protective function against various natural hazards in the mountai
14588	3	ura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and   recarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and drought. mor   ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and drought. more than 80 olive varieties e
157	12	the aim of the project is to describe distribution of charophytes in estonian coastal areas o  his group of algae in the total flux of energy and matter of the coastal ecosystem. being a qui  lux of energy and matter of the coastal ecosystem. being a quite unique and small group of macr  caused mainly by taxonomic problems and development peculiarities of charophyte species . evalu  t peculiarities of charophyte species . evaluation of production and growth rates of different   s of charophyte species . evaluation of production and growth rates of different charophyte spe   species . evaluation of production and growth rates of different charophyte species in relatio   to different environmental conditions. evaluation of importance of grazing on development of c   evaluation of importance of grazing on development of charophyte community. evaluation of rege  of grazing on development of charophyte community. evaluation of regeneration ability of charop  on development of charophyte community. evaluation of regeneration ability of charophyte commun  n of regeneration ability of charophyte community after mechanical damage .
14858	1	guide to contributors, there is a wide heterogeneity among the contributions from different au
12404	3	summary objective: to review existing research and techniques, fill knowledge  mical hazards and impacts in the marine environment. this will be in 5 modules; passive samplin   the impacts of chemicals in the marine environment remains a priority issue for defra as part
15147	12	are limited, as is the case in aquatic ecosystems. furthermore, aquatic environments are condu  ng chemical information. thus, in those ecosystems, chemicals cues often mediate the communicat  which use chemical information from the environment for behavioral decision making related to f  ing, reproduction and the assessment of predator risk. in particular, recent experimental and f  tes and vertebrates, show specific anti-predator responses to chemical alarm cues emitted by pr  onses to chemical alarm cues emitted by predators. recent studies have also demonstrated the im  ffects whereby chemical cues emitted by predators influence prey to use different habitats, for  evels or otherwise alter their foraging behavior. therefore, chemical predator recognition may    foraging behavior. therefore, chemical predator recognition may elicit avoidance responses tha   of this project are: 1 to explore anti-predator mechanisms of detection and responses of two p   trout that are responsible of the anti-predator behavior observed in their prey.   at are responsible of the anti-predator behavior observed in their prey.
13530	5	pite being fundamental to phytoplankton growth, increased availability of inorganic nutrients c  th, increased availability of inorganic nutrients cannot fully account for the formation of man  dinoflagellate blooms. relative maximal growth rate is generally lower for dinoflagellates than  ates are generally poor competitors for nutrients. despite this, dinoflagellates constitute one  neering results on grazer-induced toxin production in dinoflagellates through the identificatio
10478	2	of speciation involves the progressive evolution of reproductive isolation between divergent p  ected loci. population genomics and qtl mapping approaches have recently contributed significan
11703	2	of speciation involves the progressive evolution of reproductive isolation between divergent p  ected loci. population genomics and qtl mapping approaches have recently contributed significan
10316	6	opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w  on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive   haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified   eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe  t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc  s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
10551	6	opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w  on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive   haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified   eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe  t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc  s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
10781	6	opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w  on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive   haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified   eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe  t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc  s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11308	6	opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w  on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive   haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified   eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe  t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc  s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11568	6	opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w  on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive   haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified   eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe  t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc  s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11828	6	opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w  on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive   haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified   eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe  t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc  s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
12365	2	ide a tool that combines an appropriate modelling platform regarding chemical spills in marine   gical impacts relevant to the uk marine environment and fisheries interests in the event of a c
15320	7	et of the trophic chain and the flow of energy of the ecosystem. the main purpose of this proje  hic chain and the flow of energy of the ecosystem. the main purpose of this project of basic re  nse of the microalgae, to situations of stress provoked by the presence of sublethal concentrat  hal concentrations of herbicides in the environment. the immediate response of a species widely   of a species widely used as biological model will be studied to the situation of stress provok  del will be studied to the situation of stress provoked for triazine-type herbicides. there wil  en applied in our laboratory during the development of previous projects, but in addition one t
14316	3	in the late 70s while strong signals of climate changes were noted can be of use for representi  pagation of v. cholerae in a freshwater environment. the possible links with climate change and  er environment. the possible links with climate change and global indices could help in designi
6866	12	he basis of the database of the project mapping the flora of hungary distribution map of 2000 s  he project mapping the flora of hungary distribution map of 2000 species will be completed foll  owing the grid system of the project of mapping the flora of central europe. no such a detailed   closing up the hungarian botany to the mapping project executed in several countries in europe  l countries in europe will be possible. distribution maps prepared to analyze the nation-wide l  ic factors and the actual and potential vegetation. connection between the flora - potential ve  onnection between the flora - potential vegetation - climatic and edaphic factors will be analy  the relative ecological and naturalness indicator values, will be analyzed how truthfully the n  rofessional botanic, landscape history, nature conservation, geographic utilization, furthermor   in forestry, agriculture and practical nature conservation. in the view of botany the results   c information and relation to flora and vegetation history, vegetation research, phytogeography  lation to flora and vegetation history, vegetation research, phytogeography, field and experime
15090	4	an objective and integrative evaluation of the ecological state of the water bodies    bodies requires the recognition of the sediment as an important and differenciated aquatic com  s of time. the inclusion of data on the sediment toxicity to the common data bases built only w  with the data obtained form the chronic sediment bioassays for a risk assessment based on the b
14676	2	project is to evaluate the interest of sediment toxicity data in the river networks for monito  orthern spain. results derived from the sediment toxicity bioassays with tubifex tubifex in the
14187	4	age between the microbial and classical food webs in aquatic systems. in shallow eutrophic and   erial- and primary productions. ciliate community in lake võrtsjärv is extremely rich and usual  be very important in functioning of the food webs in that lake. the following goals are address  liate – metazooplankton trophic link to food web functioning in shallow eutrophic and turbid la
13439	11	the project aims to understand how climate-induced changes in hydrography have affected th  ography have affected the phytoplankton community in the past and present, and how predictions   ea. this will contribute to sustainable development in tropical countries dependent on export o  on the composition of the phytoplankton community by analyzing oceanographic data collected dur  ata collected during the last 50 years. community similarity indices will be used to group taxa  l construct coupled physical-biological model to investigate and characterize the environmental   that correlate with the initiation and development of harmful phytoplankton species, and chall   be tested and validated in manipulated mesocosm experiments. this will enable us to focus the   harmful algal monitoring, and provide a model for climate impact on tropical ecosystem-a region  gal monitoring, and provide a model for climate impact on tropical ecosystem-a region that is l   a model for climate impact on tropical ecosystem-a region that is lagging behind in this respe
7036	8	tant groups of organisms for monitoring environmental change, yet little is known about their w   range shifts that have resulted in the vegetation patterns and world diversity hotspots we kno  -dwelling lichen species follow similar distribution patterns, but the evidence is that this is   america and western europe. the latter distribution is rare in plants at upper latitudes, and   des, and conspicuously at odds with the distribution of the trees on which epiphytic lichens gr  se examining genetic structure within a model species of the boreal forest, mycoblastus sanguin  congruent with the east-east, west-west distribution types of many lichen species and to what e  n species and to what extent its modern distribution and genetic diversity centres diverge from
12658	1	guinea to the countries of the european community , such information will be available to assis
14157	10	ect is a synthesised study of the urban environment and the environmental impact of urbanisatio  ng life cycle assessment, substance and energy flux, methods of ecological footprint and spatia  ux, methods of ecological footprint and spatial analysis. expansive land use and greater mobili  e paradigm and eu directives. the total growth of environmental load of city dwellers is expres  t, special consumption of resources and energy and in their relation with main socio-economic i  their relation with main socio-economic indicators. due to more frequent extraordinary weather   e to adapt and mitigate to the changing climate and contribute to the decrease in greenhouse ga  ansport load and the condition of urban environment, also needs to be elaborated. the objective  op the bases for a sustainable planning model, which as spatial decision support includes an op  erative monitoring system, urbanisation indicators as well as physical planning tools.
230	5	etridae is traditional, the last global review written by l.b.prout during the first half of th  y sterrhinae has been revised on global scale, and regional reviews of some other groups are pu  reatment of data, therefore a cladistic review of moths' morphology on global scale will be opt  c review of moths' morphology on global scale will be optimal for comparison: another database,   database for the proposed project. the review of morphological data of selected groups, subfam
14313	5	storical land use have focused on large-scale landscape modifications that can potentially affe  ions that can potentially affect global climate via their effects on surface albedo, aerosols,   ts on surface albedo, aerosols, and the carbon cycle. these studies concluded that the impact o  act of pre-colonial cultures on natural ecosystems in east africa was limited, due to very low   imited, due to very low mean population density determine the severity of lake water-quality lo
2079	8	, but with radically different seasonal migration patterns from those prior to the collapse. th   and an abrupt change in north atlantic climate that occurred in the mid-1960s. the project wil  ilable long term time series of herring growth and abundance in relation to climate, hydrograph   term time series of herring growth and abundance in relation to climate, hydrography and biolo  ing growth and abundance in relation to climate, hydrography and biological production at lower   to climate, hydrography and biological production at lower trophic levels. the project will se  stical relationship between herring and climate, and develop state-of-the-art mathematical mode  o aid prediction of the consequences of climate changes in the future.
10434	5	tundra landscapes exist as a mosaic of vegetation between tundra and atmosphere. current model  fication of seasonal trace gas flux and energy balance between surface and atmosphere at the la  surface and atmosphere at the landscape scale in high latitude tundra, and the potential feedba  ntial feedbacks to radiative forcing of climate, taking into account this fine-scale landscape    climate, taking into account this fine-scale landscape mosaic mediated by the dynamics of wint
10496	5	tundra landscapes exist as a mosaic of vegetation between tundra and atmosphere. current model  fication of seasonal trace gas flux and energy balance between surface and atmosphere at the la  surface and atmosphere at the landscape scale in high latitude tundra, and the potential feedba  ntial feedbacks to radiative forcing of climate, taking into account this fine-scale landscape    climate, taking into account this fine-scale landscape mosaic mediated by the dynamics of wint
10494	13	ndicate that the extent of the tropical climate zone is more sensitive to global climate change  limate zone is more sensitive to global climate change than model predictions suggest and ecolo  sensitive to global climate change than model predictions suggest and ecological investigations  nah biomes to be extremely sensitive to climate change. however, the dynamics of how tropical v  . however, the dynamics of how tropical vegetation responds to climate change remains controver   of how tropical vegetation responds to climate change remains controversial. to explore the re  ore the relationship between the global climate system and tropical vegetation it is necessary    the global climate system and tropical vegetation it is necessary to examine past records of v  is necessary to examine past records of vegetation change through periods of known global clima   change through periods of known global climate change, e.g. through glacial-interglacial cycle   effective way of examining terrestrial vegetation change is through fossil pollen records from   cycle. pollen records documenting past vegetation change in the lowland tropics of africa are   ore vegetative response to rapid global climate change, e.g. heinrich events, during the period
14231	12	global warming, along with a fast-growing agricultural land us  lobal biodiversity a threat. studies of climate and land use changes in the past due to the com  due to the composition and diversity of land cover changes is particularly valuable in helping   lping to predict the future response of vegetation to climate change and changing land use. to   ct the future response of vegetation to climate change and changing land use. to investigate th  use. to investigate the effects of past climate changes during the holocene vegetation in the c  ast climate changes during the holocene vegetation in the composition of the vegetation and to   ne vegetation in the composition of the vegetation and to clarify the temporal and spatial deve  and to clarify the temporal and spatial development, the scope and intensity of land-use and it   and its impact on the diversity of the vegetation cover, vegetation maps will be reconstructed   the diversity of the vegetation cover, vegetation maps will be reconstructed. received cards v  al structures of the global dynamics of vegetation and land use patterns esinduslikuse models f
2013	10	rn, so fire can only be used on a large scale when there is a distinct dry season. on an annual  deforestation. here i show however, how climate may play an under-appreciated role in controlli  se to further investigate links between climate and fire-driven deforestation using satellite m  ing satellite measurements of fires and precipitation, and assess how regional deforestation ra  e in the future as a result of changing precipitation regime in deforestation regions. this cou  is could be a result of changing global climate and because of deforestation-driven changes in   eforestation-driven changes in regional climate. the first part of the proposed research will t  ill therefore address relations between precipitation characteristics and deforestation rates;   ective will be to assess whether future climate enhances or diminishes the use of fire as a too  ll be quantified using a biogeochemical model.
2030	16	is to understand how species respond to climate change and to predict consequences for communit   change and to predict consequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning. climat  sequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning. climate warming causes shifts of   composition and ecosystem functioning. climate warming causes shifts of species distributions   tion and ecosystem functioning. climate warming causes shifts of species distributions towards   ety of factors. from the perspective of top-down control, the release from natural enemies and   ase from natural enemies and subsequent evolution of increased competitive ability are the most  potheses to explain invasiveness. plant abundance can be controlled by both above- and belowgro  und enemies. however, enemy release and evolution of invasive plants have been rarely, if ever,   and belowground enemies influences the evolution and invasiveness of plant species that expand  ir range from warm into previously cold climate regions. my general hypothesis is that differen  n plants, their natural enemies and the predators of the enemies. in order to test my general h   general hypothesis i will relate plant traits of successful and non-successful invaders from s  herlands to metabolic costs invested in growth and defence in both the original and new habitat  lain and predict plant invasions due to climate warming.    predict plant invasions due to climate warming.
13615	6	due to climate change the ranges of many plant species will sh   from presently warm to previously cold climate regions. invasive plant species may become seri   greenhouse experiments, i will compare growth and plant defences between plants of the same sp  als with olfactomters. studying how the abundance of root-feeding nematodes is controlled in na  ding nematodes is controlled in natural ecosystems may help to improve the biological control o  biological control of nematodes in agro-ecosystems.
9835	9	climate change is one of the major threats currently fa   biodiversity. predicting the impact of climate change for species requires the development of   climate change for species requires the development of population models which quantify both th  constraints influencing these shifts in distribution. to make such models useful tools, it is t  essary to integrate them with models of climate change impacts. i will use black-tailed godwits  ich there are established links between habitat quality and demography, as a model system with   en habitat quality and demography, as a model system with which to address these issues. the re   these issues. the resulting population model will then be used within a fuzzy-logic based coas  n a fuzzy-logic based coastal simulator model to predict the consequences of sea level rise and
10007	8	h has responded to millions of years of climate change and can be an invaluable means to invest  before 50 million years ago the earth s climate was several degrees hotter than present, there    much higher. between 50 and 34 ma, the climate began to cool dramatically and extensive ice-sh  ooling, but rather at this time earth s climate fluctuated rapidly between short-lived warm int  ere alive. to investigate middle eocene climate we will, firstly, determine exactly how old the  y how old the sediments are that record climate change. we will do this by looking at the magne  stry to produce a picture of the global climate through time. third, we want to use this inform  ely investigating critical intervals of climate change. we will collaborate with scripps instit
13785	6	parasitoid interactions under different climate and habitat change scenarios. i will focus on p  nteractions under different climate and habitat change scenarios. i will focus on pollinating i  i.e. large blue butterflies investigate ecosystem functioning and generality in the study syste  plants-insects-parasitoids in different habitat and climate scenarios will provide valuable inf  ts-parasitoids in different habitat and climate scenarios will provide valuable information abo  will provide valuable information about ecosystem functioning. our general knowledge of how suc
1105	16	st efficient systems for the storage of soil carbon in widespread agro-forestal systems in cent  nsular italian mediterranean areas. the carbon balance will be studied following the dynamics o  namics of the processes involved in the carbon cycle that carry out and control the carbon cycl  on cycle that carry out and control the carbon cycle. a simulation model of the carbon cycle wi   control the carbon cycle. a simulation model of the carbon cycle will be set up simultaneously  carbon cycle. a simulation model of the carbon cycle will be set up simultaneously in order to   e selected agro-forestal systems on the carbon sink. new climatic scenarios, predicted by globa  n the diversity of microorganism and on carbon dynamic and in the carbon cycle models, in order  ganism and on carbon dynamic and in the carbon cycle models, in order to compare the data obtai  ed with the data related to the present climate. moreover, g.i.s. technology will be used for t  l be used for the interpolation and the mapping of the simulation models outputs and of other a  e greenhouse effect via the increase in carbon storage for territorial planners and agricultura  disseminated to promote knowledge about climate change and the mitigating effect, that agro-for  hat agro-forestal systems might have on climate change to an large and diverse audience. the pr  itorial data processing; 3. genetic and functional diversity of microorganisms; 4. carbon sink   ctional diversity of microorganisms; 4. carbon sink and biogeochemical cycles.
10850	3	the effects of climate change in a dynamic competitive interaction bet  species. intertidal barnacles are ideal model organisms to test these alternative causal mechan  ter models, functions for interspecific competition. historical data from a network of sites co
10476	21	e of the most striking impacts of human development is the replacement of natural wildlife habi   is the replacement of natural wildlife habitat with either agriculture or urban environments.    urban environments. not only does such development reduce the overall availability of wildlife  ce the overall availability of wildlife habitat, it often fragments the landscape so that habit  t often fragments the landscape so that habitat patches become smaller and increasingly isolate  d increasingly isolated. this so called habitat fragmentation causes many problems for wildlife   reducing biodiversity and the value of ecosystem services. not surprisingly, habitat fragmenta  f ecosystem services. not surprisingly, habitat fragmentation has become one of the most intens  f major disturbance phenomena in marine ecosystems, the effects of habitat fragmentation in mar  na in marine ecosystems, the effects of habitat fragmentation in marine systems have barely bee  sons for this including difficulties in mapping habitats underwater, limited availability of ec  ats underwater, limited availability of ecosystem models, and difficulty in establishing the co  ispersal. although the lack of study of habitat fragmentation in marine ecosystems is understan  tudy of habitat fragmentation in marine ecosystems is understandable, the potential importance   da, primarily because of the impacts of climate change. in 1998, for example, unusually high se  n tropical regions led to unprecedented mortality of reef corals with many reefs losing 99% of   of the world s reefs losing their coral dominance within a few months. with the recent emergenc   with the recent emergence of models of ecosystem dynamics and larval connectivity among coral   models of ecosystem dynamics and larval connectivity among coral reefs, the constraints to stud  he four key ingredients needed to study climate change impacts on marine habitats. these are .    studies to test the predictions of the model by simulating the actual disturbance histories of
13755	2	climate models predict an increase in dynamic ice forma  ams due to increasingly fluctuating air temperature. sub-surface ice will focus on the effects
2006	7	eef communities. for the recognition of global change signals and a rational choice of indicato  change signals and a rational choice of indicator taxa, a solid historical baseline is needed.   a from as far back in time as possible. model taxa are selected, based on their representation   arium collections and their response to environmental change. next to data base comparison, we   nsity of past enso events. the skeletal growth band patterns of museum specimens collected in t  of a computer-guided microdrill. stable oxygen isotope and sr/ca analyses on these samples will   series on sea surface temperatures and precipitation / evaporation changes and can thus be use
10044	13	uncertainly regarding the influence of climate change on structure of marine fish assemblages,  s trophic levels is key to safeguarding ecosystem function. we propose to investigate climatic   bility, and whether temporal changes in community composition have been of the same magnitude a  test if individual species show similar abundance trends throughout their geographic ranges, an  nd identify ecological and life-history species traits linked to temporal changes of abundance,  es traits linked to temporal changes of abundance, including body size, growth rates and trophi  emporal changes of abundance, including body size, growth rates and trophic level and 3 test th  nges of abundance, including body size, growth rates and trophic level and 3 test the reliabili  hic level and 3 test the reliability of climate-envelope predictions of future species distribu  ictions made using models incorporating density-dependent habitat choice. our goal is to identi   models incorporating density-dependent habitat choice. our goal is to identify the scales for   cales for patterns of change in species abundance and to quantify uncertainties underpinning pr  to 4 c rises in mean annual sea surface temperature over the next 100 years.
10895	5	the world is experiencing rapid climate change with a predicted rise in global average   xt 50 years. among a range of predicted ecosystem impacts, one already documented is a temperat  em impacts, one already documented is a temperature-driven shift in species distributions withi  , disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change within the lifespan of individuals. fore  be among the first habitats impacted by climate change, a realisation driving the search for ap
11708	5	the world is experiencing rapid climate change with a predicted rise in global average   xt 50 years. among a range of predicted ecosystem impacts, one already documented is a temperat  em impacts, one already documented is a temperature-driven shift in species distributions withi  , disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change within the lifespan of individuals. fore  be among the first habitats impacted by climate change, a realisation driving the search for ap
7479	13	e is no certainty regarding the precise nature and rate of future climate change, even the most  g the precise nature and rate of future climate change, even the most moderate scenarios predic  edict a continuing change of the marine environment, with associated major environmental and so  s. to prepare society for the necessary mitigation and adaptation measures, the awareness of ci  f eu research results on the impacts of climate change on the marine environment and to make th  impacts of climate change on the marine environment and to make this knowledge and its socio-ec  pean research results on the effects of climate change on marine environment. an up-to-date ove  the effects of climate change on marine environment. an up-to-date overview of public knowledge  wledge and perception on the effects of climate change on marine environments and their socio-e  ies. enhancement of public knowledge on climate change impacts on the marine environment, inclu  on climate change impacts on the marine environment, including the socio-economic consequences,  te with european citizens on impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.    on impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.
12660	10	vouring to remove obstacles that hinder migration; protect habitats; and lessen the impact of n  ant as they can act as linkages between ecosystems, and therefore can be indicators of ecologic  etween ecosystems, and therefore can be indicators of ecological change. the eighth conference   the uk on the strength of links between climate change and migratory species’ behaviour, abunda  hange and migratory species’ behaviour, abundance and distribution and passed a resolution on c  atory species’ behaviour, abundance and distribution and passed a resolution on climate change,  distribution and passed a resolution on climate change, which amongst other things, called for   y/index.htm the report recommended that indicator species be identified to provide information   s for data collection and monitoring of climate-change impacts on migratory species, so that in  g the threats to migratory species from climate change.
13773	5	temperature profoundly affects the seasonal timing of b  nes during the breeding season. because temperature shows yearly variation, organisms have evol  sticity allows short-term adjustment to temperature changes, large-scale disruptions to these p  djustment to temperature changes, large-scale disruptions to these patterns , and assess whethe   to these patterns , and assess whether climate variables can limit the success of species tran
2000	18	peat bogs are important ecosystems in relation to climatic change. by forming p  ificant long-term sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. climatic change could bring about chang  ersity and species composition of these ecosystems that could have important repercussions for   have important repercussions for global carbon cycling. experiments that have been carried out   oo short to study the response of these ecosystems to global change. virtually nothing is known  udy the response of these ecosystems to global change. virtually nothing is known about how cli  e. virtually nothing is known about how climate change and changes in atmospheric n deposition   mospheric n deposition would affect bog ecosystems at longer time scales. on the other hand bog  a natural archive of the history of the vegetation and carbon sequestration. based on the seque  ve of the history of the vegetation and carbon sequestration. based on the sequence of plant re   vascular plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs;· to determine the long-te  ine the long-term effects of changes in temperature, precipitation, n deposition and fluctuatin  term effects of changes in temperature, precipitation, n deposition and fluctuating solar activ  lar activity on species composition and carbon accumulation;· to analyse the relation between t  elation between species composition and carbon sequestration;· to investigate the long-term eff  to investigate the long-term effects of climate change on plant species composition and carbon   change on plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs using a simulation model.   equestration in bogs using a simulation model.
14737	10	studies have considered the effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning, and on plant a  idered the effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning, and on plant and animal physiolo  is needed to investigate the impacts at community level, particularly in forests. at regional s  l, particularly in forests. at regional scale, climate change may produce modifications in spec  icularly in forests. at regional scale, climate change may produce modifications in species dis  ge may produce modifications in species distribution, according to their potential climatic nic  develop statistical models of potential distribution of the main spanish forest species under d  ased on the current patterns of species distribution by climatic manipulation experiments. we h  abrupt changes may appear after drought thresholds are achieved. these experiments will also al   attributes of seedlings related to the climate variability.
14823	10	es that ecotones are very vulnerable to climate change. environmental limitations to the distri  hange. environmental limitations to the distribution of forest trees become most obvious at tre  tremes in environmental factors such as temperature, water supply, irradiation, etc. accumulate  er supply, irradiation, etc. accumulate stress situations than trees can hardly withstand. ther  the role of upper tree line ecotones as indicators of environmental changes is widely recognise  endemic pine species and dominated by a climate with summer droughts and frost conditions in wi  imberline in tenerife by characterizing growth, respiration, non structural carbohydrates, phot  e in tenerife by characterizing growth, respiration, non structural carbohydrates, photosynthes  . obtained data will provide a response model of p. canariensis to the most extreme environment  e for better management of forest under climate change conditions
482	2	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction   lso shown that butterflies are accurate indicators of change in less conspicuous invertebrate t
12592	7	climate change has been identified by the draft soil st   along with land-use practices. current climate projections for the uk suggest scenarios of war  ections for the uk suggest scenarios of warming leading to hotter and drier summers, and milder  ls to maintain delivery of the range of ecosystem goods and services required of them. soil org  n the provision of the majority of such ecosystem services, performing major roles in soil proc  il processes and functioning, including carbon and nutrient cycling, soil structural dynamics,    be directly and indirectly impacted by climate change, but the consequences of such effects ar
7673	2	strategy of land occupation and uses of ecosystems resources, and how this behaviour impacts bi  e used to prospect several scenarios of evolution based on river dynamics produced from ipcc pr
11758	3	lating the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide . in such environments, small changes in  ironments, small changes in whole plant carbon balances may have important consequences for see  ave important consequences for seedling growth and survival.
9996	3	lating the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide . in such environments, small changes in  ironments, small changes in whole plant carbon balances may have important consequences for see  ave important consequences for seedling growth and survival.
10889	13	climate change is now recognized as having major impact  ving complex effects at the individual, community and ecosystem level. for example warmer weath  ffects at the individual, community and ecosystem level. for example warmer weather has brought  erate and polar species retreat. at the community level, changes in assemblage composition have  otentially for the functioning of whole ecosystems. in the marine realm the timing of the sprin  assemblages and indeed the whole marine food web. changes in the timing of this bloom as a resu  the timing of this bloom as a result of climate change have been demonstrated and shown to have  intertidal barnacles have made a superb model organism for studies of larval transport and supp  sport and supply and are also sensitive indicators of climate change. their larvae are also imp  ly and are also sensitive indicators of climate change. their larvae are also important compone  re also important components of coastal food webs. in the british isles, barnacles are either b  esults will be used to extend further a model developed with colleagues at sams as part of a pr  ous nerc grant to understand effects of climate change on adult populations of benthic organism
10950	6	cross scotland. we will estimate winter precipitation during the yd using the relationship betw  er equilibrium line altitude and summer temperature. we will investigate whether glacier retrea   resulted from reduction in snowfall or climate warming. we will compare midge-inferred july te  d from reduction in snowfall or climate warming. we will compare midge-inferred july temperatur  uly temperatures with the grip ice core oxygen isotope record to determine whether the grip rec  ecord can be used as a proxy for summer temperature in the ne atlantic region and as a link wit
13587	13	is to evaluate the effect of among-year climate variation on the recruitment of planktonic herb   of among-year climate variation on the recruitment of planktonic herbivores in lakes and the r  known as clear water phases . the rapid growth of crustacean herbivores and the resulting depre  to a cwp. using a structured population model and laboratory experiments together with field sa  s together with field sampling data and evaluation of historical data from two large north amer   lakes, i will test the hypothesis that climate during late winter and early spring influences   ion of cwp:s through its effects on the recruitment of planktonic herbivores from diapausing eg  , duration, and magnitude of cwp:s. the development and evaluation of theoretical models descri  magnitude of cwp:s. the development and evaluation of theoretical models describing and predict  -plant interactions with effects at the ecosystem scale will benefit fundamental science. knowl  eractions with effects at the ecosystem scale will benefit fundamental science. knowledge of th  the ecological mechanisms through which climate conditions during winter may affect water clari  water quality management in the face of climate change.
2056	8	climate change scenarios predict that arctic regions wi  ges anywhere on the globe due to global warming in the coming decades. this is of great concern   the project will explore the impact of climate variability on the movement patterns, growth pa  e variability on the movement patterns, growth patterns and interactions of these two species,   of these two species, identify critical habitat features and develop a predictive model to asse  bitat features and develop a predictive model to assess the impact of future climate change on   ve model to assess the impact of future climate change on these animals and the ecosystem they   climate change on these animals and the ecosystem they occupy.
1997	19	we will base our study on climate induced biodiversity shifts in freshwater ecosy  duced biodiversity shifts in freshwater ecosystems on three influential hypotheses: the interme  ant component of disturbance in aquatic ecosystems. climate change can thus be expected to affe  t of disturbance in aquatic ecosystems. climate change can thus be expected to affect biodivers  diversity. according to this hypothesis climate change is likely to affect biodiversity by chan   stable states which differ strongly in community composition as well as biodiversity. climate   ty composition as well as biodiversity. climate change may potentially push these ecosystems to  imate change may potentially push these ecosystems to another stable state and may therefore ha  effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will review, test and apply each of these theories in two cl  ked projects. a mathematically inclined ph.d. student will perform time series analysis on exis  analyses with simple multi-species prey-predator, competition and ecosystem models. an experime  ith simple multi-species prey-predator, competition and ecosystem models. an experimentally exp  -species prey-predator, competition and ecosystem models. an experimentally experienced post-do  ionally carry out simulations with full-scale ecosystem models. these two alw-funded researcher  y carry out simulations with full-scale ecosystem models. these two alw-funded researchers will  eaders in the field of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of aquatic systems. the consortiu  tools to assess the potential impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity. the integrative  is obtained, which is essential for the development of sustainable management strategies. it wi  o a better prediction of the effects of global change for aquatic biodiversity.
1999	15	how will global change affect the biodiversity of aquatic ecosys  ange affect the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems to tackle this question, we base our work on  dict different relations between global warming and biodiversity. to explore the potentially co  he potentially complex relation between global change and aquatic biodiversity in more detail,   n, under controlled nutrient, light and temperature conditions. in different experiments we wil  of the phytoplankton or the zooplankton community and additionally impose different temperature  unity and additionally impose different temperature and light regimes to study climatic effects  lts of the time series analysis and the model analysis obtained in the companion project. since   since climatic effects on more complex food webs and on organisms with long generation times c  ll make use of an existing general lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as a  neral lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic cosm, focusing o  lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic cosm, focusing on the   . we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic cosm, focusing on the same quest  the results obtained by time series and model analysis in the companion project of this researc  tools to assess the potential impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity.
1998	9	we address the question how global change will affect the biodiversity of aquatic e  will affect the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems using three influential theories as guidance  dict different relations between global warming and biodiversity. this is a first indication th  first indication that relations between global change and aquatic biodiversity are not necessar  he potentially complex relation between global change and aquatic biodiversity in more detail,   propose to use time series analysis and model analysis. the time series analysis will focus on   e types of models. we will use abstract model formulations to obtain a better qualitative under  ve understanding. the findings from the model analysis and time series analysis will be compare  tools to assess the potential impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity.
2179	5	discoveries that suggest that distinct, climate-change related shifts in geometrid outbreak ran  est this match-mismatch hypothesis in a food web perspective, combining small-scale process stu  a food web perspective, combining small-scale process studies with large-scale, pattern oriente   small-scale process studies with large-scale, pattern oriented approaches. through these studi  birch forest under various scenarios of climate change.
14665	6	iterranean region contains transitional climate zones where climate change may have the greates  ntains transitional climate zones where climate change may have the greatest effects. in the ar  ime and drought phenomenon often occurs climate change plays a decisive role on the dynamics of  stems. in this context, the analysis of climate change and its variability is of great interest  tural resources. such studies combining climate variability information and its effect on natur  implications of better understanding of climate variability with a greater spatial resolution c
15005	4	the scientific community has now no doubt on the existence of a global  he biodiversity existing in terrestrial ecosystems corresponds to bryophytes, with approximatel  to study comparatively the responses to temperature and water stress of broadly distributed spe   the responses to temperature and water stress of broadly distributed species and those restric
2078	8	predicted climate changes will affect nature as a whole. for a be    predicted climate changes will affect nature as a whole. for a better understanding of specie  . for a better understanding of species-distribution and species-composition as a response to c  nd species-composition as a response to climate change it is important to consider comparable i  sms in time and space. it is known that climate changes will have a strong effect on species-di  es will have a strong effect on species-distribution and species-composition in areas where num  he opportunity of testing the effect of climate conditions and change on dynamic biodiversity,   f organisms differ in their response to climate change. this enables an identification of areas
424	2	hotspot of biodiversity . the simulated distribution of the cedar shows drastic changes with a   ges with a significant reduction of its distribution area in north africa during the next centu
6861	3	iromnental changes, they may be used as indicators of microclimatic fluctuations. based on numb  bility of leaves in particular species, climate-plant relation can be studied. statistical and   eir cooccurrence with other elements of vegetation , and compare data with other known european
2109	16	nd surface. the predicted anthropogenic climate changes are supposed to have large influences i  cies above the existing treeline. steep temperature gradients influence the survival of many pl  f many plant species and their internal competition. the changes are supposed to be slow, and t  e use of more easy accesible methods as lidar airborne scanning for present and future determin  ion of resources. we will also use past vegetation and soil registrations for analysing the dev  nd soil registrations for analysing the development of the vegetation and the tree stands in a   ns for analysing the development of the vegetation and the tree stands in a selected research a  tstanding study area, due to a detailed mapping of vegetation, soil properties and timberline p  tudy area, due to a detailed mapping of vegetation, soil properties and timberline position in   ue to a detailed mapping of vegetation, soil properties and timberline position in 1932-1936. t  lots will be reanalysed with respect to vegetation and soil, and the information will be includ  n will be included in a digital terrain model along. the old and the new vegetation data will b  errain model along. the old and the new vegetation data will be analysed with respect to change  mation on plant species composition and competition will be used combined with regclim regional   be used combined with regclim regional climate scenarios in order to predict the effects of fu   order to predict the effects of future climate change in this ecotone. we plan to provide info
13612	13	ncern is to a large extent derived from model-based predictions on how future climate change wi  m model-based predictions on how future climate change will affect european biodiversity. curre   european biodiversity. current species distribution models suggest that climate change will ca  pecies distribution models suggest that climate change will cause habitats to shift or contract  es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha  ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati   populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac  determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w  obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r  ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati  o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr  vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year  empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and empl
15565	13	ncern is to a large extent derived from model-based predictions on how future climate change wi  m model-based predictions on how future climate change will affect european biodiversity. curre   european biodiversity. current species distribution models suggest that climate change will ca  pecies distribution models suggest that climate change will cause habitats to shift or contract  es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha  ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati   populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac  determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w  obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r  ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati  o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr  vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year  empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and empl
10413	6	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction   lso shown that butterflies are accurate indicators of change in less conspicuous invertebrate g  r impacts on all other species in their environment. here we propose to measure the combined im  ned impacts of human-induced changes in climate and habitat species across the climatic gradien  of human-induced changes in climate and habitat species across the climatic gradient, using the   gradient, using the centre for ecology hydrology s dataset of annual changes in all uk butterf
13747	2	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction   lso shown that butterflies are accurate indicators of w,\ ilii change in less conspicuous inver
15566	2	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction   lso shown that butterflies are accurate indicators of change in less conspicuous invertebrate t
14140	4	seas is a key factor in shaping spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of planktonic organi  rganisms as well as controlling primary production and cycling of substances. the water column   g those layers to forecast the possible ecosystem changes taking into account future climate ch  stem changes taking into account future climate change projections.
6736	1	on would be valuable for the scientific community in general.
11439	5	seley linked to how we alter the global carbon cycle. the rate at which we are using fossil fue  ering land use ; however, if we get the carbon cycle slightly out of balance the plants and ani   atmospheric concentrations of co2, o2, temperature, types of plants, etc. are. exactly how del  , etc. are. exactly how delicate is the carbon cycle within a closed system the work we are pro  proposing uses one of the largest plant-growth experimental....
11106	1	om an aircraft. seasonal variability in community structure will be determined using terminal r
10587	1	investigation into the potential for co-evolution between female mating behaviour and selfish g
9816	1	investigation into the potential for co-evolution between female mating behaviour and selfish g
12588	11	current literature on the state of soil carbon levels in uk soils is equivocal. prediction  vocal. predictions of future changes in soil carbon levels related to land use and climate chan  l carbon levels related to land use and climate change are highly uncertain, so evidence-based   uggested the need to collate uk data on soil carbon and the release of greenhouse gases in rela  to be gained of the current state of uk soil carbon and the processes driving change, and infor  he processes driving change, and inform model predictions of future changes. furthermore, gaps   cognised members of the uk soil science community who have the broad range of skills required t  ailability and provenance of data on uk soil carbon stocks, fluxes and land use influences. 2.   utput from this project will be a brief review of uk soil carbon data sources and shortfalls in  is project will be a brief review of uk soil carbon data sources and shortfalls in these data.   vidence to policy makers in relation to soil carbon and land management. tasks for a second pha
14958	2	nt and not easy to place in the overall classification of fungi. investigations into the biolog  eveloping methods for the isolation and growth of these fungi in pure culture, using freshly co
10137	7	ns have restricted the extent of global warming by taking up approximately 50% of the co2 from   issolved in seawater and lowers ambient ph in a phenomenon known as ocean acidification . an im   ions in the ocean, a form of dissolved carbon that is depleted in the acidification reaction w  etter understanding of the modern ocean carbon cycle, which is essential to get right before wo  ons about the range of changes in ocean carbon and nutrient cycles we can expect in the future   e ocean may affect the degree of future warming by emitting more or less greenhouse gases such   g more or less greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
11019	7	ns have restricted the extent of global warming by taking up approximately 50% of the co2 from   issolved in seawater and lowers ambient ph in a phenomenon known as ocean acidification . an im   ions in the ocean, a form of dissolved carbon that is depleted in the acidification reaction w  etter understanding of the modern ocean carbon cycle, which is essential to get right before wo  ons about the range of changes in ocean carbon and nutrient cycles we can expect in the future   e ocean may affect the degree of future warming by emitting more or less greenhouse gases such   g more or less greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
15028	5	lations and demersal and pelagic marine ecosystems are well documented for commercial fishing,    as their relationships- on the coastal ecosystem have received little attention. nevertheless,  r the exploited species and the coastal ecosystem. the objective of the current proposal is to   tivities. an adaptive management of the ecosystem is necessary to avoid the collapse of the pop   maintain the resiliency of the coastal ecosystems, the health of the fish stocks and the quali
11490	2	the ecosystem services of deltas often support high populat  lnerable coastal environments and their ecosystem services face multiple stresses in the coming
14317	7	biodiversity, its ecology, dynamics and ecosystem functioning are poorly understood simplbecaus  diversity and functioning of an aquatic ecosystem. a large number of conceptual models have bee  f autochtonous and allochtonous primary production for fueling the food web in function of spat  nous primary production for fueling the food web in function of spatial and temporal scales. un   production for fueling the food web in function of spatial and temporal scales. unfortunately,  cers . in particular, the origin of the organic matter fueling the upper levels of the food web   matter fueling the upper levels of the food web will be highlighted. such interdisciplinary an
14318	4	forest management actions that enhance carbon storage in forests, offering incentives for deve  nce carbon storage in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions  ries to reduce emissions in a post 2012 climate regime. the aim of this project is to get basel  elationship between both variables as a function of forest management. the strategic choice of
13315	4	tools and information critical for the development of large scale, general predictions of biod  n critical for the development of large scale, general predictions of biodiversity effects on l   predictions of biodiversity effects on land use change, and development of policy options for   versity effects on land use change, and development of policy options for land use management.
13823	6	establish the ratio of parasite to host migration and determine the genetic nature of resistanc  ost migration and determine the genetic nature of resistance and virulence traits involved in t  ion and determine the genetic nature of resistance and virulence traits involved in the interac  etic nature of resistance and virulence traits involved in the interaction. this will be done i  otryum violaceum disperses on a similar spatial scale to its host, but invades host populations   genetic variation in parasite selected traits. the results will be used to support the argumen
11545	1	nature is full of interactions between members of diffe
11678	1	nature is full of interactions between members of diffe
14940	6	cophylogenetic patterns, especially the colonization or host-switching through food webs. this    colonization or host-switching through food webs. this task will require to build a phylogenet  asites, the ecomorphology of attachment function to the intestinal wall. our working hypothesis   in turn, will constraint or facilitate colonization of hosts and/or intestinal habitats. there  habitats. therefore, an analysis of the evolution of attachment function might be useful to lin  analysis of the evolution of attachment function might be useful to link key adaptations with t
15583	4	eptional biodiversity, provide critical ecosystem services and support the livelihood of vulner  and ecological landscapes are evolving. climate change, deforestation, and degradation critical  a better understanding of the dynamics, regime shifts and tipping points of biodiversity and th  ders, closing the gap between knowledge production and action.
13455	3	the area have gone extinct. as natural recovery of damaged reefs is slow, and natural reestabl  ical factors for coral reproduction and recruitment, 3 modelling larval dispersal within the na  r coral reproduction and recruitment, 3 modelling larval dispersal within the national park and
12715	9	nitrogen deposition remains a threat to sensitive semi-   exceed the critical loads for nutrient nitrogen and critical levels for ammonia, and are predi  ite reductions in emissions of reactive nitrogen gases. there have been a considerable number o  sed on detailed site based analysis and modelling. however, it is not clear the extent to which   not clear the extent to which elevated nitrogen is impacting upon protected site condition or   oject will provide an analysis of broad scale vegetation surveillance data, including countrysi  will provide an analysis of broad scale vegetation surveillance data, including countryside sur  us vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen distribution datasets. it will correlate spatial and te  rrelate spatial and temporal changes to nitrogen deposition data, to identify whether and to wh
13388	1	ection, conservation, characterization, evaluation and determination of nutritional contents of
13386	1	ypes suitable for rangelands and/or hay production will be utilized in the continuing breeding
14192	1	natural habitats; characterization and evaluation of accessions; documentation; storing safety
14191	2	d viability of plants preserved in slow growth conditions; •to evaluate the influence of long-t  vitro as meristem plants on the genetic stability of accessions; •to update the electronic data
13578	5	es dominated by forestry. anthropogenic climate change may further reduce their abundance. the   climate change may further reduce their abundance. the long-term survival of these forestry-sen  lves. in this project i will assess the colonization ability of forestry-sensitive species. dur  y of forestry-sensitive species. during climate change, high colonizing ability is essential to  s in sites that have become unsuitable. colonization is also crucial to cope with forest fragme
13462	4	perties of the species themselves, e.g. colonization capacity. during climate change, high colo  ves, e.g. colonization capacity. during climate change, high colonizing capacity is essential t  s in sites that have become unsuitable. colonization is also crucial to cope with forest fragme  nated by forestry. this project studies colonization capacity of liverworts, mosses, insects, s
15321	11	cells have to deal with the biochemical stress caused by the lack of liquid water. some cells a  gotrophic conditions and often the high salinity of evaporite rock habitats. successful coloniz   of evaporite rock habitats. successful colonization will in large measure depend on an adequat  ng hypothesis for this project is that: colonization strategies of microorganisms inhabiting ar  y was designed to examine the microbial ecosystems of endolithic habitats in the arid and hyper  rganization of the endolithic microbial ecosystems discovered in january 2010 in the atacama de   the role played by water vapour on the colonization strategies of endolithic organisms. this p  ssible biosignatures left behind by the microbial activity of extant lithobiontic ecosystems in  crobial activity of extant lithobiontic ecosystems in the atacama desert and dry valleys of ant  tors that will provide new insight into climate change in regions as sensitive to global warmin  hange in regions as sensitive to global warming as are deserts.
12146	9	hication-related disturbances in forest ecosystem. increased amounts of plant and . at the edge  . at the edges of the colony changes of vegetation, fungi and soil biota take place. nature and  ation, fungi and soil biota take place. nature and dynamics of these changes must be investigat  n order to understand resilience of the ecosystem to the impact of the cormorant colony and its  roject aims to shape a scheme of forest ecosystem functioning under an impact of hypertrophicat  ted by including additional elements of ecosystem – mammals, insects and wood-inhabiting fungi.  s linking them with expansion rates and productivity of the cormorant colony. results of the pr  . also the changes of mammal and insect community structure, species composition and functional   employed for making a scheme of forest ecosystem functioning under an impact of hypertrophicat
15339	6	ollinators. the anatomy of the eye, the nature of the photoreceptors and the neural connectivit  re of the photoreceptors and the neural connectivity of the visual system differ between insect  ortant implications for the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator networks. this is because  ifferent flowers affects their relative efficiency at exploiting them and the profitability of    of visiting such flowers when there is competition for resources. differences in visual system  ent sizes against their background as a function of the contrast between background and object.
15327	15	the recent intergovernmental panel on climate change report predicted large temperature incre  n climate change report predicted large temperature increases during the current century. the u  . the unprecedented combination of this temperature rise with other already well-established st  r already well-established stressors of ecosystems will most likely lead to the resilience of t   likely lead to the resilience of these ecosystems being exceeded. research and conservation at  ntion needs to focus not only on global warming and each of the other stressors individually, b  . streams are among the most threatened ecosystems on earth despite their critical ecological r  they provide. current impacts on stream ecosystems will most likely interact with climate warmi  osystems will most likely interact with climate warming, with combined effects that are difficu   will most likely interact with climate warming, with combined effects that are difficult to pr  re consequences on stream biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and ecosystem services to humans.    biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and ecosystem services to humans. we predict that climate w  tem services to humans. we predict that climate warming will exacerbate the current effects of   ices to humans. we predict that climate warming will exacerbate the current effects of stressor  rs . our results will determine whether climate-change-related increased temperatures are likel
9857	9	s very important for us to find out how climate changed in the past. without knowing, we cannot  owing, we cannot predict how the future climate might behave. global, systematic measurements o  are currently experiencing accelerating climate change. the layers of ocean sediments in these   hich can provide information about past climate. benthic foraminifers in particular live in the  ant benthic morphospecies used for past climate reconstruction in the north east atlantic to pr  orth east atlantic to produce a unified classification scheme. from our high resolution samplin  ll be able to produce a new bioprovince distribution map for the present day northeast atlantic  ognition would allow the exploration of seasonality in the fossil record. do foram shells of th  the survival of species and drive their evolution through time.
9892	9	s very important for us to find out how climate changed in the past. without knowing, we cannot  owing, we cannot predict how the future climate might behave. global, systematic measurements o  are currently experiencing accelerating climate change. the layers of ocean sediments in these   hich can provide information about past climate. benthic foraminifers in particular live in the  ant benthic morphospecies used for past climate reconstruction in the north east atlantic to pr  orth east atlantic to produce a unified classification scheme. from our high resolution samplin  ll be able to produce a new bioprovince distribution map for the present day northeast atlantic  ognition would allow the exploration of seasonality in the fossil record. do foram shells of th  the survival of species and drive their evolution through time.
14149	15	ity on the structure and functioning of ecosystems across different habitats of the baltic sea.  ce, current flow, water stratification, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency, salinity regime, poll  w, water stratification, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency, salinity regime, pollution, and amon  tion, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency, salinity regime, pollution, and among biotic processes    of invasive alien species, primary and secondary production, benthic-pelagic coupling, herbivo  y production, benthic-pelagic coupling, herbivory, competition and predation. we identify facto  n, benthic-pelagic coupling, herbivory, competition and predation. we identify factors that cau  ic coupling, herbivory, competition and predation. we identify factors that cause differences a  fy factors that cause differences among ecosystems in sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic   ss to many european databases on marine ecosystems. meta-analyses are used to compare results f  ts from different regions, sub-regions, ecosystems or habitats. therefore the results of this p  can be applied at least at pan-european scale. the aim of this project is to provide the knowle  port innovative environmental planning. indicators of change will be identified and guidelines   vironmental status of currently damaged ecosystems, highlight those under threat and therefore   mentation of the eu water framework and habitat directives, marine strategy and imo guidelines.
14898	2	. moreover, due to their sensibility to climate change and habitat alteration and fragmentation  their sensibility to climate change and habitat alteration and fragmentation, are widely used a
13976	4	ently preserve biodiversity and benefit development of the society. we will use ecological biod  rds are affected by shore exploitation, nature reserves and boat traffic. the analysis will als  his will encompass a description of the function of present legal instruments, an analysis of t  ly find new instruments for sustainable development in the archipelago.
2150	2	mpact of bottom trawling on the benthic community. in norway, considerable damage to deep-water  d to the closure of areas and initiated mapping of larger bottom areas of the barents sea. in t
11119	1	ns, specifically, plant defence against herbivory. in contrast, cooperative interactions have r
11836	8	ways, within volcaniclastic deposits by precipitation of silica dissolved from ashes or as sili  ant because eruptions cause flooding of vegetation in the vicinity of vents and thus not only e  t also animals and microbes, even whole ecosystems in situ. such occurrences are rare in the fo  otland. however, studies of present-day vegetation growing in the vicinity of hot springs e.g.   mate the degree to which the hot spring ecosystems are typical of either normal dry-land/wetlan  l of either normal dry-land/wetland, or salinity stressed wetland ecosystems. following detaile  d/wetland, or salinity stressed wetland ecosystems. following detailed anatomical description w  h are indicative of adaptation to water stress/physiological drought, or are connected with wit
10333	6	ecology is possible using natural micro-ecosystems rather than experimentally assembled microco  icroecosystem, we demonstrated that the connectivity of landscape patches is a critical factor   itical factor determining local species richness . here we propose to use this micro-ecosystem   ess . here we propose to use this micro-ecosystem to test the effect of community disassembly o  s micro-ecosystem to test the effect of community disassembly on ecosystem functioning. the res   the effect of community disassembly on ecosystem functioning. the results will have implicatio
10729	5	5 forest patches of different sizes and connectivity located in six landscapes of the imperille  ments necessary to sustain a functional ecosystem. these questions will be tested with the use   s in phylogenetics, population biology, community ecology, landscape ecology, and multivariate   erstanding of the processes that govern community dynamics in fragmented landscapes and the con  alteration for maintaining a functional ecosystem, and will generate solid predictions that can
9936	7	at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine sy  versity of methanogens selected by each habitat. moreover, the commonly held view that acetate   nd 13c-labelling of archaeal lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in fres  archaeal lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and e  be investigated by incubation of intact sediment cores injected with 14c-labelled substrates an   the validity of a stable isotope proxy model that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathwa  xy model that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environme
10701	7	at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine sy  versity of methanogens selected by each habitat. moreover, the commonly held view that acetate   nd 13c-labelling of archaeal lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in fres  archaeal lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and e  be investigated by incubation of intact sediment cores injected with 14c-labelled substrates an   the validity of a stable isotope proxy model that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathwa  xy model that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environme
15252	5	val amphibians at the interspecific and community levels and their latitudinal variation. we in   at higher risk of extinction to global warming since their environmental temperatures are clos  ng a latitudinal gradient from tropical climate plasticity in metamorphic traits to pond drying  pical climate plasticity in metamorphic traits to pond drying under thermal stress. this inform  hic traits to pond drying under thermal stress. this information will allow to examine how clos
6834	2	lamiaceae. their absence, presence and distribution will be studied on species, genera level.   constituents of some species during the vegetation period . the data, obtained could well be us
15499	15	est the broad idea that, along with the evolution of the well-known domestication syndrome, lif   the well-known domestication syndrome, life history theory and plant physiological ecology wou  ical ecology would predict the parallel evolution of another whole suite of characters, made of  ther whole suite of characters, made of traits dragged either by correlative developmental cons  ion under cultivation. this may include traits linked to water and nutrient use efficiency, to   traits linked to water and nutrient use efficiency, to interactions with other organisms, or to  nisms, or to after-life effects on soil function through microbial use of leaf litter and dead    soil function through microbial use of leaf litter and dead roots. we have some scattered and   inages, and across multiple interacting traits. here, we will use comparative ecology to identi  nsequences over biotic interactions and ecosystem properties. in this specific project, we want  tes to modern domesticates, in terms of evolution of ecological strategies 2 has domestication   ngi and n-fixing bacteria and 3 did the evolution of novel plant strategies under domestication  der domestication had consequences over ecosystem nutrient cycling dynamics specifically, do cr  ots, and trigger faster litter and root decomposition rates than their wild ancestors we will r  decomposability assays, and will screen traits in a set of 30 pairs of sister species of ancest
15403	7	side of basic research in the field of herbivory under conditions of insularity and an applied  n some mediterranean islands quaternary vegetation evolved with herbivorous mammals that had a   major regulatory role. thus the current vegetation could absorb the impact of the introduction   this breed and increasing the impact on vegetation. in particular it is intended, by the microh  ermine the availability of food, animal density and habitat use of the last. finally we expecte  vailability of food, animal density and habitat use of the last. finally we expected to calcula  d domestic goat thus detecting possible competition between them. the information obtained will
10195	2	resolution, revealing both the general nature and specific instances of chromosomal rearrangem  , biomedicine, and to the mechanisms of evolution and speciation.
13709	1	investigate the mechanisms and rates of evolution in wolbachia. the four strains that will be u
10525	8	al part of the processes in the natural environment, and also potential very useful sources of   tant part of animal life. our digestive function is changed by probiotics, indicating bacteria   a are of vital importance in making the nutrients in grass usable by the animal. more widely, m  ia are responsible for the synthesis of nutrients not available in the diet. b helpful to the i  rcumstances-for instance, they increase resistance to pathogens and parasites. c parasitic, man  portant for our understanding of insect function in the natural environment-but these questions  nding of insect function in the natural environment-but these questions are not well resolved.   kely to be important in parasitism/host function . the genome sequence of a. triatominarum will
15233	6	lic capabilities. as a consequence, its distribution is almost universal, occupying many ecolog  s, oxidation of inorganic compounds and resistance to toxic metals aerobically, and anaerobical  eir potential to acquire genes from the environment; this might explain, at least in part, the   g of the acquisition mechanisms and the function of new metabolic routes, as well as their inte  es, as well as their integration in the metabolism of the receptor. a comparative genomic analy  l greatly increase our knowledge on the evolution of the species, and on the adaptation of the
14220	12	identifying the determinants of species abundance is a fundamental challenge in ecology with fa  differences have been noted in temporal abundance patterns of insects between temperate and tro  insect populations, and identified some species traits that affect population dynamics, this is  ntified some species traits that affect population dynamics, this issue is still very open in t   with studies of spatial congruence and life history, and take a phylogenetic comparative persp  enetic comparative perspective. using a community of tropical butterflies as the model system,   ommunity of tropical butterflies as the model system, we will test major hypotheses on what fac  determining population changes, and how life history traits determine emergent properties of tr  opulation changes, and how life history traits determine emergent properties of tropical insect  d significantly to our understanding of life history evolution and community structure in tropi  ly to our understanding of life history evolution and community structure in tropical forests a  rstanding of life history evolution and community structure in tropical forests and provide the
14131	3	enomena that have generated the current distribution of biodiversity. this approach, called com  ult from the interactions of species in ecosystems. until now, very few studies have been publi  nd reveal refuge areas and post-glacial migration patterns, we have chosen for comparison mamma
14813	4	es that share their circunmediterranean distribution by means of chloroplastic microsatellites   ir use in restoring ornamental and wood ecosystems, these being: arbutus unedo l., celtis austr  h species spread out over their area of distribution will be studied. the chosen markers are cp  edity, suitable to learn the geographic distribution of their genetic variability, and they als
6913	5	growth analysis and ecophysiological research are aimed  teractions between the various factors. growth analysis is an ideal method for studying the ind   correlations between the yield and the growth of maize plants, between the yield and photosynt  art in the ecophysiological studies and growth analysis. three junior scientists will be workin  the framework of the project. a book on growth analysis and yield formation and papers in scien
10008	7	ises our general understanding of venom evolution in the animal kingdom. this study aims to rem  sor molecules are the templates for the production of toxin proteins. by comparing the profiles  ess important questions relating to the evolution of venoms and venomous organisms. the most ba  tein, and this can change the protein s function to be more effective as a toxin. preliminary w  nfer whether particular episodes in the evolution of centipedes are associated with bouts of to  edes are associated with bouts of toxin evolution as well. we can also infer, by incorporating   nderstanding of the pattern of toxin in evolution across all animals. we can use the new data a
15137	4	n perfumes and crafts, and in restoring ecosystems. the selected species are: chamaerops humili  ch species, spread out over their whole distribution area, would be studied. the chosen markers  rs are suitable to learn the geographic distribution of genetic variability and, usually, prese  le responses of each species studied to climate change.
10792	2	ome of the extent to which open oceanic sedimentation encroaches onto the continental blocks du  -level stands. we will also compare the nature of the deep-sea sedimentary rock and fossil reco
11569	2	ome of the extent to which open oceanic sedimentation encroaches onto the continental blocks du  -level stands. we will also compare the nature of the deep-sea sedimentary rock and fossil reco
7662	14	ts strongly anthropised. processing and habitat loss are probably the major cause of loss of bi  ts strongly anthropised. processing and habitat loss are probably the major cause of loss of bi  at threatens the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems but also human health. the effects of multi-  l not well known on continental aquatic ecosystems. goals this project is part of the biologica  t of the biological responses component model organisms, it aims to develop a relevant tool mea  f genotoxicity exerted during embryonic development or germ cells. genotoxicity ecological rele  s: bioavailability of substances in the environment, the level of biological evolution of the o  he environment, the level of biological evolution of the organization and repair of DNA. repair  . repair of DNA strongly influences the stability of the lesions and therefore the genotoxic re  er than the genotoxicity of the aquatic environment. This strengthens the hypothesis that the e  to maintaining populations in anthropic environment. to interpret the link between genotoxicity  y organizations and genotoxicity of the environment, we must determine what are the repair capa  low-dose chemical substance in an urban environment in a fresh water body model, the zebra muss  urban environment in a fresh water body model, the zebra mussel. the zebra mussel is an invasiv
2478	21	marine ecosystems the world over are experiencing increasing n  substantial change to the structure and function of these ecosystems. society has recognized th   to the structure and function of these ecosystems. society has recognized that living marine r  sources require management in a broader ecosystem context. this proposal follows on from the su  inanced by the rcn. it conducted marine ecosystem comparisons based primarily on observational   tive studies by using several different ecosystem models and expand the geographic coverage to   ff norway. we will apply four different modeling approaches and compare the structure and funct  re the structure and functioning of the ecosystems in this manner. these approaches include eco  pproaches include ecopath, multispecies production models, biophysical models and the atlantis   dels and the atlantis end-to-end system model. for the two former models there will be very lit  e developments needed, but the atlantis model has not been set up for norwegian waters, and dev  gian waters, and developing an atlantis model for the barents sea will be a major part of the p  ea will be a major part of the project. ecosystem indicators are measures metrics that provide    a major part of the project. ecosystem indicators are measures metrics that provide informatio  racteristics of the system. we will use indicators 1 for comparing models and ecosystems, 2 in   e indicators 1 for comparing models and ecosystems, 2 in assessment of ecosystem status, and 3   dels and ecosystems, 2 in assessment of ecosystem status, and 3 as a means to monitor model per  tem status, and 3 as a means to monitor model performance against observations. indicators will  model performance against observations. indicators will therefore be the key metric for compari  e the key metric for comparison between ecosystems as well as a link between the models and eco  s well as a link between the models and ecosystem management, and thus a core element of the pr
10091	2	understanding the structure and function of microbial communities is the fundamental pr  ctivity of microbial communities in the environment is extremely difficult. this proposal seeks
12617	17	the extent of feedback between climate change and the terrestrial carbon cycle is one   ween climate change and the terrestrial carbon cycle is one of the main uncertainties in predic   uncertainties in predictions of future climate change. soil carbon dynamics are a key element   n predictions of future climate change. soil carbon dynamics are a key element of this because   ontain two or three times the amount of carbon as in vegetation or the atmosphere. in 2005 cran   three times the amount of carbon as in vegetation or the atmosphere. in 2005 cranfield publish  ory of england and wales for changes in soil carbon during the 1980s and 90s. this showed gains  the 1980s and 90s. this showed gains in carbon in some soils, but large losses in others and ov  across all types of land use, a link to climate change was suggested. subsequent studies have s  uggested. subsequent studies have shown climate change probably was in part responsible, but th  tever the reasons, such a large loss of carbon from soils has serious implications for the glob  has serious implications for the global carbon cycle, for the possibility of sequestering carbo  le, for the possibility of sequestering carbon in soils, and for the ability of soils to perfor  and these fail to detect the changes in soil carbon observed in the nsi. the reaons for the dif  tain about 2 thousand million tonnes of carbon, detecting a change of even 4 million tonnes is   his project will provide an independent evaluation of the findings of the two surveys by a stat  eld and ceh. given that our datasets on soil carbon in england and wales are among the most com
14202	1	n and livestock zoonoses as well as for evaluation of the significance of each borrelia species
14656	3	one of the principal expressions of the global change that affects the planet is the increase i  ite and ammonium. nevertheless, certain salinity can increase the penetration of ruv-b in water  ose to test the effect of low levels of salinity on the combined effect of uv-b and nitrogenous
2004	4	we use new insights in possible chaotic behavior of multi-taxa systems. parallel to this, we wi  l analyze the same diversity changes as function of the principal parameters of global change f  function of the principal parameters of global change from climate-sensitive cores at 2550 m ab  ncipal parameters of global change from climate-sensitive cores at 2550 m above sea level in th
14426	5	aim: investigation and ecological evaluation of hydro-ecosystem status of dam lakes, used  tion and ecological evaluation of hydro-ecosystem status of dam lakes, used for net cage aquacu  akes, used for net cage aquaculture and development of a methodology for determination of the m  of problems and negative effects on the environment, caused mainly by the released fish faeces   od and the type of the used feed, water temperature etc.
7720	2	in the humid tropics have enabled the development of high human densities in sometimes ungrat  ive approach is implemented through the participation of researchers from different disciplines
12685	1	th the environmental protection , and a review of other applicable methods. the results of the
11302	9	s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and  on of the miocene fossil record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. fi  ed light on the formative stages of the evolution of our own bipedality. the suggestion that bi  ostures might enable either transfer of energy between joints; or the transfer of energy from t  ergy between joints; or the transfer of energy from the flexible branches to the orangutan, in    the same way as human athletes recover energy when running on springy running tracks. to study  mplete picture of internal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality.  lso complement these data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and bet  se data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and between joints in sit
11309	9	s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and  on of the miocene fossil record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. fi  ed light on the formative stages of the evolution of our own bipedality. the suggestion that bi  ostures might enable either transfer of energy between joints; or the transfer of energy from t  ergy between joints; or the transfer of energy from the flexible branches to the orangutan, in    the same way as human athletes recover energy when running on springy running tracks. to study  mplete picture of internal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality.  lso complement these data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and bet  se data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and between joints in sit
11831	9	s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and  on of the miocene fossil record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. fi  ed light on the formative stages of the evolution of our own bipedality. the suggestion that bi  ostures might enable either transfer of energy between joints; or the transfer of energy from t  ergy between joints; or the transfer of energy from the flexible branches to the orangutan, in    the same way as human athletes recover energy when running on springy running tracks. to study  mplete picture of internal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality.  lso complement these data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and bet  se data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and between joints in sit
10181	7	this study will focus on a model species for behavioural and ecological research,   rs. are these differences caused by the environment, including their experience in the egg, or   g of how organisms are adapted to their environment and the extent to which this adaptation is   w organisms have evolved to exploit the environment, this knowledge is vital to our understandi  sms will cope with our rapidly changing environment - either due to climate change or habitat l  ly changing environment - either due to climate change or habitat loss.   nment - either due to climate change or habitat loss.
11764	3	te triassic period were involved in the evolution of quadrupedality and also to test the stabil   of quadrupedality and also to test the stability of walking/running at different speeds with d  eeds with different gaits. finally, the evolution of these systems will be investigated by comb
11653	3	ic hypotheses concerning the origin and evolution of birds. hitherto, unstudiable morphology of  to test phylogenies and the sequence of development of the avian ear. data sets for significant  dern birds. in addition to the discrete nature of the project, it will make available new and i
10563	6	resolved in some way for the society to function. the most fundamental conflict concerns the di   most fundamental conflict concerns the distribution of reproduction. animal societies vary eno   reproductive skew , which measures the evenness with which reproduction is distributed among g  the first experiment of this kind large-scale on a free-living population of banded mongooses t  hich individuals exert control over the distribution of reproduction, and provide information o  n of causality between variation in the distribution of reproduction and variation in individua
11690	6	resolved in some way for the society to function. the most fundamental conflict concerns the di   most fundamental conflict concerns the distribution of reproduction. animal societies vary eno   reproductive skew , which measures the evenness with which reproduction is distributed among g  the first experiment of this kind large-scale on a free-living population of banded mongooses t  hich individuals exert control over the distribution of reproduction, and provide information o  n of causality between variation in the distribution of reproduction and variation in individua
11435	5	s the leading theory for explaining the evolution of social behaviour in organisms. the theory   ntal basis, and the need to explain the complexity of animal sociality, investigating kin selec  her reproductive drifters are losers in dominance battles with resident workers. we will also m  ill be broad because of the fundamental nature of the research, widespread interest in social e  research, widespread interest in social evolution, and the possibility that the results will ca
7490	15	elivering food, fibre and bio-fuels and carbon storage. however, the demand is greater than the  r than the amount of soil available, as production of bio-fuels competes with areas for food pr   bio-fuels competes with areas for food production and nature. moreover, intensified land use r  etes with areas for food production and nature. moreover, intensified land use reduces soil bio  ces soil biodiversity and the resulting ecosystem services. soilservice will value soil biodive  soil biodiversity through the impact on ecosystem services and propose how these values can be    biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web models and determine effects of changing soil   ffects of changing soil biodiversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosph  iversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as ass   on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as assess cons   and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as assess consequences for   aluing soil biodiversity in relation to ecosystem services. objectives: develop methods to valu  jectives: develop methods to value soil ecosystem services during different pressure of land us  changes in soil biodiversity. field and modelling studies will determine to what spatial and te  poral scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance.
15240	2	altruism and cooperation are evident traits of social insects. less obvious are the numerous  een, the workers and the larvae for the production of new queens. in effect, young larvae are g
13337	4	o the two other components, species and ecosystems. the congress consortium aims to rectify thi  ps 1 – 5 which will provide a one-stop, community-enabled web portal, including the following c  er advisory group, who will oversee the development of these tools and ensure their utility for   tools and ensure their utility for the community who will benefit from them.
15241	2	coastal waters has experienced a great development in recent years. however, these advances do  units grazing causes impact on seagrass ecosystems, inducing changes in their dynamics and/or h
10279	8	anisms have a planktonic phase in their life history and spend the first days or weeks of their  ological processes including the global distribution of species, the creation of new species, a  usually taken to infer levels of larval connectivity. the first uses detailed oceanographic mod  xamine the genetic structure and larval connectivity of the massive coral montastraea annularis  s natural history is relatively easy to model which lends itself to modelling larval dispersal.  ely easy to model which lends itself to modelling larval dispersal. therefore, we are able to p  gene flow to predicted levels of larval connectivity. insight from this project will also suppo  ill also support on-going activities to model the metapopulation dynamics of this important cor
7433	1	ty. assistance requested focuses on the recruitment of a doctoral student, on charges of experi
7155	5	intensified human pressures on natural ecosystems: expansion of urbanization and transport inf  anization and transport infrastructure, development of industrial zones and increase of agricul  ones and increase of agricultural land. habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from this land  logy was first allowed to calibrate the model during its development phase, and then to test it  lowed to calibrate the model during its development phase, and then to test its validity
7161	2	sive cereal plain is a highly anthropic environment, where biodiversity is declining. many heri  . many heritage species to optimize the abundance of food resources, and therefore the heritage
10267	15	e host has evolved genes which code for resistance mechanisms to reduce, or even eliminate, the  mple, be resistant to a parasite at one temperature but susceptible at another. in other words   eptible at another. in other words some resistance genes are only functional in particular envi  cularly relevant in the face of current environmental change where organisms in some areas are   ge in environmental conditions, such as temperature and co2 levels. natural populations of orga  dual variation in the genes controlling traits such as growth and flowering time. such genetic   in the genes controlling traits such as growth and flowering time. such genetic variation is cr  result of environmental factors such as temperature we know that some genes may only be functio  ronments. if specific genes involved in resistance are, for example, consistently less able to    for example, consistently less able to function at high temperatures, then it will mean a func  ional decrease in genetic variation for resistance at these higher temperatures, and hence a hi  ut to map out the impact of such genome-environment interactions. it will do this by measuring   measuring genetic variation in parasite resistance in different populations of the plant arabid   infection. it aims to understand how a temperature increase will change the ability of host po  s to develop strategies for secure food production in future climates.
468	6	o a population, with or without feeding stress. main results are that the reproductive effort p  differ between populations, but feeding stress had no effect. lastly, a spatially distributed m  spatially distributed matrix population model integrating passive larva dispersal and active ju  rvival and fecundity was developed. the model was calibrated to fit fragment-level metapopulati  an now be linked to secondary models of stress impact to simulate population level responses to   simulate population level responses to global change.
445	2	ve cereal fields are highly transformed ecosystems where biodiversity is being lost. many patri  any patrimonial species to optimize the abundance of food resources and therefore of patrimonia
10185	2	ioural, morphological and physiological traits are shaped by natural and sexual selection. sexu  t genetic diversity. using experimental evolution in the fruitfly, drosophila pseudoobscura, we
13879	8	es have been attributed to agricultural intensification. to be able to propose adequate conserv  and the mechanisms whereby agricultural intensification affects bee populations. through its ef  ects on farming practices and landscape heterogeneity, agricultural intensification may contrib  d landscape heterogeneity, agricultural intensification may contribute to the decrease in polli   utilize resources. therefore landscape complexity may affect bee diversity in a predictable wa  whereby farming practices and landscape complexity affects species richness and population dens  nd landscape complexity affects species richness and population densities will be investigated.  ine bee foraging success and population growth. the results will be used to propose measures to
15000	6	ies genetically diverse may have higher growth rates and lower extinction risks. however, there   to the loss of genetic variability. in nature there are different types of selection, such as   dy in which extent those changes in the environment and the populations affect genetic variabil   cycles, population characteristics and distribution patterns, our aim is to work on those intr  apability of the organisms, the spatial distribution of the subpopulations, the ecological nich  portance for understanding properly the evolution, viability of the populations as well as the
14947	5	ies of individuals may also change as a function of individual, populational and environmental   between males and females, such as body growth patterns and morphology, including teeth, tooth   ction as denoted by age-relative antler development, tooth wear, and other physiological traits  nt, tooth wear, and other physiological traits such as the nature and amount of glandular secre   other physiological traits such as the nature and amount of glandular secretions likely relate
14752	3	t in the rbbm, and to evaluate, through distribution analysis of species and their degrees of t  techniques, the isolation level and the distribution boundaries of the species and/or populatio  t in the study area. we propose, like a model, to focus the study in the species of the genus x
7220	3	no, the location of fish shoals are all ecosystem services provided by seabird colonies. most r  to identify the conservation status and ecosystem services provided by marine birds in three co  costs and benefits, economic and social ecosystem services rendered by seabirds. we have indeed
13751	9	the distribution and abundance of animals among habitats an                     the distribution and abundance of animals among habitats and their relative   mance in those habitats are crucial for population dynamics and the understanding of how animal  animals vary in space and time. linking habitat selection and demography is thus important not   ology but also for the understanding of population dynamics and how animals vary in space and t  space and time. proper understanding of habitat selection is increasingly important today when   portant today when human activities and environmental change may result in habitat selection be   and environmental change may result in habitat selection becoming decoupled from habitat suita  bitat selection becoming decoupled from habitat suitability will be very valuable for proper ma
14897	1	imited possibilities of survival and of development of its evolutionary potential, although eac
2159	5	y binding private-public partnership in nature conservation and management. our hypotheses are:   are: 1 conflicts around designation of nature conservation areas are seldom founded on disagre   the potential to moderate conflicts in nature conservation, and thereby increase the conservat  , and thereby increase the conservation efficiency and help reducing loss of biodiversity and c  maintenance of the actual resources. in nature conservation there is a need for closer interdis
7471	4	o the two other components, species and ecosystems. the congress consortium aims to rectify thi   wps 1 5 which will provide a one-stop, community-enabled web portal, including the following c  er advisory group, who will oversee the development of these tools and ensure their utility for   tools and ensure their utility for the community who will benefit from them
6942	7	diversity, intraspecific phylogeny and distribution history of three freshwater mollusc specie   the different patterns of their recent distribution reflect probably to their different biogeo  refore, the three species are usable as model species of the different distribution types. the   sable as model species of the different distribution types. the main basic research questions a  intraspecific lineages and what kind of distribution pattern do they show - what are the system  ecular phylogenetics contributes to the growth of the research community. considering that two   ntributes to the growth of the research community. considering that two of the species are of h
9916	1	subadult foraging ground, developmental habitat and west and central african fishery harvests.
14829	3	tic tags. finally, we will contrast the population dynamics inferred from the genetic patterns   inferred from the historical changes in habitat availability and distribution.   cal changes in habitat availability and distribution.
13414	1	ith the scope of main project entitled ‘community based conservation of domestic animal genetic
14515	4	kly islet , by using these birds as bio-indicators of the organochlorine and trace metal levels  us, instead of as a constraint to local development, promotes the perception of conservation as  e quality of both, their life and their environment. the use of biomarkers, like stable isotope  nvironment. the use of biomarkers, like stable isotopes, and pollutants combined with data on d
13416	1	tu conditions with the project entitled community based conservation of domestic animal genetic
15431	3	e usefulness of ring recoveries to make distribution models of several bird species in winterin  anges are also useful to predict winter distribution to explore the geographical shifts of wint  ictions in order to identify the future distribution of the most suitable sectors
12174	3	this research projects seeks to review current knowledge of the impacts of widely pract  edge of the impacts of widely practised vegetation management on the historic upland environmen  ation management on the historic upland environment and to identify evidence based examples of
14760	1	project is the improvement of the maerl community knowledge in the atlantic iberian peninsula .
6959	12	ffects of the human land use results in habitat destruction and seriously endanger the stabilit   destruction and seriously endanger the stability of populations. certain species of conservati  covered different types of responses to environmental change, but very little is known about th  ies diversity has been shown to enhance ecosystem resistance to disturbances, such as climate c  ity has been shown to enhance ecosystem resistance to disturbances, such as climate change, and  tem resistance to disturbances, such as climate change, and, in certain biotopes, it has been s  species. the aim of this project is the evaluation of ecological, morphological and genetic div  luenced landscape in the characteristic habitat complexes of the pannonian ecoregion. genetic d  ecological and genetic diversity due to intensification of land use and climate change in terre   due to intensification of land use and climate change in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems wi  imate change in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will be possible. these results can provide   e. these results can provide support to nature conservation to better focus financial and human
7711	6	, the pac is on the hot seat. intensive production models, which has specialized and simplified  ntation of the operating systems to the production of public goods that meet societal expectati  est forms of support to be given to the production of public goods by agriculture. the objectiv   of this project lies in the successive evaluation of the production of public goods in differe  ies in the successive evaluation of the production of public goods in different public policy f  lture would be promoted to maximize the production of public goods as interpreted a given refer
14654	1	s host will take place in their natural habitat, and those with the pin-tailed whydah and the e
14487	2	ic relations, like brood parasitism and predation, we find conspicuous visual designs, sometime   of the present project to find out the function of these visual designs in several species of
2526	12	the symbioses project initiates development of an integrated modeling framework for eco   initiates development of an integrated modeling framework for ecosystem based assessments with  of an integrated modeling framework for ecosystem based assessments with application to the lof  nts sea region. the proposed integrated modeling system combines 6 existing component models in  single integrated framework to simulate ecosystem interactions together with the uptake, bio-tr  of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine ecosystem. this allows for the simultaneous analysis of  oleum industry activities on the marine ecosystem with the potential to include other perturbat   consortium of field, experimental, and modeling experts in ecology, ecotoxicology, and risk as  ss: 1. construction; 2. testing; and 3. optimization. the completion of all steps will realize    steps will realize a fully functioning ecosystem simulation and analysis tool to soundly asses  ing financial support from one end-user community, initiates the first step of this three step   system, we will establish an integrated modeling framework at the university of tromsø supercom
7103	7	th for research and for action - in the development and evaluation of environmental public acti  and for action - in the development and evaluation of environmental public action in particular  tivities. we propose an analysis of the development available to the management of wolf populat  of biodiversity conservation issues and development of agriculture. the scientific challenge is  rehensive presentation of the political development of wolf populations in france. such analysi   the possibilities of interaction for a production"integrated"knowledge and better efficiency t  duction"integrated"knowledge and better efficiency thereof for managing
12294	1	o specification provided by defra. 1 to review nfu/clas proposed work on management description
10436	8	eproduction. food resources provide the energy, and refuge resources the opportunity, to surviv  oit limiting resources. this process of competition combines with extrinsic processes such as p  mbines with extrinsic processes such as predation and disease to determine the match between pa   the match between patterns of consumer abundance and patterns of resource-rich habitat. the pr  abundance and patterns of resource-rich habitat. the proposed study will experimentally deplete  experimentally deplete and redistribute habitat for populations of consumers. habitat loss is o  e habitat for populations of consumers. habitat loss is one of the principal causes of species   imental refuge sites, and watering with nutrients will increase the available food in test area
2014	8	question in ecology. seed dispersal and density-dependent mortality are central processes in th  y. seed dispersal and density-dependent mortality are central processes in the major current th  e diversity. however, theorists usually model dispersal using smooth, leptokurtic functions. th   only is seed survival dependent on the density of conspecific seeds, survival may also be affe  red natural enemies , context-dependent seed predation, and seedling establishment. finally, i   seedling establishment. finally, i will model dispersal and predation to explore how contagious  nt. finally, i will model dispersal and predation to explore how contagiousness and apparent co  explore how contagiousness and apparent competition affect species diversity.
12348	3	key customer purpose to assist in the development of a uk strategy for the management of cont  al. summary objectives to establish the scale of the problem of contaminated sediments in uk ha  ce within the principles of sustainable development. – guidance and assessment to validate the
12611	4	tion will enable the identification and evaluation of the drivers for technology selection and   reas for potential further research and development, which may also attract investment, both of  aminated land contractor and consultant community through the planned questionnaires, it will b  the whole contaminated land stakeholder community.
11027	4	tural experiment in which anthropogenic environmental change is forcing biotic response on a gl   is forcing biotic response on a global scale. short term ecological data have only been accumu  aribbean-wide decline of extensive reef ecosystems during the early miocene, however the precis  l help guide further study of the local-scale details of the event with the overall aim of deve
11070	3	oil co2 efflux is driven by autotrophic respiration; i.e. the flux of carbon occurring directly  totrophic respiration; i.e. the flux of carbon occurring directly from plant roots and indirect  fungi to soil co2 efflux in response to climate manipulation.
12248	4	and compliment two previous projects; a review of research papers, reports and other publicatio  y specific text. this will indicate the nature of the conflict and examine the potential to ove  ting ees objectives. this might include development, or establishment, of benchmarks against wh  ain, in part, an update of the report a review of research papers, reports and other publicatio
10404	19	t biodiversity affects the way in which ecosystems perform, such as the rate at which carbon is  tems perform, such as the rate at which carbon is recycled or stored. but biodiversity has many  onents, and we have recently shown that community composition , rather than the number of speci  s the key factor in regulating rates of carbon turnover. however, a largely ignored component o  own that the number of individuals in a community has significant impacts on plant productivity  munity has significant impacts on plant productivity by affecting competitive abilities of spec  s have also demonstrated that key plant traits related to carbon cycling are highly variable wi  trated that key plant traits related to carbon cycling are highly variable within species. thes  s potentially important consequences on carbon turnover. this project therefore seeks to discov  h plant intraspecific diversity affects carbon turnover in species-rich limestone grassland. mo  s to mimic the variation that occurs in nature. we will measure the carbon content of soil in a  t occurs in nature. we will measure the carbon content of soil in a number of important physica  rtant physical fractions and release of carbon as co2 from the soil surface. in addition, we wi   - a natural and easily distinguishable carbon isotope - to enable us to quantify the amount of   to enable us to quantify the amount of carbon that plants allocate to soils. this will enable   ng of how genotypic diversity regulates carbon turnover. the data will be analysed alongside th  alongside the comprehensive datasets on productivity of individuals already obtained in past pr  f intraspecific diversity in regulating carbon turnover. the work will further our understandin   of biodiversity that are important for carbon turnover, and the soil factors that may regulate
7534	1	ct aims to test the hypothesis of a co- evolution between a virus transmitted vegetatively and
7381	1	the genetic diversity of maize and its evolution will be evaluated through the ssap markers on
12729	4	nce-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services note: as a contribution, there is no  defra report. the funding supported the production of analysis and information prior to the wor  rts are available on the united nations environment programme website: http://ipbes.net/previou  nce-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services unep/ipbes/3/3
12714	3	be managed for defra by the sustainable development programme officer based in the embassy in b  grating conservation in the sustainable development agenda. this project will enable the brazil  ies involved in this project will be to review existing national and international approaches a
12711	2	commission initiated ‘the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. teeb runs to 2010 will est  runs to 2010 will estimate the value of ecosystem services and produce outputs in autumn 2009 a
12713	1	nce-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services
14639	1	e rejection of the helminths and/or the evolution to the chronicity observed in some cases. to
12746	1	on to the achievement of the millennium development goals.
15224	6	-depth analysis of the wealth of fauna, phenology and bioecology, family culicidae, in order to  es provided by these tools, to help the development of the project on issues such as the distin  mal pathogens. the ultimate goal is the development of an epidemiological map of the study area  al map of the study area, including the distribution of harvested species, the evolution of wea   distribution of harvested species, the evolution of weather data recorded and the data availab  enerate a bio-ecological and functional classification of the species caught in order to establ
15483	6	humans challenges our understanding of evolution through natural selection and it is a much de  igate whether cooperation prevails over competition in several aspects of social life in the cr  ion, we will investigate whether social facilitation can help individuals to overcome neophobia   this species, will help to explain the stability of cooperatively breeding groups, and will sh  ding groups, and will shed light on the function of each member in different contexts of group    with almost no exchange, hindering the development of a comprehensive theory of cooperation.
11144	4	the evolution of cooperative behaviour is a fundamental and   such as fish stocks or failure to curb carbon emissions are obvious examples. an extensive the  t has a supportive and thermoregulatory function; and individual nest chambers embedded beneath  mine whether this effort is costly. the function of the public goods will also be quantified by
10315	20	southern ocean has a unique and iconic ecosystem. it includes vast reserves of krill which cou  lsewhere. it helps stabilise the global climate by absorbing greenhouse gases and it supplies s  e gases and it supplies some of the key nutrients which sustain life in other oceans. these fun   the crucial role of the southern ocean ecosystem in the workings of the earth as a whole. ther  e is strong evidence that risk posed by climate change is more severe and imminent for the sout  ere and imminent for the southern ocean ecosystem than almost any other marine ecosystem. this    ecosystem than almost any other marine ecosystem. this threatens the ecosystem s ability to de  er marine ecosystem. this threatens the ecosystem s ability to deliver the benefits described a  above. assessment of the southern ocean ecosystem s likely responses to change is required to s  g together scientists with expertise on ecosystems, climate and biogeochemistry , the global pr  cientists with expertise on ecosystems, climate and biogeochemistry , the global programme whic  t will assess the state of knowledge on environmental change and biological responses, and prod  ojections of the biological response to climate change. the second workshop, for which we are r  efforts to predict how the structure of food webs responds to change and produce projections of  o change and produce projections of how food webs might change in future. these workshops shoul   help to ensure that the southern ocean ecosystem s response to change is given due considerati  ment. we are at a critical point in the development of iced, where we need to maintain momentum  challenge of integrating southern ocean ecosystem, climate and biogeochemical research. this wi  f integrating southern ocean ecosystem, climate and biogeochemical research. this will ensure p  ted, understanding of the structure and function of the southern ocean, its response to change
7453	3	el strategies employed for survival and growth. such studies are essential in understanding how  early identifiable, dynamic and durable community. establishing this community will encourage g  nd durable community. establishing this community will encourage greater inter-disciplinarity a
10978	3	dominant grazers of many phytoplankton mortality to determining sex ratios will be developed.   ons of the relative control of food and predators. an optimal life-history model will be develo   and predators. an optimal life-history model will be developed in order for us to examine diff
11429	3	dominant grazers of many phytoplankton mortality to determining sex ratios will be developed.   ons of the relative control of food and predators. an optimal life-history model will be develo   and predators. an optimal life-history model will be developed in order for us to examine diff
7515	1	ations of their hosts. . 1 what are the colonization routes groupers in the mediterranean basin
13821	9	nvestigates how the social and physical environment influences behavioural performance in a com  es behavioural performance in a complex environment. animals process information about several   sume more food, and respond faster to a predator attack than unfamiliar individuals. these resu  ces the ability to find prey and detect predators, predicting that the advantage of familiarity  e of familiarity will increase with the complexity of the foraging task. part 2: since aggressi  uccessful in finding prey and detecting predators than less aggressive individuals. part 3: as   e individuals. part 3: as environmental complexity stimulate neural growth in mammals, we predi  vironmental complexity stimulate neural growth in mammals, we predict that fish reared in simpl  simple habitats will show reduced brain development, lower capacity to perform complex foraging
11587	7	cognise that we need to manage using an ecosystem based approach while at the same time maintai  dustry in management decisions. such an ecosystem approach requires a more mechanistic understa   understanding of the role the physical environment plays whilst also taking into account multi  hilst also taking into account multiple species interactions. it is also clear, as more demand   hysical mechanisms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this resear  ms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this research will greatly   derstanding needed for implementing the ecosystem approach to sustainable fisheries management.
11564	1	obal human activities into biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in marine sediments.
2483	2	plex marine habitats on earth. no other environment is host to so many fish species, with such   ld chromis neoglyphidodon nigroris as a model species. comparative work will be based on data c
10653	1	gical forms that each mimic a different model. from breeding studies it is well known that a si
11274	1	general biological implications of ear function have been investigated thoroughly. the soft ti
10073	4	finite lifespans in fact, reproduction, growth, repair and longevity are often negatively assoc  tion in genetic knowledge available for model organisms such as the fruitfly makes this an idea  y college london. it will involve large-scale tests of the effect on longevity of blocking vari  results on a national and international scale. the outputs will be high quality, basic research
10635	21	the environment that an individual experiences during growt  t that an individual experiences during growth and development has profound implications for th  ndividual experiences during growth and development has profound implications for the future he  lose relations often provide the social environment in which growth and development takes place  provide the social environment in which growth and development takes place. however, because pa   social environment in which growth and development takes place. however, because parental care  important effects for the diversity and evolution of life-history traits and behaviours such as  diversity and evolution of life-history traits and behaviours such as growth rates, clutch size  e-history traits and behaviours such as growth rates, clutch size, sexual attractiveness and be  he availability of key resources in the environment. however, although the importance of within  portance of within-family conflicts for growth, development and fitness is increasingly being r   of within-family conflicts for growth, development and fitness is increasingly being recognise  igher within-family conflict had faster growth compared to siblings reared under lower levels o  indicating a substantial costs of rapid growth and of family conflict. these costs are most pro  ly a consequence of increased oxidative stress, which occurs when high levels of free radicals,  ween self-maintenance and investment in growth and reproduction, and hence fitness. this projec   effects of sexual conflict and sibling competition on growth and fitness of offspring, examine  ual conflict and sibling competition on growth and fitness of offspring, examine the cost basis  of offspring, examine the cost basis of growth through the measurement of oxidative stress and   th through the measurement of oxidative stress and manipulation of dietary antioxidant availabi   zebra finches taeniopygia guttata as a model species.
10229	11	the environment experienced during early life can have prof  lations consequently provide the social environment in which growth and development takes place  provide the social environment in which growth and development takes place. however, parental c   social environment in which growth and development takes place. however, parental care is cost  , such as food, which are necessary for growth and development of young. this creates the condi  ood, which are necessary for growth and development of young. this creates the conditions for c  on the availability of resources in the environment. in many birds resource availability during  ents may not have full control over the distribution of food among offspring. however, parents   n simultaneously track resources in the environment and increase control over within-brood food  ainty by marginal chicks, such that the development and fitness of core chicks is largely indep  ng asynchrony should conditions improve environment through compensatory resource allocation th
178	17	eas: 1. questions linked with oxidative stress and immune function and 2. questions linked with  linked with oxidative stress and immune function and 2. questions linked with copulation costs   linked with copulation costs and immune function. the main questions linked with oxidative stre  he main questions linked with oxidative stress and immune function are: a is oxidative stress a  linked with oxidative stress and immune function are: a is oxidative stress accompanied with im  and immune function are: a is oxidative stress accompanied with immune responses energetically   es energetically costly, b is oxidative stress per se energetically costly, c which part of mel  tically costly, c which part of melanin production is responsible for the costs of immune respo  e response, d whether and how oxidative stress affects immune function i.e.is the oxidative str  and how oxidative stress affects immune function i.e.is the oxidative stress beneficial and e d  ts immune function i.e.is the oxidative stress beneficial and e does oxidative stress incur lon   stress beneficial and e does oxidative stress incur long-term effects on immune function wheth  tress incur long-term effects on immune function whether and how previous copulation affects ma  nown aspects of the costs of the immune function, oxidative stress and copulation in insects ha  costs of the immune function, oxidative stress and copulation in insects has a potential impact  ects has a potential impact for further development of basic disciplines. elucidating the micro  oevolutionary aspects related to immune function of insects bears a potential practical value f
11436	4	demonstrated, assumption underlying the evolution of disease resistance is that the maintenance  ion underlying the evolution of disease resistance is that the maintenance and activation of th  eeding strategy to incorporate the lost nutrients, and hence that any costs will be revealed on   revealed only under conditions of food-stress. the aim of this project is to apply the geometr
12598	1	of peat extraction for biodiversity and carbon storage. peat use in soil improver materials has
12667	6	oad habitats, landscape features, soil, vegetation and freshwaters. the survey is an important   rotection programme and supports policy development across a large number of policy areas inclu   of policy areas including: sustainable development, uk biodiversity action plan, cap reform, a  diversity action plan, cap reform, agri-environment schemes, environmental impact assessment, a   framework directive, soil strategy and climate change programme. new methods of data collectio  tryside and the implications for policy development. the last survey and assessment was underta
10042	8	es also protect other components of the ecosystem or attempt to protect many species by setting   species by setting aside some of their habitat in reserves. the latter approach assumes that m   focus on the key processes driving the ecosystem. if the ecosystem processes remain intact, th  processes driving the ecosystem. if the ecosystem processes remain intact, then many components   though it is explicitly embodied by an ecosystem-based approach to management to which most go   disturbance is highly dependent on the abundance of their seaweed competitor. in turn, the ava  s corals from building the complex reef habitat on which much biodiversity depends. this projec  rc grant and enables us to manage a key ecosystem process .
7195	6	ges in agriculture in europe, including intensification and abandonment, have led to a signific  on is primarily due to a combination of habitat loss and degradation of habitat quality. the in  tion of habitat loss and degradation of habitat quality. the interactions between types and int   and intensity of farming practices and abundance of common birds are complex. indeed, agro-eco   common birds are complex. indeed, agro-ecosystems are characterized by a scenario approach to   f price and public policy on compromise production / biodiversity conservation
12742	4	of changes in character and delivery of ecosystem services in the english landscape. specifical  ape. specifically, the project would: 1.review the previous methodology for ‘countryside qualit  countryside character 2.determine which ecosystem services can be attributed to landscape chara  to landscape character and features . 3.review existing data sets on landscape character and qu
10726	13	the attention of the world s scientific community only two years after publication of darwin s   was hailed as the ultimate evidence for evolution. the study proposed here will reveal new info  l new information about the ecology and evolution of this enigmatic fossil, using a rigorously   c fossil, using a rigorously quantified modelling approach. in some respects we know a good dea  wings like partridges do are changes in function of the skeleton mirrored by changes in the sku  red by changes in the skull did cranial evolution keep pace with the rest of the skeleton was t  oads they experience, and the resulting stress and strain can dictate the shape of the skeleton  phology of archaeopteryx relates to its function. deducing this would inform on its feeding beh  the selective pressures driving cranial evolution. the aim of this study is to deliver this kno   fea is that we know little of how well model results reflect reality, and which input paramete  ill then apply the same loads to the fe-model and quantify the difference in orientation and ma  magnitude of the experimental versus fe-model derived strain. by altering elastic properties, l  , i will see which parameters influence model results the most. the resulting information can b
14427	1	e. they are crucial for studying normal development, creating models of human disorders and are
515	5	on – as regards the elaboration and the evaluation of environmental public action notably linki  diversity preservation and agricultural evolution. the scientific stake is to produce knowledge   understand the analysis of a policy in development, in relying on the work in new sociology of  lities of interaction for an integrated production of knowledge and a better efficiency for man  ed production of knowledge and a better efficiency for management control of the latter.
229	1	icted by a 70-parametric general linear model fitted to original data with the statistical sas
13864	3	basis for choosing a replacement of the model currently used to assess acidification in swedens  n swedens eqc for surface waters. three evaluation criteria will be employed: 1. suitability of  nt of the existing empirical assessment model. prototype assessment systems based on all four a
11455	5	is to test how they formed, by detailed mapping of their morphology and geochemistry at the mic  eochemistry at the micron to nanomicron scale, and by controlled laboratory experiments. the fi  ich mineral phases, laid down in a high-energy, poorly-oxygenated, shallow water setting some 3  hemical cycles. activities of bacterial metabolism, if present, will also have major implicatio  o have major implications for biosphere evolution, for the atmospheric history of the planet, a
10787	1	ble to all aspects of our environmental model. this will be supported by culture and the compar
11300	1	ble to all aspects of our environmental model. this will be supported by culture and the compar
6895	4	.e. lps and flagellar antigens. vaccine development against salmonella is hindered by the low-l  e proteins is elevated resulting in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. unfortunately,  oss-reactive antibodies. unfortunately, colonization by the rfah mutant of the gut is hindered   ral mutants. mutants that show a better colonization with the retained potential of eliciting a
444	9	among current global changes, habitat degradation is the principal cause of biodivers  ecies were actually influenced by large scale habitat perturbation. to do so, we used a very la  were actually influenced by large scale habitat perturbation. to do so, we used a very large sc  rbation. to do so, we used a very large scale land-cover and an independent bird survey dataset  and an independent bird survey dataset. habitat disturbance affecting landscapes between 1992 a  e of 15500 2x2 km squares. biodiversity indicators were provided by the french breeding bird su  erturbation had a strong impact on bird community richness and composition. we further focused   n had a strong impact on bird community richness and composition. we further focused on landsca  was a good predictor of the present-day community homogeneity. in this respect, the importance
7160	3	narios of changing habitats on a global scale. for example, species diversity can be compared a  ctions under scenarios of various urban development. the same type of approach will be used for  roach will be used for the agricultural community, foresters, natural, managed and / or protect
10239	2	of food to the ocean floor and benthic community responses to variations in the downward flux   s to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochemicals by
10748	2	of food to the ocean floor and benthic community responses to variations in the downward flux   s to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochemicals by
10750	2	of food to the ocean floor and benthic community responses to variations in the downward flux   s to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochemicals by
11717	2	of food to the ocean floor and benthic community responses to variations in the downward flux   s to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochemicals by
11036	4	icant in the conversion of crude oil to methane and what factors dictate their activity in the   t factors dictate their activity in the environment. when we have this information the benefits  e converted to more readily recoverable methane gas. this research will tell us what organisms   arn how quickly they can convert oil to methane and other end products, information that can ul
11337	1	in forest structure and crucial in post-mining rehabilitation of the island and its economy. th
7506	1	ensure long- term preservation, genetic stability, and secure management of this high-quality a
7549	1	ses problems for conservation programs. resistance apex citrus freezing has been shown but cryo
14950	2	an important role. thus, we propose the development and validation of an effective methodology   jaculates. first of all, we propose the evaluation of different commercial extenders .
7539	2	aise the methodological locks for large-scale application of this method to the conservation of  buds. it is to develop a method for the recovery of meristems after freezing, by in - vitro tec
9867	5	in nature, organisms evolve in response to changes not onl  nse to changes not only in the physical environment but also in their competitors, predators an  ironment but also in their competitors, predators and parasites. the evolutionary battle betwee  s canorus, and its hosts provide a good model system for studying these evolutionary processes   e local information to adapt rapidly to environmental change. and it will add to our knowledge
10593	4	in nature, conflicts between species often involve evoluti  improvements in strategies of attack by predators/parasites lead to improvements in defence by   fence by prey/hosts, leading to further predator/parasite improvements, and so on. interactions  earning on the course of cuckoo-host co-evolution.
10059	8	the way that adaptations arise during evolution is currently a hot topic in biology. in parti  lp us understand how organisms adapt to environmental change. cuckoos and their hosts offer a c  mine the genetic basis of adaptation in nature. one great advantage of working on cuckoos and t   selective advantages of adaptations in nature very precisely because each party selects charac  dd-looking eggs by hosts has driven the evolution of cuckoo eggs that perfectly mimic those lai  , the work will produce the first large scale genomic resources in a cuckoo species and will th  hus be of great use to the considerable community of evolutionary biologists working on cuckoos   to the study of genetic adaptations in nature. it therefore has the potential to open up an en
2473	1	s that can replace those collected from nature.structural studies coupled with bioassays will b
13399	1	ing in the natural flora of turkey, the production of these mushrooms in cultural conditions ha
7496	1	natifida is in this context a preferred model. indeed, the occurrence of spontaneous population
2542	9	contemporary management of the environment rests on the assumption that there is a one  re is a one-to-one relationship between perceptions and practices. regulatory models take a pie  models take a piecemeal approach to the environment where biodiversity often becomes objectifie  bute to an enhanced appreciation of the complexity of attitudes to the environment and to biodi  n of the complexity of attitudes to the environment and to biodiversity; to the values, priorit   order to ascertain how people diagnose environmental change and its effects. such knowledge wi  ology, such as the relationship between nature and culture and the interface between such exter  ocial resilience, and the definition of community. the project will emphasise the linkage betwe  on - how people perceive changes to the environment; knowledge - how people comprehend what the
12200	2	a robust, repeatable and comprehensive evaluation framework for reporting and monitoring the d   character and quality in the next agri-environment programme v.be able to report at a range of
15522	15	estimation of carbon pools and net primary production at a higher spa  imation of carbon pools and net primary production at a higher spatial resolution requires know  he combined effects of climatic change, land cover changes and management on carbon stocks and   e, land cover changes and management on carbon stocks and net primary production of vegetation   gement on carbon stocks and net primary production of vegetation are relatively scarce, especia  on stocks and net primary production of vegetation are relatively scarce, especially in semiari  ake it very suitable for characterizing carbon patterns of vegetation: large climatic and topog  e for characterizing carbon patterns of vegetation: large climatic and topographic variability   e main hypothesis of this study is that climate and management have a synergistic effect on car  management have a synergistic effect on carbon stocks and net primary production of terrestrial  effect on carbon stocks and net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems in peninsular spai  d net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems in peninsular spain, with a declining carbon  s in peninsular spain, with a declining carbon stock due to reduced water availability owed to   duced water availability owed to global warming, which is further enhanced by increased tree co  h is further enhanced by increased tree competition at the stand level due to the recent lack o
15056	1	conditions and hence, the differential distribution of their populations. even more, the polyp
12143	3	the aim of the project is analysis and modelling of cyclicity and dynamics of palaeoenvironmen  ces of quaternary warm periods cyclical nature and dynamics in the context of regional and glob  ing their impact on patterns of species migration, invasion and adaptation.
14961	2	team has worked on the systematics and evolution of the asteraceae along more than 25 years, 2   decided to give priority to during the evaluation of its strategical plan. as a result of this
14556	3	team has worked on the systematics and evolution of the asteraceae along 15 years. this projec  logical characters that justify present classification; and dna sequence analysis, both plastid  lecular phylogeny for comparison to the classification on morphological basis.
14557	3	team has worked on the systematics and evolution of the asteraceae along 15 years. this projec  logical characters that justify present classification; and dna sequence analysis, both plastid  lecular phylogeny for comparison to the classification on morphological basis.
14962	2	team has worked on the systematics and evolution of the asteraceae along more than 25 years, 2   decided to give priority to during the evaluation of its strategical plan. as a result of this
13792	5	d by both genomes are required for cell respiration, the main source of energy production in eu  or cell respiration, the main source of energy production in eukaryotes. selection is strong fo   respiration, the main source of energy production in eukaryotes. selection is strong for optim  ryotes. selection is strong for optimal function of cell respiration, leading to coadaptation o   is strong for optimal function of cell respiration, leading to coadaptation of mitochondrial a
13316	4	known to be invasive in europe species distribution maps and spatial analysis: distribution ma  in europe species distribution maps and spatial analysis: distribution maps of all invasive ali  distribution maps and spatial analysis: distribution maps of all invasive alien species in euro   that encompasses both the geographical scale of the problem and unites the study of different
12452	5	ntury and understand how changes in the abundance of one species can affect others, focusing on  cod is thought to be the most important predator of norway lobster nephrops norvegicus in the i  st 2 decades ago indicated that fishing mortality should be reduced on nephrops and increased o  ofits to the industry. although fishing mortality on cod has increased significantly there is n  he potential impact that changes in cod abundance might have on irish sea nephrops stocks.
10304	6	biology of organisms within the natural environment. typically the level of activity of thousan  e relevant to understanding the natural environment, this problem is compounded by the fact tha  , where a detailed understanding of the function of thousands of genes is generated by well-res  he genetics of organisms in the natural environment, we need to try to summarise the sheer volu  ental interest to their better-studied, model organism relatives. within the last few years, th   help other researchers within the nerc community.
12565	1	cts of theses changes in the freshwater environment on populations of both wild and stocked fis
11038	1	ne resource for the asteraceae research community. this will add around 11,000 sequences to the
10947	4	the phenotypic plasticity of muscle growth will be investigated in relation to temperature   wth will be investigated in relation to temperature in the marine fish fugu rubripes at the emb  ologues of gene loci involved in muscle growth in mammals. computational analysis will be appli  andidate genes involved in muscle fibre recruitment. the expression patterns of novel and known
12253	3	searching the effective use and fate of nutrients applied to land in organic manures or as manu  iate links to defra and other websites. development of the data resource will meet the requirem  ily known and available to the research community for possible additional uses.
12237	5	y and environmental footprint of arable production. this can be achieved most efficiently by id  sustainable management practices on the environment. the data collected are also a key resource   key resource for monitoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator  e change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator species. as well as addressing future researc   to support monitoring for food safety, development and validation of models for disease and pe
12427	2	ic and beach/coastal zones. the use and development of the marine conservation societies and os  a high standard of data collection, the development of a new database will make uploading the d
11150	1	ebates in palaeolithic archaeology. the development of reliable archaeological chronologies wil
10083	1	e compared with an explicit geochemical model and used both to reject unsuitable samples and to
10302	9	to discussions of cultural responses to climate change. while its specific meaning will probabl  cially its relationship to the unstable climate of the upper pleistocene and to the rest of the  erably improve our understanding of the distribution and changes over time of the art and relat   furthermore, radiocarbon can only date carbon based pigments, and the majority of early rock p  different examples a chronology for the development and spread of different styles can be built  e whether the appearance and subsequent intensification of rock art is related to rapid climati  al maximum have been revealed by marine sediment and ice cores. we will compare the frequency a  records to test the hypothesis that the intensification of artistic expression in caves was a s  ves was a social response to a changing climate.
11681	3	specimen of australopithecus africanus. mining activities continued at the quarry and the geolo  pers our understanding of early hominid evolution in africa. we propose to take samples of calc  ereby improving the chronology of human evolution in africa, and the methods will be refined to
13788	3	es may imply significant changes in its decomposition rate, which affects the total co2 emissio  ects the total co2 emission from forest ecosystems. in fact, preliminary studies suggest that d  gal decay rates. this has relevance for carbon dynamics in managed boreal forests, and may incr
10172	1	y. relatively little is known about the decomposition and loss of viability of pollen in soils
11080	6	ce in genetic divergence. being able to model both processes matters in many ways: firstly, res  es may be adaptive itself. for example, resistance to insecticide can be acquired more rapidly   ved this trait than through independent evolution. to have any hope to identify introgression o  t the genetic basis of a large range of traits involved in reproductive isolation, including ge  e and those underlying more complicated traits such as mating behaviour. however, their actual   he history of speciation in these three model systems in a number of ways. firstly, i will ask
10646	9	past climate reconstructions are fundamental to understand l  ental to understand long-term trends in climate variability and to test climate models used to   ends in climate variability and to test climate models used to predict future climate change. d  t climate models used to predict future climate change. detailed reconstruction of lead-lag rel  etween regions in the context of global climate change. here we use an annually laminated sedim  ange. here we use an annually laminated sediment core from lake suigetsu, japan, to examine tim  examine timings and rates of key abrupt climate changes across the lateglacial and early holoce  ell as counting of annual layers in the sediment.the results will be of significant interest an   interest and benefit to the scientific community of geologists and climatologists.
13856	15	rd populations and in determining avian life history variation between species. however, nest p  ariation between species. however, nest predation is a significant source of early mortality in  dation is a significant source of early mortality in life and changes in predation rates should   early mortality in life and changes in predation rates should potentially exert a strong influ  ong influence on bird numbers and avian life history evolution. rapid changes of predation rate   on bird numbers and avian life history evolution. rapid changes of predation rates through hum  ife history evolution. rapid changes of predation rates through human disturbance of natural en  nvironments could disrupt the fecundity-mortality balance of many species and may thus lead to   ver, the interactive mechanisms linking predation and habitat change to population dynamics rem  active mechanisms linking predation and habitat change to population dynamics remain to be unde  linking predation and habitat change to population dynamics remain to be understood. in this pr  ity and quantity of natural nest sites, predator protective cover and food supply through fores  s context, i will explore the effect of life history traits on the ability of individuals among  will explore the effect of life history traits on the ability of individuals among woodland spe   to behaviourally influence the risk of predation, a question that has received little attentio
11823	7	embryology, the study of development, is pivotal to unravelling the evolutionary  animals, and how changes to patterns of development have produced the branching events in the t  tential for understanding developmental evolution at this critical episode of evolutionary hist  lone the changes that took place during development from one embryological stage to another. th   structure, based on a virtual computer model. this allows us to analyse details of an embryo s  e whether the bacteria or animal-embryo model of interpretation fits best. ultimately, our aim   s will reveal the role of embryological evolution in one of the most fundamental and most-debat
1993	24	recent climate warming has been shown to advance the seasonal                            recent climate warming has been shown to advance the seasonal timing o  pecific differences in these changes in phenology may result in a decoupling of trophic relatio   decoupling of trophic relationships in food webs and subsequent cascading effects on community  ebs and subsequent cascading effects on community structure. for the timing of life cycle event  d as proxies for the suitability of the environment for their reproduction and growth. climate    environment for their reproduction and growth. climate warming may change the validity of the   ment for their reproduction and growth. climate warming may change the validity of the proxies    their reproduction and growth. climate warming may change the validity of the proxies differen  ditions for successful reproduction and growth 2 could projected climate warming invalidate the  production and growth 2 could projected climate warming invalidate the use of these proxies and  on and growth 2 could projected climate warming invalidate the use of these proxies and lead to  ese proxies and lead to a decoupling of trophic interactions 3 can adaptation to projected clim  eractions 3 can adaptation to projected climate warming maintain or restore trophic interaction  s 3 can adaptation to projected climate warming maintain or restore trophic interactions the sh  ted climate warming maintain or restore trophic interactions the short generation time of the a  pes of models , to microcosms and small-scale flow through systems. we will complement these ex   will complement these experiments with model analyses of the full ecosystem model for shallow   riments with model analyses of the full ecosystem model for shallow lakes- pclake. in addition,  th model analyses of the full ecosystem model for shallow lakes- pclake. in addition, the estab  s. as we will be working with realistic climate scenarios of the knmi, the outcome of our studi  g the environmental impact of projected climate change in aquatic systems. the anticipated resu  on the risk of cascading effects due to climate change and the potential for adaptation to rest  the potential for adaptation to restore food web links.
12033	6	biodiversity of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep ocean discovered since 1977, the  e deep ocean discovered since 1977, the ecosystems associated with reduced chemicals on oceanic   those observed in deep‐sea sedimentary ecosystems. they exhibit low specific diversity and hig   dispersion of organisms at the oceanic scale is constrained by geological corridors and fronti  presence of transient habitats, rich in organic matter relationships between trophic network co  r relationships between trophic network complexity, species diversity and abiotic factors.
12336	7	redefining the top levels of the eunis habitat classification scheme. the current project will  ing the top levels of the eunis habitat classification scheme. the current project will build o   current project will build on existing classification work and be aligned with ongoing classif  cation work and be aligned with ongoing classification work on the deep-sea. key customer purpo  on of the deep-sea section of the eunis habitat classification scheme due in spring 2009. this   e deep-sea section of the eunis habitat classification scheme due in spring 2009. this work wil  ication of mczs by providing a coherent classification scheme for deep-sea habitats.
12460	2	taking account of climatically induced ecosystem changes as well as exploitation. then to comb  timal level of exploitation of european ecosystems under changing climatic conditions while ens
12464	6	take into account: climatically induced ecosystem changes and commercial fisheries harvesting,   goals when applying values to fisheries production and management. this part of the project wil  project will develop fisheries resource indicators that combine economic, social and biological  combine economic, social and biological indicators that can be fed into the wider model produce  dicators that can be fed into the wider model produced by the project. key customer purpose: th  ustomer purpose: the traditionally used indicator of economic activity is the operating economy
12465	3	timal level of exploitation of european ecosystems under changing climatic conditions, while al   be evaluated using management strategy evaluation in order to develop robust management option  management options. management strategy evaluation involves assessing the consequences of a ran
7677	5	have critical ecological value as apex predators, but are under enormous anthropogenic pressur  rofile debate amongst the international community, illustrating the difficulty in establishing   t will be developed in two parts: 1 the development of several management options for bluefin t  online game that can be used by a broad community to explore the effects of the different manag  l be developed that simulates realistic population dynamics of bluefin tuna and several managem
1952	11	phase has recently shown that parental energy expenditure during incubation is as costly as du  ect we will study the mechanism and the function of incubation behavior in the great tit, with   echanism and the function of incubation behavior in the great tit, with the aim to integrate th  short time base to the time budget, the energy balance and fitness consequences. we will 1 expe  entally determine the effect of thermal environment, clutch size, food availability and male fe  bility and male feeding on the time and energy budget of the incubating bird, 2 experimentally   arental and clutch fitness, 3 develop a model to predict the optimal timing and intensity of eg  ing and intensity of egg care for known temperature and food availability regimes and 4 test th  od availability regimes and 4 test this model with data on both actual incubation patterns in t  f incubation both using measurements of oxygen consumption, doubly labeled water and a heated a  xperimental manipulation of the thermal environment, food availability, male assistance and clu
10343	9	otosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmo  he production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmosphere. in the nutrient-poor central   poor central regions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single  egions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled organi  plankton fraction and have a ubiquitous distribution in oceanic waters responsible for around a  ble for around a quarter of the primary production in some regions. the genus is genetically di  s is genetically diverse, demonstrating heterogeneity at the level of the 16s rdna gene, which   viously proposed that this phylogenetic heterogeneity underlies subtle differences in physiolog  ive picture of the mechanisms of genome evolution in this genus.
11440	6	the extinction is the loss of dissolved oxygen from the ocean. it is bacteria that cause this d  is bacteria that cause this decrease in oxygen as they use it to decompose organic matter and w  e in oxygen as they use it to decompose organic matter and when the oxygen supply in the water   o decompose organic matter and when the oxygen supply in the water runs out other types of bact  university has shown that the amount of oxygen in the worlds oceans dropped drastically just be  d oceanic mixing had on the terrestrial environment 250 million years ago.
12682	3	to provide an agreed definition of this habitat type to aid ‘identification on the ground’; det  n on the ground’; determine the extent, distribution and quality of all of the habitat in the u   distribution and quality of all of the habitat in the uk and provide a comprehensive list of s
7638	2	of reintroduction programs requires the development of assessment reliable and general criteria  oes it determine whether these criteria modeling can be applied to the restoration of viable po
11739	6	ent of magma is controlled by the large-scale rifting in each of the samples. the primary tool   e based method that allows quantitative mapping of rock and mineral microstructures. the micros  ates of deformation associated with the evolution of the core-complex. such data are essential   re-complex. such data are essential for modelling the large scale evolution of oceanic core com  a are essential for modelling the large scale evolution of oceanic core complexes.   essential for modelling the large scale evolution of oceanic core complexes.
12246	4	ilseed rape to the osr r&d and breeding community, together with associated information to enab  apid genetic analysis of sustainability traits. 4. to characterise the oregin global pathogen c  ctions in the context of adaptations to climate change and model predicted   xt of adaptations to climate change and model predicted
12637	2	20 yrs will be assessed within the soil natural capital stocks and soil ecosystem services fram  he soil natural capital stocks and soil ecosystem services framework, and the research conducte
12393	2	this will enable the new information on ph to be set in the context of the variability in hydro   conditions that determine the observed ph.
11113	6	degradation of complex dissolved organic matter . this project will elucidate changes in  accharide composition during sequential organic matter breakdown. in this context the role of p  to biodegradation and biavailability of organic matter. the results of this research project wi  estigating benthic-pelagic coupling and carbon fluxes in both temperate and tropical coastal sy   tropical coastal systems. responses of ecosystems to environmental stresses are increasingly i  iety, pressure of coastal resources and climate change.
14787	2	vertebrates particularly vulnerable to global change. many populations are threatened and subj  to be especially compromised in fragile ecosystems such as those in mountain areas in the canta
12222	2	, underpined by common data and unified distribution/user-support. the modules are: weed manage  roducts and services for farmers in use/development, rather than building a new entity. the adv
11328	1	be explored via collaboration with the environment agency, uk.
11594	1	be explored via collaboration with the environment agency, uk.
12449	7	tive: determine the stages in the early life history during which cod and haddock suffer differ  ich cod and haddock suffer differential mortality using an existing set of data on eggs and lar  an be used to explain the difference in productivity of irish sea cod and haddock stocks observ   to investigate whether changes in fish recruitment associated with mortality at early stages p  ges in fish recruitment associated with mortality at early stages plays an important role in co  ys an important role in controlling the recovery potential of cod and haddock, allowing for the  al of cod and haddock, allowing for the development of effective management strategies for the
14598	2	bination of markers with high molecular stability . the technique was applied in a study of 200  on patterns which determine the spatial distribution and genetic profile of the present populat
7514	2	nkage disequilibrium and specifying the development of methods of association in populations wi  in populations with substantial allelic richness. the project objective is to assess, in the pr
15106	2	of the underlying factors driving plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this pro  g plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this project, we will explore whether po
15107	2	of the underlying factors driving plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this pro  g plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this project, we will explore whether po
15490	6	intraguild predation, the killing of species that compe  nt of individual fitness and population abundance in vertebrate predators, with important conse   and population abundance in vertebrate predators, with important conservation implications. de   far on the demographic consequences of intraguild predation. it will provide a much needed qua  will provide a much needed quantitative review of studies published in this field of science. a  ough other medias, including the ad hoc production of a professional documentary depicting the
14960	1	rvacion del aguila perdicera and in the recovery plans.
541	10	d the way environmental variability and climate change have affected and will affect ecosystems  te change have affected and will affect ecosystems and populations. long-term records of popula   marked animals to study the effects of climate change on a range of vertebrate populations and  n carried out on the link between large-scale and small-scale climatic factors and population d   the link between large-scale and small-scale climatic factors and population dynamics. in addi  le and small-scale climatic factors and population dynamics. in addition the climpop group has   nd procedures to study the influence of climate on vital rates based on the analysis of individ  tion of these models and procedures, to review published papers in which the influence of clima  tions to efficiently address impacts of climate effects on vital rates in natural vertebrate po  in natural vertebrate populations. this evaluation raised six potential methodological issues a
7126	7	ills to study the ecological effects of climate variations and global changes through a series   sis to compare the potential effects of climate change on vertebrates with contrasting life his   change on vertebrates with contrasting life history traits and live in environments different.  rtebrates with contrasting life history traits and live in environments different. as part of t  r groups are more likely than others to climate change according to their population strategy,   ategy, and 2 what are the most relevant climate indicators, is it better to use global or local  nd 2 what are the most relevant climate indicators, is it better to use global or local descrip
7187	5	a trade in aquarium plants, their rapid development in a series of different environments, lead  with each other, make it an exceptional model for studying biological invasions usually. in thi  lluscs same strain of invaders, without resistance or tolerance specific or special adaptation   rance specific or special adaptation of life history traits, also remains capable of establishi  c or special adaptation of life history traits, also remains capable of establishing healthy pe
15160	5	tion models applied to their biological model as longitudinal argument, this is, as one additio  r the deep knowledge of such biological model. the present project tries instead to promote the  nt project tries instead to promote the development of new population models and mathematical t  pulation monitoring with any biological model . thus, we intend to break with the traditional s  nefit to the partners by increasing the efficiency of their work and the level of their scienti
2118	1	chanisms of brazil nut regeneration and population dynamics under natural conditions. this will
14578	3	of the present project is to study the population dynamics of the brown seaweed fucus serratus   seaweed fucus serratus in the limit of distribution, comparing the behaviour of marginal popul  eresting information on the patterns of colonization that occurred in recent times along the sh
15197	3	onstrated that the post-release rate of mortality of loggerhead sea turtles in the western medi  30%, but the relevance of the long-line mortality cannot be assessed accurately because of two    demographic relevance of the resulting mortality.
1990	7	ven exceptional gene flow from the lake sediment. temperature in the lake under study changes r  ional gene flow from the lake sediment. temperature in the lake under study changes rapidly dur  om blooms, i.e. at the time of epidemic development of the fungus, and this in itself could ste  ation of host diatoms is present on the sediment of the lake we study. under the conditions on   e we study. under the conditions on the sediment the parasites are non-infective. recurrent win  spension of non-infected hosts from the sediment could obscure a clear selection pattern in the  ion that operate in the complex natural environment of a lake.
12772	7	diffuse sediment pollution causes a number of negative impacts   key control on the transfer and fate of nutrients and contaminants responsible for a wide range  re important to understand and mitigate sediment pressures across england and wales. previous r   ca. 76% of the current total suspended sediment loadings delivered to watercourses at national  s delivered to watercourses at national scale and as a result, attention needs to be focused on  l as the need to support policy on agri-environment schemes guidance and advice on optimising t  ng the link between resource protection efficiency and biodiversity benefits.
11651	2	egative relationship between population growth rate that concave-up relationships between pgr a  oncave-up relationships between pgr and density are to be expected for species with life histor
2094	19	recent results indicate that density dependent processes in atlantic salmon during e  than those usually considered to be the spatial scale of populations and hence the units of pop  e of populations and hence the units of population dynamics. however, the mechanism behind and    behind and consequences of this strong density dependence is poorly understood. the project ai  f atlantic salmon are regulated through density dependent processes by testing the potential un  lying mechanisms empirically. two large-scale field experiments will be conducted that test whe  hat test whether energetic costs and/or predation costs due to high initial density are the mec  /or predation costs due to high initial density are the mechanisms responsible for local densit  re the mechanisms responsible for local density dependent survival. these and other data will b  eterize and existing spatially explicit behavior- and habitat-based population model to examine  isting spatially explicit behavior- and habitat-based population model to examine population co   behavior- and habitat-based population model to examine population consequences of habitat cha  l to examine population consequences of habitat characteristics and behavioral decisions across  ons across environmental gradients. the model will be evaluated against a third large-scale fie  will be evaluated against a third large-scale field study that examine the importance of local    the importance of local vs. population scale density, and used as a tool for developing predic  mportance of local vs. population scale density, and used as a tool for developing predictions   nd spatial variation in atlantic salmon productivity, and 2. consequences of different manageme   of different management strategies for productivity under various environmental scenarios.
7672	2	sity of microorganisms, therefore their evolution, adaptation and expected ecological services   heir evolution, adaptation and expected ecological services in urban soils and artificialized s
15511	3	ormation of body asymmetries during the development of a group of metazoa, the lophotrochozoa.   scribe their expression patterns during development and to determine their interactions and reg  organisms, as well as their role during development. we will use three species of gastropod mol
7706	5	griculture is to reconcile agricultural production for various uses with respect for the enviro  n for various uses with respect for the environment and maintaining ecological services. for th  ect for the environment and maintaining ecological services. for this it has become necessary t  s become necessary to reduce the use of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers but above that of pe  ut above that of pesticides. . finally, production costs will be analyzed in the same way that
14224	4	oxidative stress caused by metabolic changes of the organism is t  he organism is tightly connected to the development and progress of several pathogenic conditio  ic conditions. therefore the design and development of new and powerful antioxidant molecules i  ecrease the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species novel glutathione analogues with superio
12626	7	rring in the future. though on a global scale, many of these studies underline the fact that so   of erosion features through surveying, remote sensing and aerial photography of the extent of   ochemical and radionuclide analysis and modelling of erosion using a suite of different softwar  te in different environments. the large-scale erosion of peaty uplands, for example, has been s   also in terms of understanding whether mitigation efforts have been successful. this project p  ll be to deliver an in-depth literature review, written by world-leading experts in the field o  s to conduct a cost-effective, national-scale monitoring programme of erosion in the future.
12586	4	ers understand the current state of the environment and how it is changing, and to understand t   laws and agreements for protection the environment. additionally, monitoring information will   oring information will also support the development and implementation of future soil and envir  me. the project is being managed by the environment agency.
12401	6	in the msfd descriptors of ges and key ecosystem services for the period 2007/08 to 2030. the   ir framework to the concepts of ges and ecosystem services key customer purpose: the five key o  oject are: objective 1 – prioritise key ecosystem services in the marine environment and identi  se key ecosystem services in the marine environment and identify associated drivers for change.  ective 3 – establish sensitivity of key ecosystem services to changes in drivers and associated  kely changes in the state of the marine environment on an annual or 5-yearly basis up to 2030 s
12770	5	of concerns at an eu level about their abundance and distribution. typically, these species ar  t an eu level about their abundance and distribution. typically, these species are acutely vuln  flicts. under section 78 of the natural environment and rural communities act 2006 defra author   conservation . d. evaluating potential mitigation measures and good practice for european prot  species affected by roads. e. improving mitigation success for serotine and natterers bats. thi
11563	14	other influences, both external such as climate and internal such as growth or stress, can subt  al such as climate and internal such as growth or stress, can subtly influence these chemical s   climate and internal such as growth or stress, can subtly influence these chemical signals, kn   one type of stable isotopic value, the nitrogen isotopic value, is that of pregnancy and lacta  ation have been shown to influence hair nitrogen isotope signatures of modern female humans and  that the effect results from changes in nitrogen metabolism during pregnancy/lactation. to date  effect results from changes in nitrogen metabolism during pregnancy/lactation. to date it is un  tion. to date it is unknown whether the nitrogen isotope changes observed in mammalian hair due  ult human male and female bone collagen nitrogen isotopic values have been reported in archaeol  urces for men and women, or evidence of migration between areas with different diets. however,   on affect an individual s bone collagen nitrogen isotopic values. we will test our hypothesis o  n which we have already shown that hair nitrogen isotopic values are affected by pregnancy/lact  tion. we can then consider whether wide-scale observed differences between male and female bone  s between male and female bone collagen nitrogen isotopic values in archaeological human popula
10861	3	wood decomposition and fungal community development begins w            wood decomposition and fungal community development begins while branches are still i  wood decomposition and fungal community development begins while branches are still in the cano
12150	3	the aim of the proposed project is the development of prognosis either of the spread of invasi  thuania will be proposed as well as the evaluation of pathogen impact on mortality of infested   as the evaluation of pathogen impact on mortality of infested bee colonies and synergetic effec
15202	1	ns are catalogued as priority habitats, nature 2000, european union, it is catalogued as forest
14572	2	turn of a central paradigm: the biotic resistance of communities to invasion, which emphasizes  hese, in islands that differ in species richness. both archipelagos bear high levels of endemic
15460	5	pulations according to initial range of distribution and population size, for a restricted taxo  s of dispersal on genetic diversity and recovery of populations 3 to recognize possible genetic   of small populations, under a frame of habitat destruction by man at planetary scale. we also   habitat destruction by man at planetary scale. we also hope to obtain clues and general and spe  information that could be useful for an evaluation of decission making on conservation of small
15128	19	accelerated climate change and other important environmental change  causing relevant alterations in species distribution and community structures. although some fi  alterations in species distribution and community structures. although some first attempts to e  rs and processes that determine species distribution limits. thus, in this project we aim to ev  s which a priori are determinant: a the spatial pattern of the habitat together with the disper  terminant: a the spatial pattern of the habitat together with the dispersal capacity of each sp  pastures of the central system, as this ecosystem is one of the most vulnerable to climate chan  system is one of the most vulnerable to climate change. the purpose of this project is to study  s to study the main determinants of the distribution limits of high mountain plant species and   capacity of these species to respond to global change. taking silene ciliata and armeria caespi  ilene ciliata and armeria caespitosa as model species, the project has four specific objectives  the effect of the spatial structure and connectivity of a network of mediterranean high mountai   plants as explicative variables of the distribution limits of species in high mountain psicrox  xerophilous pastures in relation to the distribution limits of the species which comprise this   mits of the species which comprise this community; 3 detect the incidence of local adaptation p  ell as their relevance as a response to climate change; and 4 identify phenological, physiologi  directional selection and determine the spatial scale in which local adaptation occurs. the ach  n area which is especially sensitive to global change and will facilitate decision-making to mi  ecological and socioeconomic effects of global change.
14162	9	variation in different types of defence traits is considerable at both intra- and interspecific   unexplained. due to their diversity of life history strategies, exploited ecological niches an   sample sizes, lepidoptera are an ideal model system for studying variation in defence traits b  ystem for studying variation in defence traits both within and between species. the project foc   the variation in melanin based defence traits has different reasons. proximally the variation    soma. also, in income-capital breeding scale the longer-lived, more mobile income breeders sho  rs should have better developed defence traits. another ecological factor which may affect inve  imate genetic correlations and genotype environment interactions. other hypotheses of interspec  pecific connections between the studied traits will be addressed using a comparative phylogenet
11605	1	fy the effect of pleiotropic effects of temperature adaptation, for variation in female mating
9810	1	fy the effect of pleiotropic effects of temperature adaptation, for variation in female mating
2123	1	of ecological barriers and parasitoids/predators in the spatial patterning of outbreaks and, f
14538	8	oots may have an important role in arid ecosystems where water is a limiting resource. such red  ibution can be upwards , soil type, the organic matter content, the depth of water table, as we  ishment and because it could extend the growth season, and influence the water balance of other  nd the growth season, and influence the water balance of other species. we propose carrying out  field and laboratory experiments, using remote sensing and geographic information systems to an  y experiments, using remote sensing and geographic information systems to analyse mechanisms of  nce of hydraulic redistribution for the productivity, biological diversity and plant-plant inte  ty and plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems.
13375	1	ne and smelting areas were tested under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions in order to te
10968	11	marine productivity focuses on zooplankton production, examini  ine productivity focuses on zooplankton production, examining how climate change may alter seco  n zooplankton production, examining how climate change may alter secondary production. although   examining how climate change may alter secondary production. although this programme includes    they are the main link between primary production and fish. thus, we considered microzooplankt  sozooplankton. we will parameterise the abundance, size structure, biomass, biodiversity and pr  ze structure, biomass, biodiversity and production, of ciliates. these parameters will be exami  ll be examined at inter and intra basin-scale levels to test hypotheses concerning ciliate prod  s to test hypotheses concerning ciliate production and its fate. the project will also provide   rvice to other components of the marine productivity programme, by producing useful data for mo  programme, by producing useful data for model parameterisation.
10390	1	ikely to have resulted from the altered geomorphology.
11749	1	op to ensure that the interdisciplinary nature of the various investigations are properly integ
12265	4	stock account for up to 35-40% of world methane production. around 80% of this comes from ferme  count for up to 35-40% of world methane production. around 80% of this comes from fermentation   tional level: 1 as a result of improved productivity and efficiency at the individual animal or  s a result of improved productivity and efficiency at the individual animal or herd/flock level
2536	5	swarming behavior, the mysterious and fascinating phenomenon of   emarkably coordinated--is everywhere in nature: flocks of birds dancing in the sky, dense schoo  ome will provide deep insights into the nature of swarms, helping to explain why collective beh  arms, helping to explain why collective behavior repeatedly emerges from natural selection. col  rges from natural selection. collective behavior is central to such diverse fields as anthropol
12762	2	ales. this project aims to identify the scale of use of snares within england and wales and the  ary, the project will: 1. determine the scale of use of snares in england and wales. 2. determi
10837	2	. in this, males are reared on a large scale in factories, sterilised and then released into t  , sterilised and then released into the environment to mate with the wild females. such matings
11779	14	regulate the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. the use of molecular techniques has permitt  es this diversity on a large geographic scale. in addition, there is no clear consensus on how   ns in bacterial biodiversity impacts on ecosystem functions such as the mineralization of carbo  functions such as the mineralization of carbon. such knowledge is essential to improving our un  mework for the future use of biological indicators of soil quality. recently it has been shown   uality. recently it has been shown that ph is the main driver in determining the richness of ba  h is the main driver in determining the richness of bacterial taxa in soil communities, and add  ly we seek to firstly asses the role of ph in determining the identities of dominant soil bacte  trient inputs determined by aboveground vegetation, and additional environmental variables affe  respect to soil chemistry and overlying vegetation as a core element of the countryside survey.  fic changes in members of the bacterial community. whilst we wish to address fundamental questi  tions on the controls of soil bacterial community diversity, we also seek to question the usefu  to question the usefulness of microbial indicators of soil functionality. therefore, once taxon  rial composition/diversity, and measure carbon mineralization rates to determine whether commun
10329	7	l to evolutionary outcomes. in terms of resistance to parasites, increasing costs leads to vari   costs leads to variation around an ess resistance level while decreasing ones may select for a  populations and therefore to select for resistance at different resource levels. we have also d  also demonstrated genetic variation for resistance, a response to selection for resistance and   resistance, a response to selection for resistance and costs to evolved resistance. we therefor  ion for resistance and costs to evolved resistance. we therefore propose to measure the shape o  pe of the genotypic trade-off curve for resistance through selection in different environments.
11509	2	atly influence the product cost are the stability of the strains and conidial yield. fungi can   cus of this project is to determine the stability and conidial yield of the metarhizium strains
11813	3	developing countries to carry out large scale tracking projects. in this project, the tags will  fish. indeed, in the current context of climate change and overfishing, coastal seas are threat   for the effective management of marine ecosystems.
12338	1	summary objective this project will review marine survey data and metadata held by cefas to
10770	9	e between the deep oceanic reservoir of carbon and the atmosphere. the balance between the co2   dictates the content in the atmospheric carbon dioxide, which has implication on the climate on  n dioxide, which has implication on the climate on earth. our knowledge on past climates mostly  es mostly relies on the analyses of the evolution of the marine organisms that compose this bio  ochemical tools such as trace metals or stable isotopes recorded by their mineralized remains a  chive. however, the manner in which the climate and the composition of seawater are recorded in  are responsible for a large part of the carbon drawdown to the seafloor. these micro-organisms   nst the climatic variability of natural environment both geographically and temporally. to do s   the oceanic carbonate system to future climate changes because the behaviour of the surface oc
12651	1	the development of a tool to monitor the harvest of huntabl
12543	2	esult in rapid population increases and development of insecticide resistance can result in con  ncreases and development of insecticide resistance can result in control failures. in recent ye
12765	11	mage to crops, substantial reduction of abundance of plant and animal species, spread of diseas  spread of diseases, damage to livestock production and vehicle collisions. recently established  elop surveillance techniques to monitor density and abundance and to detect range expansion of   lance techniques to monitor density and abundance and to detect range expansion of wild boar, e  the first element of the project is the development of methods to monitor boar distribution and   development of methods to monitor boar distribution and abundance. several methods will be eva  ethods to monitor boar distribution and abundance. several methods will be evaluated to determi  ds will be evaluated to determine local abundance, colonisation and range expansion by wild boa  oar and to monitor wild boar population density, size and change.the study will also assess the  ill offer stakeholders tools to monitor abundance and potential expansion of this species and e  pecies and ensure that potential, large-scale human-wild boar conflicts are prevented or contai
12380	1	r understanding of the health of marine ecosystems in relation to natural and anthropogenic cha
12755	3	d is developing a coherent framework of indicators to track progress towards post-2010 targets   ish an ad hoc technical expert group on indicators for the strategic plan 2011-2020 to provide   vide advice to cop11. this project will review and assess expert knowledge and evidence necessa
11680	1	troy the heather, which is an important habitat for rare ground nesting birds. when you mix two
6926	4	parallel with the development of intensive poultry production, traditiona  th the development of intensive poultry production, traditional hungarian poultry stock breedin  ieties of gene banks and describe their production characteristics in detail, 2. and 3. study q  istics of the breeds in ecological type production. all r&d included in this project proposal i
10420	1	on summary for the linked proposals the carbon isotopes in protein that survives in archaeologi
11389	1	the carbon isotopes in protein that survives in archaeologi
12292	6	is to investigate the potential of host resistance to reduce the impact of sclerotinia in susce  hough there is no evidence for complete resistance to s. sclerotiorum in any of the current cul  lants such as brassicas and lettuce and development of a similar set for carrot is proposed und  relatives which may be sources of novel resistance factors compared to other resources based on  to screen different plant genotypes for resistance to s. sclerotiorum and to examine the relati  types will be evaluated for sclerotinia resistance. hence it will be important to have represen
12334	2	e a digital data layer of the potential distribution of rock and hard substrate at, or near, th  gional mpa projects, in particular reef habitat types.
12470	4	od movement, the project will undertake modelling to provide evidence to improve the basis for   ve way of identifying areas of high cod abundance, improve effectiveness of these measures thro  l - including through the impending cod recovery plan review and under a reformed common fisher  through the impending cod recovery plan review and under a reformed common fisheries policy. it
12683	4	oastal habitats at risk from effects of climate change, and to identify large scale opportuniti  f climate change, and to identify large scale opportunities for adaptive strategies presented b  presented by whole coastal systems, and development of a systematic consideration process leadi  ematic consideration process leading to development of a framework and prototype tool for decis
14826	2	ts and the great variability in rate of evolution shown by nuclear genes render leafy especiall   and for buiding an accurate systematic classification of the group that reflects the phylogene
15494	1	the effects caused by concentrations of nitrate will be conducted, also examining its possible
12570	3	are required to forecast the effects of environmental change and stakeholdes, on the nature and  onmental change and stakeholdes, on the nature and prioritisation of management decisions relat  ove the quality of further reserach and model developments. the models will be developed in an
7575	2	sity and spatial characteristics of the environment permit precise location of genetic disconti  ailable to the international scientific community
10269	4	plankton provide an important record of environmental change and are indeed a driving force in   hange and are indeed a driving force in global change. stable isotopes studies have recently le  ndeed a driving force in global change. stable isotopes studies have recently lead to recogniti  recently lead to recognition of a major global change event in the early late cambrian . result
10827	4	we will develop a spatially-explicit model of the dynamics of the 2002 phocine distemper epi  c that can be used to predict levels of mortality around the uk. urgency funding is required so  uk. urgency funding is required so that modelling work can begin before the epizootic has taken  otic and to develop generic methods for modelling the dynamics of diseases that affect spatiall
12679	5	contractor will develop options for an indicator of invasive non-native species at gb and coun  onsult the scientific and policy making community, refine as required and produce a recommended  e as required and produce a recommended indicator with a run of data that allows for an assessm   an assessment of change over time. the indicator will have two components: •a measure of the n  omponents: •a measure of the number and abundance of non-native species in great britain. •a me
12639	2	to produce a uk indicator based on the index of the timing of four spri  ng events between 1900 and 2006 from uk phenology network data.
12528	5	the aim of this project is to develop a model framework to guide policy decisions aimed at: the  ology of the disease, nor by predictive modelling of how interventions interact with this epide  ck of guidance from epidemiological and modelling studies in informing intervention strategies   ion methods are: • how can we match the spatial scale of intervention strategies with the spati  rtainty about pathogen biology and host distribution affect the probability of success and the
9960	3	rch balloons and micro-satellites. e.g. remote sensing of forest health by using filters sensit  n the chlorophyll spectrum, sea surface temperature from a micro-satellite or ship-borne versio  econdly, it will be used to measure the temperature at different heights in the atmosphere clos
10485	3	city of genetic random sampling from an ecosystem without restriction of sampling regimes. the    broad range of applications from large scale random sampling in natural conditions during the   mpling in natural conditions during the environment change, to defined survey in agricultural a
9831	2	onments. however, attempts to study the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements ,  rior to their use for assessing plasmid distribution and diversity in natural habitats. secondl
12551	2	ial contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce hone  urces or in the case of parasitoids and predators, on volatile cues from the host/prey of the i
11118	8	ations in the natural abundances of the stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxyge  ces of the stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen of individual compounds can  he stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen of individual compounds can be meas  topes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen of individual compounds can be measured using th  c compounds in complex systems, such as ecosystems or living organisms. amino acids and their b  e to the analytical chemist since their functional groups must be chemically derivatised prior   ng from the characterisation of organic nitrogen compounds in the biosphere and isotope tracer   species to dietary tracing experiments, food web elucidation and plant-soil interactions.
11282	17	ophic mires, are extremely sensitive to climate change. precipitation is the only source of wat   extremely sensitive to climate change. precipitation is the only source of water and nutrients  itation is the only source of water and nutrients to the bog and so therefore the dominant vege  o the bog and so therefore the dominant vegetation is strongly influenced by the local climatic  ontained within peat layers are various indicators of past climatic conditions, also known as p  ate proxies, which can be used to study climate changes in the past. for example, macrofossils,  s of the plants, and pollen reflect the abundance of the plants originally growing at the bog s  ace. these plants are very sensitive to climate and so changes such factors as rainfall or temp   so changes such factors as rainfall or temperature are reflected in the macrofossil records in  res given the current debates on global warming. where macrofossils are unidentifiable in the p  sphagnum species where as in other peat vegetation such as heathers the n-c23 is either absent   is either absent or present in very low abundance. further work has revealed that n-c23 alkane    feature of lipids is their hydrophobic nature which means they are immobile in peat bog and so  sed in palaeoclimate reconstruction are stable isotopes. bulk stable isotope values measured in   on dd values of biomarkers of peat bog vegetation. this will be achieved by measuring the dd v  correlated with other peat proxies, and temperature data collected over the past 200 years, whi  l in which we could study past regional temperature variations.
11715	4	of the phanerozoic global biodiversity, ecosystem function, biogeochemistry and climate have al  ecosystem function, biogeochemistry and climate have all varied considerably in response to a v  ocesses and led to major changes in the abundance of atmospheric o3, and therefore land surface   radiation, during the course of biotic evolution. here we develop, for the first time, a terre
10206	3	the proposal is concerned with the development of a novel high resolution the sediment tra  elopment of a novel high resolution the sediment transport component will be driven off time de  rstanding the interaction between flow, sediment transport and form in gravel bed rivers. furth
11226	3	the proposal is concerned with the development of a novel high resolution the sediment tra  elopment of a novel high resolution the sediment transport component will be driven off time de  rstanding the interaction between flow, sediment transport and form in gravel bed rivers. furth
14374	2	es to describe the seasonal dynamics of vegetation. typically, the approaches do not take into   s the study of satellite time series of ecosystem dynamics. based on the experimental setup, an
7624	3	this project aims to develop a model of functional relationships between resources i d  nships between resources i dynamics and vegetation and ii services rendered; control of structu  l of structural patterns and ecological heterogeneity requests from stakeholders for optimizing
12700	3	tial for conservation action and policy development. the extent of coastal vegetated shingle is   trends in this rare and scarce dynamic habitat cannot be determined, the use of remotely sense  that combines extent and quality of the habitat, which can be shared between relevant bodies an
11134	4	rd to non-compliance of bathing waters. climate change, and particularly more intense storms in  . hydro-environmental impact assessment modelling studies, regularly undertaken by specialist c   having two fundamental shortcomings in model simulations, which can lead to erromneous environ  activities relating to marine renewable energy and particularly for the severn estuary.
12245	4	e that the impact that they have on the environment is minimised, and that biodiversity is enco  enarios will be tested using a range of modelling techniques. under the european unions common    enhancing the biodiversity in the farm ecosystem. a number of ifm components in livestock syst  ring a profit to enable the business to function in an ecomonically sustainable way.
14600	5	l, integral and dynamic part of aquatic ecosystems. they also constitute a socio-economic resou  propriate management tools to guide the sediment assessment process, both from the technical an  integrated management of sediments. the development of the tool will combine risk assessment .   ll help assess the relationship between sediment characteristics and contaminant bioavailabilit  aking process related to: need to adopt sediment quality remediation measures in harbours and w
12233	1	a crucial route to reduced reliance on nitrogen inform plans for modification of existing vari
14330	5	roject aims to use the existing belgian remote sensing and related knowledge in a new, but topi  high and low resolution imagery for the classification of vegetation. in ethiopia not only land  ution imagery for the classification of vegetation. in ethiopia not only land use change studie  ion of vegetation. in ethiopia not only land use change studies were carried out, but also abov  so above-ground biomass and underground carbon measurements.the insights obtained in this proje
9815	6	he particular kind of network. however, food webs stand out as being anomalous, as the number o  er node appears not to have a power-law distribution, and hubs with large numbers of links are   estigates several important features of food webs not shared by many other kinds of network, to  k, to see what part they play in making food webs special. for instance, the nodes , at a total  ge of the earth s life-support systems: food webs are vital components of these systems, and st   on the persistence of other species in food webs.
2176	2	resents a pilot study with focus on the development of two sets of genetic markers, microsatell   , nvh will have the responsibility for development of genetic markers and most genetic analysi
6960	14	intensification of arable farming is a serious threat t  is a serious threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. agri-environmental schemes to measu   for this proposal intend to work out 7 indicators: 1. insect-born virus pressure, 2. scale ins  tors: 1. insect-born virus pressure, 2. scale insect infestation, 3. farmland bird survey, 4. m  aize pistil faunula test, 5. pollinator distribution, 6. resistance to invasive weeds, 7. indic  la test, 5. pollinator distribution, 6. resistance to invasive weeds, 7. indicator moth species  on, 6. resistance to invasive weeds, 7. indicator moth species. these cover a wide range of tax  s. these cover a wide range of taxa and ecosystem services, and thus can make it possible to de  or suggest local actions to improve the environment. we plan to test these indicators at differ   the environment. we plan to test these indicators at different distances from natural areas an  ed results: publication of the concrete indicator protocols and scientific publications into th  nsive fields. future application of the indicators should result in the optimization of public    of the indicators should result in the optimization of public money spent on aes, and may adva  harmonization of economic, societal and nature interest.
14615	9	r population numbers when reductions in abundance take place. cetaceans constitute a group of a   that of fishing, which has reduced the abundance of many of fish and cephalopod stocks that co  ates as well as an increment of natural mortality through - or besides - a weakening against th  ortunately there are not available good indicators to accurately measure this parameter in that  of accumulation and mobilization of the energy reserves , with the ultimate objective of design  ctive of designing reliable and precise indicators of nutritive condition to be applied to this  o be applied to this animal group. such indicators will be based on the combination of morphome  activities and the influence on them of global change, thus contributing critical knowledge for  sessing the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems.
163	2	f the study consists in working out and development of a new prediction model for land use, in   out and development of a new prediction model for land use, in which the bird fauna, as an esse
7678	8	this project is to develop a simulation model of fine-scale land-use patterns to account for ex  s to develop a simulation model of fine-scale land-use patterns to account for expected global   ected global changes, and to deploy the model to predict ecosystem services linked to the physi  ges, and to deploy the model to predict ecosystem services linked to the physical and biotic co  ganisms that can influence the physical environment via induction of water condensation and fre   practices. we will couple a simulation model of land-use patterns in south eastern france to t  d patterns of regional microclimate and abundance and diversity of micro-organisms entering the  rganisms between cultivated and natural ecosystems.
14726	4	requires that appropriate biodiversity indicators are incorporated in forest inventories and f  lop landscape-level forest biodiversity indicators that can be effectively applied within natio  mation of biodiversity at the landscape scale within the spanish national forest inventories, c  est inventories, coordinating landscape indicators and plot measurements, supporting field samp
12524	8	tions in resource use while maintaining productivity. national statutory and advisory testing s  c systems and must relate to mainstream production where the potential for reduced inputs is fa  ch on the genetic basis of resource use efficiency require a level of appropriate comparative t  both their ability to describe resource efficiency, and their ease of use in future routine sys   to populate modules in the eu rotate n model to assess n use efficiency of varieties of the di  n the eu rotate n model to assess n use efficiency of varieties of the different crops examined  ded from breeding varieties for organic production to include low input production, and this is  organic production to include low input production, and this is reflected in many seed catalogu
12522	2	ective to protect and enhance the rural environment and to improve the attractiveness and biodi  mances and how they impact on the wider environment. the uk supports a wide range of diverse fa
7498	1	pear to play an important role in these ecosystems. we propose to develop molecular methods to
10167	1	of tissues that will allow mathematical modelling of the isotopic relationship between diet and
11266	5	tify species which are relevant for the environment. raman spectroscopy is an important techniq  ion and monitoring of pollutants in the environment. these schemes would allow new and improved  field measurements of pollutants in the environment with an instrument that can measure all com  , and isotope-selective measurements of nitrogen and oxygen and isotope tracer experiments. thi  -selective measurements of nitrogen and oxygen and isotope tracer experiments. this proposal to
14179	8	the aim of the project is development of quantitatively reliable proteomics, tran  l state of bacterial cells also through modeling. basic knowledge of bacterial cells physiology  relationships between the cell size and growth rate of the bacteria, very important fact about   ber of ribosomes on the increase of the growth rate, their results were the basis for the devel  e, their results were the basis for the development of cell cycle theory etc. however, already   f the project is to study regulation of growth and cell cycle mechanisms in detail, their depen  isms in detail, their dependence on the growth conditions. the eventual aim of the project is d  ons. the eventual aim of the project is development of the systems biology platform of bacteria
9998	7	n problem in ecological genetics is the development and deployment of markers in wild populatio  me-consuming and expensive task for non-model organisms, and can be a serious block to achievin  se pipelines will be used to verify the mapping of dauer entry and other traits in the c. elega  fy the mapping of dauer entry and other traits in the c. elegans model system, and to deliver g  ntry and other traits in the c. elegans model system, and to deliver genetic analysis of rad si  igate the use of radseq markers in fine mapping of traits in a fully-sequenced genome. we will   se of radseq markers in fine mapping of traits in a fully-sequenced genome. we will also constr
12372	1	activities which may affect the marine environment. the work also provides an opportunity to h
13731	11	the size distribution of a cohort at the end of the growing seas  and starvation. an understanding of the development of size variation is therefore fundamental   efore fundamental to be able to predict recruitment variation in exploited populations like fis  size-dependent performance and positive growth autocorrelation as factors that may generate inc  derlying size-dependent performance and growth autocorrelation are, however, quite diverse and   ation of field studies, experiments and modeling. the experiments include studies of the origin  effects of ontogenetic niche shifts and predation on size variation. modeling studies using a m  shifts and predation on size variation. modeling studies using a modeling approach specifically  ize variation. modeling studies using a modeling approach specifically designed to handle size-  carried out to yield data on individual growth and cohort size formation in relation to hatchin  elation to hatching date, resource use, habitat use and resource levels.
10006	7	in detectability. because of the recent growth in interest in assessing the status of protected  r planning decisions and managing local nature reserves; ecological consultants who carry out s  l consultants who carry out surveys and mitigation projects on behalf of developers; and conser  h several million pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians and reptiles, deb  llion pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians and reptiles, debate rages ov  sultants to produce much more effective mitigation plans for their clients. equally, it will st  t comes to planning issues. managers of nature reserves will also be able to carry out more eff
11536	7	in detectability. because of the recent growth in interest in assessing the status of protected  r planning decisions and managing local nature reserves; ecological consultants who carry out s  l consultants who carry out surveys and mitigation projects on behalf of developers; and conser  h several million pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians and reptiles, deb  llion pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians and reptiles, debate rages ov  sultants to produce much more effective mitigation plans for their clients. equally, it will st  t comes to planning issues. managers of nature reserves will also be able to carry out more eff
12392	2	pertinent to the uk marine and coastal environment at a national and regional scale, the uk wo   environment at a national and regional scale, the uk would demonstrate how to ensure the most
2019	7	tribution of gene family members to the development of organisms. in recent years it has become  pus oocytes and embryos as a vertebrate model system. to this end we will investigate: 1. the b  -specific tbp paralog, during embryonic development; 2. alternative mechanisms of transcription  tional repression and activation during development. our approach involves a combination of ant  tial to further our knowledge of normal development and disease, including congenital malformat  ng congenital malformation and abnormal growth and differentiation. keywords: transcription, ch  ion, chromatin, repression, activation, development
7702	10	the conclusions of the grenelle of the environment, then the seating of the forest, emphasize    of biodiversity, and more generally of ecosystem functioning. this dual requirement of more in  this dual requirement of more intensive production and high environmental quality is a challeng  gement of services rendered by impacted ecosystems and deep expertise of their vulnerability to   expertise of their vulnerability to an intensification of wood samples. the face of such chall  h based on the principles of integrated ecosystem management, adaptive management, analysis of   d simultaneously better conservation of ecosystems. the project emphasizes a participatory appr  ical vulnerabilities and socio-economic development and intensification scenarios evaluation of  ties and socio-economic development and intensification scenarios evaluation of forest manageme  velopment and intensification scenarios evaluation of forest management participatory process s
14431	2	st evidence of human impact on the lake environment in remote mountain lake; and 3. the first i  the first industrial impact on the lake environment in remote mountain lake; the diatom analysi
11459	4	this proposal uses octopuses as model organisms to test the hypothesis that the antarct  tion events associated with past global climate change causing, for example, deep-ocean oxygen   change causing, for example, deep-ocean oxygen minima. such events have been recorded from the   ng of the drake passage. the subsequent development of deep-water connections between the south
11031	10	e were times of accelerated continental growth, pulses of magmatism. however, it may be that th  l crust at other ages may not mean that growth rates were low at those times. it might just be    confirm the idea of pulsed continental growth. further, it would suggest that during these eve  rthy topic in itself, understanding its growth may have broader implications. a growing set of   ient past, including the abrupt rise of oxygen in the atmosphere that is essential to all anima  major effects on the course of biologic evolution. what caused these changes is not clear. intr  rrespond in age to the apparent crustal growth pulses. if the pulses were times of massive, glo  have been observed to change the global climate. this raises the interesting possibility that t   interesting possibility that the large-scale pattern of life s evolution was set by catastroph   that the large-scale pattern of life s evolution was set by catastrophic events in the earth s
11634	3	vestigating the little-known biological community patterns and processes in the deep-sea. the c  y out high resolution research into the community structure and function in these interesting a  search into the community structure and function in these interesting area and through in situ
10331	1	developed a novel interactive computer model . the biomechanical models will first be created
9819	1	developed a novel interactive computer model . the biomechanical models will first be created
10184	3	his novel work has implications for the evolution and honesty of sexual signals, the relationsh  ual signals should be based on limiting nutrients in the natural environment.   ed on limiting nutrients in the natural environment.
11061	4	biologists are trying to understand the evolution of recognition and compatibility between game  very quickly, probably because of sperm competition between males to fertilise the eggs, and co  g in atlantic salmon, which is an ideal model to examine these questions for both pure and appl   conditions, but which mimic the normal function of sperm and egg in a salmon river. we will al
14545	1	tic study in which we will focus in the evolution of asexuality in aphids.
14181	2	r of pronounced effects on whole-canopy growth and the ability of plants to forage for light. a  ted in different ways, to elucidate the nature of these cues.
11219	7	e potentially excellent evidence of the evolution of human walking. however, until recently we    found that methods used to analyze the distribution of chemical patterns in the brain are idea   walking works like a metronome, saving energy as the body swings forward over the foot which c  to side, and can actually save pendulum-energy sideways on, by their waddling gait. distant hum   squat and stable build - did they save energy the same way it is likely that the footprints at  rmation, which can recreate balance and energy-saving mechanisms in these early human ancestors  ls, tools and evidence to interpret the evolution of walking at a crucial time period, the tran
11707	7	e potentially excellent evidence of the evolution of human walking. however, until recently we    found that methods used to analyze the distribution of chemical patterns in the brain are idea   walking works like a metronome, saving energy as the body swings forward over the foot which c  to side, and can actually save pendulum-energy sideways on, by their waddling gait. distant hum   squat and stable build - did they save energy the same way it is likely that the footprints at  rmation, which can recreate balance and energy-saving mechanisms in these early human ancestors  ls, tools and evidence to interpret the evolution of walking at a crucial time period, the tran
14336	2	dry chaco, with little altitudinal and temperature variation over a large area, offers a great   to provide detailed data about the ant distribution and morphology. the information provided i
9818	3	co-evolution happens when two tight co-evolutionary intera   body types would be consistent with co-evolution; conversely, the lack of such associations wo  neral issue of whether hypotheses of co-evolution are actually supported by the fossil evidence
1962	4	ect defence mechanisms include a.o. the production of deterring or toxic secondary metabolites.  ted, using a combination of laboratory, mesocosm, and field studies. the project will contribut  ribute to our understanding of both the evolution of plant defence in complex natural ecosystem  ion of plant defence in complex natural ecosystems and the compatibility of pest control strate
10338	7	o possible causal events such as global climate change, asteroid impacts and volcanism. establi  oactive isotopes within the crystal and growth of their radiogenic daughter isotopes. these iso  xy for the depositional age of the host sediment. we aim to exploit this new knowledge to devel   important to characterise the rate and nature of trace element uptake, and the chemical stabil   trace element uptake, and the chemical stability of each bone before deriving a date. we have    with poorly resolved dates. successful development of this technique would provide a method to  al framework within which the rates and nature of the most profound crisis experienced by life
10040	1	in any community of living organisms as our test species. two
10158	1	t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar
10431	1	t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar
10432	1	t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar
10723	1	t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar
11714	1	t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar
9907	1	t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar
11360	6	activity influences the fate of primary production and phytoplankton succession, may enhance ph  of primary production and phytoplankton succession, may enhance phytoplankton diversity and str   phytoplankton diversity and structures food webs. however, no techniques currently exist to di  fy the viral component of phytoplankton mortality. we aim to develop a highly promising dilutio  on technique to directly quantify viral mortality of specific phytoplankton in natural waters.   to interpret phytoplankton:viral:grazer population dynamics and their biogeochemical consequenc
13575	5	l fishing pressure, nephrops norvegicus production remains high, and the question is what suppo   and the question is what supports this production a major source of subsidies to marine system  bjective is to quantify both direct and indirect effects of discarded by-catch under as close t  ver be modified by: nephrops population density, the presence of other scavengers . this projec  ts, and how this links in with nephrops production.
12023	13	land use change strongly modifies the biodiversity and   versity and functioning of semi-natural ecosystems. the effects on ecosystems functioning can b  semi-natural ecosystems. the effects on ecosystems functioning can be either direct, via a modi  f the jena biodiversity experiment, the model was parametrized for about 70 species. the model    parametrized for about 70 species. the model was validated for 13 grass species. a large scale  validated for 13 grass species. a large scale virtual experiment allowed studying systematicall  tically interactions between four plant traits at two n supply levels. optimal values for total  s for total plant biomass of these four traits matched exactly field measured trait values. the  xactly field measured trait values. the model therefore shows that these plant traits and their   model therefore shows that these plant traits and their plasticity have an adaptive value, thr  y have an adaptive value, through plant growth maximization. plastic responses of traits and pl  owth maximization. plastic responses of traits and plasticity limits, which contribute to speci  is result suggests a path to ecological intensification of meadows, through increased use of sp
13603	3	a recent review of diseases of the european edible crab for crus  me population. experiments to study the mortality of infected individual are set up in the stat  disease prevalence and the assumed high mortality caused by the diseases, is studied by an inve
10142	12	riorities in biodiversity conservation. competition has long been proposed as an important forc  uctions, phylogenetic investigations of community structure have become possible, testing the e   become possible, testing the effect of competition between species. the main idea is that clos  ied to test this phylogenetic effect of competition in structuring community assembly using up   ic effect of competition in structuring community assembly using up to date phylogenetic compar  tic relationship has a direct effect on competition. my project will involve a different model:  on. my project will involve a different model: rotifers. they are tiny animals living in water,  nsities of individuals and high species richness, with 100 species living together. such high d  n the field, and performing analyses of community structure to find evidence of competition the  community structure to find evidence of competition the hypotheses based on field data, and sec  eses based on field data, and second to model the processes acting in nature.   second to model the processes acting in nature.
15503	7	factors; it is well known that current climate, topography, structure and quality of habitat,   e, topography, structure and quality of habitat, human impact or historical climate changes aff   of habitat, human impact or historical climate changes affect the distribution of diversity in  r historical climate changes affect the distribution of diversity in different ways. however, u  e simultaneity of these effects and the competition for evolutionary processes and historical c  dients is based on the study of species richness; other aspects of diversity, such as functiona  study the determinants of diversity and community structure of beetles scarabaeoidea determine
11098	2	origin of life. i propose to study the distribution and morphology of these dislocations, thei  hology of these dislocations, their t-t evolution and geochemical implications for fluid-rock r
10094	1	resources. aflp analysis will determine heterogeneity within and between populations from diffe
1936	3	wo wind dispersal models, a statistical model of the so called gaussian plume type and a mechan  n plume type and a mechanistic particle model. data on external seed transport by animals will   and used to set up a spatially explicit model to simulate the likelihood of dispersal of charac
12149	6	distribution and abundance assessment of two invasive f                         distribution and abundance assessment of two invasive fish species - rou  rasites for lithuanian water bodies. as abundance regulation experiment would be carried out du   help to control further dispersion and abundance. project findings would give us essential inf  eco-systems and would be background for mitigation measures to stop further invasion and to red  urther invasion and to reduce impact on ecosystems.
10474	4	play a major role in determining world climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge  rld climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox  n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide approach s  uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide approach specifically targeted at the pp
9905	4	play a major role in determining world climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge  rld climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox  n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide approach s  uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide approach specifically targeted at the pp
9807	3	ls alter perceived petal colour, scent, temperature or nectar availability, in order to underst  flowers, whether they react to scent or temperature differences, whether it takes them longer t  , enhancing our understanding of the co-evolution of plants and their pollinators during their
15381	3	g the dynamics of mammalian chromosomal evolution. chromosome reorganizations, such as inversio  s are organized analyse the topological distribution of evolutionary breakpoint regions in rela  will significantly enhance the research environment and capabilities for frontier research in s
13945	5	the transport of dissolved organic matter phytoplankton species. it is suggested t  species. it is suggested that it is the nitrogen in the dom that is beneficial for the hab-form  olecules such as amino acids containing nitrogen has been shown to take place. however, virtual  uch as proteins or humic substances for growth. a large part of the dom entering coastal waters  ct uptake of large molecules containing nitrogen. if this is a common trait among hab-forming p
11733	3	ver, the implications of this change on ecosystem functioning remain unknown due to our lack of   fundamental understanding of how these ecosystems work. dissolved organic nitrogen , bas and n  hese ecosystems work. dissolved organic nitrogen , bas and nerc research programmes and will di
10160	2	sults may, in the long run, lead to the development of methods to monitor and assess the changi  or and assess the changing state of our environment.
15096	5	tal effects on hosts, by reducing their growth, fecundity, killing branches or, in cases of hea  ours its spread and increases the water stress of hosts. in this project, our aim is to provide  ion on the factors that determine their distribution area, effects on hosts, and host-parasite-  . many few studies in ecology have used spatial analysis to characterize the infection processe  al variables that modulate the parasite distribution. this project is pionner in this kind of t
6871	6	loodplain water bodies provide suitable growth conditions for aquatic biota including the potam  oplankton. water exchange between these growth areas and the mainstream river results in a drif   river results in a drift of biota as a function of stochastic fluctuations in discharge. as a    disturbance factor plays a key role in community organization of potamoplankton. the present p  ics of potamoplankton at various flows. mapping of dead zones may initiate similar studies conc   natural flow inhomogeny and floodplain connectivity.
2479	14	tructure and species composition of the ecosystems they invade. the ctenophore mnemiopsis leidy  mnemiopsis can severely disrupt pelagic food webs through direct predation and competition as w  isrupt pelagic food webs through direct predation and competition as well as several top-down a   food webs through direct predation and competition as well as several top-down and bottom-up p  psis' proven ability to disturb pelagic ecosystems, it is imperative to study its role in this   mperative to study its role in this new habitat. the conditions mnemiopsis faces in norway diff  investigate the geographic and seasonal distribution of mnemiopsis in norway and to evaluate it  in norway and to evaluate its potential ecosystem impact. we will accomplish this through a com  tive and feeding biology of mnemiopsis, predation on mnemiopsis, and the cascading impacts of a  psis on different levels of the pelagic community. the resulting knowledge will improve our abi  y to understand and predict changes and succession in pelagic ecosystems due to invasive specie  edict changes and succession in pelagic ecosystems due to invasive species and/or increased num   and/or increased numbers of gelatinous predators, in norway as well as globally. the results a  ts are relevant with respect to prudent ecosystem-based management of norwegian marine resource
1984	5	ntrolling factors of n2 fixation at the ecosystem level. in order to achieve these aims a molec  l mats are complex, vertical stratified ecosystems in which cyanobacteria play a key role. the    key role. the most important source of nitrogen in coastal microbial mats is n2 and the n2 fix  s n2 and the n2 fixation rates in these ecosystems are therefore high. there are several functi  s are therefore high. there are several functional groups of microorganisms in the mats that ar
15157	2	al aims at inferring the history of the colonization of the continental subterranean waters by   on is ideal to undertake studies on the evolution and biogeography of the subterranean fauna si
7138	3	esign and test predictive models of the evolution of populations of various groups of soil inve  esponse groups will be determined and a model based on the related processes these features wil   the responses of soil invertebrates to land use change.
12056	11	context climate change , was created and a complete phylogeny o   validate these mechanisms. statistical modelling of current and future distribution of the 300  istical modelling of current and future distribution of the 3000 plant species in the area was   t and monitoring. finally, a simulation model of vegetation has been created and set to the zon  itoring. finally, a simulation model of vegetation has been created and set to the zone of the   h data analyses allowed us to infer the distribution mechanisms of plant biodiversity. another    developments therefore enabled both to model the current distribution and future of the entire  efore enabled both to model the current distribution and future of the entire alpine flora in r   alpine flora in response to changes in climate and land use. this model predicts a strong uphe  o changes in climate and land use. this model predicts a strong upheaval in the distribution of  model predicts a strong upheaval in the distribution of biodiversity with a sharp decline in sp
15524	1	past, and future distributions under a global change scenario.
13838	4	this is reflected in host preferences, community structure and adaptations to abiotic conditio  biotic conditions; 2 the ectomycorrhiza symbiosis is evolutionary stable and this promotes incr  nge of hosts, occurs in a wide range of ecosystems, and is sparsely studied by molecular method  l character state analyses for selected functional traits. the ectomycorrhizal condition will b
11275	10	robes are important components of every ecosystem and natural environment on earth, yet our und  mponents of every ecosystem and natural environment on earth, yet our understanding of microbia  of all microbes present in a particular environment. these methods enable the capture of sub-se  fy most of the organisms present in any environment. this approach has massively expanded our a  sponsible for recycling biomass in many ecosystems. given the diversity and extensive distribut  tems. given the diversity and extensive distribution of this microbial group in aquatic environ  oup represents an important part of the microbial community. in addition, this group has a very   approach will enable us to observe the nature of these microbial cells and their abundance and  ture of these microbial cells and their abundance and role within different habitat types.   eir abundance and role within different habitat types.
14660	2	atic inclusions, which, in the event of growth in the presence of pollutants, could perhaps be    could perhaps be used in the future as indicators of ecotoxicity.
7410	2	of dehalogenases functional genes, and evolution of microbial degradation capacity of organoha  acity of organohalogen compounds in the environment
185	12	e and more fragmented nowadays, forming habitat mosaics. however, most studies investigating pa  ating patterns of species diversity and abundance are restricted to examining the effect of onl  atterns of insect species diversity and abundance in alvars. this is a type of seminatural calc  ess isolated distinct patches, in which habitat specialists are likely to exist only as metapop  we will examine the response of species richness, composition and abundance to current and hist  se of species richness, composition and abundance to current and historical area and connectivi  ance to current and historical area and connectivity of alvars. we also examine insect communit  ivity of alvars. we also examine insect community structure as dependent on landscape matrix su  pendent on landscape matrix surrounding habitat, abundance of resources, vegetation cover and t  n landscape matrix surrounding habitat, abundance of resources, vegetation cover and the level   unding habitat, abundance of resources, vegetation cover and the level of overgrowth with woody  l and current influences on present-day community patterns. the study focuses on two trophic le
2480	8	primary producers in the marine pelagic community. haptophyte blooms may also have a major impa   also have a major impact on the global carbon balance and on climate forcing, and toxins may c  act on the global carbon balance and on climate forcing, and toxins may cause fish-kills. we la   on their biodiversity and quantitative distribution and dynamics at the species and population   composition, diversity, life cycle and abundance are affected by environmental factors. the ab   affected by environmental factors. the abundance and distribution of haptophyte specific virus  nvironmental factors. the abundance and distribution of haptophyte specific viruses will be exa   the marine pico- and nanophytoplankton community, where haptophytes play a significant role. t
14675	9	ce of gypsum in the soil determines the development of a vegetation of great ecological interes  he soil determines the development of a vegetation of great ecological interest, characterized   pecies adapted to salt excess and water stress, many of them being endemic plants. in these hig  s complicated and slow. the mycorrhizal symbiosis is an essential factor of the productivity an  symbiosis is an essential factor of the productivity and diversity of natural ecosystems. it is  e productivity and diversity of natural ecosystems. it is well known its contribution to nutrie  ovement of drought tolerance and to the facilitation process. therefore, the mycorrhizal fungi   important role in the establishment and development of plant species in gypsum soils. under thi  hizas play in the tolerance to the salt stress. an approach to the knowledge of the rizosphere
7382	2	we study the molecular evolution of a gene family encoding agpase, a key enzym  regions and promoter. understanding the evolution of the family will be complemented by the ide
7013	2	tively little attention. the only large-scale study carried out so far was based on material co  made to gain data on host plants and on distribution within islands. morphological studies are
10182	5	ampling will investigate the extent and nature of the predatory beetle community and their prey  tent and nature of the predatory beetle community and their prey in the control and improved gr   that there are fast and slow routes of carbon transfer into the higher trophic levels. a manip  etermining the composition of the plant community. these studies will address the overall objec  sourhope and their effects on the plant community.
13468	3	the project focuses on plant population dynamics and species diversity within arable  chronology of species-establishment and density changes in species-populations on different spa  y successional grasslands on a european scale, we will seek generalities by comparing results f
14842	3	y based in morphological and ecological traits, five different subspecies have been distinguish  f this species. firstly, the geographic distribution of the species will be determined as well   mined as well as its main morphological traits. secondly, a study of the genotypic variability
7518	2	tic species may differ depending on the nature or type of genetic marker used to assess. the ai  aches lead to the proposal of diversity indicators. these methods are illustrated with real cas
421	8	expected commensurate reduction in the ecosystem services that they provide. however, the natu  ervices that they provide. however, the nature of this change remains poorly documented, and wi  he understanding of which landscape and habitat features are responsible for the shift in commu  atures are responsible for the shift in community composition. we predicted that life-history t  osition. we predicted that life-history traits increasing the ability of soil fauna to disperse  lationship between species life-history traits, landscape and habitat attributes. in highly int  cies life-history traits, landscape and habitat attributes. in highly intensified farming syste  and had high dispersal abilities. other traits also showed significant relationships with the m
14120	2	nd the demographic processes of regular recruitment and turnover of individuals. an application   the results will be applicable also in nature conservation.
2061	25	rvesting combined with changes in ocean climate has generated large fluctuations in northern ma  e fluctuations in northern marine shelf ecosystems. the link between zooplankton and apex preda  . the link between zooplankton and apex predators in these systems is occupied by a few key spe  ch sustain a large and diverse group of predators are characterized by a variable and complex d  characterized by a variable and complex distribution in densities in space and time. in this pr  al we argue that the highly dynamic and scale-dependent spatial pattern of forage fish species    the highly dynamic and scale-dependent spatial pattern of forage fish species is a key factor   cies is a key factor in shaping the top predator community and determining the trophic interact   key factor in shaping the top predator community and determining the trophic interaction betwe  nteraction between forage fish and apex predators. to evaluate the role of this hypothesis on t  uate the role of this hypothesis on the ecosystem processes, we propose a study that aims at ex  pose a study that aims at exploring the spatial pattern in predator-prey interactions and compe  ims at exploring the spatial pattern in predator-prey interactions and competition. data on spa  ttern in predator-prey interactions and competition. data on spatial distribution of apex preda  ctions and competition. data on spatial distribution of apex predators, forage fish species and  n. data on spatial distribution of apex predators, forage fish species and zooplankton will be   zed by using a recently developed multi-scale statistical method that separate patterns on diff  les. we will quantify the scales of the spatial pattern and the spatial overlap of the differen  nd the spatial overlap of the different predator-prey groups. we will furthermore examine the s  xamine the spatial response of the apex predator community to changes in the abundance and spat  e spatial response of the apex predator community to changes in the abundance and spatial patte  ex predator community to changes in the abundance and spatial pattern of prey. finally, we will  mmunity to changes in the abundance and spatial pattern of prey. finally, we will quantify the    finally, we will quantify the temporal stability and predictability in the observed spatial pa  lity and predictability in the observed spatial pattern within and between years.
7001	1	the present distribution of amphibians and reptiles in central euro
15065	1	to make it available to the scientific community.
15520	6	the increasing functional diversity in the forest system favours its r  st system favours its resilience to the global change. in this project a multidisciplinar team   analysis of the variability spectrum of functional traits in woody species across an environmen  . 2 analysis of functional stategies at community level and their relations with changes in wat  ns, particularly drought. 4 analysis of mortality and regeneration rates of main forest species  ates of main forest species at regional evaluation and recomendations on reforestation techniqu
10378	1	which can significantly influence host mortality. environmental stresses can induce phage rele
14146	4	homobasidiomycetes represent a specific environment hosting particular organisms. besides ample  ons on the patterns of host specificity evolution and cocladogenesis. planned multigene analyse  gical expertise will likely lead to the development of dna barcodes. the individual studies aim  o plan to detect evidence of correlated evolution of selected associates and to test the associ
11756	2	ment nor the optimal conditions for its production by diatoms have been established, the main a  vironmental conditions that control its production in a number of species of the haslea genus i
7373	2	salt stress is a major constraint to agriculture. the object  ical and molecular determinants of salt stress tolerance. the project focuses on the analysis o
13878	12	he current debate on how the control of ecosystem diversity and functioning depends on the feed  d organisms say that soil processes can function at low levels of species richness in soil. thi  s can function at low levels of species richness in soil. this is due to a low degree of specie   species specific links within the soil food web that maintain a high redundancy in functions.    the soil food web that maintain a high redundancy in functions. we claim that this dogma is du   interactions between organisms in soil food web we propose the use of techniques that will add  igh resolution of the structure of soil food webs. we will: identify the direction and specific  nd fungal feeding invertebrates in soil food webs. nested pcrs of dna extracts of soil animals    in amplified clones will determine the abundance of fungi and thus the feeding specialization   als. we will: identify the structure of food webs by detecting stable 13c isotope ratios of soi  l determine their trophic levels in the food web. press perturbation experiments with plant der  ine the structure and diversity of soil food webs under influence of different plant communitie
7369	1	t, problem, objectives, methods chosen. phenology of the apical bud in the oak provenance tests
10427	2	e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be  ical morphologies not normally found in nature. the results of this project will lead to a grea
11218	2	e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be  ical morphologies not normally found in nature. the results of this project will lead to a grea
11427	2	e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be  ical morphologies not normally found in nature. the results of this project will lead to a grea
6791	2	goal is to determine the diversity and abundance of thelephoroid ectomycorrhizae in the most c  f thelephora-ectomycorrhiza to obtain a model system for investigating physiological and bichem
12053	5	ty of metabolisms and adaptation to the environment is obvious. genomic data already identify t  l niches and the essential phenotypical traits. hypotheses on the evolution in the species and    phenotypical traits. hypotheses on the evolution in the species and on the genetic stability o  ution in the species and on the genetic stability of strains will be drawn. to propose methods   elected strains on the diversity in the ecosystem and to draw the conclusions for its preservat
10341	1	yrata ssp. petraea populations over its distribution range in europe. the aim is to obtain enou
9919	1	toring and conservation, ecological and ecosystems research involving all life stages, and bioc
11874	15	ortant natural laboratory for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital   ry for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological cha   a combination of the simplicity of its ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity   ricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurri  od chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurring at approximately twice the r  ions. one of the major features of this warming appears to be the greening-up of terrestrial ha  ars to be linked to the availability of nitrogen which is often present in short supply in many  te its central role in regulating plant growth, our knowledge of the nitrogen cycle in antarcti  ting plant growth, our knowledge of the nitrogen cycle in antarctic environments remains extrem  , we believe that current models of the nitrogen cycle are unsound as they have failed to inclu  polar n cycling by looking in detail at competition between soil and plants for organic and ino  il and plants for organic and inorganic nitrogen. ultimately, this will enhance mathematical mo  mathematical models used for predicting ecosystem responses to perturbation. the work directly   k directly underpins policy relating to environmental change and biodiversity in polar regions.  remely relevant to many other low-input ecosystems around the world .
10034	8	which organisms are responsible for nitrogen cycling in acid soils nitrification is essenti  fication is essential to the cycling of nitrogen throughout the environment. it involves the co   the cycling of nitrogen throughout the environment. it involves the conversion of ammonia to n  t involves the conversion of ammonia to nitrate by two groups of microorganisms. ammonia oxidis  tained in soil, but after conversion to nitrate, it can be readily leached resulting in the pol  ammonia oxidation is accompanied by the production of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas wh  wledge of the organisms responsible for nitrogen cycling in natural and managed acidic soil sys  tand the links between biodiversity and ecosystem function, including the mechanisms and organi
10255	30	tivity with consequences for our future climate. the biosphere has been suggested as a signific   this change by sequestering additional carbon. key to our understanding and evaluation of thes  al carbon. key to our understanding and evaluation of these processes is knowledge about the ex   is knowledge about the extent to which ecosystems acclimate to elevated co2. some research has   research has indicated only short-term growth responses to elevated co2, but these studies hav  ut these studies have often focussed on production responses ignoring more subtle shifts in who  es ignoring more subtle shifts in whole ecosystem function. even where acclimation has occurred  state of equilibrium results in altered ecosystem function, especially with regard to c loss or  y with regard to c loss or gain. arctic ecosystems are of critical importance to global conserv  ion and store up to one-third of global soil carbon reserves. their stability under future atmo  d of global soil carbon reserves. their stability under future atmospheric co2 scenarios will h  r influences on global biodiversity and warming. in this study we want to test whether arctic p  elevated co2 has a cumulative effect on ecosystem properties that influence ecosystem stability   on ecosystem properties that influence ecosystem stability, resistance and resilience. as a re  tem properties that influence ecosystem stability, resistance and resilience. as a result of an  ies that influence ecosystem stability, resistance and resilience. as a result of anthropogenic  of anthropogenic gaseous emissions, the climate of arctic regions is likely to alter, in partic   to alter, in particular with regard to temperature and precipitation. these changes, and other  rticular with regard to temperature and precipitation. these changes, and other periodic pertur  riodic perturbations will challenge the stability of current vegetation and soil microbial proc  will challenge the stability of current vegetation and soil microbial processes. sub-arctic hea  stems are also subject to periodic mass herbivory events, for example due to mass infestation b  ated defoliation event. in a controlled environment facility, we will also investigate whether    investigate whether variations in soil temperature and moisture content will interact with the  ions based on improved predictions from climate models. specifically, the extent to which whole  specifically, the extent to which whole ecosystems acclimate to elevated co2 is a key area of u  y area of uncertainty in predicting and modelling future scenarios. research findings will also  cantly advance our understanding of the stability of arctic ecosystems to perturbations under f  nderstanding of the stability of arctic ecosystems to perturbations under future climate change  cosystems to perturbations under future climate change and important potential impacts on globa
11464	9	importance of prokaryotic diversity to ecosystem function is suspected but unknown. the extent   diversity in response to environmental stress. it has thus been impossible to test this hypoth  st this hypothesis. we have developed a model based on species abundance distributions which ca  have developed a model based on species abundance distributions which can be used to quantify b  erial diversity . the bacterial species distribution is predicted to change from log-normal und  tric when a single or few factors drive community structure e.g. reduction in water quality due  ality due to pollution. we will use our model to test whether lake trophic status and water qua  water quality are linked to the species abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.   ity are linked to the species abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.
11799	9	importance of prokaryotic diversity to ecosystem function is suspected but unknown. the extent   diversity in response to environmental stress. it has thus been impossible to test this hypoth  st this hypothesis. we have developed a model based on species abundance distributions which ca  have developed a model based on species abundance distributions which can be used to quantify b  erial diversity . the bacterial species distribution is predicted to change from log-normal und  tric when a single or few factors drive community structure e.g. reduction in water quality due  ality due to pollution. we will use our model to test whether lake trophic status and water qua  water quality are linked to the species abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.   ity are linked to the species abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.
2022	8	nile fish. however, a true nursery is a habitat that contributes more per unit area to the prod  t contributes more per unit area to the production of individuals that recruit to the adult ree   population, then these habitats do not function as productive nurseries, but only as sinks for   this proposal aims to quantify whether density, growth and survival of juvenile fish is higher  posal aims to quantify whether density, growth and survival of juvenile fish is higher in mangr   analysis of otolith microchemistry and stable isotopes, and long-term fish tagging. quantitati  cological interactions between tropical ecosystems, and of the population dynamics of tropical   between tropical ecosystems, and of the population dynamics of tropical reef fish with spatiall
11284	3	phic oceanic gyres, the earth s largest ecosystems, which profoundly affect global biogeochemis  undly affect global biogeochemistry and climate. compared to complex biogeochemical dynamics of  rimentally, a phosphate an oligotrophic ecosystem controlled by mixotrophic protists is sustain
11335	5	in the uk will rely on increasing crop production by c. 70% by 2070. meeting these production   uction by c. 70% by 2070. meeting these production goals will depend on reducing crop losses to  increasingly challenging. plant derived resistance, and particularly multi-species interactions  ived resistance, and particularly multi-species interactions that enhance such crop resistance,  ies interactions that enhance such crop resistance, could therefore be invaluable. the aim of t
11846	7	cognise that we need to manage using an ecosystem based approach while at the same time maintai  dustry in management decisions. such an ecosystem approach requires a more mechanistic understa   understanding of the role the physical environment plays whilst also taking into account multi  hilst also taking into account multiple species interactions. it is also clear, as more demand   hysical mechanisms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this resear  ms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this research will greatly   derstanding needed for implementing the ecosystem approach to sustainable fisheries management.
10736	1	amage, for both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. iit is of utmost importance to understand h
10817	13	g the factors that drive changes in the abundance of animal populations is fundamental to ecolo  opulations show regular oscillations in abundance, known as cycles, and these are usually thoug  o be due to matched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the h  atched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the herbivore s fo  od quality is not thought to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we h  ntly experience reduced availability of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive r  bility of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive rate and hence slows down the r  hence slows down the rate of population growth in the following year. eventually populations fa  erbivores are once again able to access nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduct  cess nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduction increase again. we believe this  l mechanism for the first time in large-scale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the  ow feeding in these areas affects their growth and reproduction. these experiments will assess   defences can cause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of
11049	13	g the factors that drive changes in the abundance of animal populations is fundamental to ecolo  opulations show regular oscillations in abundance, known as cycles, and these are usually thoug  o be due to matched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the h  atched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the herbivore s fo  od quality is not thought to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we h  ntly experience reduced availability of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive r  bility of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive rate and hence slows down the r  hence slows down the rate of population growth in the following year. eventually populations fa  erbivores are once again able to access nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduct  cess nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduction increase again. we believe this  l mechanism for the first time in large-scale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the  ow feeding in these areas affects their growth and reproduction. these experiments will assess   defences can cause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of
11562	13	g the factors that drive changes in the abundance of animal populations is fundamental to ecolo  opulations show regular oscillations in abundance, known as cycles, and these are usually thoug  o be due to matched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the h  atched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the herbivore s fo  od quality is not thought to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we h  ntly experience reduced availability of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive r  bility of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive rate and hence slows down the r  hence slows down the rate of population growth in the following year. eventually populations fa  erbivores are once again able to access nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduct  cess nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduction increase again. we believe this  l mechanism for the first time in large-scale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the  ow feeding in these areas affects their growth and reproduction. these experiments will assess   defences can cause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of
11829	13	g the factors that drive changes in the abundance of animal populations is fundamental to ecolo  opulations show regular oscillations in abundance, known as cycles, and these are usually thoug  o be due to matched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the h  atched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the herbivore s fo  od quality is not thought to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we h  ntly experience reduced availability of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive r  bility of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive rate and hence slows down the r  hence slows down the rate of population growth in the following year. eventually populations fa  erbivores are once again able to access nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduct  cess nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduction increase again. we believe this  l mechanism for the first time in large-scale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the  ow feeding in these areas affects their growth and reproduction. these experiments will assess   defences can cause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of
11441	3	he degree of utilisation of new and old carbon in soils and peats by the microbial biomass to b  nd old carbon in soils and peats by the microbial biomass to be assessed. plfa profiling and st  y the microbial biomass to be assessed. plfa profiling and structural investigations will allow
13610	10	ent dynamics during an recent change in dominance among plant growth forms in lake tåkern, sout   recent change in dominance among plant growth forms in lake tåkern, southern sweden. the lake   istorical record of repeated structural regime shifts between clear and turbid states and the p  and the present situation may precede a regime shift. in august, floating filamentous algae and  tions between submerged macrophytes and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, are central to the   macrophytes and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, are central to the lake system structure an  in the water and stored in plants , and phosphorus fractions in surface sediments in different   tions in surface sediments in different vegetation stands across the lake, in september-october  -linear responses to eutrophication and regime shifts in aquatic systems, but also for the unde  so for the understanding and management ecosystems in general.
13355	1	tion, conservation characterization and evaluation data are subject to documentation of plant g
10564	8	hive of information recording the diet, climate and residence of its owner. this information al  how they moved around and utilized this environment, and what seasonal changes in temperature w  vironment, and what seasonal changes in temperature were experienced. we know this can be done   e root. these estimates for tooth crown development have been confirmed by recent isotopic stud   of time is recorded in the enamel, the oxygen isotope ratios along the line should vary in a r  ecause they are sensitive to changes in climate, particularly temperature differences between s  ive to changes in climate, particularly temperature differences between summer and winter. howe  time in a single individual, short-term seasonality may not be preserved in human enamel.
10211	1	that regulate it are poorly understood. carbon fungi are a dominant group of microorganisms tha
13790	9	udies found that consumer p content and growth rate can be affected by food quality and that fa  milar mechanisms are at work in benthic ecosystems. the first part will test two key hypotheses  part will test two key hypotheses about growth rates and nutrient content of snail grazers, by   erial from an earlier experiment, where nutrients, light and grazer density were manipulated: w  ment, where nutrients, light and grazer density were manipulated: within species, individual gr  manipulated: within species, individual growth rate and p content is lower in pristine than in   ating invertebrate species composition, growth and stoichiometry will help to predict effects o   of eutrophication and loss of riparian vegetation on benthic ecosystems.    loss of riparian vegetation on benthic ecosystems.
11264	2	be the first attempt to manipulate the distribution of both information and personality within  and will provide a new insight into the function of diversity for social animals when coping wi
11546	2	be the first attempt to manipulate the distribution of both information and personality within  and will provide a new insight into the function of diversity for social animals when coping wi
11551	1	nce that it may play a role in adaptive evolution. we will use the hawaiian endemic plant genus
10439	2	hymenoscyphus ericae, has considerable intraspecific variation in its preference for nitrogen   pecific variation in its preference for nitrogen sources available. this project aims specifica
9927	7	early nutrition shapes an individual s development. parental provisioning strategies can, ther  ore, have profound effects on offspring life history. in blue tits, like many parids, an intrig  ing occurs during early stages of chick development breeding in nestboxes around the university  ol for overall amino acid intake. chick growth, development and blood antioxidant activity will  verall amino acid intake. chick growth, development and blood antioxidant activity will be comp  essed by measuring cell-mediated immune function and plumage reflectance. finally, we will test  ions and the role of nutrition in avian development.
10345	1	lutants or mixtures on reproduction and development in british freshwater molluscs have not bee
10136	3	nked to increases in winter sea surface temperature. the effects of this reduction in condition  g performance under differing levels of competition in the wild. salmon returning to the river   this field work we will measure various traits of the eggs and fry in the lab, to determine how
10678	4	for thermal dissipation of excess light energy in leaves. i will examine the extent to which ps  hanges in response to light regime as a function of light ecotype and how this relates to photo  nderpin the mechanistic basis for light habitat preference using recent information regarding t  ent information regarding the structure-function relationship of the antenna complex to address
10944	25	dea that each individual species avoids competition with its neighbour by using a different set  ber of soil resources, most notably for nitrogen, which until recently was thought to be taken   ing that plants can uptake a variety of nitrogen forms in the soil, including many organic form  iffer in their preference for different nitrogen forms. if this is the case in nature, the poss   nitrogen forms. if this is the case in nature, the possibility exists that plants may be able   exists that plants may be able to avoid competition for soil nitrogen by using different forms   y be able to avoid competition for soil nitrogen by using different forms of nitrogen that are   il nitrogen by using different forms of nitrogen that are available in soil. there is a certain  dence that this may be the case in some ecosystems where nitrogen is especially limiting to pla  ay be the case in some ecosystems where nitrogen is especially limiting to plant growth, for ex  itrogen is especially limiting to plant growth, for example in the arctic; however, these exper  only be done on a very limited range of nitrogen forms. here, we propose to test the idea that   source partitioning for a wide range of nitrogen forms that commonly occur in these soils. we w   with other organisms in these strongly nitrogen limited ecosystems, notably the soil microbes   isms in these strongly nitrogen limited ecosystems, notably the soil microbes that are know to   e effective competitors with plants for nitrogen. here we test the idea that this competition m  trogen. here we test the idea that this competition might be minimised in a similar way to that  , microbes and plant also use different nitrogen forms to avoid competition for this limiting r  o use different nitrogen forms to avoid competition for this limiting resource. we will do this   coexisting plant species use different nitrogen forms from each other, and whether soil microb  hether soil microbes also use different nitrogen forms from the plants this will also allow us   her there is a relationship between the dominance of species in the field and the availability   and the availability of their preferred nitrogen form in soil in other words, the most abundant  ts preferentially use the most abundant nitrogen form, whereas rare species use the rarest nitr  rm, whereas rare species use the rarest nitrogen forms.
10241	2	invertebrate celleporella hyalina as a model species to test the prediction that, analogous to  s for outbreeding caused for example by habitat degredation and fragmentation. the programme th
11100	2	invertebrate celleporella hyalina as a model species to test the prediction that, analogous to  s for outbreeding caused for example by habitat degredation and fragmentation. the programme th
11870	2	reasonable assumption that the visible productivity in each country, and hold wider-reach trai   hold wider-reach training workshops in carbon cycle science in each country at the start and e
9840	7	nd show dramatic and regular changes in abundance with regular seven to ten year fluctuations i  gular seven to ten year fluctuations in abundance. the ecological mechanisms causing these fluc  uctuations are currently unknown. large-scale experiments on cyclic populations of snowshoe har  ulations of snowshoe hares suggest that predation and food availability interact to destabilise  pically occur on sporting estates where predators are rigorously controlled and thus it is unli  controlled and thus it is unlikely that predation causes mountain hare cycles. over-winter food   mountain hare cycles. over-winter food abundance has long been recognised as playing a critica
7687	2	by a multidisciplinary, multi -scale and multi partnership, our poulhaie crem project   mainly hedges landscape in facilitating predation on extensive outdoor poultry farms by small c
2169	5	pecific human-related driving forces of ecosystem change that are identified as major threats t  ies. the project focuses on terrestrial vegetation in mires, forests, and alpine areas, which a  igating the effects of these drivers on vegetation, we will also study how vegetational changes  l changes in turn have consequences for ecosystem services, focusing on pollination. for this p  including specialists in palaeoecology, community ecology, pollination, forest ecology, cultura
15389	8	global change trends suggest that one of the most hard   as a consequence, the increase of water salinity will affect probably to many arid streams. inf  rmittent streams, however the effect of salinity on these mentioned aspects is not well knowed.  o analyze the synergic effect that both stress factors . finally, to have information on the va  unities and ecological process in these ecosystems, may help to propose specific indicators for  cosystems, may help to propose specific indicators for intermittent saline streams and to know   aline streams and to know the effect of multiple stressors on running water ecosystem.    of multiple stressors on running water ecosystem.
11492	14	otosynthetic pathway dominate grassland ecosystems and cereal production in warm climates. both  ominate grassland ecosystems and cereal production in warm climates. both the multiple evolutio  upt geological shifts in the ecological dominance of this group have been linked with changes i  ked with changes in atmospheric co2 and climate. c4 plant responses to global change are theref   co2 and climate. c4 plant responses to global change are therefore of fundamental importance f  therefore of fundamental importance for ecosystem resource management under anthropogenic clima  resource management under anthropogenic climate change and for understanding the earth system,   osynthesis, but instead linked with the traits characterising the independent plant lineages wh  ater relations by linking experimental, model and field investigations within the framework of    monocot and eudicot groups. controlled environment experiments have been designed within the f  thin the framework of a new mechanistic model of stomatal control to develop an integrated pict  lade. experiments will target key plant traits determining water uptake, transport and loss, an   implications of these interactions for productivity and water-use in natural climate and soil   r productivity and water-use in natural climate and soil conditions, using a sub-sample of the
6930	8	production of varieties carrying durable resistance is   roduction of varieties carrying durable resistance is the main goal of resistance breeding. dur   durable resistance is the main goal of resistance breeding. durable resistance can be controll  in goal of resistance breeding. durable resistance can be controlled either by one gene or can    or can be the result of several genes. resistance breeding in viticulture aims at producing cu  ing cultivars resistant to powdery . pm resistance gene of kishmish vatkana was identified as r   vatkana was identified as ren1. the pm resistance gene of dzsandzsal kara is still unkknown. o  ana. second aim is the comparison of pm resistance genes of kishmis vatkana and dzsandzsal kara
10693	6	e ocean. this dust carries minerals and nutrients into the ocean and is thought to be particula  phytoplankton play a role in the global carbon cycle, which is of great importance for global w  which is of great importance for global warming. it is important to know exactly how much dust   articles, as this can have an impact on climate. samples of dust will also be collected on the   f africa. this will serve as input to a model that simulates dust transport across the ocean an  nformation will be very useful to those modelling the biology and chemistry of the ocean, and h
10689	2	l then be used to test hypotheses about community assembly, how inimical habitats and mountains  ins gain their endemic faunas, rates of evolution and speciation in different geographical situ
7714	7	this project is part of a development issue of organic farming. this comparison s  pected results contribute to: - improve productivity by ab by a better knowledge of production   uctivity by ab by a better knowledge of production intensification processes that allow less de   ab by a better knowledge of production intensification processes that allow less dependence on  external inputs and better use of light energy. - ensure the quality of products ab by exploiti  tensifying practices ab. - ensuring the ecological services of ab by determining how these serv   services are changed in the process of intensification also means rethinking and scales of the
9880	9	plicity of other health problems. while environmental change affects the distribution and trans   while environmental change affects the distribution and transmission of such zoonotic diseases   where and for whom downward spirals of environmental change, zoonotic disease and poverty emer  tic disease and poverty emerge, and the thresholds and tipping points at stake. this partnershi   at stake. this partnership and project development grant will build an african-european dynami  heir interrelationships with a range of ecosystem services and dimensions of poverty and wellbe  alth sciences. through a combination of mapping and detailed field studies, we will build a mul  new methodologies for systems analysis, mapping, and participatory eco-epidemiology, and develo   policy approaches to mitigate negative environment-disease dynamics and help build resilience
7133	2	resulting colloid. the consequences of global change - changes caused by both human activities  ll be studied by combining genetics and population dynamics approaches to approaches ecophysiol
7396	1	er"montpellier rio imaging"proposes the development of imaging techniques in real time and in t
14122	7	ized by the complex topography and soil distribution. although good spatial-correlations betwee  hough good spatial-correlations between vegetation and soil have been found, the extent of soil   extent of soil’s role on the long-term vegetation dynamics is little known. we will develop an  s little known. we will develop and use modeling approaches to estimate the holocene vegetation  ing approaches to estimate the holocene vegetation change at a local scale . at the same time,   e holocene vegetation change at a local scale . at the same time, the fundamental knowledge on   p between long-term spatial dynamics of vegetation and soil, even though widely assumed but lit
7463	3	regional predictions of the impacts of global change, acid deposition, and land use on terrest  deposition, and land use on terrestrial ecosystems, and the resultant effects upon aquatic ecos   and the resultant effects upon aquatic ecosystems. dynamo will place the site-specific results
14371	15	s however crucial for the monitoring of environment-related processes. innovative methods are t  e the opportunity of dynamic predictive mapping. multi-sensor data fusion and downscaling techn  ling techniques combined to statistical modelling could offer an alternative. this research has  laria vector control in southeast asia: land cover descriptor and relative humidity proxies fus  ive humidity proxies fusion and dynamic mapping 4. analyse the relation between land descriptor   application context. this will include modelling vector occurrence using land cover and relati  clude modelling vector occurrence using land cover and relative humidity descriptors and finall  f restricted zone for dry season vector habitat methodology • develop a new bayesian data fusio  ification of the hypothesis of receding habitat in the dry season for anopheles dirus s.l. and   opheles dirus s.l. and association with land cover and relative humidity • validation of leaf w  dation of leaf water content as a valid indicator for approximation of relative humidity relate  f relative humidity related to mosquito habitat • pave the way towards a new family of products  ation • to help in improving the use of remote sensing product in the field of epidemiology del  cribe recommendations and basis for the development of a decision support tool • map predicting  ision support tool • map predicting the habitat of the vector in the dry season if the hypothes
15349	2	ms underlaying the process of microbial evolution and adaptation to extreme environments. the p  been tested in microbial fuel cells for production of electricity.
15319	3	ical, phylogeographical, and ecological traits contribute to its singularity as an evolutionary   dynamics and persistence of small, low-density populations, and seek to derive implications fo  nderstanding the dynamics of small, low-density populations, and to the applied conservation of
14602	23	have lead to a progressive loss of open habitat and an increase in forest-type vegetation. in t   habitat and an increase in forest-type vegetation. in this context, fire dynamics play a criti  nd abandonment, regeneration of natural vegetation and fire. the general objective of the proje  ogical processes that determine species distribution of open habitat, mainly early successional   determine species distribution of open habitat, mainly early successional, species, in highly   predict species dynamic ranges by using habitat suitability modelling explicitly incorporating   mic ranges by using habitat suitability modelling explicitly incorporating the ecological mecha  ogeographic approaches and cutting-edge spatial analysis methods, this project will develop a m   this project will develop a multiscale modelling platform aimed to assess and predict patterns   assess and predict patterns of species distribution changes in different scenarios. this will   t scenarios. this will lead to a useful evaluation tool of potential impacts of global change o  evaluation tool of potential impacts of global change on biodiversity patterns in dynamic lands  d colonisation of new fragments of open habitat created by forest fire impact. 2- assessment of  mpact. 2- assessment of the patterns in distribution change at large spatial scales of open hab   change at large spatial scales of open habitat birds in relation with changes in the availabil  ion with changes in the availability of habitat. 3- identification of landscape elements that a  ents that allow the persistence of open habitat species in colonised habitat fragments. 4- deve  ce of open habitat species in colonised habitat fragments. 4- development of a spatial modellin  cies in colonised habitat fragments. 4- development of a spatial modelling platform aimed at pr   fragments. 4- development of a spatial modelling platform aimed at predicting open habitat spe  lling platform aimed at predicting open habitat species distribution dynamics in different scen  imed at predicting open habitat species distribution dynamics in different scenarios of landsca  tion dynamics in different scenarios of landscape change and fire regime.
13880	2	e substantially to the understanding of population dynamics and conservation of island-nesting   t may help sustain biodiversity of this habitat, and contribute to a sustainable use of coastal
7147	3	last millennia. geochemical analyzes of oxygen isotope compositions in the teeth of phosphates   bility , genetic variability, taxonomic richness and climate   tic variability, taxonomic richness and climate
7553	2	ubject of intensive cultivation for the production of palm hearts. . analysis of genetic divers  tural practices and their impact on the evolution of diversity will also be studied. this resea
14199	11	ndscapes and in estonia the ministry of environment plans several activities to facilitate rest  s. we aim to study calcareous grassland vegetation dynamics under changing land use, and addres   of diaspore and symbiont limitation on community change. we shall study plant community compos   community change. we shall study plant community composition, seed bank and arbuscular mycorrh  ve as references. we shall also address community dynamics under restoration management. in par  assland plant species. because land use intensification reduce the number and diversity of am f  the number and diversity of am fungi in ecosystems, and overgrowth of grasslands by scotch pine   change the dominating symbiotic fungal community from am to ectomycorrhizal, the lack of propa  ly managed semi-natural grassland plant community composition and diversity under intensifying   ly managed semi-natural grassland plant community composition and diversity under intensifying   lts will shed light on processes behind vegetation changes, as well as advice managers of grass
10125	11	s studies difficult to interpret. large-scale studies of extinction that also incorporate data   holocene, a period of relative climatic stability but rapid human expansion, are documented by   atterns of prehistoric human population density, resource use and environmental impacts, and al  patterns of large mammal occurrence and distribution, are available across the region. however,  pecific case studies with minimal wider-scale ecological analysis. this study system therefore   nto fundamental processes driving large-scale range contractions and fragmentations, regional e  ven by anthropogenic impacts and future climate change. the proposed project will combine data   he holocene of europe. this will permit gis-based analysis of range declines across a range of   ayed by species with differing ecology, life history and trophic status, and will address wheth  asis for investigating whether critical thresholds of human impact, e.g. human population densi   of human impact, e.g. human population density, can be identified. these related studies will
426	8	vegetation is of a double interest in the study of the   interest in the study of the impacts of global change on ecosystems: on the one hand, it is a v  tudy of the impacts of global change on ecosystems: on the one hand, it is a very important com  n the other hand it is an effective bio-indicator of these changes. in this research program, w  m, we propose to work on the impacts of climate change on the dynamics of vegetation in the for  ts of climate change on the dynamics of vegetation in the forests of french mountain areas. bec  reas. because of the strong altitudinal temperature gradient, the mountain is a privileged area  comes to detecting the first effects of warming taking place. forests present the advantage of
12353	3	objectives sediment process monitoring work carried out on round 1  ill be drawn together and reviewed. the review will assess the requirements, methods, data, res  oposed project addresses the results of sediment process monitoring only.
434	7	climate is a strong selective force in natural populati  ght need to adjust to a rapid change in climate. in this project our aim was to estimate if hyb  id zones nationwide. we showed that the distribution of the two species and their hybrids are c  h ecological variables, suggesting that climate is an important factor that restricts hybridiza  g times, we assessed the role of floral phenology in restricting gene flow at a local scale. we  ogy in restricting gene flow at a local scale. we detected isolation by time patterns. reproduc  s probably favoured by the intermediate climate conditions in the loire region, which could be
7261	1	he will understand the dynamics and the colonization process in the mediterranean this invasive
14691	4	ent conditions as well as the predicted global change. this study will have six objectives: 1 t  udy demographical processes determining recruitment and maintenance of populations of main wood  erimental study of the responses in the community of trees and shrubs to changes in rainfall pr  limatic change models. 6 lastly, to use modelling techniques to analyse the forest dynamics and
14690	3	ent conditions as well as the predicted global change. this study will focus on the knowledge o  rmining differences in woody species in growth and survival. we will investigate the spatial an  the demographical processes determining recruitment and maintenance of populations of main wood
14689	3	ent conditions as well as the predicted global change. this study will have five objetives: 1 t  udy demographical processes determining recruitment and maintenance of populations of main wood  s responsible of them. 5 lastly, to use modelling techniques to analyse the forest dynamics and
10686	2	y, we will compare patterns of seedling mortality and growth in logged and unlogged plots. if t  pare patterns of seedling mortality and growth in logged and unlogged plots. if they differ, th
15532	9	climate and land use changes are recognized as the majo   are recognized as the major drivers of global change affecting woody vegetation cover in dryla  rivers of global change affecting woody vegetation cover in drylands. both shrub encroachment a  esertification. but the causes of woody vegetation dynamics and their consequences are still de  ification. over the last decades, woody vegetation cover has increased in this area following s  s, and their impact on the provision of ecosystem goods and services are scarcely known. for ex  that both forces contribute to build up ecosystem services theory in drylands. finally, uncroac  ide relevant information to improve the efficiency of management practices, understand the func  edictive tools to foresee the impact of climate and land use changes in this area.
15150	5	gation of the patterns and processes of vegetation changes in northeastern iberia during the up  date the role and interactions of fire, climate and human activities in the evolution of plant   re, climate and human activities in the evolution of plant formations from mediterranean iberia   emphasis in the mechanisms controlling vegetation change, including those arising from the int   the internal dynamics of mediterranean ecosystems along several of the phases of climatic chan
2081	2	climate change will be used as input data for the model  one damage on crops. the resulting crop production functions are used in the economic models to
14319	23	. they typically have a relatively high productivity compared to large temperate lakes and have  wever, human-induced changes, including climate change, can have significant effects on primary  can have significant effects on primary production of these lakes, as shown for lake tanganyika  anyika. it is likely that these primary production decreases have affected upper trophic levels  le to predict the extent of the primary productivity changes and how they affect whole ecosyste  ivity changes and how they affect whole ecosystem production, an improved understanding of ecos  ges and how they affect whole ecosystem production, an improved understanding of ecosystem func  roduction, an improved understanding of ecosystem function and food web processes is required.   understanding of ecosystem function and food web processes is required. for instance, food web   eb processes is required. for instance, food web efficiency may greatly depend on the amount of  ses is required. for instance, food web efficiency may greatly depend on the amount of organic   greatly depend on the amount of organic carbon transiting through the microbial food web, known  carbon transiting through the microbial food web, known to be important in these lakes. lake ki  alien species introduction and possibly climate change, which have affected the lakes biodivers  h have affected the lakes biodiversity, productivity and ecosystem resources. future industrial  he lakes biodiversity, productivity and ecosystem resources. future industrial methane harvesti   ecosystem resources. future industrial methane harvesting additionnaly threatens sustainable d  ting additionnaly threatens sustainable development of ecosystem resources. lake kivu may provi  ly threatens sustainable development of ecosystem resources. lake kivu may provide an adequate   rces. lake kivu may provide an adequate model for studying responses of large tropical lake to    years. in addition, the simple pelagic food web of the lake facilitates our understanding of e  e lake facilitates our understanding of ecosystem functioning and of human-induced alterations.  d by studies of an array of proxies, by development of new proxies and by inference from presen
11685	1	l be a spaceborne multi-spectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-shelf comp
11700	1	l be a spaceborne multi-spectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-shelf comp
9894	1	ll be a spaceborne multispectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-shelf comp
11336	8	d not widely accepted by the scientific community. we have discovered a number of sites with hu  s in detail, particularly their dating, distribution in the area, and the geological conditions  he area, and the geological conditions, climate and the ecology of the area when they were made  n the former lake basin. the geological environment at the time of formation was that of a volc  lake level fluctuated occasionally. the climate and ecology of the lake basin will be worked ou  t from a study of the animal bones, the oxygen isotopes, diatoms and pollen from the associated  urther to obtain pristine prints. their distribution and morphology will be mapped using sophis  standing of the global pattern of human migration, being the last part in the dispersal of mode
7028	7	diversity and functioning of grassland ecosystems is a major goal of contemporary ecological r  rbuscular-mycorhizal fungi affect plant community diversity and structure by creating soil micr  by creating soil microsites enriched in nutrients and/or amf. the laboratory experiment indirec  lity and its consequences for earthworm herbivory. the objective of the field experiment is to   investigate whether different earthworm community densities can influence amf distribution and   m community densities can influence amf distribution and symbiosis and consequently affect gras  ties can influence amf distribution and symbiosis and consequently affect grassland diversity a
10660	4	leading institutions with experience in climate, limnology, economics and decision support in t  ongly benefit from the past and present participation of project researchers nationally and int  ults produced, ensure the collaborative development of these instruments with stakeholders, and  d indicate the requirements for further development.
9886	4	leading institutions with experience in climate, limnology, economics and decision support in t  ongly benefit from the past and present participation of project researchers nationally and int  ults produced, ensure the collaborative development of these instruments with stakeholders, and  d indicate the requirements for further development.
11723	9	artisinally important species of fish. stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon deposited in otoli  ant species of fish. stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon deposited in otolith cores and periph   of fish. stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon deposited in otolith cores and peripheries will   pheries will be used as natural tags of migration in possibly migratory fish. the proposed fiel  zi bay in kenya, has steep gradients of temperature, salinity and delta 13c between mangrove, s  ya, has steep gradients of temperature, salinity and delta 13c between mangrove, seagrass and c  s. these three variables will influence oxygen isotope ratios in fish moving between habitats.   help control for confounding effects of metabolism on carbon isotope balances.   or confounding effects of metabolism on carbon isotope balances.
13387	1	equent species in the natural grassland vegetation, e.g. festuca, agropyron, poa, bromus, dacty
13339	4	d eo. there are three requirements: the production of protocols to enable extant data to be pla  can generate appropriate strategies for mitigation. the present consortium has a major advantag  as long term data sets for biodiversity indicators eg butterflies and birds but the ambition is   can be linked to specific biodiversity indicators. these will be identified using a conceptual
15584	4	global change pressures on ecological systems are compl  ntal scales. species-level responses to global change will underpin changes in the functionalit  nderpin changes in the functionality of ecosystems that biodiversity-at-large and human societi   on. fortunately, species’ responses to global change can be reliably modeled across large regi
12029	8	marine chemical ecology: biodiversity indicators and development. ecimar aimed at evaluating   al ecology: biodiversity indicators and development. ecimar aimed at evaluating the potential o  network of excellence for the study and development of the marine chemical diversity. the objec  t also to use the chemical diversity as indicators of environmental changes. therefore the resu  logical and chemical diversity within a model community of the mediterranean sea; 2 to identify  l and chemical diversity within a model community of the mediterranean sea; 2 to identify new s  ites ; 5 to obtain first results on the ecological functions of the compounds ; and 6 to develo  a global understanding of the secondary metabolism. the main targets of this project were the b
15174	6	tilayered biofilms that constitute real ecosystems due to the presence of representatives of th  and decomposers. they can be considered ecosystems because of the almost closed cycling of matt  on allows to detect the presence in the environment of microorganisms whose culture in the labo  or even has been impossible so far. the ecosystem is the context in which the genetic pools of   e genetic pools of organisms evolve and function, and on which eventually depend the survival,   and their response to the ever changing environment.
15351	1	, mainly in periurban environments. the development and urbanization of natural areas increase
2084	13	the project addresses how arctic climate variability and change influence biomass produc  ariability and change influence biomass production and trophic transfer in barents sea ecosyste  ion and trophic transfer in barents sea ecosystem. the population of copepods in the norwegian   t importance to the barents sea biomass production. the first emphasis will be on analyses of a  perties. the second emphasis will be on development of a model system that integrates and quant  nd emphasis will be on development of a model system that integrates and quantifies the effects  ntegrates and quantifies the effects of climate variability on biomass production and trophic t  fects of climate variability on biomass production and trophic transfer from copepods to fish r   trophic transfer from copepods to fish recruitment, including the modifying effect from sea bi  ding the modifying effect from sea bird predation. the model results will be evaluated against   ing effect from sea bird predation. the model results will be evaluated against time series on   ill be evaluated against time series on abundance and distribution of 0-group fish. the project  ed against time series on abundance and distribution of 0-group fish. the project is an interdi
13317	15	a range of advanced modelling approaches has been used so far to assess the  een used so far to assess the impact of global change on biodiversity and ecosystems. these ass  ct of global change on biodiversity and ecosystems. these assessments include advanced socio-ec   scenarios and yield projections of the distribution of species, communities and biomes and the  ities and biomes and the functioning of ecosystems. future goods and services are then assessed   1. knowledge and data of past species' distribution is still limited, yet necessary for testin  und estimates of species' long distance migration rates in order to assess whether species will  es will be able to keep pace with rapid global change 3. some key assumptions of models, such a  ey assumptions of models, such as niche stability over time and/or space, are not well tested 4  e reliable estimate of uncertainties in model predictions. our project specifically proposes to  ep further by: 1. integrating different modelling approaches currently in use by using innovati  ng innovative dna-based approaches, and global change scenarios 3. testing niche conservatism a  testing niche conservatism and temporal evolution of biological communities 4. using the new da  trategies by accounting the most likely global change effects on biodiversity and ecosystems.   obal change effects on biodiversity and ecosystems.
15568	3	ce has emerged that dramatic changes in ecosystem processes and functioning are taking place ac  across europe under the joint impact of climate change and human-induced shift in land use. one  0s impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exploit cyclically fluctuating herbivore
2018	12	el the mechanisms of plant responses to habitat fragmentation and environmental change. plant b   responses to habitat fragmentation and environmental change. plant biodiversity losses are gen  osses are generally explained by either habitat fragmentation or environmental change. however,  ined by either habitat fragmentation or environmental change. however, both factors are intrica  ironmental factors. evidence shows that habitat fragmentation results in smaller populations wi  chanisms, which can be triggered by the environment and inherited across generations, contribut  cessions can adapt to local atmospheric nitrogen deposition rates one of the most important dri  typic adaptive responses to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and inbreeding depression in a full  biosa columbaria, which is proven to be nitrogen sensitive and suffering from habitat fragmenta  e nitrogen sensitive and suffering from habitat fragmentation, will be used as model species. i   habitat fragmentation, will be used as model species. i will use state-of-the-art microarray-b  ssion and plant responses to changes in nitrogen. i will further explore the potential mechanis
15530	18	increasingly threatened by land use and climate changes, and associated effects on disturbance   understanding the relationships between ecosystem structure and function, as well as the potent  onships between ecosystem structure and function, as well as the potential for threshold dynami   function, as well as the potential for threshold dynamics and sudden shifts, is of crucial imp  t will use manipulative experiments and modelling work to investigate ecohydrological feedbacks  ural and functional changes in semiarid ecosystems, and identify critical points of degradation  will focus on key functions in semiarid ecosystems such as water and soil conservation, and pla   water and soil conservation, and plant productivity. the specifc objectives of the project are  the project are: determine dynamics and thresholds of ecosystem recovery and restoration as a f  e: determine dynamics and thresholds of ecosystem recovery and restoration as a function of pla  ne dynamics and thresholds of ecosystem recovery and restoration as a function of plant coloniz  ecosystem recovery and restoration as a function of plant colonization pattern and diversity. t   and restoration as a function of plant colonization pattern and diversity. the project will be  between plant pattern and diversity and ecosystem functioning, that will also address fire resi  unctioning, that will also address fire resistance and resilience functions and carbon sequestr  resistance and resilience functions and carbon sequestration potential in dry-subhumid mediterr  mediterranean drylands and increase the resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems agai  resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems against disturbances.
12040	1	temperate to boreal coastal areas, kelp ecosystems have ecological, economic and patrimonial va
519	12	pecific role in this stake due to their function, but the regions are the more and more preoccu  idors will be done using new methods of remote sensing. the management of corridors in rural ar  lation to the types of agriculture. the evaluation will be done using some biologic models from  fied by the gap that exists between the development of territorial policies for protection of b  ilize a whole of techniques in oriented remote sensing with the objective to define structures   ndscaped objects from local to regional scale. propose concepts and methods for analyzing these   we now know that for instance at local scale, a hedge, no matter which its qualities might be,  its qualities might be, does not form a habitat and an efficient corridor unless the usage of a  ation. test the continuities defined by modelling: at regional scale using the presence or abse  ities defined by modelling: at regional scale using the presence or absence of the squirrel, sp  ubservient in wooded areas and at local scale through analysis of the effect of the landscape c  analysis of the effect of the landscape connectivity on the assembling of species, placing emph
7182	2	g into account both the role of genetic traits and breeding, hybridization to high frequency, t  biodiversity and functioning of coastal ecosystems invaded
10152	7	depend on their ability to shift their distribution to areas where conditions are suitable, wh   will also depend on the quality of the habitat available to dispersing individuals. individual  als. individual dispersal behaviour and habitat availability can therefore help or hinder a spe  p or hinder a species capacity to shift distribution in response to climate change. exploring t  ty to shift distribution in response to climate change. exploring the relative importance of th  ory birds requires a system in which 1. habitat quality has been identified, 2. changes in rang  dentified, 2. changes in range size and distribution have been documented and 3. individual dis
11496	7	depend on their ability to shift their distribution to areas where conditions are suitable, wh   will also depend on the quality of the habitat available to dispersing individuals. individual  als. individual dispersal behaviour and habitat availability can therefore help or hinder a spe  p or hinder a species capacity to shift distribution in response to climate change. exploring t  ty to shift distribution in response to climate change. exploring the relative importance of th  ory birds requires a system in which 1. habitat quality has been identified, 2. changes in rang  dentified, 2. changes in range size and distribution have been documented and 3. individual dis
13466	8	broad scale forest fires have determined the post-glacial dyn  res are part of low intensity and small scale prescribed burning programs. our knowledge of the  . our knowledge of the effects of broad scale natural fires in modern times on soil and water c  isms is thus limited. according to many climate models there will be an increased risk of futur  e advantage of the rare events of broad scale fires in boreal forests to increase our understan  entation of baseline conditions and the evaluation of short-term effects on the above factors a  nderstanding of the importance of large scale forest fires for the functioning and the dynamics   functioning and the dynamics of boreal ecosystems.
7635	17	the proposed project studies the development of new eco technology, based on the valuati  uation of biomass grown on contaminated mining sites, using it as natural catalysts of high val  ansition metals. the objectives are the development of a real chemical industry valuation of co  y phytoremediation processes. intensive mining and metallurgical industrial activities are caus  al functions that largely determine the production of food in 2010 pir ecological engineering p  n identified in children residents near mining sites gard. . phytoremediation is one of the few  ng, to address the human impacts on the environment. it allows the rehabilitation des'écosystèm  and the introduction of new sustainable ecosystems consisting of communities of plant species a  s of plant species adapted to the metal stress. a major issue that remains unresolved is the fa   area. ecochim engineering proposes the development of an innovative recycling technology and c  ative recycling technology and chemical recovery plant species containing heavy metals. this fu   of them are developed on an industrial scale for preparing important synthetic intermediates w  nomic life. the conventional industrial production of these catalysts are expensive and subject  ring program aims to develop laboratory scale and then at the pilot stage, sober chemical treat  non-polluting and replicable on a large scale plants hyperaccumulating of zinc, nickel and copp  his innovative technology, based on the development of an ecological system consisting of a uni  ty, can contribute significantly to the development of techniques phytostabilisation. a multi-
15205	1	rted by the pollinators over the floral traits.
14963	5	in the energetic metabolism, due to thermodynamic constraints, there is   ts, there is always a trade-off between efficiency and rate. recently, we have put forward the    implications in diverse fields such as metabolism, ecology and evolutionary biology. the work   as methods derived from game theory and population dynamics. some of the predictions derived fr  he predictions derived from the current model, will be tested using the experimental design des
10471	15	vironmental impact of human activities, climate change and its affect on the diversity, abundan  change and its affect on the diversity, abundance, and distribution of the worlds plants and an  affect on the diversity, abundance, and distribution of the worlds plants and animals have beco  nkton to investigate how changes in the environment have controlled how and where they lived, a  s that are the base of the global ocean food web. their sensitivity to environmental change, e.  al ocean food web. their sensitivity to environmental change, e.g., seawater temperature, avail  to environmental change, e.g., seawater temperature, availability of nutrients, and salinity, m  , seawater temperature, availability of nutrients, and salinity, means they directly control th  erature, availability of nutrients, and salinity, means they directly control the success of hi  are with records of plankton burial and environmental change. the research will be based at the  ely investigating critical intervals of climate change, and will collaborate with the us funded  us whether there was increased plankton production and whether this could be important in the d  tance of calcareous nannplankton to our climate system, we need to know how they will respond.   . thirdly, i want to know whether rapid climate change today or at the petm is important in con  at the petm is important in controlling evolution. with very detailed records of nannofossil sp
10049	20	ecosystems face changing environments over a wide range  rs. moreover, the rate and magnitude of environmental change has been intensified by human acti   on those systems, is to understand how ecosystems respond to environmental change. two types o  to understand how ecosystems respond to environmental change. two types of response can be cons  tails changes in species abundances and distribution, leading to a different community structur  nd distribution, leading to a different community structure before and after the environmental   ommunity structure before and after the environmental change. 2 evolutionary. this entails geno  to the new conditions present after the environmental change. despite considerable work on both  ally they have been treated separately. ecosystem studies have focused on ecological changes, w  e, decrease or not affect the amount of evolution within species. our approach is to study evol  ithin species. our approach is to study evolution in the laboratory, using species of bacteria    the relationship between diversity and ecosystem function. by virtue of rapid generation times  , they also evolve fast enough to study evolution in species mixtures. we will assemble random    of up to 24 species and expose them to environmental change, in terms of a shift in ph and res  onmental change, in terms of a shift in ph and resource type in turn. the evolutionary response  among treatments that differ in species richness and composition. competition experiments betwe  er in species richness and composition. competition experiments between isolates from the same   ro, but no previous studies have looked evolution in more than a pair of interacting species. t  cological and evolutionary processes in ecosystems facing environmental change.   utionary processes in ecosystems facing environmental change.
2502	8	the rate and absolute magnitude of climate change in the last 150 years is expected to be   t in unusually rapid selection. coastal ecosystems in general, and intertidal systems in partic  are likely to be profoundly affected by climate change because human impacts have already under  ditional environmental stresses. global environmental change invokes two basic responses of org  ing temperatures associated with global warming. the proposal will contribute toward a predicti  sal will contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems   contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems and appro  l of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems and appropriate societal responses.
14904	1	screw trap and also by electrofishing. classification of the anadromous phase will be made att
10164	1	niques for determining the presence and density of b. dendrobatidis infection will be developed
11247	1	niques for determining the presence and density of b. dendrobatidis infection will be developed
9859	2	irrels. if expansion rate is limited by competition from red squirrels, it will be essential to  he introduction of poxvirus into italy. model-based estimates of expansion patterns are an impo
14546	7	ive transport surfaces between adjacent ecosystems and some hypotheses with regard to this one    in the ecological maturity between the ecosystems are bigger. this maturity can be assessed fr  rnover rate, species diversity, spatial complexity, nutrient recycling. as succession occurs, d  tial complexity, nutrient recycling. as succession occurs, differences in maturity between the   rences in maturity between the adjacent ecosystems become lower, and a decrease in the transpor  a decrease in the transport between the ecosystems could be expected. on the contrary, if these   be expected. on the contrary, if these ecosystems are differentially rejuvenated by means of d
13480	8	ity caused by human disturbances on the ecosystems of the world is a matter of growing concern.  . examples of such disturbances include climate change, overexploitation of natural resources,   basis for the identification of fragile community structures and keystone species and to invest  ierarchy and assembly algorithms. these model communities will then be subjected to small and l   the effect of the perturbations on the trophic structure of the communities by developing and   sitivity and elasticity analysis at the community level. we believe that the new approaches to    to be used here hold great promise for community oriented conservation biology by identifying   ervation biology by identifying fragile ecosystem structures and keystone species.
12346	4	f material at sea and in the intertidal environment. if the waste material from one site can be  ged material for coastal protection and habitat conservation and will enable the uk to support    biodiversity issues and widen both the sediment type and the habitat management potential. the  nd widen both the sediment type and the habitat management potential. the suite of models that
11410	3	ng the outcome of infection on the host community, and the resultant change in host community s  unity, and the resultant change in host community species biodiversity. secondary aims are to e   genetic diversity in shaping grassland community structure. the work will provide valuable inf
9964	3	ng the outcome of infection on the host community, and the resultant change in host community s  unity, and the resultant change in host community species biodiversity. secondary aims are to e   genetic diversity in shaping grassland community structure. the work will provide valuable inf
10638	10	by studying model systems we are gaining a better understanding of   tion. however, we know little about why evolution of new species takes place in some environmen  ow how environments mediate the type of evolution that takes place, and address how future envi  ulation size influences the strength of competition among offspring, and decides which individu  ions are limited by space or food, then competition between members of the population will be s  oung that are good competitors for that environment, leading to the evolution of locally specia  rs for that environment, leading to the evolution of locally specialised fish. in such habitats   in these habitats selection may favour evolution of high dispersal, to prevent females losing   s have influenced patterns and rates of evolution. the work will study the only fish in the mal  museum will provide a positive learning environment for the student. in addition to generic tra
7688	7	s, lawyers and partners involved in the development of green and blue. diva in corridor we part  ularly studied the impact of changes in scale for identification, operation and the establishme  al landscapes relative to the amount of habitat biodiversity seminaturel. the model used here i  f habitat biodiversity seminaturel. the model used here is the community of carabid beetles, wh  seminaturel. the model used here is the community of carabid beetles, which is characterized by  he flexibility in terms of agricultural production systems to set up or restore. . we propose t   farming, whether and how the choice of production and livestock feeding strategies of organizi
10722	8	summary atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compounds has increased dramatically in europe  anges in species composition of various vegetation types, and the loss of many characteristic s  ards, evidence was found that increased nitrogen deposition was associated with some of these c  cognised that the increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition over the past 50 years is a major f  eristic plant species from a variety of ecosystems. nitrogen deposition can act by increasing t  t species from a variety of ecosystems. nitrogen deposition can act by increasing the acidity o   also increases the amount of available nitrogen in the soil, a process which is often referred   the decline of characteristic species. nitrogen to use this information to identify habitats,
2117	2	ge. however, increases in numbers sheep density levels may be quantified. the focus on assessme  nt related to different levels of sheep density on alpine ranges will be the main interdiscipli
7603	5	the ecological services provided by living soil are essenti  he Alpine Convention is a good state of ecological functions and services of the soil, for thei  s an essential resource for sustainable development of human societies, it is urgent to review   ent of human societies, it is urgent to review our capacity to act using the edaphic biodiversi  ively control soil adaptability face of global change. it proposes to collect and disseminate s
7632	18	ces of adequate seeds face an uncertain climate in the coming decades. several studies have hel  ct to european regulations. now, if the climate changes, these crop areas may be limited. our g  l calculate crop areas with and without climate change. within an interdisciplinary group of la  r the regulation of changes produced by climate change on crop areas. the idea is to imagine in  agement challenges in a changing world. habitat destruction, invasive species and climate chang  bitat destruction, invasive species and climate change are the most important threats to the bi  of the planet and the sustainability of ecosystem services. in particular, global warming is af  osystem services. in particular, global warming is affecting forest ecosystems at multiple leve  lar, global warming is affecting forest ecosystems at multiple levels: species distribution, fo   ecosystems at multiple levels: species distribution, forest productivity, phenological changes  le levels: species distribution, forest productivity, phenological changes, increase in disease   and pests, etc.. with slow transitions climate, vegetation can follow these changes in climate  s, etc.. with slow transitions climate, vegetation can follow these changes in climate. however   vegetation can follow these changes in climate. however, with the speed of the current warming   however, with the speed of the current warming and fragmentation of the landscape, plants can   eir environmental aspirations face this climate change. it is essential to choose, design and i  nt of collection areas, however, if the climate changes, the provenance areas will no longer be  ese forests have many roles in terms of ecological services. this reflection opens the door to
7636	3	the study of urban ecosystems is a major environmental challenge. this is   irst ring around paris. yet these urban ecosystems, including their soils have jusquici been li  e perspective of their own functioning, ecosystem services that they make and their suitability
13721	3	amselflies with studies of quantitative traits of ecological importance. we will relate molecul   divergence to divergence in phenotypic traits to get a better understanding of population dive  nction. genetic variability in adaptive traits, the degree of local adaptation and sexual isola
9841	1	he field. moreover, it will examine the nature of compartmentalisation of the po cascade betwee
15318	4	ators alone, but also by the direct and indirect effects of herbivores, seed predators, mycorrh  nd indirect effects of herbivores, seed predators, mycorrhizal fungi and also, possibly, by the  tion, visitation frequency and foraging behavior of animal pollinators, as well as aspects rela  ance of pollen germination, pollen tube growth or ovule fertilization. we formulate the novel h
15131	9	from diverse plant tissues, especially nitrogen-fixing nodules. in the last four years our res  olated many micromonospora strains from nitrogen fixing nodules of different legume species; to  possible that micromonospora also fixes nitrogen in symbiosis with its host. whether these stra  t micromonospora also fixes nitrogen in symbiosis with its host. whether these strains contain   e complete set of genes responsible for nitrogen fixation in legumes also remains to be studied  ophytic bacteria, the genes involved in colonization and establishment of bacteria in planta ca  trate the plant tissues; c to study the colonization process of the root nodules by micromonosp  ermine if micromonospora is able to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with its host and e to sequence t  cromonospora is able to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with its host and e to sequence the genome of
9921	5	tween larval chironomid communities and ecosystem structure: for example, assessing the specifi  ims to assess the relative influence of ecosystem variables, biotic as well as physicochemical,  e interpretations relating to past lake ecosystem health. we will examine both modern and subfo  lti-parameter dataset, and identify the ecosystem variables to which chironomid communities mos  st strongly respond within shallow lake ecosystems.
7700	5	ts the level where objects are units of production, processing and use of organic materials, st  ce - risk and the definition of partial indicators for different objects and processes consider  ts and processes considered. the use of modeling will place the results acquired in a conceptua  ce - risk and the definition of partial indicators for different objects and processes consider  ts and processes considered. the use of modeling allow dialogue and enrichment between the leve
11071	5	ent aims to highlight the importance of climate change in relation to the ecology and viability  evitably has, or will reflect on entire ecosystems and man-based reliance of economically impor  wing issues: to what extent does global warming impact on the biology of particular species and  n the biology of particular species and ecosystems how important are shifts in species distribu  ems how important are shifts in species distribution ranges, and how can they affect particular
15209	5	es, evaluating the potential effects of climate, habitat, prey availability, inter-specific int  ating the potential effects of climate, habitat, prey availability, inter-specific interactions  e effect of game management, especially predator control, on the composition of carnivore commu  interactions between species, and 5. to model how environment factors, in a framework of climat  ns between species, and 5. to model how environment factors, in a framework of climatic change,
7695	2	tegy of"green and blue"crossed with the distribution of elements of green networks. it will ide   the results: institutional approach to development projects, relationships between characteris
2527	7	the rate and absolute magnitude of climate change in the last 150 years is expected to be   t in unusually rapid selection. coastal ecosystems in general, and intertidal systems in partic  are likely to be profoundly affected by climate change because human impacts have already under  ditional environmental stresses. global environmental change invokes two basic responses of org  sal will contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems   contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems and appro  l of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems and appropriate societal responses.
14891	7	the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely to affect       the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely to affect the distribution of  climate change are likely to affect the distribution of species and, thus, the composition, str  mposition, structure and functioning of ecosystems. scots pine to assess the current state of s  orests in eastern spain at the regional scale, quantify the recent changes in their distributio  e, quantify the recent changes in their distribution taking into account the effect of wildfire  fires, and develop a landscape dynamics model to predict future changes.
7198	6	stems alter the functioning of the agro-ecosystem and the ecological services: biomass producti  nctioning of the agro-ecosystem and the ecological services: biomass production, soil conservat  em and the ecological services: biomass production, soil conservation and biodiversity, and car  soil conservation and biodiversity, and carbon storage, without however, that the scope of thes  sticide dependence. their adaptation to production systems also causes problems, particularly i  ll strengthen the northern and southern community of researchers and practitioners working arou
13929	3	ystems it is difficult to conduct large-scale field experiments. we work with a system - willow   added to all stands. beetle population growth rate will be used as dependent variable. we also  d to continue to follow and analyse the population dynamics of leaf beetles and their natural e
14481	3	ecosystem restoration is a thriving scientific and appl  ts of passive restoration or ecological succession. our research will include experimental and   phenomenological approaches, as well as modelling, according to the various organization levels
15294	14	il biota is an essential pillar for the development of its functions but is very sensitive to c   uses and the presence of contaminants. mining activity is one of the major causes of disturban  s and wastes have a major impact on the environment and they are a continuous source of risk fo  ferred to as heavy metals, are found in nature as part of pedogenetic and biogeochemical proces   a serious risk to human health and the environment, and the eu promotes the identification and  h soil factors such as watering regime, ph, organic matter content, clay, etc.. which will infl  il factors such as watering regime, ph, organic matter content, clay, etc.. which will influenc  es their mobility and transfer to other ecosystems and their biosponibility for organisms asses  prehensively evaluate its impact on the environment, and needs the support of biological techni   and to assess their transfer along the food web. however, monitoring campaigns to determine th  ies of molecular biology applied to the development of biosensors for determining the presence   ence of metals in soil samples, and the development of sensors capable of detecting biomarker t   the structure of the soil invertebrate community, assessing the effect of metals and to identi  o assess metal transference in the soil food web 4- to design the methodology t
15295	4	nformation in contaminated soils due to mining activities and specifically the presence of meta  contracts with the former department of environment , arsenic and selenium in soils affected by  senic and selenium in soils affected by mining activities 2. to evaluate the soil characteristi  ty of metals in soils 3. to analyse the spatial variability in the heavy metal content in soils
14230	4	bject of several academic and political community debate. environmental security is, therefore,  the extent that needs for resources and environmental services can be met without damaging sust   reducing and fragmenting the space for ecosystems and species. objectives of the project: 1 to   status of baltic sea region concerning environment. 2 to specify key factors of environmental
14204	12	relative importance of small- and large-scale processes on the formation of marine communities    on structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. such analyses will provide us upscaling and  ng rules of environmental processes and community patterns. the second aim of the project is to  nges in means and variances of selected climate variables , their interactions and their conseq   diversity, patterns and functioning of ecosystems. the third aim of the project is to unravel   oject is to unravel the effect of large-scale environmental variability on regional pressures i  esponses to these events on organismal, community and ecosystem level in order to predict the n  ese events on organismal, community and ecosystem level in order to predict the nature, scope a  ecosystem level in order to predict the nature, scope and likely timing of regime shifts. based   the nature, scope and likely timing of regime shifts. based on our novel observations and expe  edict changes in dynamics of baltic sea ecosystems under a range of scenarios of future environ  ms under a range of scenarios of future environmental change.
11050	1	ly few examples have been documented in nature. early this year, savolainen and colleagues in c
11841	1	ly few examples have been documented in nature. early this year, savolainen and colleagues in c
15109	1	he regression of progression of benthic vegetation. methodology: data will be obtained from nat
15108	6	ve of the european union . in addition, competition in the use of nutrients and light between m   in addition, competition in the use of nutrients and light between macrophytes and phytoplankt   approaches will give the basis for the evaluation of ecological status and the prediction of t  tion of the variations of the structure-function of aquatic ecosystems to climate change.   ns of the structure-function of aquatic ecosystems to climate change.   cture-function of aquatic ecosystems to climate change.
14770	2	plication of guadalmed protocol for the evaluation of mediterranean rivers ecological status, d   the reference sites, each type benthic community will be established. then, the three indices
14807	6	wetlands seem the only ecosystem type that has been left out of the field of a  ep the good ecological state of aquatic ecosystems. for this purpose, it uses biological indica  s. for this purpose, it uses biological indicators which, together with geomorphological ones,   r, there exists an important deficit of indicators that can be applied to wetlands, in general,  ct, the main aim of which is to propose ecological indicators that allow to assess the ecologic  elated matters. the validation of these indicators in wetlands from all around the iberian semi
10062	25	ase of species with the potential to be ecosystem dominants , such invasions are likely to lead  likely to lead to marked changes in the ecosystems of the invaded area. most landscapes support  rea. most landscapes support a range of ecosystems occupying areas differing in environmental c  esence of different substrates for soil development. such heterogeneity contributes to the abil  t substrates for soil development. such heterogeneity contributes to the ability of a landscape   in more heterogeneous landscapes. this heterogeneity also enables a wider range of species to   geneous landscapes, or those where some habitat types have been lost, act as barriers to the mo  re needed of how invasions by potential ecosystem dominants may affect ecosystem patterns and l  otential ecosystem dominants may affect ecosystem patterns and landscape heterogeneity. such pr  affect ecosystem patterns and landscape heterogeneity. such projections will inform the develop  neity. such projections will inform the development of landscape management plans and biodivers  nting the impacts of a past invasion on ecosystem patterns in three landscapes. we will apply t  ing composition of individual stands of vegetation, as well as records of the shifting regional  ell as records of the shifting regional vegetation composition. together, these data will allow  these data will allow us to reconstruct ecosystem patterns on the landscapes through time. we w  aded and how its invasion impacted upon ecosystem patterns and overall landscape heterogeneity.  cosystem patterns and overall landscape heterogeneity. we will also use a state-of-the-art vege  ty. we will also use a state-of-the-art vegetation model to simulate the pine invasion. this mo   also use a state-of-the-art vegetation model to simulate the pine invasion. this model uses as  del to simulate the pine invasion. this model uses as inputs, amongst other things, simulations  e. we will compare simulated changes in ecosystem character and patterns on the landscapes asso  ta. this will enable us to evaluate the model s ability reliably to simulate the consequences o  or such applications, we will apply the model to simulate one such potential future invasion of   to various stakeholders, informing the development of landscape management and biodiversity co  keholders, as well as to the scientific community and to the wider public.
7708	6	and aquaculture experiencing sustained development point to reach in volume intended for human  shing productions. however, aquaculture development faces many problems environmental, social e  part of a general problem of ecological intensification and better territorial integration by t  l integration by taking into account an ecosystem approach. the project addresses issues in the  ct addresses issues in the logic of the millennium ecosystem assessment work results in the fie  rogram systerra skills in pond systems, modeling and biodiversity
7661	3	ban pigeon is an integral part of urban ecosystems worldwide. despite its pervasiveness in urba  ral and basic principles in ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions in the particul  parasite interactions in the particular environment quest town. axis 1: epidemiology of disease
15378	4	among species to understand ecology and evolution. recent studies have shown universal patterns  odels of prokaryote-host animal network evolution in order to test coevolutionary and ecologica   analysis of new data, and mathematical modelling. this project will be a ground breaking advan  in bridging the gap between ecology and evolution in multispecies networks with detailed inform
7203	15	because of its negative impacts on the environment and on human health. moreover, the frequent   farmers and it frequently leads to the development of resistance in pest populations. for thes   frequently leads to the development of resistance in pest populations. for these reasons, a si  also appropriate to extend the study of scale in temporal and spatial dimensions to be interest  ats that they all attend. european agro-ecosystems consist of a shifting mosaic of potential ha  nsist of a shifting mosaic of potential habitat for herbivorous insects and organisms associate  ted with them. these characteristics of heterogeneity and instability require, first, strong an  nd and, secondly, largely determine the population dynamics through recurrent episodes of dispe  rough recurrent episodes of dispersal / colonization. we will try to answer the question of the  izations. in response to spatiotemporal habitat heterogeneity and divergent selection pressures   adaptation an acquisition of a general nature genotype. the degree of specialization is a prim  s the possibilities of exchange between ecosystem compartments. adapting to their host plant- p  theoretical perspective by studying the behavior of démogénétiques models with a spatial repres  spatial representation of the balance - migration selection to identify the conditions for loca  on of plants and offer the agricultural environment management modalities for limiting pest pre
214	2	rsity of plants and animals in tropical ecosystems has stunned many researchers since the 19th   nodominance. the sequence and frequency/abundance data will be shortly publicly released to fac
14163	24	climate change is able to initate modifications in mari  able to initate modifications in marine ecosystems, the most radical ones are so called regime   ms, the most radical ones are so called regime shifts. these abrupt reorganizations of ecosyste  shifts. these abrupt reorganizations of ecosystem structure may alter biodiversity and carrying  em structure may alter biodiversity and carrying capacity, together with a changed balance in e  ity, together with a changed balance in energy transfer through the pelagic and benthic systems  gic and benthic systems. in addition to climate, a variety of human activities may either modif   human activities may either modify the climate-induced shifts or independently cause new ones.  ndently cause new ones. amongst others, ecosystem regime shifts may also cause changes in recru  use new ones. amongst others, ecosystem regime shifts may also cause changes in recruitment suc  regime shifts may also cause changes in recruitment success of fish, presumably through either   cess of fish, presumably through either production or survival of early life stages or changes   g the larval stage is the most critical life history stage where failure to find suitable food   class strength. besides the larval fish environment, individual condition of mature fish is as   on of mature fish is as well important. recovery of depressed fish stocks is of major global co  population-level performance of various life history stages of marine fish in the gulf of riga   e fish in the gulf of riga at different ecosystem regimes. this goal will be achieved by invest  l will be achieved by investigating the abundance dynamics of the dominating ichthyoplankton ta  oplankton taxa in relation to the large-scale and local abiotic parameters and prey; by resolvi  le food by larval fish; by studying the density and spatial distribution of autumn-spawning her  sh; by studying the density and spatial distribution of autumn-spawning herring larvae at high   spawning herring larvae at high and low abundance population levels; and by performing comparat  nd spring spawning herring at different ecosystem regimes. the project will provide more than h  erspective of the dynamics of essential ecosystem components, facilitate to define marine manag
15062	2	imitation mechanisms, 2 functions and 3 evolution. in the first case, we will focus on the lear  represented by either true imitation of model species or homospecific mimics , close to the lea
1950	2	and occurrence of fungal senescence in nature is unclear. we propose to study fitness conseque  al bi9ology, both experimentally and by modelling. the results should contribute to a better un
15311	2	many functionally equivalent species in ecosystems, if apparently the latter could work as well  in the core of our understanding of the evolution of biodiversity. a clear example of this para
6739	13	large-scale distribution of species is determined by a multit                              large-scale distribution of species is determined by a multitude of   multitude of factors, such as geology, climate, history, and, more recently, human imp act. im  ly introduced species, after successful colonization may be come invasive, and cause serious ec   from nurseries and greenhouses. global climate change can also facilitate dispersal and probab  hanges are fast on an evolutionary time scale; therefore only species capable of quickly adapti  da, collembola, each being important in decomposition processes. we will look at ecological tol  e will look at ecological tolerance and life history strategies in model populations of widely   olerance and life history strategies in model populations of widely and narrowly distributed sp  ations and experiments on developmental stability and stress tolerance, utilizing methodology o  eriments on developmental stability and stress tolerance, utilizing methodology of fluctuating   sticity. such plasticity, especially in life history parameters, is of high adaptive value ther  herefore it might facilitate successful colonization.
14124	5	in the latest years the maintenance of ecosystems that have been shaped by long-term and persi  ince information on various distinctive traits, requirements and dynamics of rare species is es   germination, establishment and further growth of selected endangered species will be studied i  regime and can play a major role in the recruitment of endangered species. the results of our r  regimes for successful regeneration and growth.
15033	2	us and may cause major problems for the environment and regional ecomomies in the future. as su  ting this with exotic ostracods area of distribution. with this research we expect to provide a
10214	3	standing of the interaction between the environment and learning processes that occur early in   life histories of coral reef fishes, we model the dispersal and subsequent recruitment of larva  , we model the dispersal and subsequent recruitment of larvae with little success. as a result,
10949	8	s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified  t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote  n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio  rements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial  rating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimates of exp  ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep-  ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a  ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma
11056	8	s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified  t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote  n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio  rements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial  rating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimates of exp  ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep-  ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a  ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma
11425	8	s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified  t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote  n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio  rements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial  rating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimates of exp  ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep-  ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a  ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma
11432	8	s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified  t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote  n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio  rements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial  rating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimates of exp  ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep-  ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a  ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma
9893	8	s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified  t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote  n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio  rements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial  rating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimates of exp  ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep-  ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a  ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma
9900	8	s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified  t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote  n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio  rements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial  rating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimates of exp  ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep-  ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a  ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma
12039	4	ty of soil microbial communities on the scale of france soil is subjected to numerous environme  ronmental perturbations and perfect the development of bio-indicators of the biological state a  ions and perfect the development of bio-indicators of the biological state and evolution of the  -indicators of the biological state and evolution of the soils.
14300	1	ean commission, directorate general for environment
2037	3	and increase of biodiversity in marine ecosystems over relatively short periods of time is to   attention will be devoted to integrated modelling and interaction between ecology and economics  e values, human health implications and ecosystem impacts. some of the ideas will be applied in
12400	1	a detailed specificatoin for a regional scale economic and social analysis, based on the prefer
2103	2	uire fisheries policy to be based on an ecosystem approach. the overall objective of this proje  chieve a better understanding of marine ecosystem management with a combination of ecological c
2203	4	omist is not satisfied with identifying incentives correcting market failures, but aims at find  ject: 1. assessing risks and impacts on ecosystem functioning from invading species. ideally, t   possible means of mitigating risks and ecosystem impacts and calculating their costs. an examp  elfare from the product. 3. compare the efficiency performance of different incentive mechanism
12513	5	land use on 3500 holdings, with 10-20% growth expected in 2006. the market has also grown rapi   in england and wales. due to the small scale of the organic sector, organic farms are not suff  rmance of individual crop and livestock production activities, have been published on the organ   the third objective covers the extent, nature and returns to labour use on organic farms. this  , and through improved data on costs of production for use in price setting.
9923	3	ularly mixotrophic dinoflagellates. the growth kinetics of synechococcus isolates, and those of  ynechococcus isolates, and those of the predators, will be determined over a range of abiotic c  ot, normally favour autotrophy in these predators.
14970	2	l objective of ecoclim is to unveil the growth limitations experienced by extreme populations o   capacity of these species to cope with climate change. this main objective will be reached by
14433	13	plant growth and productivity are negatively affected by wate                         plant growth and productivity are negatively affected by water stress an  tivity are negatively affected by water stress and other unfavorable environmental factors. the   these plants provide a very attractive model for studying the protective mechanisms of desicca   effect of light during desiccation and recovery of haberlea growing at low or high irradiance   ng at low or high irradiance in natural habitat. the effect of stress treatments will be evalua  iance in natural habitat. the effect of stress treatments will be evaluated by measuring the le   be evaluated by measuring the level of stress markers, such as proline, malondialdehyde, h2o2,  rolyte leakage. тhe extent of oxidative stress in plants subjected to desiccation under high te  nts subjected to desiccation under high temperature or irradiance as well as during recovery af  erature or irradiance as well as during recovery after rehydration will be assessed by measurin  some antioxidant enzymes. the effect of stress treatments on leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultra  d this knowledge may be applied for the development of drought-tolerant agricultural species.
13870	5	rent environmental issues in the baltic environment are the increasing occurrence of toxic alga  asing level of uvb radiation. light and nutrients are key factors for photosynthetic primary pr  e individual cell and the phytoplankton community. the ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum i  al question to be answered is will uvbr function as a selective pressure thereby altering the m   factors controlling the occurrence and distribution of toxic microalgae, a knowledge crucial f
2208	6	heries including the effects on overall ecosystems performance, and study the performance of an  mance of an adaptive management of lake ecosystems carried out in close collaboration with mana  e of the local fishery. o a size –based modeling to investigate the outcome of different harves  the local fish management areas on fish community and overall ecosystem dynamics. • investigate  ent areas on fish community and overall ecosystem dynamics. • investigate the effects of differ  ffects of different fish harvestings on ecosystem dynamics. focus will be on the analysis of re
12439	1	a management system for implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries to fishing in the south
2514	24	fisheries management under present day climate and future climate scenarios. the ne atlantic h  nt under present day climate and future climate scenarios. the ne atlantic harbours some of the  cks interact direct or indirect through competition and through predator-prey relationships. an  ndirect through competition and through predator-prey relationships. another role is the impact  e impact planktivorous fish have on the ecosystem through depletion of plankton. climate affect  cosystem through depletion of plankton. climate affects recruitment in the stocks and warm peri   depletion of plankton. climate affects recruitment in the stocks and warm periods are in gener  periods are in general linked with high recruitment. we anticipate major changes in our norther  nticipate major changes in our northern ecosystems in the coming years, in particular with rega  ll also affect the trophic flows in the ecosystems and establish new predator-prey relations an  ows in the ecosystems and establish new predator-prey relations and modify existing ones. in or  at can integrate the biogeoraphy of the ecosystems with the trophodynamics. when moving outside  al models parameterised for the present climate variability are unsuitable for providing predic  elop further an existing 3d biophysical model to include the fish stocks listed in addition to   tion to the phyto and zooplankton. this model will integrate spatial dynamics of the fish stock  e cycle and their interactions with the environment including each other. to perform operationa  her. to perform operationally realistic ecosystem based assessment modelling, a simpler model t  ly realistic ecosystem based assessment modelling, a simpler model that can perform multiple si  m based assessment modelling, a simpler model that can perform multiple simulations in order to  n existing operational imr multispecies model for the barents sea. this model will be parameter  species model for the barents sea. this model will be parameterised using the biophysical model   be parameterised using the biophysical model both for present day climate and for a future cli   biophysical model both for present day climate and for a future climate change scenario. eco-h  or present day climate and for a future climate change scenario. eco-harvest control rules for
6729	6	swer to the question as to what kind of ecosystem-changes conditioned the changes of the verteb  pathian basin. the plans include the re-evaluation of some previously examined faunas as well a  ation to paleo-ecology, to examine with oxygen-isotope the dental enamel of herbivores in order  r to clarify the connection between the habitat and the way of displacement, as well as to make  ex faunas with the structure of present ecosystems. the new methods to be applied will hopefull  ke it possible to reconstruct some land-ecosystems of the past 15 million years, as well as to
14988	3	problems fishes are vectors of organic carbon transport between algal assemblages and seagrass  ve-mentioned hypothesis on the seagrass ecosystem functionality. ideally, and apart from contri  tegrative understanding of the littoral environment, ideally helping to a better management.
14989	3	problems fishes are vectors of organic carbon transport between algal assemblages and seagrass  ve-mentioned hypothesis on the seagrass ecosystem functionality. ideally, and apart from contri  tegrative understanding of the littoral environment, ideally helping to a better management.
2073	10	aphic variation in reindeer numbers and production in finnmark. these geographic differences ha  to internationally recognized goals for ecosystem sustainability, one needs to understand the p  oject will conduct studies that analyze spatial variability in environmental and socio-cultural  fting pattern and intensity of reindeer herbivory in conjunction with climatic variability and   bring about long lasting transitions in vegetation structure and quality which may feed back on   and quality which may feed back on the productivity within reindeer herds. productivity will b  the productivity within reindeer herds. productivity will be studied with respect to the influe  th respect to the influence of reindeer density, habitat/resource use and climatic variation. t  t to the influence of reindeer density, habitat/resource use and climatic variation. the social  rs. reindeer numbers/husbandry practice/production as well as the general spatial research desi
2086	10	aphic variation in reindeer numbers and production in finnmark. these geographic differences ha  to internationally recognised goals for ecosystem sustainability, one needs to understand the p  oject will conduct studies that analyze spatial variability in environmental and socio-cultural  fting pattern and intensity of reindeer herbivory in conjunction with climatic variability and   bring about long lasting transitions in vegetation structure and quality which may feed back on   and quality which may feed back on the productivity within reindeer herds. productivity will b  the productivity within reindeer herds. productivity will be studied with respect to the influe  th respect to the influence of reindeer density, habitat/resource use and climatic variation. t  t to the influence of reindeer density, habitat/resource use and climatic variation. the social  rs. reindeer numbers/husbandry practice/production as well as the general spatial research desi
10720	6	graded with only 0-40 % of the original vegetation cover left. grassland degradation has import  e rural poor in china live in grassland ecosystems and any further degradation of this fragile    degradation of this fragile ecological environment, with an associated loss of ecosystem servi  environment, with an associated loss of ecosystem services, will accelerate their poverty. the   of the proposed partnership and project development strengthening decision-making options and t  rnments. the ppd grant will allow us to review relevant policies and regulations on grassland m
15482	10	structural and functional aspect of the ecosystem, as they develops due to the interactions bet  the interactions between the structural ecosystem components, which evolve and develop through    time feedback the emergent trajectory. vegetation spatial patterns are accumulating a high int  patial self-organization of species and ecosystems. the outcome of these interactions is the re  mation, particularly in arid and alpine ecosystems. employing together information about specie  ormation about species associations and community organization we are able to identify the keys  to identify the keystone species in the ecosystem and develop more accurate restoration and con  nce of plant-plant interaction and soil nutrients and runoff connectivity over a climatic gradi  teraction and soil nutrients and runoff connectivity over a climatic gradient under two differe  ic gradient under two different extreme ecosystems .
10106	8	sised that the nutrient limiting forest productivity shifts from n, to n+p, to p during long-te  m n, to n+p, to p during long-term soil development. despite the important implications of this  ant implications of this hypothesis for ecosystem functioning and dynamics, it has received lit  ntion. therefore, i established a large-scale fertilizer experiment in 2001 to test which facto  ent in 2001 to test which factors limit productivity along a chronosequence in new zealand. six  hich factors limit productivity along a chronosequence in new zealand. sixty plots were establi  sure changes in above- and below-ground productivity, monitor changes in nutrient pools, and qu  ntify the influences of waterlogging on growth.
13754	8	to analyse how ecological and political incentives interact in ecosystem restoration design. we  al and political incentives interact in ecosystem restoration design. we will examine restorati  we will examine restoration measures in ecosystems and link those to societal actors´ interests  e projects and whether biodiversity and ecosystem services are favoured or disfavoured. neverth  ubstantial funding is allocated towards ecosystem restoration projects based upon articulated a  ulated aims of either restoring certain ecosystem services to more pristine levels, or developi  ation. we will: propose ways to develop ecosystem restoration policies and management in a dire  rative analysis and expected changes in climate and landuse.
11402	30	ng political and public concern for the environment, and resulting changes in legislation, euro  an agriculture is challenged to provide ecosystem services such as carbon storage and protectio  d to provide ecosystem services such as carbon storage and protection of water quality, along w   and maintenance of economically viable production. in europe, extensively managed or restored   ypothesis that the delivery of multiple ecosystem services in semi-natural grasslands, and its   coupling among plant and soil microbial functional diversity, and its impacts on carbon and nit  unctional diversity, and its impacts on carbon and nitrogen turnover. vital aims to address thi  iversity, and its impacts on carbon and nitrogen turnover. vital aims to address this hypothesi  and its relevance to local and regional development by producing a conceptual model of relation  l development by producing a conceptual model of relationships among plant and microbial functi  relationships among plant and microbial functional diversity, and multiple ecosystem service de  bial functional diversity, and multiple ecosystem service delivery. vital will focus on mountai  igned to follow steps prescribed by the millennium ecosystem assessment for regional assessment  egional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stakeholder semi-direc  interviews and meetings to identify key ecosystem services associated with the maintenance of f  o be affected by management, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will anal  rends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlying mechanisms usin   link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and  s that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multi  ond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multispecies ass  species assemblages by manipulating the dominance of plant species with different traits on soi  minance of plant species with different traits on soils from differently managed grasslands. wp  s. wp4 will test the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the thre  wp5 will generate projections of future ecosystem service delivery according to alternative man  al stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts  uding extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using both a statis   based on results from wp4, and dynamic ecosystem models. wp6 will use a series of three worksh  ity and ecological processes underlying ecosystem services delivery, and of impacts of manageme  ken in the future for sustainable rural development will be delivered to policy makers. outreac  public will be strengthened through the development of a training toolkit.
481	20	ng political and public concern for the environment, and resulting changes in legislation , whi  d to follow the steps prescribed by the millennium ecosystem assessment for regional assessment  egional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stakeholder semi-direc   site to identify with stakeholders key ecosystem services associated with the maintenance of f  and linkages among services, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will anal  rends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlying mechanisms. thi   link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and  s that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multi  ond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multispecies ass  species assemblages by manipulating the dominance of plant species with different traits on soi  minance of plant species with different traits on soils from intensively / extensively managed   nalyses of realised plant and microbial functional diversity, and of c- and n-cycling processes  cycling processes, will provide a first model linking plant functional responses to management,   management, their impacts on microbial functional diversity, and their coupled effects on mult  , and their coupled effects on multiple ecosystem services. wp4 will test the robustness of thi  s. wp4 will test the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the thre  wp5 will generate projections of future ecosystem service delivery according to alternative man  al stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts  uding extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using both a statis   based on results from wp4, and dynamic ecosystem models. nonlinear situations, with changes ac
10486	3	ely on the benefits provided to them by ecosystems, or ecosystem services level, gain input fro  fits provided to them by ecosystems, or ecosystem services level, gain input from ngos and usin  erience and expertise into the research development from the outset is key and ensures that the
10141	4	e 12.28 million poor people live in the ecosystems under the impact of the three gorges dam wil  dam will be analyzed. the biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and their associated ecosystem se  system resilience, and their associated ecosystem services in response to high risk natural haz  ted strategies for sustainably managing ecosystem for maximizing poverty reduction and increase
11169	4	e 12.28 million poor people live in the ecosystems under the impact of the three gorges dam wil  dam will be analyzed. the biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and their associated ecosystem se  system resilience, and their associated ecosystem services in response to high risk natural haz  ted strategies for sustainably managing ecosystem for maximizing poverty reduction and increase
13987	9	agricultural production is expected to continue to expand globally,   spite substantial trade-offs with other ecosystem services. this has led to an increasing inter  essments’ of connections among multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. the core  y makers. both landscapes contain large-scale commercial farming, small-scale farming, and a na  n large-scale commercial farming, small-scale farming, and a national park/nature reserve. usin  mall-scale farming, and a national park/nature reserve. using case studies from two widely diff  he conceptual framework and methodology development. methods include expert interviews using pa  analyses of ‘bundle indexes’, and cross-scale analyses using gis imagery.   ndexes’, and cross-scale analyses using gis imagery.
7675	12	ecosystem services are underpinned by fundamental ecolo  services, and the use and management of ecosystems. our hypothesis is that ecosystem services c  t of ecosystems. our hypothesis is that ecosystem services can thus be modelled as networks of   sis by assessing alternative futures of ecosystem services under combined scenarios of land-use  nder combined scenarios of land-use and climate change for the grenoble urban region in the fre  ld and integrate models of the relevant ecosystem services and land-use change. our assessment    of the relevant ecosystem services and land-use change. our assessment will benefit from our d  nding of how biodiversity and different ecosystem services are interconnected. trade-offs and s   south of the city. as beneficiaries of ecosystem services, local and regional stakeholders wil  rities, and downscaling of land-use and climate change projections. we will engage stakeholders  ade-offs in order to foster a dialog on development pathways and mitigation options.   er a dialog on development pathways and mitigation options.
12594	27	w wide recognition of the importance to human well-being of services delivered by the peatland   g of services delivered by the peatland environment. despite this, there remains little ecologi  ains little ecological understanding of ecosystem services, particularly in terms of how and wh   and consumed at a regional or national scale. the new cross government natural environment psa  scale. the new cross government natural environment psa28 target aims to secure a diverse, heal   diverse, healthy and resilient natural environment, which provides the basis for everyones wel  of the services provided by the natural environment are reflected in decision-making. therefore  er project, which will inform the defra ecosystem approach framework in light of the millennium  stem approach framework in light of the millennium ecosystem assessment. it is novel and vision  rs for peatlands together for strategic mapping and spatial analysis of public benefits . the o  ands together for strategic mapping and spatial analysis of public benefits . the overall aim o  f this defra project is to identify the distribution and assess cost-benefit flows of different   assess cost-benefit flows of different ecosystem services in upland and lowland peatlands. as   ata and scientific evidence on peatland ecosystem service provision as well as the transferabil  g detailed case studies. the concept of ecosystem services is interdisciplinary and critically   rovision and quantification of peatland ecosystem services for each site. for each case study w  case study we will identify and map key ecosystem services provided by peat. the project team h  evaluate cost-benefit flows of peatland ecosystem services, we will determine suitable valuatio  ion data required to undertake peatland ecosystem service valuation based on peatland maintenan  de assements of cost-benefiot flows for ecosystem services from the case study sites and map op  e capacity of each site to increase its ecosystem service provision and assess the case for res  e provisions and compare differences in ecosystem service provision between sites. we will asse   top 10 criteria for assessing peatland ecosystem service provision to facilitate monitoring of   facilitate monitoring of the health of ecosystems. ultimately, the project identify informatio   to scope and set-up a phase 2 peatland ecosystem service project in order to provide critical   restoration in england and wales. it as ecosystem services are a matter of societal choice, we   e knowledge exchange, opportunities for evaluation of project results and synthesis, and a join
7629	5	studying the functioning of urban ecosystems and ecosystem services that they provide is   the functioning of urban ecosystems and ecosystem services that they provide is a major environ  duction of exotic floral species in the ecosystem service of pollination urban. the results obt  , will propose measures to preserve the ecosystem service of pollination in urban and non-urban  the biosphere is strongly linked to the growth of cities worldwide, almost 50 % of the human po
15493	2	y biodiversity affects the provision of ecosystem services under global change is now a priorit  e provision of ecosystem services under global change is now a priority in ecological research
1092	6	e relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in various habitats and at differ  of ecological organization: population, community and landscape. biodiversity will be defined a  so to study the brackish bentho-pelagic food webs. the analysis of multispectral and multiscala  te on classifying procedures for corine habitat mapping and productivity estimates which will b  assifying procedures for corine habitat mapping and productivity estimates which will be valida  ocedures for corine habitat mapping and productivity estimates which will be validated by geo-r
15116	7	ity of the territory using biodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order t  iodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order to obtain the possible relati  l be very much applicable at eco-region scale. the project is framed within the conceptual and   ternational scientific programme of the millennium ecosystem assessment, with the aim of genera  imation of the services provided by the ecosystems, and the way these services are affected by    avoid or minimize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expected to provide planning and mana  sions taken that affect the flow of the ecosystem services.
15117	7	ity of the territory using biodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order t  iodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order to obtain the possible relati  l be very much applicable at eco-region scale. the project is framed within the conceptual and   ternational scientific programme of the millennium ecosystem assessment, with the aim of genera  imation of the services provided by the ecosystems, and the way these services are affected by    avoid or minimize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expected to provide planning and mana  sions taken that affect the flow of the ecosystem services.
7401	1	m of genes of interest in poplar. after development of technology and the identification of pol
12147	1	toxicological studies. the influence of leaf litter of the most widely spread tree in coastal r
7168	5	mountains, lowland hardwood forests are ecosystems of great complexity, both spatially ectomyco  ardwood forests are ecosystems of great complexity, both spatially ectomycorrhizal fungi alien   iogeochemical processes that ensure the stability of lowland deciduous forests. the results sho  w that a representative ectomycorrhizal community of many deciduous forests of western and cent  lly very diverse, which gives it a high resistance to disturbances such as the introduction of
7565	1	assumptions of the management of these ecosystems and the parameters that can have an importan
14946	3	tionships between the substrate and the vegetation growing on it have been widely recognized fr  f these floras and vegetations- for the recovery of plants threatened populations and for the e  order to promote sustainable use of the mining resources. these objectives will be met through
13741	2	uence can be predicted from contrast in vegetation structure and matrix characteristics . the a  tified in sample plots and transects. a model will be constructed for predicting edge effects o
13318	3	to fulfil the needs of biodiversity and ecosystem research for taxonomy based information. edit  nagement; about providing a suitable it environment; about the development of new tools; and ab  ng a suitable it environment; about the development of new tools; and about getting taxonomists
15269	3	als of the project are to determine the nitrogen total inputs to evergreen holm oak forests in   y the effects of this deposition in the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle through this forest type.  sition . to evaluate the effects of the nitrogen deposition, at both sites the n content in lea
199	9	eters of photosynthesis, transpiration, growth and changes in structural parameters of trees in  be grown at different air humidities in growth-chamber experiments. differences in structural a  rameters, caused by air humidity during growth and also dynamic changes of these parameters aft  of interactions between photosynthesis, growth and transpiration and effects of air humidity on  humidity might decrease with increasing growth rate both at the level of one species and in com  optimal humidity for photosynthesis and growth occurs in fast - growing trees because lower tra  umidity can cause deficiency in mineral nutrients and decrease in growth rate. experiments in g  cy in mineral nutrients and decrease in growth rate. experiments in growth chambers and leaf ch  decrease in growth rate. experiments in growth chambers and leaf chambers are prepairing experi
15302	1	ments that appear on the edges of their distribution in the pyrennes and southern parts of nort
198	2	ing behaviour of species with different habitat preferences, food choice and daily activity rhy  on of these insects with their external environment will be given much attention. by gas chroma
14625	2	habitat fragmentation causes biodiversity loss, threate   and persistence of arid and fragmented ecosystems.
7123	4	n the capabilities of mineralization of organic matter, the possibility of alteration of soil m  zodeposition and species composition of ecosystems should alter the composition and functioning  ituation where a central element in the stability of forest ecosystems, absorbing unit   tral element in the stability of forest ecosystems, absorbing unit
538	10	gy of our planet is driven by microbial ecosystems, we are severely hampered by our limited und  ited understanding of the diversity and function of such microbial ecosystems. in the present p  iversity and function of such microbial ecosystems. in the present project, teams in the discip  mistry, soil microbiology, genomics and ecosystem processes are assembled to study the relation  mbled to study the relationship between environmental change, land use changes, biodiversity, a  biodiversity, and functioning of forest ecosystems. the network has a strong focus on developin   use changes on microbial diversity and function and exploring the evolutionary and mechanistic   links between biological diversity and ecosystem function. in the present study, we have shown  below ground can one hope to get a full ecosystem-based understanding, and this must be address  tanding, and this must be addressed via modelling in order to provide relevant and useful infor
6910	3	emblages . 2. effect of the surrounding vegetation and pest management strategies on the coloni  sticide treatments and the neighbouring vegetation on colonisation rate of aculeata, coleoptera  erent herb layers on the main pests and predators in the canopy will be investigated.
15518	5	es to generate a new landscape planning model based on ecosystem services management and meant   a new landscape planning model based on ecosystem services management and meant to avoid potent   management strategies in mediterranean ecosystems have resulted in temporal and spatial mismat  ach for the management of mediterranean ecosystems, based on the analysis of human-nature relat  systems, based on the analysis of human-nature relationships from an interdisciplinary perspect
15289	5	ndaries network related to agricultural intensification can affect negatively the conservation   ly the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems functioning. the new cap recognizes their va  aries related to agricultural landscape intensification and management . the results from this   nition of a balanced management of crop production and biodiversity conservation in mediterrane   landscapes differing in their agrarian intensification.
7202	1	al diversity of agricultural and forest ecosystems nont never been associated. the network of l
12507	2	of the most crucial aspects of organic production systems; there is a reliance on legume deriv  ; there is a reliance on legume derived nitrogen but long term fertility building leys are expe
11669	3	adaptive responses to rapid environmental change are typically associated with stro  ve visibility of the two morphs to bird predators, is predicted to have generated a strong hitc  ciate the evolutionary ramifications of environmental change.
14434	4	diversity and sustainable management of environment, studies on natural habitats’ fragmentation   national park on the biodiversity of 7 model groups of organisms on the structure of studied c  . species composition and abundances of model groups will be determined using different approac  w data on the relationships between the model groups of organisms and their habitats in respect
10175	1	rent temperatures and during changes of temperature. the transcription rate of rbc genes will b
7697	1	eart of major socio-economic processes: intensification / agricultural abandonment, and urbaniz
13806	14	climate change will lead to shifts in species distribut  iodiversity. one example of a potential distribution shift is the northward migration of beechs  ial distribution shift is the northward migration of beechs climate envelope . this project wil  ft is the northward migration of beechs climate envelope . this project will provide prediction  establishment north of its current main distribution on species’ ability to colonize these esta  rt up by simulating fictitious species’ colonization. at a later stage, after having developed   t a later stage, after having developed colonization models based on empirical data, we will si  al data, we will simulate real species’ colonization of established stands. the colonisation mo  of established stands. the colonisation model development includes testing a new method for the  ablished stands. the colonisation model development includes testing a new method for the devel  t includes testing a new method for the development of simulation models for metapopulations in  s. finally, we will identify extinction thresholds for a red-listed moss as a function of dead   n thresholds for a red-listed moss as a function of dead wood quantity and turnover under diffe  d turnover under different scenarios of climate change. predictions of future species distribut
2068	3	ects of such interaction for plant seed production and population dynamics is examined. finally  teraction for plant seed production and population dynamics is examined. finally, an experiment  nt species composition and diversity of ecosystems.
14814	11	dictions of climatic models, the future climate of mediterranean regions in spain will be chara  hat will increase the degree of abiotic stress experienced by these areas. these changes may af  e changes may affect specially to those ecosystems developed under high stress conditions, whos  o those ecosystems developed under high stress conditions, whose capacity to respond against di  l is to evaluate the effects of abiotic stress on two terrestrial ecosystems ecosystem composit  ts of abiotic stress on two terrestrial ecosystems ecosystem composition, structure and functio  ic stress on two terrestrial ecosystems ecosystem composition, structure and functioning along   ucture and functioning along an abiotic stress gradient. this proposal will provide relevant in  ation aiming to mitigate the effects of climate change, and for land managers to establish appr  s, which rank among the most threatened ecosystems in europe and are highly vulnerable to clima   in europe and are highly vulnerable to climate change.
14754	5	edge of the physiology and the original habitat of an endangered species erica andevalensis cab  a andevalensis cabezudo & rivera, which distribution area covers most of the andevalo area , an  s important to the study of heavy metal resistance and excluding mechanisms. the localization o  ay provide precise information on metal resistance and excluding mechanisms of this vulnerable    uicn, and characteristic of a singular habitat, that will allow elaborate suitable conservatio
15216	9	nd continuous deposition of atmospheric nitrogen derived from human activities through changes   functional descriptor parameters in the ecosystem in response to the increased availability of   sponse to the increased availability of nitrogen. for this we have chosen a mediterranean scrub  is we have chosen a mediterranean scrub ecosystem represented by kermes oak thickets in a prote  rtance of the increased availability of nitrogen in ecosystems typically limited by this nutrie  e increased availability of nitrogen in ecosystems typically limited by this nutrient. these ob  elated to effects on the seed bank, the richness, diversity of the communities affected and on   sity of the communities affected and on productivity and growth of certain key species in these  nities affected and on productivity and growth of certain key species in these systems. the abo
13818	7	atmospheric deposition of nitrogen regulates growth of phytoplankton in lakes. in  pheric deposition of nitrogen regulates growth of phytoplankton in lakes. increased n loading d  st if there are regional differences in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in swedish   in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in swedish lakes and if such differences can be    aims to test if n limits phytoplankton growth in areas with low n-deposition, if lakes are n+p  nced n-deposition, and if phytoplankton growth is p-limited in areas with high n-deposition. in  affects the species composition and the succession of phytoplankton in swedish lakes. lake samp
13614	15	changes in climate and reindeer grazing may both influence the veg  reindeer grazing may both influence the vegetation structure on arctic tundra heaths. long-term  iled century-old historical data set on vegetation composition in combination with new surveys   unity to evaluate effects of changes in climate and reindeer grazing on vegetation type distrib  nges in climate and reindeer grazing on vegetation type distributions in northern scandinavia.   e no previous long-term studies in this ecosystem investigating vegetation responses to both cl  studies in this ecosystem investigating vegetation responses to both climate and reindeer grazi  estigating vegetation responses to both climate and reindeer grazing, which is of great importa  portance in order to understand ongoing vegetation processes. in order to minimize overestimati  sation rates, the project will focus on vegetation type transitions rather than species. vegeta  n type transitions rather than species. vegetation types represent a more reliable indicator of  etation types represent a more reliable indicator of changing conditions than the extinction of  roject will gain important knowledge of vegetation responses to changes in both climate and rei  vegetation responses to changes in both climate and reindeer grazing, which will be of great im   future and an understanding of ongoing vegetation processes.
2172	10	st-alpine transition zone due to global warming. since steep temperature-productivity gradients  zone due to global warming. since steep temperature-productivity gradients characterize these m  global warming. since steep temperature-productivity gradients characterize these marginal area  , two fundamental effects are expected: remote sensing. this technology is the most sensitive a  nstrated on a 1500 km n-s gradient. the lidar transect encompasses hundreds of elevation gradie  h changes are relevant for reporting on climate conventions, and experience gained may provide   ects on biological processes regulating recruitment and growth of trees along the alpine tree l  al processes regulating recruitment and growth of trees along the alpine tree line. by doing so  ded to reliably detect changes in these climate-sensitive ecosystems   tect changes in these climate-sensitive ecosystems
416	8	ny temperate coastlines where they form ecosystems similar to terrestrial forests. laminaria di  stigate the responses of l. digitata to competition with s. polyschides. moreover, multidiscipl  otentially threatened by the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activity. indeed, l. d  much less tolerant to light and thermal stress than s. polyschides and therefore potentially mo  ction between the two species follows a model of ecological succession, l. digitata being the c  o species follows a model of ecological succession, l. digitata being the climax species. in th  predict using a prospective demographic model, that harvesting may be a threat for the persiste  dapted to the potential fluctuations of abundance in order to sustain this marine resource.
2002	16	er the question what effects changes in temperature, precipitation and n deposition will have o  on what effects changes in temperature, precipitation and n deposition will have on the competi  ation and n deposition will have on the competition between sphagnum species and the rate of ca  etween sphagnum species and the rate of carbon sequestration. the project will focus on four si  rmany. this transect constitutes both a temperature and a n deposition gradient. along this tra   the combined effects of an increase in temperature and n deposition. after three years changes  position and the accumulated amounts of carbon will be measured. experiments will be performed   ns to analyse the effects of changes in temperature, water table and n input on growth and comp  temperature, water table and n input on growth and competition between sphagnum species. in sep  , water table and n input on growth and competition between sphagnum species. in separate exper  e experiments we will measure potential growth, dead moss decomposability, drought resistance a  wth, dead moss decomposability, drought resistance and length growth per unit mass increment. t  sability, drought resistance and length growth per unit mass increment. these plant features wi   to morphological features as branching density, leaf density and leaf length and the concentra  cal features as branching density, leaf density and leaf length and the concentrations of the v  hemical compounds that affect dead moss decomposition. we attempt to explain the reconstructed
13533	13	higher temperatures and more precipitation are likely to affect the distribution and   precipitation are likely to affect the distribution and abundance of pike, a key lake piscivor  e likely to affect the distribution and abundance of pike, a key lake piscivore, and thereby th  , a key lake piscivore, and thereby the production of several species of salmonid fish. the cli  f several species of salmonid fish. the climate can have direct effects on intake rates, metabo  abolic costs and dispersal ability, and indirect effects mediated via changes in the carrying c  ect effects mediated via changes in the carrying capacity. the objectives of this project is: a  ical models that predict how a changing climate will affect the distribution of pike and its ef   how a changing climate will affect the distribution of pike and its effects on salmonid popula  build mechanistic models describing how temperature affects the interaction between an omnivoro  s the interaction between an omnivorous predator and an intermediate consumer. these models wil  rameterized using published data on the temperature dependence of energy mobilization in lakes,  d data on the temperature dependence of energy mobilization in lakes, and intake rates and meta
15100	9	rculation models predict an increase in temperature and a potential reduction in precipitation   emperature and a potential reduction in precipitation in the ne of the iberian peninsula during  ring the next decades. these effects of climate change are likely to affect the functioning and  the functioning and structure of forest ecosystems and, ultimately, the distribution of species   forest ecosystems and, ultimately, the distribution of species. evergreen and deciduous oaks t  eciduous oaks to analyze the effects of climate change on vegetative growth and acorn productio  effects of climate change on vegetative growth and acorn production of holm oak and deciduous o  e change on vegetative growth and acorn production of holm oak and deciduous oaks by modelling   ction of holm oak and deciduous oaks by modelling techniques.
14920	11	climate exerts a major influence on soil organic carbon      climate exerts a major influence on soil organic carbon content and, consequently, there is  g concern over the feedback response of carbon-rich soils to increasing global atmospheric temp  ures have been offsetting absorption of carbon by these terrestrial sinks resulting in the stim  l sinks resulting in the stimulation of soil organic matter mineralization with associated rele  ed release of co2 and dissolved organic carbon describing the possible mechanisms involved and   k effects by developping a mathematical model which would allow to link biodiversity and carbon  ch would allow to link biodiversity and carbon cycle. these three aims will provide a better un  of the functional response of peatlands ecosystems to global warming and, therefore, will reduc  ponse of peatlands ecosystems to global warming and, therefore, will reduce uncertainaties for   , will reduce uncertainaties for future climate change predictions.
15397	18	rganisms use environmental cues, mainly temperature and photoperiod, which correlate with futur  e-cycle events, such as reproduction or migration in birds. increasing evidence suggests that e  onditions may have consequences for the distribution, phenology and life histories of birds. ho  have consequences for the distribution, phenology and life histories of birds. however, the ove  es are available from the mediterranean ecosystems. the observed changes cannot be interpreted    especially how other components of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the presen  onents of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the present project, variation in li  e. in the present project, variation in life history traits of some bird species is examined in  sent project, variation in life history traits of some bird species is examined in relation to   cales in several birds in mediterranean ecosystems. our main aims are to study the: 1. effects   in aims are to study the: 1. effects of climate warming on life history traits of birds using l  are to study the: 1. effects of climate warming on life history traits of birds using long-term  y the: 1. effects of climate warming on life history traits of birds using long-term data in me  ects of climate warming on life history traits of birds using long-term data in mediterranean e  s using long-term data in mediterranean ecosystems. 2. effects of temperatures on fecundity and  fferent trophic levels in mediterranean ecosystems. 4. effects of climate change on demographic  mediterranean ecosystems. 4. effects of climate change on demographic parameters of coexisting   in wetlands and their implications in a climate change scenario.
15384	2	climate trends during recent decades and atmospheric ge  ted with corresponding changes in plant community composition, structure or ecophysiological pe
2139	15	environmental changes of greenhouse-gas warming, with likely strong consequences for structure   ure of plant and animal communities and ecosystem processes. the rates of the biological proces  he biological processes are mediated by temperature, season length, temporal and spatial distri  re, season length, temporal and spatial distribution of snow and water conditions, i.e. factors  dergo strong changes. at the same time, decomposition processes are moderated by the organisms    microbes and soil fauna use litter and soil organic matter as energy, carbon and nutrient sour  a use litter and soil organic matter as energy, carbon and nutrient sources for biomass product  tter and soil organic matter as energy, carbon and nutrient sources for biomass production and   carbon and nutrient sources for biomass production and for their metabolic functions. climatic   te an increase in the mineralisation of soil organic matter by microbes and microarthropods, wh   and population densities, life cycles, population dynamics and turnover in microarthopod commu  nities to understand the effects on the decomposition processes. experimental sites for investi  f soil organisms to adapt to a changing environment will determine their response to climatic m  effort will be on functional aspects on ecosystem level of processes, and interactions at the l  y experimental perturbations within the ecosystems, and by laboratory studies.
2080	6	climate change may have profound effects on insects tha  s on insects that cause widespread tree mortality and have significant impacts on forest ecosys   and have significant impacts on forest ecosystems. the spruce bark beetle . the project aims a  oring programme in southern norway. the distribution of bivoltism and the risk of damages by th  be estimated under various scenarios of climate change. the results will be made available for   s will be made available for economical modelling and forest management adaptations in various
10526	1	ses in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide , one of the centres of excellence for m
13855	15	phication on local diversity processes, trophic interactions and ecosystem function. specifical  ity processes, trophic interactions and ecosystem function. specifically, i will examine multi-  i will examine multi-trophic effects of community complexity and resource availability on biodi  mine multi-trophic effects of community complexity and resource availability on biodiversity an  source availability on biodiversity and productivity by exposing macroalgal communities in diff  lgal communities in different states of succession to artificial nutrient/light conditions and   /light conditions and manipulate grazer/predator presence. although coastal eutrophication chan  oalgae have a fundamental role as basic habitat for many associated organisms but there are few  that address effects on biodiversity by habitat change over more than one trophic level. the co  el. the combined influence of light and nutrients should promote strong interactions on local d  ince they set different limits on plant growth and determine the quality of organic matter tran  ant growth and determine the quality of organic matter transfer to higher trophic levels. recen  evel influences diversity processes and productivity at other trophic levels. it is therefore e  mpact of plant resource composition and trophic interactions on local diversity processes, to d  le cascade effects of eutrophication on ecosystem function and biodiversity.
10814	3	the most biologically diverse of marine ecosystems and are arguably the most deeply threatened   r lost worldwide largely as a result of climate change, overexploitation and pollution. we urge  ow they are affected by factors such as body size, size at maturity, depth range and desirabili
10954	1	ossible, data to be generated in marine productivity application 2.3. complementary data will b
13829	2	iftelsen will be the base for a similar mapping process. except for the mapping, a field experi  similar mapping process. except for the mapping, a field experiment on polypore-living insects
13467	3	project grant to study the influence of environmental change on the dynamics of genetic archite  opulations and the complex interplay of population dynamics and population genetics. i will use  polymorphism in pygmy grasshoppers as a model system. i will combine information on colour morp
11682	4	the study will be based on community-wide quantitative inventories of plants . dat  nventories of plants . data analysis of community-wide properties of each assemblage, and the p   and the patterns of both occupancy and abundance of single species will be carried out primari   out primarily using generalized linear modelling and logistic regressions taking into account
2005	12	inities via the quality and quantity of carbon source inputs into the system. fot rerestrial ec   inputs into the system. fot rerestrial ecosystems, it is expected that global climate changes    ecosystems, it is expected that global climate changes will affect plants most directly, and t  ctly, and thes changes include elevated temperature, alterations in moisture do enhanced co2 co   shifts we will detemine changes in the abundance of fungi and bacteria, as well as functional   dance of fungi and bacteria, as well as functional groups within thes microbial groups, with pa  e of two dominant plant species of dune ecosystems, festuca rubra and carexd arenaria, exposed   acking changes in, and consequences of, functional diversity in these rhizosphere habitats, we    propose to address the consequences of global change for this vulnerable dune ecosystem as wel   global change for this vulnerable dune ecosystem as well as more generally for the development  ystem as well as more generally for the development of natural vegetation.   enerally for the development of natural vegetation.
2095	4	tigates the role of carotenoids for egg development and early juvenile survival in atlantic sal  terious effects of free radicals during growth. however, too high intake of certain carotenoids  nments, with higher and lower oxidative stress, respectively. an improved understanding of the   etter understand variation in offspring production and therefore be highly relevant for a prope
13441	11	the largest inland delta in africa. the ecosystem is driven by annual flooding, which brings wa  which brings water and initiates forage growth during the dry season, allowing the area to supp  ounded by a lack of knowledge about the vegetation and its resilience. it is crucial to ascerta  w disturbance affects the structure and function of the ecosystem. this project focuses on gain  fects the structure and function of the ecosystem. this project focuses on gaining an understan  g an understanding of the structure and function of the ecosystems, to provide robust ecologica  ng of the structure and function of the ecosystems, to provide robust ecological data that can   ion on stakeholders perception, species richness, tree recruitment, seed banks, seed dispersal,  ders perception, species richness, tree recruitment, seed banks, seed dispersal, seedling estab  character and current state of the area vegetation resource with respect to the independent and  endent and combined effects of fire and herbivory.
423	14	after 1987, the temperature of the whole water column in the continenta  nges in the structure of the groundfish community of the bay of biscay during the three last de   the three last decades, in relation to climate change and effects of fishery. during the ninet  ffects of fishery. during the nineties, abundance of the small subtropical fish species increas  pical fish species increased, while the abundance of the largest individuals decreased, especia  e gear selectivity and because the life traits of these species make them more resilient to fis  ies make them more resilient to fishing mortality. moreover, small species are more able to qui  re more able to quickly benefit from an environmental change. the individual-based modelling se  ironmental change. the individual-based modelling seemed to support the hypothesis that these c  changes are related to both fishing and climate effects. total landings of the french fishing f  the region reflect these changes in the ecosystem. the total value of these landings showed gre  ot easily linked to changes in the fish community. this is du to the fact that no relationships  es have been strongly influenced by the evolution of markets for seafood in europe, and the dev   markets for seafood in europe, and the development of substitute products .
7140	7	the impacts of fishing and climate change on ecological processes in maintaining e  om time-series statistical analysis and modeling by individuals -centrée. a statistical analysi  r not, along depth gradients of primary productivity and flexibility, will be identified and in  ding to the effects of fishing and / or climate change. changes in commercial fisheries of the   ony. it also will integrate the fishing mortality generated by a fleet simply by formalizing th  ic dependency mechanism of reproduction temperature. Finally, the economic implications of chan  ed with the operation and impact of the warming will be analyzed.
14966	5	ariability in runoff as a result of the global change in rainfall intensity and frequency. the   cy and the interruption of hydrological connectivity in the river network. the effects will be   rk. the effects will be analysed on the community structure of algae, macroinvertebrates and fi   to the comprehension of the effects of climate change on mediterranean stream ecosystems.    climate change on mediterranean stream ecosystems.
13967	5	l grassland habitats by combining large-scale field experiments, focal observations of pollinat  ments, focal observations of pollinator behavior and monitoring of pollinator abundance. pollin  r behavior and monitoring of pollinator abundance. pollination service will be estimated in lar  nd importance of the project lies in an evaluation of the ecological importance of pollen limit  ollen limitation and the effect of seed production on population and metapopulation dynamics of
14469	8	habitat fragmentation, that is the reduction of a conti  , that is the reduction of a continuous habitat into several spatially isolated remnants, repre  the biological diversity of terrestrial ecosystems. the fragmentation of habitats and the resul  nsequences, including losses of species richness and abundance, reduced mutualistic interaction  ncluding losses of species richness and abundance, reduced mutualistic interactions between pla  ess biodiversity components at regional scale; to calculate basic descriptors of genetic divers   different species; to identify spatial thresholds of fragmentation that are necessary to maint  ims to set a theoretical ground for the development of effective both in situ and ex situ conse
13849	6	habitat fragmentation caused by dams and road passes ca  effects we will quantify extinction and colonization rates. extinction rates as a function of h  lonization rates. extinction rates as a function of habitat size will be quantified from the in  ates. extinction rates as a function of habitat size will be quantified from the incidence of s  e outcome of introductions to formulate habitat dependent assembly rules. these rules specify h   or more species can coexist depends on habitat size and presence of other species. we will use
7125	5	rch project aims to study the impact of global change on ocean and lake aquatic ecosystems in W  global change on ocean and lake aquatic ecosystems in Western Europe by using plankton indicato  ems in Western Europe by using plankton indicators. it lies in a global context, essential to t  ntext, essential to tackle the issue of climate change impacts on biodiversity and functioning   biodiversity and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. This multidisciplinary project will combine
540	16	ination of long-term records of aquatic ecosystems has provided useful information to find out   ing forces. understanding the impact of climate change on these ecosystems, the management of t  g the impact of climate change on these ecosystems, the management of their resources and the e  can be achieved by inter-site and inter-ecosystem comparisons. this approach was undertaken dur  ty to tackle with marine and freshwater ecosystems. it allowed us to compile and validate sever  d on the analysis of the variability of climate indices and biological data across several spat   spatial scales was used. the different ecosystems analyzed here showed clear response to the n  ed clear response to the north atlantic climate variability, although abrupt changes in differe  hough abrupt changes in different local community compositions occurred in all ecosystems in th   community compositions occurred in all ecosystems in the middle of the 1980s. during this peri  ve resulted in long-term changes in cod recruitment in the north sea . on the other hand, both   the north sea . on the other hand, both climate change and the improvement of trophic status in  hitefish during the 1990s. lower larval mortality and better recruitment are supposed to be lin  990s. lower larval mortality and better recruitment are supposed to be linked to faster growth   ent are supposed to be linked to faster growth associated with warmer temperatures and better f  between larvae hatching and zooplankton development.
15184	3	nalyze microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems has reveled its huge richness and diversity   aquatic ecosystems has reveled its huge richness and diversity of phylo-phenetic species. the s  s are linked by dispersal making up the metacommunity which dynamics has unknown consequences f
15315	3	nalyze microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems has revealed their huge richness and diversi  atic ecosystems has revealed their huge richness and diversity of phylophenetic species. the se   are connected by dispersal making up a metacommunity. currently, the dynamics of microbial met
15245	10	habitat modification by land use change is a major driv                  habitat modification by land use change is a major driver of biodiversity loss,  ut little is known about the effects of landscape change on biotic interactions. our overall ob  s of spatial and temporal components of habitat loss, fragmentation and restoration on plant an  not all species are equally affected by landscape change. habitats may exhibit either higher-th  bit either higher-than-expected species richness in regressive patches due to delayed extinctio  nctions, or lower-than-expected species richness in newly originated patches due to dispersal c  y loss, but the processes through which habitat modification over the last 50 years. biological  ast 50 years. biological and ecological traits at the species and population levels will be rec   surveyed to characterize the effect of landscape change on the topology of plant-pollinator ne
13953	10	project aims to estimate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity of macro  ty of macrofauna using mussel beds as a model system. habitat loss is a main cause for species   na using mussel beds as a model system. habitat loss is a main cause for species extinctions an  ctions and biodiversity declines, while habitat fragmentation model data and results obtained t  y declines, while habitat fragmentation model data and results obtained to refine predictions o  fine predictions of the critical mussel habitat amount needed to sustain a high diversity and a   needed to sustain a high diversity and abundance. thus, this project will be able to predict h  will be able to predict how much mussel habitat should be conserved for persistence of populati  versity, and the relative importance of habitat fragmentation and different population processe  different population processes for this threshold.
13830	8	roject is to evaluate the importance of habitat quality and quantity for the recruitment potent  of habitat quality and quantity for the recruitment potential of fish using coastal nursery gro  t these changes alter the structure and function of the communities present, but there is no in   but there is no information on how the recruitment potential of fish populations is affected.   hesis concerning the effect of algae on distribution, growth and survival of juvenile fish in t  ng the effect of algae on distribution, growth and survival of juvenile fish in the coastal zon  he coastal zone. the effect of juvenile growth rate on the survival during later life stages wi  e stages will also be evaluated and the recruitment potential of the nursery grounds will be mo
12177	3	important future role in adaptation for climate change by facilitating the movement of species   maintain their character, condition and ecological function, and to prevent them overgrowing an  inform management prescriptions, policy development and further research. it is recognised that
11066	9	population gets smaller or decreases in density, the number of opportunities for parasite trans  sence, is the idea of a host population threshold: that there is a certain population size or d  t there is a certain population size or density below which the parasite cannot persist. extinc   of hosts has increased again above the threshold number. if there is a whole group of such hos   knowing where and when host population thresholds and metapopulations are found for parasites   apopulations are found for parasites in nature would be of great interest, because it could exp  w almost no examples of host population thresholds and parasite metapopulations in wild species   the first examples for host population thresholds and metapopulation structure influencing and  nfluencing and potentially limiting the distribution of parasite species within a landscape.
14741	7	ntly suffered changes in water quality, trophic structure and composition of the biological com  lly, with the purpose of characterizing habitat and communities; - development of a macrophyte   aracterizing habitat and communities; - development of a macrophyte habitat model; - evaluation  munities; - development of a macrophyte habitat model; - evaluation of the effect of controlled  ; - development of a macrophyte habitat model; - evaluation of the effect of controlled flows o  opment of a macrophyte habitat model; - evaluation of the effect of controlled flows on the eco  f the effect of controlled flows on the ecosystem: specific sampling to evaluate its effect on
11547	4	itored each year as part of the ongoing recovery programme. field aviaries on mauritius will en  low immunocompetence to reflect reduced resistance to infection. however, on mauritius, immunoc  cted birds to evaluate change in immune function as infection progresses. the project will use   eractions between inbreeding and immune function. genetically confirmed pedigrees already exist
2136	9	have a strong ecological impact on the ecosystem and each other. in spite of the potential imp  n spite of the potential importance for ecosystem functioning, there have been few studies addr  rt involving historic data analysis and modeling. the project will benefit strongly from extens  data sets on physics, plankton and fish distribution from collaborating norwegian, russian, ice   institutions. a novel individual based modeling approach will be used to generate data driven   of the functioning of the norwegian sea ecosystem and generate several products that can be use  several products that can be useful for ecosystem management including estimates of carrying ca  ystem management including estimates of carrying capacity of planktivorous fish and distributio  ying capacity of planktivorous fish and distribution of fish stocks among economic zones.
13944	5	munities predicts that biodiversity and function of local communities are determined by an inte   on patterns and processes at the local scale. the study will be performed in ponds along the r  and dispersal distance. in a subsequent mesocosm experiment, i will test the interacting effect  source availability on local diversity, productivity and biotic interactions. the project will   iological invasions on biodiversity and ecosystem function at multiple spatial scales.
14718	11	land use and climate changes have been suggested as the two main thr  d as one of the most affected by global climate change. in the particular case of spain, it cou  rocesses to individual-level perfomance traits. in the present project we aim to achieve the fo   and simulated models on the effects of landscape change on species distribution and abundance.   effects of landscape change on species distribution and abundance. 2. predictive and simulated  cape change on species distribution and abundance. 2. predictive and simulated models on the ef   and simulated models on the effects of climate change on species distribution and abundance. s  he effects of climate change on species distribution and abundance. simulated scenarios of simu  mate change on species distribution and abundance. simulated scenarios of simultaneously landsc  enarios of simultaneously landscape and climate change on habitat suitability for the studied s  neously landscape and climate change on habitat suitability for the studied species. 3. populat
14833	15	these communities are at their southern distribution limit, which makes them more sensitive to   mit, which makes them more sensitive to environmental change. at present the evidence of the ef   present the evidence of the effects of climate change on calluna heath is very limited. howeve  s very limited. however, an increase in temperature and drought are likely to affect their dist   and drought are likely to affect their distribution and composition. temperature increase coul  ect their distribution and composition. temperature increase could have an influence on the mov  om the iberian peninsula. a decrease in precipitation during the summer could favour the develo  tion during the summer could favour the development of dry heathlands more than the permanence   versity, dynamic and behaviour of these ecosystems. therefore the main objective of the propose  ed project is to analyse the effects of climate change, land use and forest fires on biodiversi  ntabrian mountain range at the southern distribution limit, and on the other, the wet heathland  other, the wet heathlands situated on a climate slope in the montes galaicos, characterised by   se communities as a result of the small scale alterations to which they can be subjected, and o  h they can be subjected, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace  ed, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace current conditions t
14832	15	these communities are at their southern distribution limit, which makes them more sensitive to   mit, which makes them more sensitive to environmental change. at present the evidence of the ef   present the evidence of the effects of climate change on calluna heath is very limited. howeve  s very limited. however, an increase in temperature and drought are likely to affect their dist   and drought are likely to affect their distribution and composition. temperature increase coul  ect their distribution and composition. temperature increase could have an influence on the mov  om the iberian peninsula. a decrease in precipitation during the summer could favour the develo  tion during the summer could favour the development of dry heathlands more than the permanence   versity, dynamic and behaviour of these ecosystems. therefore the main objective of the propose  ed project is to analyse the effects of climate change, land use and forest fires on biodiversi  ntabrian mountain range at the southern distribution limit, and on the other, the wet heathland  other, the wet heathlands situated on a climate slope in the montes galaicos, characterised by   se communities as a result of the small scale alterations to which they can be subjected, and o  h they can be subjected, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace  ed, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace current conditions t
12172	2	ips, has apparent benefits at the field scale for birds, by often holding greater diversity and  holding greater diversity and sometimes abundance than equivalent areas of crop in each study 1
15207	1	rch on the use of sea water by the dune vegetation of spanish coasts and to assess whether it i
15218	14	orary ponds because they affect primary production, nutrient cycling, leaf litter decomposition  t primary production, nutrient cycling, leaf litter decomposition, and invertebrate populations  oduction, nutrient cycling, leaf litter decomposition, and invertebrate populations. the presen  vertebrate populations. the presence of predators, however, can modify the interactions between  mphibians are capable of altering their development in response to the presence of predators, p  elopment in response to the presence of predators, producing anti-predator morphologies, reduci  e presence of predators, producing anti-predator morphologies, reducing activity levels, and/or  evolved under selection from a suite of predators would be readily activated by cues from a nov  activated by cues from a novel invasive predator species, and if they do, whether they would be  would be as effective as against native predators. the red swamp crayfish constitutes a textboo  this crayfish is an extremely efficient predator of amphibian eggs and larvae, that may have al  ions exposed to it. we will compare the density-dependent and trait-mediated effects of the red  ts of the red swamp crayfish and native predators such as odonates on larval amphibians and the  ng field surveys, field, laboratory and mesocosm experiments, quantitative and population genet
13968	7	ing fish populations and destroying the vegetation on nesting islands. while the effect on fish  e research have been aimed at examining ecosystem effects on nesting islands in the baltic. in   , on active colonies of various nesting density and on abandoned islands. as a framework for in  slands. as a framework for interpreting density responses, following the increased nutrient inf   inflow, we will use recent advances in ecological stoichiometry, which is a method for indepen  on. to study dynamics, we will quantify density response across multiple years for herbivore sp  ween the nutrient content of plants and life history characteristics.
2515	6	stitutes a key component of the pelagic food web in the north sea and north atlantic/barents se  ects could have a massive impact at the ecosystem level, also including commercially important   ation of the findings from wp1&2 into a modelling tool to upscale acidification effects on indi  on effects on individuals to population scale using an ecosystem model.   ndividuals to population scale using an ecosystem model.    to population scale using an ecosystem model.
14184	4	he increasing chemical pollution of the environment, more agricultural farms attempt to avoid u  anges in insect physiological state and development. the aim of this project is to clarify the   ce of pesticides over important insects development and physiology. the complex equipment elabo  l condition of insect caused by several stress factors. this project is a continuation of our p
13843	12	nowledge on how reindeer affect species richness at small spatial scales. however, we do not kn  now how reindeer grazing affect species richness at large spatial scales. the relationship betw  cales. the relationship between species richness and area is particularly important as it holds  ds out a prospect of predicting species richness at large scales from data gathered relatively   redicting effects of grazing on species richness at large spatial scales from small-scale studi  ness at large spatial scales from small-scale studies is by no means a simple task as different   that reindeer grazing increase species richness at small spatial scales but decrease species r  all spatial scales but decrease species richness at large spatial scales. moreover, i will also  ether the effect of reindeer on species richness at different spatial scales driven by their ef  patial scales driven by their effect on spatial heterogeneity of plant biomass and nutrient ava  nt availability. a combination of small-scale manipulations, natural experiments and descriptiv  nowledge on how reindeer affect species richness at larger spatial scales. this increased knowl
13488	17	re minor, reindeer can still have large indirect effects on the vegetation by influencing soil   till have large indirect effects on the vegetation by influencing soil temperature, nutrient tu  s on the vegetation by influencing soil temperature, nutrient turnover and competition between   soil temperature, nutrient turnover and competition between plants. the vegetation in the scand  ver and competition between plants. the vegetation in the scandinavian mountains is expected to  s is expected to change due to a warmer climate and many species have already increased their a  y warm. how reindeer will interact with climate induced vegetation changes are poorly studied.   deer will interact with climate induced vegetation changes are poorly studied. i will study the  will study how reindeer influence plant community composition, dynamics of carbon and nitrogen   lant community composition, dynamics of carbon and nitrogen and the regeneration and survival o  ity composition, dynamics of carbon and nitrogen and the regeneration and survival of trees and   are expected to be favored by a warmer climate. field studies will be combined with mathematic  dies will be combined with mathematical modeling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics. results from    combined with mathematical modeling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics. results from these theore  ith mathematical modeling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics. results from these theoretical and e  nderstanding how reindeer interact with climate-induced vegetation changes. these studies will    reindeer interact with climate-induced vegetation changes. these studies will reveal if reinde
14900	4	the scientific community is committed to search approaches of ecologic  al restoration that allow to conciliate ecosystem exploitation and nature conservation. this wi  o conciliate ecosystem exploitation and nature conservation. this will improve the sustainabili  fer to taxonomic . 8. to use raptors as ecological indicators of revegetation success. to cope
13739	10	ese transitions affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. changes in alternative states, e  on in biodiversity and a degradation of ecosystem functioning. here, we intend to study the imp  o study the importance of seasonal mass-migration of cyprinids between lakes and their tributar  tributaries, the mechanisms behind this migration and its importance as a driving force for the  intend to study how changes in seasonal migration affects biodiversity and ecosystem function i  onal migration affects biodiversity and ecosystem function in these systems. our main hypothesi  s. our main hypothesis is that relative predation risk differs between habitats seasonally and   lise refuges in tributaries. changes in migration patterns should affect organisms at lower tro  esulting in effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the hypotheses will be tested us  sing a combination of surveys and large-scale field experiments. the project is a continuation
13844	4	e the inheritance patterns of herbivore resistance and ability of the algal plants to produce c  ul models to study questions concerning community structure, species richness, and inheritance   concerning community structure, species richness, and inheritance patterns in terrestrial syste  biodiversity of associated communities, resistance, and chemical defence of parent and hybrid f
12576	1	ions on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.
11769	9	the distribution and the abundance of organisms depend on b                 the distribution and the abundance of organisms depend on both the persistence o  lance between colonisation of available habitat and local extinctions. both local and regional   al and regional processes depend on the density-dependent regulation of population growth rates  sity-dependent regulation of population growth rates and the fecundity of their constituent ind  eir constituent individuals. population growth decreases with population density as a result of  lation growth decreases with population density as a result of reduced individual survivorship   dual survivorship and fecundity through competition for resources and microsites for germinatio  ions through both positive and negative density dependence.
9906	9	the distribution and the abundance of organisms depend on b                 the distribution and the abundance of organisms depend on both the persistence o  lance between colonisation of available habitat and local extinctions. both local and regional   al and regional processes depend on the density-dependent regulation of population growth rates  sity-dependent regulation of population growth rates and the fecundity of their constituent ind  eir constituent individuals. population growth decreases with population density as a result of  lation growth decreases with population density as a result of reduced individual survivorship   dual survivorship and fecundity through competition for resources and microsites for germinatio  ions through both positive and negative density dependence.
13698	5	ltural simulation system which is under development. to not only include volume production but   development. to not only include volume production but also development of value in planning in  only include volume production but also development of value in planning instruments will proba  is that silvicultural treatments affect growth and morphology of norway spruce in a predictable  d this will also affect timber quality. growth and timber-quality will be investigated in old e
15272	13	mmunities develop in systems conforming habitat islands. spatial structure of fragments determi  atial structure of fragments determines community persistence. several global change forces are  termines community persistence. several global change forces are changing the arrangement of th  hange in spatial arrangement can affect community structure and composition. the systems we are  elative to the processes that determine community organization and more specifically questions   lter based on competitive exclusion, is community phylogenetic structure a main process in the   s of species mobility determine species richness in community fragments, is there any mechanism   mobility determine species richness in community fragments, is there any mechanism dealing wit  zation of phylogenetic diversity in the community structure may be due to a neutral assembly de  eractions. the relationship between the spatial pattern and the environmental factors allows us  te the role of environmental filters in community clustering. the temporal component of communi  y clustering. the temporal component of community organization processes can be studied using d  vidual plants are recruited and how the function of different species changes with time.
1088	18	tionships between species diversity and ecosystem processes have received a growing attention i  ion in recent years. several studies on carbon cycling and decomposition have been done on sing  . several studies on carbon cycling and decomposition have been done on single species. the res  ers, soil factors, pollution and global warming, but the role of biodiversity remains effective  dies on mixed litters showed that their decomposition processes cannot be simply related to the  ot be simply related to the dynamics of decomposition of single species litters. there is a cle  effects of litter diversity in order to model the biogeochemical cycles in the soil. in particu  es have been performed in mediterranean ecosystems despite their high biodiversity and their ve  ty and their very fine spatial grain of vegetation composition and cover. objective of this pro  is project will be the experimental and modelling study of the primary production and decomposi  ntal and modelling study of the primary production and decomposition processes of a mediterrane  ing study of the primary production and decomposition processes of a mediterranean maquis in re  ill be used to develop a new integrated model able to simulate spatially distributed c and n fl  atially distributed c and n fluxes. the model will be implemented on the basis of an existing m  implemented on the basis of an existing model built during a previous national research program  ral networks. this will make possible a model evaluation and discussion on the possible impacts  tworks. this will make possible a model evaluation and discussion on the possible impacts of bi  ible impacts of biodiversity changes on ecosystem processes at different spatial and temporal s
15446	22	the increase in earths temperature in the last decades has made to proliferate  proliferate studies within the scope of climate change. we will be able to discern changes in e  . we will be able to discern changes in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those  hanges in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those of natural variability if we    a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature in such processes. the fact that there is a   a national action on adaptation to the climate change is enough to understand that it is very   ant to know profoundly the responses of ecosystems to the increase of temperature on earth. the  ponses of ecosystems to the increase of temperature on earth. the effects of climate change on   of temperature on earth. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams inc  earth. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams included, the target    still poorly known, in particular when temperature interacts with other factors locally. in th   processes arousing greater interest is leaf litter decomposition, by its repercussion on the g  rousing greater interest is leaf litter decomposition, by its repercussion on the global carbon  tion, by its repercussion on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rate  rcussion on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, h  al carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, however, have tried t  his project is to assess the effects of temperature in the functioning of northern spain headwa  r streams through the response of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and under  he response of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and underlying variables, an  of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and underlying variables, and to discern  d to discern its implications on stream ecosystems under the projected climate change scenarios  n stream ecosystems under the projected climate change scenarios.
15517	18	global climate change is one of the principal threats to the c  marked changes in the distributions and phenology of many species as a result of increasing tem  ittle is known about the sensitivity to climate variation of different populations of the same   hich are typically exposed to different temperature and humidity conditions. the possibility th   same species show adaptations to local climate conditions is potentially important in quantify  important in quantifying the impacts of climate change, since it could lead to considerable und   over-estimations of changes to species abundance and phenology compared with estimated impacts  ons of changes to species abundance and phenology compared with estimated impacts based on the   t species show homogeneous responses to climate conditions across their distributions. this pro  ims to determine the association of the abundance and phenology of the butterflies of the sierr  ne the association of the abundance and phenology of the butterflies of the sierra de guadarram  rflies of the sierra de guadarrama with temperature and humidity for an 11 year dataset in mult  is to quantify the relationship between abundance and climate, and between phenology and climat   the relationship between abundance and climate, and between phenology and climate, for all spe  ween abundance and climate, and between phenology and climate, for all species with sufficient    and climate, and between phenology and climate, for all species with sufficient data, to then   he altitudinal gradient. in the case of abundance, a comparative analysis will also be carried   es which are most sensitive to temporal climate variability are also those which have experienc
14790	3	y islands has never been studied from a community or species diversity perspective. in spite of  ering native species, and if there is a recovery of potential vegetation. more specifically we   and if there is a recovery of potential vegetation. more specifically we pretend to describe pl
15099	13	climatic models predict for ne spain a temperature rise and an increase in water stress during  mperature rise and an increase in water stress during the next decades. both climatic trends ma  rowing season promoted by the predicted temperature rise will reduce the competition for intern  dicted temperature rise will reduce the competition for internal resources required byvegetativ  nternal resources required byvegetative growth and reproduction. however, it is also expected a  t the first effect leading to a greater competition for the internal resources between growth a  tion for the internal resources between growth and reproduction. we hypothesize that the overla  ing between phenological phases and the competition for resources in response to the forecasted  proposal are: to analyse the effects of climate change on the dynamics of growth and acorn prod  ts of climate change on the dynamics of growth and acorn production in mediterranean oaks using  nge on the dynamics of growth and acorn production in mediterranean oaks using a forest growth   on in mediterranean oaks using a forest growth model.   editerranean oaks using a forest growth model.
14645	1	atomo-pathological activity patterns, 4 stable isotopes of n and c for diet determination; 5 mi
14636	1	n of non-native seaweeds into different ecosystems is a global phenomenon that may cause signif
14755	16	cies could imply several changes in the food web to which it belongs inducing, for example, fur  e lost species, or another with similar function, in the ecosystem. from the scientific perspec  r another with similar function, in the ecosystem. from the scientific perspective, the preoccu  e relationship between biodiversity and food webs is obvious, and it should be deepened in thos  reas of knowledge which would allow the evaluation of the effect of these changes within the tr  se changes within the trophic webs: its stability, productivity and resistance to change. new a  within the trophic webs: its stability, productivity and resistance to change. new approaches a  c webs: its stability, productivity and resistance to change. new approaches and methods of res  the study, amongst other things, of the connectivity and connectance; the more effective energy  ity and connectance; the more effective energy and information transference routes within a foo  orces between trophic elements, and iii model equations or formulas that would allow the predic  nd the effect of a loss of species in a community of which it forms a part, and to determine if  not just on the species but also on its function, on the foodweb to which it belongs, and on th  e research team making this proposal in community assemblies in the laboratory; in dynamic proc  ocesses and in the self-organisation of community formation and the achievement of its stabilit  ty formation and the achievement of its stability , will allow it to work with laboratory maint
13861	2	on short-term consumer dynamics in open ecosystems and have significant effects on juvenile sur  ficant effects on juvenile survival and growth in detritus based systems.
15385	6	nd effects on the functioning of forest ecosystems and, because of this, contribute to determin  ute to determine the characteristics of carbon global cycle. competitive equilibria between eve  ree species may strongly depend on leaf productivity along the different seasons, and on the mo  inter contributes to intensify the leaf traits that confer persistence to the leaves in seasona  ects of low winter temperatures on leaf traits and photosynthesis and dark respiration in leave  leaf traits and photosynthesis and dark respiration in leaves of evergreen tree species in medi
13524	3	gate how top-down how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structur  n how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.   in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.
6955	8	plant virus resistance breeding is difficult as resistance sources   rus resistance breeding is difficult as resistance sources are limited and because many resista  ce sources are limited and because many resistance factors are monogenic, thus resistance can b   resistance factors are monogenic, thus resistance can be broken easily. therefore, it would be  able to incorporate a horizontal' virus resistance trait into major crops that could provide du  all readthrough utilizing viruses. this resistance might be durable as to break it the gene exp   to elaborate a novel, horizontal virus resistance system based on artificial reduction of read  genic tobacco lines, and then the virus resistance of these plants will be tested. finally, if
11869	9	a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge  d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox  n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very sm  uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms,   y lab has demonstrated that the in situ community structure of these organisms is fairly comple  s, the factors that dictate this global community structure are still poorly defined. this is i  icate major domain shifts in planktonic ecosystems and by observing and interpreting their dist  re fundamental understanding of how the environment of genes expressed in specific environments  vironmental parameters that dictate the growth rate and yield of these organisms, information w
11393	16	is used worldwide for the management of vegetation, yet there is serious concern about the envi  for encouraging and maintaining heather growth will ai to: 1. increase understanding of the eff  ffects of moorland patch burning on the hydrology and physicochemistry of peat, through examina   through examination of changes in soil hydrology and water quality. 2. provide a better unders  nation of river flow regimes, suspended sediment concentration and water chemistry. 3. assess t  sess the influence of changes in stream hydrology, water quality and sediment fluxes on stream    in stream hydrology, water quality and sediment fluxes on stream ecosystems through examinatio  r quality and sediment fluxes on stream ecosystems through examination of stream invertebrate c  ough examination of stream invertebrate community biodiversity and fish abundance 4. gain a mor  tebrate community biodiversity and fish abundance 4. gain a more fundamental understanding of s  environmental drivers of upland aquatic community response to burning by experimentally manipul  ing by experimentally manipulating fine sediment flux under controlled conditions using a serie  will provide a holistic patch- to basin-scale evaluation of burning from the perspective of pea  rovide a holistic patch- to basin-scale evaluation of burning from the perspective of peat hydr  of burning from the perspective of peat hydrology, chemistry, river water quantity and quality,   water quantity and quality, and stream ecosystems, thus providing the balanced knowledge base
12045	11	heir ability to adapt and the impact of environmental change.s the role of these factors has be  s, environmental damage, or regarded as model pathogens. to obtain the widest possible view of   se of biological data and a theoretical model was developed and analyzed in parallel. the role    population genetics and phylogeny, the evaluation of biological traits and a theoretical appro  netics and phylogeny, the evaluation of biological traits and a theoretical approach. the histo  to allow the emergence of new diseases, biological traits were evaluated in controlled environm  lent pathogens. the potential impact of environmental change have been studied in the case of t  he emergence of forest diseases through modeling for linking climate change, forest density and  t diseases through modeling for linking climate change, forest density and disease levels . sta  ling for linking climate change, forest density and disease levels . statistical analysis were   nderlying dispersal. we have shown that climate changes may favor emergences and that isease em
7276	2	ersity in species. we use a theoretical model based on physiological constraints, to generate h  e. to test these hypotheses, we measure functional traits on a collection of marine bacterial s
15161	11	ives mainly from the stimulation of the growth of belowground microbial population due to the a  hnology. most of the work will focus on nitrogen metabolism. to obtain new bacteria and archaea  most of the work will focus on nitrogen metabolism. to obtain new bacteria and archaea isolates  d wetlands. second- to use the emergent vegetation as an additional element to develop new meth   of useful microorganisms targeting the nitrogen cycle. wetlands constitute real repositories o  icroorganisms. this is due to the large heterogeneity of microenvironments that can be present   ronments that can be present in a small scale. the major part of this bacterial diversity is co  lant leaves, roots, decaying litter and sediment particles. surfaces allow the development of c   sediment particles. surfaces allow the development of complex biofilms which will offer a high  lms which will offer a higher degree of stability to the living bacteria. this diversity has be  een the physiology of the plant and the metabolism of the prevailing bacteria. bacterial commun
10734	6	future danger both to human health and ecosystems. this great diversity of parasites is not im   of their mainly microscopic and hidden nature, which means that they cannot be easily seen or   in all major animal lineages and in all environment types worldwide. currently over 1200 specie  of uncovered species are present in the environment. we intend to sample freshwater, estuarine,  ctors, for example season, latitude, or environment type are associated with high levels of div   environments we can understand whether climate change or human movement by trade or travel has
10597	10	central highland resemble a wet desert environment where denuded soils harbour scant vegetatio  nment where denuded soils harbour scant vegetation. as such this is an island that is isolated   ook at the molecular composition of the microbial community using standard techniques, for the   determine identity and diversity of the community. in mature soils, molecular analysis has reve  ted with extreme environments, e.g. low ph, high temperature. non-thermophilic crenarchaeota ar  extreme environments, e.g. low ph, high temperature. non-thermophilic crenarchaeota are abundan  logical characteristics. to assess soil function we will look at how these soils play a role in  ese soils play a role in the cycling of nitrogen. by using 15n which has been incorporated into  enous microorganisms will use this as a carbon substrate and break down this material. we can t  n then track how the soil processes the nitrogen from the plant litter. instead of focussing on
14693	4	m of this subproject is to evaluate the recovery possibilities of some wild populations of the   low-up to evaluate the possibilities of recovery of wild population at a bigger scale. this stu  recovery of wild population at a bigger scale. this study on seahorses is innovative in spain a  udy will be of main value in the future recovery of wild populations of seahorses in spain.
14270	1	disrupters in water, suspended solids, sediment and biota and performs important policy suppor
10134	5	al signalling is to be reliable, signal production or maintenance should be costly. in many spe   which testosterone influences parasite resistance are still little known, and we know even les  offs between ornamentation and parasite resistance. with the proposed work, my aim is to unders  the effects of key hormones on parasite resistance, thereby influencing levels of sexual orname  e trade-offs between hormones, parasite resistance and sexual ornamentation.
14843	4	s that evolved via sexual selection and function in intra-sexual competition or mate choice. to   selection and function in intra-sexual competition or mate choice. to understand the evolution  ition or mate choice. to understand the evolution and maintenance of these ornaments, we need t  riation in immune response and parasite resistance, and influences the trade-offs between hormo
11083	6	able evidence suggests that net primary productivity of forest ecosystems declines with stand a  that net primary productivity of forest ecosystems declines with stand age. two question marks   age. two question marks exist about the nature and the degree of this decline: a whether the de  ether the decline is limited to the net growth of the aboveground organs . measurements of avai  lable light, nutrient concentration and specific leaf area will be taken to scale branch-level   and specific leaf area will be taken to scale branch-level measurements across age classes. in
13762	2	large-scale diebacks and declines caused by pathogenic fungi   tch elm disease new knowledge about the resistance mechanisms of ring-porous trees against wilt
10452	1	consistent long-term variation in chick growth rates and reproductive success. the second study
11024	14	all living organisms: when it comes to predator-prey interactions, this involves predators dev  edator-prey interactions, this involves predators developing more effective means to catch prey  y counteracts with new evasion tactics. energy is a primary limiting resource in most natural s  most natural systems. to understand how energy budgets compel certain species to inhabit specif  dentify a species that displays extreme energy requirements. within mammals, large predators of  rgy requirements. within mammals, large predators often experience high energy costs while hunt  , large predators often experience high energy costs while hunting and it is suggested that thi   with abundant food sources and minimal competition. however, no study has yet attempted to mea  , no study has yet attempted to measure energy expenditure in a large carnivore while simultane  ll also be used to calculate a proxy of energy expenditure, known as overall dynamic body accel   the energetics data and provide a fine-scale record of continuous activity. thus, individual a  ividual activities and their associated energy costs will be elucidated to paint a complete pic  paint a complete picture of the animals energy budgets. the study will provide valuable informa   how carnivores in general manage their energy budgets. it will also demonstrate how the measur
10816	4	habitats. the most structurally complex environment on land must be the canopy of tropical rain  edictable changes in the continuity and nature of the supports available for locomotion. in thi  ports available for locomotion. in this habitat, tree-living animals such as primates must cope  otentially viable method for estimating energy expenditure during complex locomotion in large-b
14655	4	ect aims to study the variations in the energy storage levels of aquatic insects living under d  rent types and degrees of environmental stress. this will lead to the design of a system for de  ng the level of pollution in freshwater ecosystems. in order to achieve this, we have developed  ces of energetic reserve jointed to the metabolism of polysaccharides, lipids and proteins stud
10661	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to   benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other   lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
10912	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to   benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other   lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
11158	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to   benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other   lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
11170	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to   benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other   lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
11420	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to   benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other   lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
11421	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to   benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other   lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
11701	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to   benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other   lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
11702	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, and the potentia   benefits to the environment, including climate change, and the potential to replace imported s  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, and water supply and water quality, the crea  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  acteristics, relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some systems interactions will tend  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied in future  ects to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
9896	32	renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub  on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to   benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc  otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes   of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio  tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en  e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,   ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources  nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf  n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s  y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a  demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter  ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the   we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a  food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation  tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso  lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i  ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l  try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab  nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro  l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv  nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop  m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat  cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod  and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char  racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila  re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and  between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services.  ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis  h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other   lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate   pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc
12644	4	ing arrangements for the enforcement of nature conservation legislation in the marine environme   conservation legislation in the marine environment, in particular considering if and how exist  ing arrangements, realise synergies and efficiency savings to improve enforcement. options of h  tlined. the resulting report provides a review of the existing enforcement arrangements and gen
12478	13	nment policies that protect the natural environment are diverse and do not fully integrate to p  for the many functions and services the environment provides to mankind. if we are to achieve s  ainable patterns of economic and social development, and therefore meet the goals set by both t  y both the uks strategy for sustainable development and agreements made at the european scale f  ent and agreements made at the european scale following the göteborg summit in 2001, then a dif  01, then a different approach to policy development and implementation needs to be adopted. the  ions international work programme, the ‘millennium ecosystem assessment, not only recognised th  ecisions must also take into account an ecosystem-based approach can be developed. we will &#61  ent evidence base to identify trends in ecosystems and the services they provide  ident  ethod of demonstrating the health of an ecosystem and how the concepts of valuation and critica   the concepts of valuation and critical thresholds and limits can be incorporated  reco  rporated  recommend whether the ecosystem approach is appropriate and sufficiently robu  imately protect and enhance the natural environment ensuring it can continue to provide the ben
14839	3	tic stresses by altering their cellular metabolism and invoking various defense mechanisms. sur  ate biochemical changes that adjust the metabolism accordingly. various agents such as ros, sal  taminated areas before the beginning of mining activities will be produced using micropropagati
7472	4	the project corpus - enhancing connectivity between research and policymaking in susta  nge, information provision, and offline community-building. since community-building is crucial  , and offline community-building. since community-building is crucial for successful and ongoin  ent theory. related to that, a built-in evaluation further enhances continued learning on the k
7488	6	n important alternative to conventional energy sources to reduce europe s dependence on fossil   l fuels. trees are attractive dedicated energy crops because they display a wide range of growt  ps because they display a wide range of growth habits and can be grown on marginal lands unsuit  d to other agricultural crops including energy grasses, with reduced input costs and optimised   lar is designed to develop domesticated energy poplars having both desirable cell-wall traits a  poplars having both desirable cell-wall traits and high biomass yield under sustainable low-inp
10487	1	increased food production is widely considered to be a fundamental ste
9885	1	increased food production is widely considered to be a fundamental ste
462	1	trong endemic biodiversity, contrasting climate conditions and important alterations of habitat
12497	2	the environment change network at the centre for ecology an  e network at the centre for ecology and hydrology.
12503	4	the environmental change network platforms, at which shorte  ional monitoring are encouraged to test environmental change hypotheses that may have been gene  to conserve or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services, the ecn provides unique national ca  e character, causes and consequences of environmental change within the uk. the five key projec
15359	20	the coralligenous community is one of the most characteristic of mediterr  anean communities. in recent years mass mortality events have severely affected the community i  ality events have severely affected the community in the nw mediterranean, especially the popul  nians and sponges. the link between sea warming and mass mortality events supports the current   . the link between sea warming and mass mortality events supports the current trend of increasi  t trend of increasing frequency of mass mortality events. our current understanding of the even  rocesses and mechanisms underlying mass mortality events. determining whether mass mortalities   g-term persistence of the coralligenous community requires the ability to predict future events  major and unique characteristic of mass mortality events in coralligenous communities is the dr  ies is the dramatic increase in partial mortality that clonal animals such as gorgonians and sp  he proposed work will address causes of mortality and the recovery capacity of the organisms. t  ill address causes of mortality and the recovery capacity of the organisms. to date it is unkno  y link climatic anomalies with the mass mortality of gorgonians and sponges colonial mixotrophs  ing the natural variability in pumping, respiration and metabolism and the role of microbial sy  variability in pumping, respiration and metabolism and the role of microbial symbionts in spong  e role of microbial symbionts in sponge metabolism. a better understanding of these topics will  e causes and mechanisms underlying mass mortality events. obtaining such understanding should a  predict future impact on other species, functional groups, structural processes and ecosystems   tional groups, structural processes and ecosystems that at present have not been affected. sinc  t present have not been affected. since global change is expected to exacerbate in the near fut
6906	1	nosae, which have essential role in the nitrogen cycle of the life and in agriculture as well.
13950	3	acoustico-lateralis in teleost fishes. growth increments are deposited daily in juveniles, and  er master thesis doing pilot studies of stable isotopes in otoliths, with promising results. sh  cod stock identification and silver eel recruitment.
10677	2	y of this event, and recently developed climate models has been largely elucidated from studies  e setting, test hypotheses of biosphere-climate interactions as a cause of mass extinction and
10995	3	the evolution of sociality is one of the major transitions    factors such as latitude, altitude and habitat features. yet the extent to which differences a  esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene
11053	3	the evolution of sociality is one of the major transitions    factors such as latitude, altitude and habitat features. yet the extent to which differences a  esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene
11787	3	the evolution of sociality is one of the major transitions    factors such as latitude, altitude and habitat features. yet the extent to which differences a  esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene
11091	6	posed to investigate patterns of muscle growth in the four morphs of arctic charr found in lake  n environmental conditions during early development and muscle satellite cell numbers and fibre  muscle satellite cell numbers and fibre recruitment patterns will be investigated in laboratory  f phenotypic plasticity in muscle fibre recruitment between morphs, reflecting the stability of  ruitment between morphs, reflecting the stability of environmental conditions during early deve  f environmental conditions during early development.
12305	7	ised environmental concerns relating to land use change and, specifically, the release of carbo  hange and, specifically, the release of carbon from cropping of high carbon stock soils. althou  release of carbon from cropping of high carbon stock soils. although co-products currently used  tibility, inefficient uptake of dietary nutrients, reduced livestock performance and increased    performance and increased emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate.  ons of methane, nitrous oxide, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate. distillers dried grains with sol  bles , and enhancing home-grown protein production, 6. ensure effective knowledge transfer of r
7107	5	ocal scales at european level. regional nature parks have a special place in this issue because  al place in this issue because of their function, but the regions are concerned increasingly to   and work on projects and parks charter review. the research team formed around the caren inclu  kground in landscape ecology, including connectivity, remote sensing, landscape management by f  dscape ecology, including connectivity, remote sensing, landscape management by farmers and var
13599	5	d knowledge of how genetic variation in traits of adaptive significance is maintained in natura  he perennial herb primula farinosa as a model system to explore the relationship between geneti  p between genetic variation in adaptive traits and population viability in a changing environme   and population viability in a changing environment. combining demographic studies in permanent  val in landscapes subject to changes in climate and land use. based on the results, we will for
11161	1	summary global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels .
14664	4	l seeks to understand the environmental evolution by means of lacustrine sedimentary records in  ques and methods will be applied to the sediment studies; mineralogical, chemical and biochemic  s two reference intervals: medieval age warming and the little ice age, which have been well hi  ntal variability, mainly related to the precipitation regime and land uses. paleoecological and
12286	4	the environmental change network is to protect and improve   e network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environment with othe  e the environment, and to integrate the environment with other policies across government and i  rove the understanding of the causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites,
14922	14	rganisms use environmental cues, mainly temperature and photoperiod, which correlate with futur  e-cycle events, such as reproduction or migration in birds. increasing evidence suggests that e  tal conditions may have consequences on distribution, breeding phenology and life histories of    consequences on distribution, breeding phenology and life histories of birds. however, the ove  urrently available in the mediterranean ecosystems . the observed changes cannot be interpreted   especially how other components of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the presen  onents of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the present project, variations in l  . in the present project, variations in life history traits of some bird species are examined i  ent project, variations in life history traits of some bird species are examined in relation to  onmental fluctuations at a temporal and spatial scale in several small- and large-sized birds i   and large-sized birds in mediterranean ecosystems. our main aims are to study the:1. effects o  itions and local change on life-history traits of small- and large-sized birds in the iberian p  rian peninsula with special emphasis on population dynamics.2. effects of environmental conditi  fferent trophic levels in mediterranean ecosystems.
15417	6	along with the global temperature rise, taking place as a consequence of gree   as a consequence of greenhouse effect, precipitation also shows spatio-temporal changes. model  ion also shows spatio-temporal changes. modelling the potential impacts that these changes woul  anges would have on available water for ecosystems represents a challenge for actual ecology sc  n easy task, as models relating primary productivity with precipitation are different in space   dels relating primary productivity with precipitation are different in space and time. these di
11853	17	ces in food availability that depend on habitat quality. traits closely related to fitness, suc  ability that depend on habitat quality. traits closely related to fitness, such as those involv  particularly sensitive to environmental stress; an animal that develops in a low quality enviro  n animal that develops in a low quality environment is likely to grow poorly and suffer from re  election, the success of individuals in competition for mates. male sexual ornaments and female  gher quality individuals. environmental stress has negative effects on the average expression o  sh environments. however, environmental stress also tends to amplify . females prefer to join a  le eyespans decrease, on average, under stress, and females, on average, become less choosy. ho  ess choosy. however, males reared under stress become more variable in their eyespans; some are  is true for preference in females under stress; some show strong preferences for large eyespan   iscriminatory. i will look at how local habitat quality influences sexual selection using a ser  aysia. i will ask whether environmental stress affects mating behaviour and the distribution of  stress affects mating behaviour and the distribution of reproductive success among individuals   viour. for instance, does environmental stress result in changes in the size and composition of  ifferent mates before choosing how does habitat quality influence a male s likelihood of gainin  iet quality to create varying levels of stress. such findings will allow me to test how the str  rences is dependent on variation in the environment in one of the most charismatic species exhi
7701	25	animal production are a major component of the agricultural se   of the world. they are to an important development to meet the growing demand in the southern   vestock systems and in the future, this development raises questions about externalities and in  induced effects. especially in light of climate change, the contribution of livestock activitie  ribution of livestock activities in the production of greenhouse gases is widely highlighted. a   in poor economies is very important. . energy flow, carbon and nitrogen can provide interestin  omies is very important. . energy flow, carbon and nitrogen can provide interesting indicators   ry important. . energy flow, carbon and nitrogen can provide interesting indicators in the glob  on and nitrogen can provide interesting indicators in the global understanding of sustainable f  iversity of individual practices a high efficiency diversity on the different technical indicat  cy diversity on the different technical indicators, energy, economic, environmental or social t   on the different technical indicators, energy, economic, environmental or social that can be s  ronmental or social that can be set. by efficiency is meant the multiple des'objectifs achieved   farming systems inter and intra system efficiency for large animal production. research projec  ntra system efficiency for large animal production. research project progress margins contained  ions and best contribute to sustainable development. by focusing on the flow of carbon and ener  development. by focusing on the flow of carbon and energy in livestock farming of ruminants and  . by focusing on the flow of carbon and energy in livestock farming of ruminants and through me  ical locations in the uses of renewable energy and non-renewable , to tropical conditions to co  ation models of the emission of ges and carbon stock and 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy   of ges and carbon stock and 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy indicators used to describe  ock and 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy indicators used to describe systems at different   3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy indicators used to describe systems at different scales  o compare systems, and explore based on modeling innovations and sustainable improvements in ef  vations and sustainable improvements in efficiency systems
10462	2	physiological techniques to define the function of these systems in relation to osmotic change  s in relation to osmotic changes in the environment. the results will provide a more complete p
11747	4	calcareous soils will contribute to the development of strategies to maintain the biodiversity   in the biodiversity of these vulnerable ecosystems. we will test the hypothesis that adaptation  othesis that adaptation to a calcareous environment reflects altered patterns of gene expressio  d determine the impact of environmental stress on their expression and on the calcicole phenoty
13970	7	gene level forms the foundation for all evolution and represents the basic unit of biodiversity  dividuals without any obvious extrinsic migration barriers. few have, however, addressed the un   such structures, such as environmental heterogeneity over the species distribution. the aim of  onmental heterogeneity over the species distribution. the aim of this project is to identify ma  gradients, life-history variability and heterogeneity in fish community structure with barriers  y variability and heterogeneity in fish community structure with barriers to gene flow, and wil  e factors of importance for the spatial distribution of coastal fish populations.
7037	8	sector in the economy, as both food and energy needs had to be served. during the 16th. to the   o sustain control over the agricultural production. such tools were maps, registers with topogr  m a complete analysis of the total agro-ecosystem in question. thus a whole seigniorial estate   where natural boundaries define an agro-ecosystem distinct from others under the same persons r   interdisciplinary study on population, production and agro-ecosystem as the three basic factor  tudy on population, production and agro-ecosystem as the three basic factors of the development  ystem as the three basic factors of the development of cultural landscape. the historical study  ia will be used for further comparative evaluation. the material will be published in a wide ra
15444	4	actual knowledge about the structure of food webs: 1 food webs are short and wide; and 2 the le  dge about the structure of food webs: 1 food webs are short and wide; and 2 the length of food   on of the importance of system size and connectivity. section ii determines the effect of colon  ty. section ii determines the effect of colonization. finally, section iii analyzes the importa
14971	9	n the face of the change of the current climate. the general objetive of climhaya is to improve  is one of the sowthermost limits in the distribution of the species in europe: the beechwood of  factors on functional and morphological traits. we try to analyze the role of the light and wat   the performance of seelings during the recruitment in the regeneration phase. task 1. to estab  hree populations in response to a water stress cycle. task 6. to evaluate thermotolerance in pl  nvironmental conditions. objetive 3: to model the carbon balance of beech seedlings in response  al conditions. objetive 3: to model the carbon balance of beech seedlings in response to hydric  jetive 4. to establish the existence of growth limitations due to extreme climatic events or un  ees. task 8. annual and daily secondary growth will be recorded in mature beech trees under two
7309	9	tive of this exploratory project is the development, validation and application of mathematical  cations of bde with large, there is the modeling of earthquakes and gene networks, as well as s  eraction between the variability of the environment and the human activities acting on the natu   and the human activities acting on the nature. very interesting outcomes of this study seem to  e context of integrated environmental - modeling companies, regionally. we propose the applicat  the complex problems of this integrated modeling. this application will be closely integrated w  ion will be closely integrated with the modeling studies pursued by m. patrick dumas in the par  gion network of research on sustainable development and broader collaboration between the cired  ormale superieure school, http: // www. environment. us. en /
10945	7	vironmental factors modify such plastic traits or what the cost implications of such modificati  ce that is altered by environmental and predation chemical cues, as a model. two, sequential ex  ental and predation chemical cues, as a model. two, sequential experiments will be performed: t  be performed: the first will gauge when predation resistance in shells of lymnaea peregra is si  ed: the first will gauge when predation resistance in shells of lymnaea peregra is significantl   increases in shell strength induced by predation cues and whether there are associated trade o  ssociated trade offs with behaviour and growth. together, these studies will provide essential
10592	9	hs are key microorganisms in the global methane cycle. this grant will investigate which type o  is grant will investigate which type of methane monooxygenase enzyme is the most important for   genase enzyme is the most important for methane oxidation in the environment using molecular te   important for methane oxidation in the environment using molecular techniques such as stable i  e will test the hypothesis that soluble methane monooxygenase is important in cycling carbon in  e monooxygenase is important in cycling carbon in environments where there are high concentrati   where there are high concentrations of methane. we will investigate methanotroph activity, pop  ctivity of both particulate and soluble methane monooxygenases, key enzymes in the global carbo  nooxygenases, key enzymes in the global carbon cycle.
7306	11	ity. moreover, globally, the decline in soil carbon stocks is likely to accelerate global warmi  n stocks is likely to accelerate global warming. - evaluate, using the model, the impact of dif  e global warming. - evaluate, using the model, the impact of different farming systems on the f  ming systems on the functioning of agro-ecosystem. it is used for a number of indicators of the  o-ecosystem. it is used for a number of indicators of the functioning of a agrosystem. . these   he functioning of a agrosystem. . these indicators are particularly valuable because they provi  ide information on both the utilization efficiency of expensive resources and the ability of a   ve sustainable cropping systems, from a model inversion. we seek to characterize all cropping s  with some sustainability constraints on model output. expected - selection and calibration of t  cted - selection and calibration of the model - predicting the impacts of different farming sys  nnovative cropping systems by inversion model
7200	3	es into account not only the productive function of ecosystems through agriculture, traditional  unt not only the productive function of ecosystems through agriculture, traditionally understoo  fective consideration of the concept of environmental services in the new public action in rura
14150	8	niversal characteristic of quantitative traits. the relative role of different mechanisms deter  nces form the raw material for adaptive evolution. life-history traits are of special interest   al for adaptive evolution. life-history traits are of special interest in this context because   are variances in different life-history traits between males and females of the same species. m  ame species. moreover, comparing within-environment variance in environments with predictably d  ypic variance of different life-history traits in field conditions. here, we will focus on the    of phenotypic variance to gradients of temperature and humidity as these are of special intere  terest in the context of ongoing global warming.
12184	2	. this study will consider whether some climate change mitigation methods would be more suited   ll consider whether some climate change mitigation methods would be more suited to implementati
11593	8	rine biodiversity, providing invaluable ecosystem services as millions of people are economical   anthropogenic stressors such as global warming and ocean acidification might result in a drama  l reefs within this century. increasing stress for marine organisms is expected in response to   ng seawater temperatures and decreasing ph. the future of coral reefs is strongly dependent on   defined by their capacity to evolve new traits or to regulate the expression of existing genes.  ion of existing genes. however, current climate change happens over an unprecedented short peri  venting an adaptation of reef corals by evolution of new traits. consequently, their main strat  tion of reef corals by evolution of new traits. consequently, their main strategy for survival
7221	1	weather conditions and major changes in habitat due to increasing anthropogenic activities. anc
11643	5	search has shown that a great continent-scale ice cap on east antarctica first appeared about 3  ice cap, and the major change in global climate that accompanied it, are currently under debate   another , might have cause sea surface temperature reduction in the tropics, but at present th  al cooling are not known. the amount of temperature change will allow us to distinguish between  utstanding questions about this ancient climate change event.
7017	8	e of biodiversity is a central theme of community ecology. however, how biodiversity is regulat  regulated, and how biodiversity impacts ecosystem functioning, is still unclear. this is partic  no ciliates in order to open patches to colonization. both the scale and frequency of disturban   open patches to colonization. both the scale and frequency of disturbance will be experimental  osal will increase understanding of how competition, predation and disturbance influence divers  rease understanding of how competition, predation and disturbance influence diversity and bioma  nfluence diversity and biomass when the environment consists of linked patches. moreover, bette  er, better understanding of the role of spatial heterogeneity is essential to understanding ben
15228	1	mois and domestic livestock sharing its habitat, both in the pyrenees and the cantabrian mounta
13319	3	l organise a workshop on the effects of precipitation change on terrestrial ecosystems in order   of precipitation change on terrestrial ecosystems in order to bring together international res  al research groups and experiences from precipitation related research.the ultimate goal of the
12536	9	ers allowing greater time for prolonged growth periods. the combination of more favourable clim  ods. the combination of more favourable climate and introduced species and hybrids has lead to   igh risk to the integrity of uk aquatic ecosystems. the aim of any non-native invasive weed con  ved. l. grandiflora exhibits very rapid growth rates, growing in water up to 3 m deep, reaching   1 m above the water surface. the rapid growth rates are responsible for complete coverage of a   of 83 hectares a year. these excessive growth rates are not yet observed in the uk, with domin  es are not yet observed in the uk, with dominance of only one site being reported to date. howe  to date. however, we expect to see such growth and establishment rates in the near future and w  d will also reduce pesticide use in the environment by improving efficacy of single applicartio
14375	19	d, leaders are increasingly recognizing ecosystems as natural capital assets that supply life-s   increasingly recognizing ecosystems as natural capital assets that supply life-support service  that supply life-support services, i.e. ecosystem services, of tremendous value, e.g. water pur  dous value, e.g. water purification and carbon sequestration. in 1997, the work by defined the   997, the work by defined the concept of ecosystem services as the representation of goods and s  tion of goods and services derived from ecosystem functions. since then, increased scientific e  as been put into further understanding, mapping, modelling and valuation of ecosystem functioni  ut into further understanding, mapping, modelling and valuation of ecosystem functioning and se  ng, mapping, modelling and valuation of ecosystem functioning and services. in 2005, the millen   functioning and services. in 2005, the millennium ecosystem assessment provided another boost    boost by documenting the importance of ecosystem services to human well-being and showing that  the importance of ecosystem services to human well-being and showing that continued supply of t  tists and policy makers, the science of ecosystem service mapping is still a key front in which  akers, the science of ecosystem service mapping is still a key front in which advances are requ  ulating services. two key challenges of ecosystem services primary production and climate regul  hallenges of ecosystem services primary production and climate regulation, more specifically: c  osystem services primary production and climate regulation, more specifically: carbon sequestra   climate regulation, more specifically: carbon sequestration in ecosystems   e specifically: carbon sequestration in ecosystems
11399	7	ecological monitoring site to study the colonization of volcanic lava flows over time, to under  lava flows over time, to understand the development of a carbon cycle in newly formed rocks and  ime, to understand the development of a carbon cycle in newly formed rocks and the early proces  olcanic rocks, which account for 30% of carbon dioxide drawdown from the atmosphere each year t  ce of events for the establishment of a carbon cycle and active microbial communities on volcan  w to long-term monitoring of the biotic community on the flows. this work will yield new scient   scientific insights into volcanic rock colonization and new defined protocols and technical in
7246	2	ater discharges and rain on the natural environment * interactions stormwater controls and the   ological models in urban areas, and the development of aid to the understanding and management
7157	6	a database accessible to the scientific community. observation medium and long term changes in   ed to understand the response of marine ecosystems to both the natural constraints of the envir   to both the natural constraints of the environment and human impacts. it is obviously the case  e will of the laboratory to observe the evolution in the medium and long-term interaction betwe  f species present in six representative ecosystems in which we will identify the major species   ify the major species likely to be good indicators of environmental disturbance, but also a bac
14435	1	entre of excellence in biodiversity and ecosystem research about the biodiversity of bulgaria.
9804	1	ns of importance to biologists studying evolution.
12330	1	creation as an indirect result of agri-environment expenditure. this will help us understand t
9875	5	ure. developed countries have seen huge growth in organic farming over the last 20 years owing,   owing, to a large extent, to consumers perceptions of the perceived environmental benefits of   organic farming could deliver important ecosystem services, including higher pollinator abundan  m services, including higher pollinator abundance and cleaner waterways. many studies have comp  a conflict between demand for increased production and awareness of the environmental need for
6769	5	rotate around a longitudinal axis. the development of this event depends on the relation betwe   based on this theoretical approach the development of the idiopathic scoliosis is supposed to   lity and the decrease of its mechanical resistance are postulated as a contributing factor in t  bed as follows: measurement of the bone density in the lumbar spine, serum and urine laboratory  ry measurements to investigate the bone metabolism, bone histomorphometry. curve measurements w
12331	4	ponse to a specification for an initial evaluation of the influence of etip on option selection  d that this will be part of the initial evaluation. in addition there will be an evaluation of   valuation. in addition there will be an evaluation of the content of the etip programme but, ag  in, this will not be the focus for this evaluation.
6894	4	research are connected with technology development in this project with the aim of developing   ctice. as a result, the quality of agri-environment and biodiversity improves, there will be a   ecial emphasis is given to research and development of new pest-forecasting and monitoring tech  rotection methods are favoured, such as resistance breeding.
13320	4	st important objectives of the european community biodiversity strategy. despite of considerabl  ring schemes of species and habitats of community interests. the most successful methods in ter   states for the species and habitats of community interests living under their protection. for   sts, policy makers, decision makers and nature conservators on eu, national and regional levels
12547	2	the euphresco is insulated from the air temperature as measured by weather stations. to date, n  corporate this insulating effect on the development rate of anoplophora spp. therefore the biol
13321	3	n of european research organisations on global change and pelagic marine ecosystems, and to dev  ons on global change and pelagic marine ecosystems, and to develop models for assessing and for  ssessing and forecasting the impacts of climate and anthropogenic forcing on food-web dynamics
13322	20	freshwater ecosystems, under stress from land-use change and pollu             freshwater ecosystems, under stress from land-use change and pollution, face additio  reshwater ecosystems, under stress from land-use change and pollution, face additional pressure  llution, face additional pressures from climate change, directly and through interaction with o  supports the eus charter on sustainable development. the project comprises a consortium of lead  ts to integrate river, lake and wetland ecosystem science at the catchment scale. it focuses on  land ecosystem science at the catchment scale. it focuses on the key drivers of aquatic ecosyst  t focuses on the key drivers of aquatic ecosystem change years/decades, concerned with ecologic  se to environmental pressure, including stress reduction and ecosystem recovery. an innovative   ressure, including stress reduction and ecosystem recovery. an innovative toolkit for integrate  ncluding stress reduction and ecosystem recovery. an innovative toolkit for integrated catchmen  t for integrated catchment analysis and modelling will be developed to simulate hydrological, h  d ecological processes at the catchment scale for use in assessing the potential impact of glob  se in assessing the potential impact of global change under different climate and socio-economi  impact of global change under different climate and socio-economic scenarios. a unified system   economic scenarios. a unified system of ecological indicators for monitoring freshwater ecosyst  al indicators for monitoring freshwater ecosystem health, and new methods for defining referenc   account the probable impacts of future climate change and the need for a holistic approach to   listic approach to restoration based on habitat connectivity.   pproach to restoration based on habitat connectivity.
2517	9	crobes are the catalysts and drivers of ecosystems on earth. despite their importance environme  ed by the inherent problem of assigning microbial activity to species identity. this knowledge   blem of assigning microbial activity to species identity. this knowledge is currently lacking i  considering the challenges that global, ecosystems are facing. the mecomecon project proposes m   facing. the mecomecon project proposes methane-oxidizing bacteria in the set of habitats and d  bances will be implemented in a process model incorporating microbial traits in order to predic  a process model incorporating microbial traits in order to predict response to disturbance from  to predict response to disturbance from community composition. the latter is of importance for   s or consumption in natural and managed ecosystems. the european research consortium synergises
2516	11	one-carbon compounds such as methane and methanol are attra             one-carbon compounds such as methane and methanol are attractive, non-food and low-c  l are attractive, non-food and low-cost carbon and energy sources for microbial bioprocesses, w  ctive, non-food and low-cost carbon and energy sources for microbial bioprocesses, which can be  trophs. research efforts with different model strains revealed that methylotrophy consists of a  s that are ultimately linked to central metabolism. in the different phylogenetic groups of kno  ion of the reduced c1 source to co2 for energy generation, and c1 assimilation with or without   rial c1 conversion; in consequence, the metabolism of this toxic compound must be very efficien  knowledge from different methylotrophic model organisms, e.g. bacillus methanolicus and methylo   we will define - by means of in silico modelling - ideal combinations and minimal sets of modu  new modular platform for methanol-based production of bulk chemicals.
7011	6	while the biodiversity ecosystem functiong by successively adding complexity f  system functiong by successively adding complexity from biofilm surface topography, dispersal,   cs and quorum sensing, and by comparing model predictions with the experimental observations. u  nk nitrifier biodiversity in streams to nitrogen cycling and export to larger downstream ecosys  cycling and export to larger downstream ecosystems. comix will significantly contribute to brid  iolgy and ecology, advance mathematical modelling in microbial ecology across scales, and will
9878	6	000. furthermore, the impacts of global climate change on beech forest ecosystems are assessed.  f global climate change on beech forest ecosystems are assessed. field studies will be used to   ts as well as to evaluate the impact of climate change on beech growth across its range. the ec  e the impact of climate change on beech growth across its range. the ecological and management   ce strategies of natura 2000 areas, the ecosystem services provided by beech forests and market  ope, and valuation and marketing of the environmental services beech forests can provide. the r
483	2	, wp3 is going to initiate an iterative evaluation process with participation of political and   te an iterative evaluation process with participation of political and scientific stakeholders,
7454	2	d eo. there are three requirements: the production of protocols to enable extant data to be pla  can generate appropriate strategies for mitigation. the present consortium has a major advantag
2041	6	inter disciplinary, legally-oriented review and assessment of european community common fish  ented review and assessment of european community common fisheries policies vis-à-vis developin  e use of marine resources and promoting development, building on biological and economic data a  the coherence of european fisheries and development policies. analysis and critical evaluation   lopment policies. analysis and critical evaluation of main legal instruments, including multila  waters of third states from sustainable development perspectives.
7452	8	ogical role in many european countries. recruitment failure has contributed to a halving of cat  o less than 20,000t today. the eu s eel recovery plan aims to maximize silver eel production an  covery plan aims to maximize silver eel production and escapement to the sea to maintain the st  nt european river systems to successful recruitment because almost nothing is known about the l   of european eels during their spawning migration. archival tags that detach from their eel hos  via satellite will be used to determine migration routes, migration success and habitat prefere   be used to determine migration routes, migration success and habitat preferences of different   migration routes, migration success and habitat preferences of different stock components.
7456	3	at scales ranging from sub-cellular, to ecosystem and from local to global. it will also assess  f co2 emissions required to avoid these thresholds and describe the state change and the subseq  e and the subsequent risk to the marine environment and earth system should these emissions be
7242	9	the general objective is to develop new food web analysis approaches to understanding our abili  rstanding our ability to manage aquatic ecosystems in a sustainable way, including the fight ag  ainst major disruptions affecting these ecosystems. this is particularly detailed analysis of t  ly detailed analysis of the response of food webs in the context of environmental technology ap  of communities or organizations and the development of harmful species for ecosystem functionin   the development of harmful species for ecosystem functioning, focusing as much as possible the  oning, focusing as much as possible the scale of the ecosystem and integrated approaches, coupl  ng as much as possible the scale of the ecosystem and integrated approaches, coupling long-term  ons for the management of water and the development of ecological engineering
13784	17	the aim is to elucidate if high productivity in aquatic systems leads to increased abun  y in aquatic systems leads to increased abundance of predation resistant and potentially pathog  systems leads to increased abundance of predation resistant and potentially pathogenic bacteria  r probes for f. tularensis to study its distribution in natural waters in an emerging tularemia  ors, e.g. nutrient status and protozoan abundance, governing the occurrence of the bacterium. w  r intend to study occurrence of general predation-resistance in bacteria in the same productivi  o study occurrence of general predation-resistance in bacteria in the same productivity gradien  tion-resistance in bacteria in the same productivity gradient, by performing transplantation ex  ural lake water including the microbial food web and mosquito larvae as top predator. the coupl  ial food web and mosquito larvae as top predator. the coupling between bacterial predation-resi  redator. the coupling between bacterial predation-resistance and pathogenicity will be approach  he coupling between bacterial predation-resistance and pathogenicity will be approached by comp  d by comparing molecular mechanisms for predation-resistance in protozoa and human macrophages,  ring molecular mechanisms for predation-resistance in protozoa and human macrophages, and by st  ing can induce a simultaneous increased resistance to degradation by protozoa and human macroph  l aquatic systems with a high protozoan predation-pressure constitute a biological gym for the   ure constitute a biological gym for the evolution of pathogenic bacteria.
10354	13	both climate change and tropical deforestation have regularl  e wider media and within the scientific community. for example, remaining virgin tropical fores  , we now know that human impacts on the environment, such as rising air temperatures, affect ev   will continue to rise, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations will reach levels unprece  ements available to evaluate changes in growth, recruitment, mortality rates across africa. a n  vailable to evaluate changes in growth, recruitment, mortality rates across africa. a new inves  valuate changes in growth, recruitment, mortality rates across africa. a new investigators awar  ing collecting missing data on relevant plant functional traits, alongside novel analytical tec  ill surviving tropical forests remain a carbon sink - currently equivalent to ~15% of global ca   currently equivalent to ~15% of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use - or will  nd other changes cause them to become a carbon source with the potential to increase the rate a  l to increase the rate and magnitude of climate change secondly, as tropical forests house more  nd where changes in the composition and carbon balance of tropical forests are occurring will p
12220	28	as defra moves towards evidence-based development of policy, there is a need to integrate inf  2005, the surplus report suggested that ecosystem scale modelling might be a potential approach  surplus report suggested that ecosystem scale modelling might be a potential approach that coul  s report suggested that ecosystem scale modelling might be a potential approach that could be u   approach that could be used to aid the development of policy by predicting the impacts of poli  e done to enable the prediction, at the ecosystem level, of the impacts of changes in farming s  determine whether it is feasible to use ecosystem scale modelling to answer policy questions an  whether it is feasible to use ecosystem scale modelling to answer policy questions and to predi  r it is feasible to use ecosystem scale modelling to answer policy questions and to predict the   that must be met in the future and the scale at which the models will need to operate. an expe  and indicate criteria against which the ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be judged. si  te criteria against which the ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be judged. since change  teria against which the ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be judged. since changes in f  agement are likely to alter patterns of vegetation within the landcape, the project team will n  m will need to identify features of the environment which have the greatest impact on biodivers   bird populations. by understanding how vegetation pattern and land-use affect biodiversity, it  be possible to assess and evaluate both ecosystem scale models and land management models for t  e to assess and evaluate both ecosystem scale models and land management models for their abili   strengths and weaknesses of particular ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be determined   and weaknesses of particular ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be determined. the pote  eaknesses of particular ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be determined. the potential   across the range of scales at which the ecosystem scale models are required to operate will als   range of scales at which the ecosystem scale models are required to operate will also be evalu  riorities for future research to enable ecosystem scale modelling to be used to develop future   for future research to enable ecosystem scale modelling to be used to develop future policy in   ture research to enable ecosystem scale modelling to be used to develop future policy in relati  proaches are appropriate for predicting ecosystem impacts of changes to farming systems and lan  d land management in relation to policy development.
10336	8	s and can absorb as much as 68% of wave energy on a low tide and up to 77% on a high tide. in t   over of boulder corals and evidence of sediment covering coral surfaces. to accurately measure  erview of potential damage and the time-scale for recovery of reefs over a wide area. in additi  potential damage and the time-scale for recovery of reefs over a wide area. in addition we plan  easuring physical variables such as sea temperature and light levels which were destroyed. thes  l for improved interpretation of global climate change effects on coral reefs e.g bleaching or   g bleaching or loss of coral colour / a stress response of corals due to the combined effects o  e to the combined effects of high water temperature and sunlight .
12444	4	esent day and explore changes in larval abundance, distribution, timing and size in relation to  nd explore changes in larval abundance, distribution, timing and size in relation to environmen  ibution, timing and size in relation to environment, plankton and adult fish. evaluate how diff  ding and take account of the impacts of environmental change on commercial fish stocks. the pro
13768	5	habitat loss is a great threat to biodiversity. still m   its response to different scenarios of climate change. t. opacus will be surveyed on hollow oa  ise a spatially explicit metapopulation model based on presence/absence data for this species,   ulations in oak landscapes with varying density and quality of hollow oaks. i will also evaluat  troductions, and different scenarios of climate change.
10358	6	major losses in crop productivity occur as a result of pest attack. these ca  y artificially inducing the plant s own resistance mechanisms. this project will explore the co  tial of a novel method of inducing pest resistance using a natural plant product that would neg   method provides robust and medium-term resistance in a particular plant-pest interaction in a   cally important pests, to determine the scale, life-span and applicability of the technology, a  rent feeding strategies to those of the model for which we currently have data.
12771	1	the humaneness of these rodenticides. a review of the literature on analgesics has identified m
12325	1	y discrimination act . in addition, the evaluation will include recommended criteria to be used
13373	2	-morphologic, molecular and biochemical traits and markers. for this reason, totally 3500 popul  identified by using 21 agro-morphologic traits during the last three years. turkish barley germ
14597	5	the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are to ev   introduced species response. from that evaluation, simple environmental indicators of restorat  m that evaluation, simple environmental indicators of restoration potential will be selected an  ical approach lies on the comprehensive evaluation of 66 experimental plots, already establishe   of previous research projects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed
12326	5	stewardship scheme, following the agri-environment access review in 2002. this evaluation cont  , following the agri-environment access review in 2002. this evaluation contract will examine,   environment access review in 2002. this evaluation contract will examine, from a sample of arou   that it is meeting their expectations. evaluation objectives 1determine the effectiveness of d  mine how educational access within agri-environment schemes relates to wider provision of educa
7513	2	ces of association. for each index, the behavior of two types of markers is analyzed as a funct  f two types of markers is analyzed as a function of the physical distance between markers. the
7561	1	vironments with significant genetic and functional diversity, preserving this diversity in the
13807	11	in this ph.d. project, different strategies to preserve ancient  pecies confined to old oaks are used as model species. snapshot field data will be used to para  e used to parameterise a metapopulation model considering the age of each local habitat patch.   model considering the age of each local habitat patch. by repeated surveys at a per tree level,  l be tested. moreover, a metapopulation model will be parameterised based on information about   arameterised based on information about habitat history and current occurrence patterns. that i  metapopulation models. a metapopulation model will be combined with a habitat model at a landsc  opulation model will be combined with a habitat model at a landscape level. the models will be   n model will be combined with a habitat model at a landscape level. the models will be used to   n particular, the effect of the spatial distribution of conservation efforts will be analysed.   cies associated with a naturally patchy habitat where each patch has a limited life-time.
7415	4	the intensification of farming methods profoundly changed t  anged the functioning of european agro- ecosystems, causing significant erosion of all biodiver  ar mechanisms imply an increase in bird mortality as a result of reduced food supplies during t  r when the birds should cover important energy needs. even though numerous studies have demonst
12627	11	ntryside survey in 2007 that: ‘the soil ph data show an increase over time in the frequency of    increase over time in the frequency of ph values in excess of ph 8.5. in 2007 approximately tw  the frequency of ph values in excess of ph 8.5. in 2007 approximately two thirds of the 54 plot  imately two thirds of the 54 plots with ph > 8.5 were in the arable broad habitat, with values    with ph > 8.5 were in the arable broad habitat, with values approaching ph 9 in some plots. so   broad habitat, with values approaching ph 9 in some plots. soil ph values in excess of 8.3 ind  es approaching ph 9 in some plots. soil ph values in excess of 8.3 indicate that calcium carbon  olubility is no longer controlling soil ph and there is an influence from sodium salts accumula  o of the sample points with the highest ph values are very close to the coast and are mapped as  to the coast and are mapped as littoral sediment or supra-littoral sediment broad habitats wher   as littoral sediment or supra-littoral sediment broad habitats where sodium will be abundant.
1961	19	nal heat sources to maintain their body temperature, which therefore follows more or less the a  refore follows more or less the ambient temperature. as a consequence, all biochemical processe   ectotherms body are speeded up by high temperature and retarded by low temperature. the non-di  by high temperature and retarded by low temperature. the non-diapause temperature response of i  ed by low temperature. the non-diapause temperature response of insects is usually described by  is usually described by two parameters, threshold temperature and thermal constant. the latter    described by two parameters, threshold temperature and thermal constant. the latter parameter    novel hypothesis, which holds that the energy equivalent of a temperature change is not only u  h holds that the energy equivalent of a temperature change is not only used to fuel the kinetic  ge is not only used to fuel the kinetic energy of physiological reactants, but also to induce e  iological reactants, but also to induce energy-requiring conformational changes in the cell. it  partition the energetic equivalent of a temperature change in different ways over conformationa   over conformational change and kinetic energy. in this study we want to test this hypothesis b  xperimental selection studies using the model species orchesella cincta. strong directional sel  al constant is expected to increase the threshold temperature and at the same time to increase   t is expected to increase the threshold temperature and at the same time to increase the alloca  same time to increase the allocation to energy-requiring conformational change. genes different  itioning behaviour. given the universal nature of the thermal time hypothesis, our model has a   ure of the thermal time hypothesis, our model has a very wide applicability.
15079	5	large area accurate mapping of evapotranspiration, water budget components            large area accurate mapping of evapotranspiration, water budget components of soil lay  dget components of soil layer and water stress of land surface vegetation cover, at high spatia   layer and water stress of land surface vegetation cover, at high spatial and temporal resoluti   spatial and temporal resolution . this model will be improved by introducing the advances obta
13716	7	s, have been attributed to agricultural intensification resulting in loss of ecological heterog  ication resulting in loss of ecological heterogeneity at multiple scales. agri-environment sche   heterogeneity at multiple scales. agri-environment schemes are used to reduce agricultural int  ral intensity and/or restore ecological heterogeneity to benefit farmland biodiversity. however   there is a lack of rigorous scientific evaluation of their effectiveness in preserving biodive  g on how to optimize the effect of agri-environment schemes on the preservation of biodiversity  propose cost-efficient ways to use agri-environment schemes to restore biodiversity of farmland
2537	8	to test alternative hypotheses for the evolution and maintenance of natural competence for tra  ad to new clues as how to deal with the evolution and spread of pathogenic and antibiotic resis  s to play a prominent role in bacterial evolution by providing bacteria with a source of geneti  genetic variation required for adaptive evolution as well as genes needed for habitat- and nich  e evolution as well as genes needed for habitat- and niche- expansion. not so clear is how this   experimentally that competence induced growth arrest can provide a selective advantage during   ther hypothesis for the maintenance and evolution of competence and transformation; the dna rep  r hypotheses. we also want to study the population dynamics of bacterial cannibalism recently d
15140	3	onica subsect. pentasepalae benth. as a model case. the representatives of this polyploid linea  problematic. additionally, the parallel evolution of many morphological characters and the cons  cterize them and will explore character evolution in order to detect homoplasies. a taxonomic r
14817	1	as its relation with the biogeographic distribution.
14918	4	s an ideal group to carry on studies on evolution, biogeography and conservation. in this proje  iables that might have affected current distribution of cyprinid species distribution in order   urrent distribution of cyprinid species distribution in order to infer their significance in th  e historical configuration of cyprinids distribution. we will study some alternative speciation
15162	9	lignisation processes, no comprehensive model bringing together the evolution, basic and infect  mprehensive model bringing together the evolution, basic and infection biology and epidemiology  ovided thus far. our knowledge about pv evolution is rather scarce. the pi of this proposal has  rocess possibly followed by host-linked evolution, together with zoonotic events and with evide  cellular specialisations related to the evolution of the modern mammalian skin. our previous re  rn mammalian skin. our previous results stress the concept that different viruses are different  sures that have driven the differential evolution of the pves, their differential interaction w   will generate global hypotheses on the distribution and evolution of these viruses, related to  obal hypotheses on the distribution and evolution of these viruses, related to their hosts. the
11620	2	rtance to our understanding both of the evolution of life-histories to investigate the factors   effects of variation in ageing rates on population dynamics.
15449	3	the evolution of signals used in sexual selection is one of  fferent sensory channels the effects of predation and parasitization risk on the evolution of s  redation and parasitization risk on the evolution of sexual signals, and the behavioral mechani
15158	2	pecies and within the same species. the evolution and maintenance of such flower colour polymor  tors as opposed to other factors in the evolution of flower colour.
13752	13	he project is to discover mechanisms of growth rate regulation in ivertebrates. this will be do  patterns in biochemical composition and growth rate responses of terrestrial and aquatic herbiv  anisms, and the importance of these for nutrient limitation of secondary growth. these factors   se for nutrient limitation of secondary growth. these factors affect the transfer of matter and  ctors affect the transfer of matter and energy in food webs which is a fundamental ecological p  ct the transfer of matter and energy in food webs which is a fundamental ecological process. th  s a fundamental ecological process. the efficiency and regulation of these transfers has conseq  sequences for individual and population growth rates of consumer species, community composition  ation growth rates of consumer species, community composition, energy mobilisation and biogeoch  onsumer species, community composition, energy mobilisation and biogeochemical cycles in food w  bilisation and biogeochemical cycles in food webs, as well as broad-scale processes such as glo  l cycles in food webs, as well as broad-scale processes such as global carbon cycles.   as broad-scale processes such as global carbon cycles.
1965	1	ng among-races variation in morphology, life history, feeding and oviposition preference and wi
15352	2	ow and selective preasure on phenotypic traits. within the genus anacyclus, there is a species    as analysis of quantitative phenotypic traits in a wide and representative sampling in pure an
6815	2	volutionary game theory is evolutionary stability that is based on the darwinian principle of n  ily of classical mathematical models of density-dependent interaction of populations. a major o
7581	1	sequilibrium. this research involve the development of snp markers in the region containing the
15073	3	molecular phylogeny and genomic, to the evolution of one of the groups of insects that fulfils   number of requirements to be considered model test organisms. among them is its peculiar geneti  he gondwana continent, its high species richness . firstly we shall analyze the differences on
9803	1	le empirical study. the marine cleaning symbiosis, in which cleaner fish inspect client reef fi
10266	3	many interactions in nature are antagonistic because darwinian natural selec  meerkats that give the alarm in case of predators approaching. altruists pay a cost for helping  actory, because there are many cases of symbiosis and cooperation in which individuals are not
1103	11	e climatic change induced by the global warming is expected to modify the agricultural activity  haracterized by a typical mediterranean climate in order to improve the economical and environm  inability of the agricultural activity. climate warming could have a substantial impact on some  y of the agricultural activity. climate warming could have a substantial impact on some agronom  depend also on the continuum soil-plant-climate and this continuum has to be included in the an  r forecast for several decades at daily scale comparing two method of downscaling. within the w  in the wp3, several researches at field scale will be carried out to investigate for the optimi  l be carried out to investigate for the optimization of several irrigation variables using wate  bles using water resources of different salinity and quality. an other important issue of this   terize the simulation models about crop growth and photosynthesis translocation, soil water flu  ll be effectuated at field and regional scale by using numerical models for simulating crops an
13978	7	with increasing habitat fragmentation and isolation, the cost for an in  e landscape matrix and when approaching habitat and analyse flight velocity, turning angles and  e of origin. i will also use artificial habitat silhouettes to test whether butterflies from th  s differ in the cues they use to locate habitat. the outcome of my experiment will be used to c   will be used to construct a predictive model of butterfly movement behaviour in response to la  n response to landscape structure. this model may provide information on both population persis  ntial of range expansion in response to climate change.
10477	1	of food or protection of offspring from predators. however high investment in one area provides
7364	2	hanging environmental and anthropogenic stress on the genetic structure of populations of two s  tep, we relate to those genetic data on habitat and on the demographics of the two species
14776	3	of elucidating the factors driving its evolution. to describe flower shape and understand its   escribe flower shape and understand its evolution we propose using geometric morphometrics, an   es. first, we will explore the adaptive function of flower shape by quantifying the selective r
11868	7	his theory of sexual selection, or the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually   bsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males who bear exaggerated features    strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also  e role of sexual selection in molecular evolution by a combined approach of experimental evolut   by a combined approach of experimental evolution of fruit flies, in which sexual selection is   g genetic changes associated with these traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for ho  the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variation in mating systems. thu
11872	7	his theory of sexual selection, or the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually   bsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males who bear exaggerated features    strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also  e role of sexual selection in molecular evolution by a combined approach of experimental evolut   by a combined approach of experimental evolution of fruit flies, in which sexual selection is   g genetic changes associated with these traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for ho  the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variation in mating systems. thu
11873	7	his theory of sexual selection, or the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually   bsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males who bear exaggerated features    strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also  e role of sexual selection in molecular evolution by a combined approach of experimental evolut   by a combined approach of experimental evolution of fruit flies, in which sexual selection is   g genetic changes associated with these traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for ho  the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variation in mating systems. thu
14488	7	interaction between adult and juvenile mortality, health state and the predisposition to inves  oup. reproductive costs are the base of life history evolution, and more specifically of the ev  tive costs are the base of life history evolution, and more specifically of the evolution of fe  evolution, and more specifically of the evolution of fecundity, and the main cost could be the   ost could be the impact of reproductive function on the defensive capacity against infections a  vel in several insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario in the mediterranean area. all   on the effect of food availability in a climate change scenario. 4. determine the geographic an
1960	2	s available to study these processes in nature, and a lack of integration of theory with data f  tative genetic analysis and theoretical modelling. using a hybrid zone between collared and pie
10737	2	. however, a blood meal is a very harsh environment to be mating in, as blood is rapidly coolin  cies of malaria parasite maintian their species identity. a greater understanding of how and wh
2122	5	sts that s. lacrymans provides a unique model system to study evolutionary processes and life h  tem to study evolutionary processes and life history traits in basidiomycetes, including the ma  evolutionary processes and life history traits in basidiomycetes, including the mating and vege  ieve that the fungus is a very suitable model organism that can be used to accumulate new knowl  ample of living culture isolates of the model organism. it has been hypothesized that both the
10178	5	any insect species between melanism and resistance to parasites and pathogens. here, we propose  relations between melanism and: disease resistance. this approach to examining the adaptive sig  tate further examination of the disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of melanism, bu  e disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of melanism, but will also allow us to examin  amine the costs of melanism and disease resistance.
11652	5	any insect species between melanism and resistance to parasites and pathogens. here, we propose  relations between melanism and: disease resistance. this approach to examining the adaptive sig  tate further examination of the disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of melanism, bu  e disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of melanism, but will also allow us to examin  amine the costs of melanism and disease resistance.
15170	4	the origin and evolution of specialized pollination systems constitute  n systems as selective agents of flower traits. finally, from a methodological point of view, w  to develop more detailed studies on the evolution of flower scent traits.   tudies on the evolution of flower scent traits.
11072	11	predicting how parasites adapt to their environment is becoming increasingly important. for exa  important. for example, changes to: the climate, composition of host-parasite-vector communitie  f host-parasite-vector communities, and habitat, are implicated in the emergence of new infecti  , and humans. more broadly, the in-host environment experienced by parasites also varies rapidl   parasites cope with a variable in-host environment is central to understanding disease and inf  ing a framework for predicting parasite evolution in response to other changes in their ecology  haped by the variation in their in-host environment that they encounter during infections. most   but evolutionary theory predicts these traits are simultaneously optimised - therefore they ne  xplaining variation in the life-history traits exhibited by individuals is a major aim in evolu  to understand how parasite life-history traits shape within-infection dynamics and contribute t  o changes in their ecology: such as how habitat change, host shifts, or control measures influe
10801	7	ion models: honest signalling, scramble competition and cost-free models of begging. honest sig  ion of resources. by contrast, scramble competition models, suggest that costly offspring beggi  offspring begging is a form of scramble competition among siblings, and that resource allocatio  led by offspring as assumed by scramble competition models of begging. the second aim is to tes  sumed by honest signalling and scramble competition models of begging or whether begging is cos  inguish between existing models for the evolution of parent-offspring communication. this proje   contribute to our understanding of the evolution of parent-offspring communication and the res
10306	2	cause of the threat posed to species by climate change. species have evolved by natural selecti  ive monitor of the health of the marine environment. as such it is vital to understand the pote
10849	3	es. plants need to secure resources for growth and successful reproduction that will culminate    seeds. anything that acts to limit the growth of a plant can be seen as a bad thing as it will  . they too need to secure resources for growth, which are ultimately directed toward successful
10590	1	zygotic stage, and is mediated by sperm competition. post-mating, post-zygotic isolation will b
10401	3	tegrate both approaches to describe the evolution of reproductive mode in this powerful researc  etter understand the conditions for the evolution and maintenance of androdioecy and, more gene  ndrodioecy and, more generally, for the evolution of separate sexes versus hermaphroditism, wit
10989	2	sexes. further, it aims at studying the evolution of dimorphism by creating a novel dimorphism   g to a phenomenon that is ubiquitous in nature and give insights in the molecular processes tha
433	10	ted area have doubled in 25 years. this evolution has important socio-economic impacts on culti   study, we performed an analysis of the evolution of diversity of these two major crops in nige  mpling performed in 2003 to analyze the evolution of the distribution of varieties, their morph  in 2003 to analyze the evolution of the distribution of varieties, their morphological and phen  s, their morphological and phenological evolution and finally their genetic diversity evolution  ion and finally their genetic diversity evolution. we also collected data on environmental chan  n results of our study are 1 a relative stability in the distribution of traditional local vari  study are 1 a relative stability in the distribution of traditional local varieties; 2 a signif  tic adaptation of varieties; 3 a slight evolution of allele frequencies but no difference in ge  nvironmental data to assess the role of climate change in this case.
11032	4	ait but it has had a huge effect on the evolution of the earth s climate. at one time, south am   effect on the evolution of the earth s climate. at one time, south america and antarctica were  rations and the earth s orbital cycles. modelling the opening of this gateway and assessing its  nelled through drake passage. in a 2001 nature paper with colleagues from the british antarctic
15366	3	ormation of body asymmetries during the development of a group of metazoa, the lophotrochozoa.   scribe their expression patterns during development and to determine their interactions and reg  organisms, as well as their role during development. we will use three species of gastropod mol
14867	4	on and speciation using drosophila as a model system. first, we try to understand the underlyin  so changes according to latitude. since temperature is the obvious environmental factor that ch  ii and d. koepferae support an additive model with threshold. however, these results do not all  oepferae support an additive model with threshold. however, these results do not allow rejectin
14729	2	sms in the genus rumex, to be used as a model case study of these processes in plants. specific  e hand, to analyze the features and the evolution of the sex chromosomes in the different speci
15476	8	over the past 100 years, earths climate has become warmer and precipitation regimes hav  s, earths climate has become warmer and precipitation regimes have changed. can we predict the   etween the distributions of species and climate. however, models are based on some problematic   ic reconstructions and ecological niche modelling. the main objectives of this proposal are: 1-  tial in the assessment of the effect of climate change based on ecological niche modelling. a l  limate change based on ecological niche modelling. a large-scale experimental setup is proposed   on ecological niche modelling. a large-scale experimental setup is proposed using a group of s  g into account the speed at with global warming is happening.
13323	8	lines - genomics, genetics, ecology and evolution - for understanding, monitoring and predictin  oring and predicting genetic diversity, ecosystems structures, dynamics and processes.this stra  jor interacting elements of terrestrial ecosystems: trees, phytophagous insects and mycorrhizal  nce, and contribute to the emergence of ecosystem genomics. the genomic activities will be cond  e and associated species, starting with model species.evoltree will setup the necessary experim   and made accessible by developing data mining procedures for the analysis of geographic and te  the analysis of geographic and temporal distribution of genetic diversity. evoltree will spread  sseminate its results to the scientific community, end users and public.evoltree will greatly c
7716	8	most organisms on earth, allowing major ecosystem services and play a fundamental role in the c   is the likely product of intracellular symbiosis between archaea and an alpha- proteobacteria.  n archaea and an alpha- proteobacteria. mutualism a huge diversity have emerged and évolués- ma  ot constituting a critical component of ecosystem functioning and the maintenance of soil ferti   systerra including the axis ecological intensification of production systems sub- axis ' desig   the axis ecological intensification of production systems sub- axis ' design steering the ecol  systems sub- axis ' design steering the ecological functions of soil ' and also the sub- axis d  ly intensive management of agricultural production
14999	3	ons that surround hybrid speciation and evolution, including trophic specialisation, female and  ely outcome, unless parental and hybrid habitat tolerance are relaxed. ultimately, we want to s  l, almost unavoidable phenomenon in the evolution of this group of beetles, definitely of great
14740	5	subterranean ecosystems represent perfect natural laboratories for t  lutionary transition to the underground habitat in populations of cave animals, testing hypothe  ng hypotheses on the timing and mode of evolution of subterranean lineages using molecular data  w and/or dispersion across the hypogean environment, between the epigean and hypogean populatio  tation processes, neutral and selective evolution, establishment of significant units of biolog
2064	3	er regions of the species' geographical distribution are probably more common, particularly for  ading effects on other organisms in the ecosystem, exemplified by the freshwater pearl mussel -  at studying morphological variation and habitat use of brown trout in populations living in all
15146	2	he study of genomic resulting data. the gis will be used to study the large-scale ecological an  the gis will be used to study the large-scale ecological and evolutionary causes of seed dorman
15293	8	the foundation of the paradigm of soil ecosystem health and its impairment by chemical polluta  utants. the effects and consequences of stress exposure on life history strategies and quantita   and consequences of stress exposure on life history strategies and quantitative genetic variat  ay/bio analytic approach since critical threshold values may result modified. from a darwinian    modified. from a darwinian perspective evolution is a slow process that results in adaptation   antial change. the present view is that evolution can be fast enough to be observable. interest   empirical studies documenting adaptive evolution are essentially circumscribed to the conseque  eventually subjected to to non-chemical stress.
14134	4	and understanding of the diversity and evolution of the studied taxa. despite the fact that th  re quite different . • to determine the distribution of different genotypes of some usnea and l  c variation are probably the centres of distribution and diversification; that makes these area  uable for both evolutionary studies and nature conservation.
2025	1	s are formed birth, death and dispersal/migration of individuals. this framework will be shaped
10090	2	e. recent theory suggests that resource competition will over-ride genetic benefits, but this t   extreme polyembryony and soldier caste production, allows these influences to be experimentall
11358	6	linking genetic structure and adaptive evolution is well developed, empirical data that tests   been made predominantly for the case of resistance evolution of pathogens to human-made drugs.   redominantly for the case of resistance evolution of pathogens to human-made drugs. nevertheles  n grouse moors in the uk has led to the evolution of resistance in t. tenuis. thus, my research  s in the uk has led to the evolution of resistance in t. tenuis. thus, my research will provide   between genetic structure and adaptive evolution empirically.
10730	7	lack a mechanism, other than numerical competition. by contrast, reproductive biologists and c  nd sophisticated design of experimental evolution with my previous experience in ecology, behav  e in ecology, behaviour, physiology and evolution will put me in a unique position to test the   organismal level. bed bugs are an ideal model organism with which to address this hypothesis. u  enetic constraints of sperm age-related traits, and subsequently test these estimates quantitat  on lines. the importance of bed bugs as model organisms for sexual conflict and their re-emerge  ergence as human pests under an altered environment guarantee a wide and cross-discipline appli
7003	2	posed project aims at testing a general model an the potential causes for acoustic differentati  gnificance of the tested factors in the evolution of this species' geographic differentiation a
10016	2	eat swamp forests predictive ecological modelling and community assembly.   sts predictive ecological modelling and community assembly.
10470	11	ecological consequences which shape the distribution and persistence of biodiversity. in fact a  so that we could discover in detail the nature and occurrence of genic and non-genic dna. this    from around the world. to minimise the scale of the task, plants with small genomes, like the   s, this fascinating view of the dynamic nature of plant genomic dna is flawed because we only u  a sequencing. is this picture of genome evolution true for organisms with large genomes to addr  e the herculean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much dna in fritillaria. for  lean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much dna in fritillaria. fortunately a   at enables us to get a handle on genome evolution in organisms with giant genomes. these method  genome enlargement happened suddenly in evolution, or slowly over time. thus our study will pro  r time. thus our study will provide the community with fundamental knowledge of the processes o  the processes occurring in plant genome evolution.
11415	11	ecological consequences which shape the distribution and persistence of biodiversity. in fact a  so that we could discover in detail the nature and occurrence of genic and non-genic dna. this    from around the world. to minimise the scale of the task, plants with small genomes, like the   s, this fascinating view of the dynamic nature of plant genomic dna is flawed because we only u  a sequencing. is this picture of genome evolution true for organisms with large genomes to addr  e the herculean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much dna in fritillaria. for  lean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much dna in fritillaria. fortunately a   at enables us to get a handle on genome evolution in organisms with giant genomes. these method  genome enlargement happened suddenly in evolution, or slowly over time. thus our study will pro  r time. thus our study will provide the community with fundamental knowledge of the processes o  the processes occurring in plant genome evolution.
10472	3	ects and interactions of interbreeding, migration and local adaptation in the genetic structure  number of propagules, and under several migration regimes will be subject to a number of popula  ement of biodiversity in the context of climate change and human impacts.
10204	1	yses in two years to check for temporal stability of the patterns we observe and will use the t
9884	1	yses in two years to check for temporal stability of the patterns we observe and will use the t
10038	2	on, using parental care in birds as our model system. parental care in birds is a good framewor   we gather, we will build a theoretical model that seeks to explain why different individuals d
10119	3	ic co2 emissions. as a consequence, the ph and carbonate supersaturation of the ocean is changi   the changes in foraminiferal carbonate production during the last 100 myrs and constrain the e  e of foraminiferal calcification on the recovery of the ocean from elevated co2 levels.
9834	1	aleoecological relationships of the top predators of the late pleistocene: the giant felids .
7376	1	exercised in vascular phytobactériose r model. solanacearum. we propose to explore these phenom
14651	3	exual expression, spatial structure and recruitment patterns. hopefully, the results of this pr  t conception of the mediterranean flora heterogeneity within the frame of the global change, an  a heterogeneity within the frame of the global change, and thus, on the conservation strategies
2495	7	st regime of moose to represent a large-scale population manipulation experiment, which can be   ctive population size. in a fluctuating environment, environmental and demographic stochasticit  isher suggested for analysis of genetic evolution that individuals should be weighted by their   sate for deviations from the stable age distribution. here we will apply a new statistical meth  n on two important quantitative fitness-traits in moose, date of birth and calf body mass, at t   the evolutionary dynamics of these two traits, using the dynamics of the reproductive value. t   from different parts of norway in this model to explore how different patterns in age-specific
15201	6	madagascar is an excellent model region for the study of patterns of species diver  solation, geological and climatological heterogeneity, hiperdiverse endemic radiations, and the  use the five endemic frog radiations as model to understand general patterns of diversification  pecies locality data to investigate the spatial pattern of amphibian diversity. these integrati  re with traditional measures of species richness and endemism. 5. test available hypotheses on   netic, climatic, geological and species distribution data.
14709	2	elective locus related to the amount of oxygen in the environment. with the aim of clarifiying    related to the amount of oxygen in the environment. with the aim of clarifiying the evolutiona
13502	6	the current global warming induces selection on natural populations to ada   i will to test this in the lab using a model organism, the bean weavil, which is very well-stu  ell-studied with regard to life-history traits and basic genetic parameters. i will simulate a   l also study the importance of genotype-environment interactions by experiments. this kind of l  on between individual organisms and the environment is rare in the literature, but reflect a mu  rtance for the prediction of effects of climate change.
10388	8	population persistence and thus affects ecosystem function. to address this issue, we propose a  e propose an experimental approach on a model marine protist since this taxon is fast-growing,   widespread and easy to culture, and its growth rate is affected by ph conditions, although the   ure, and its growth rate is affected by ph conditions, although the specific physiological resp  iverse selection experiment at a single ph with replicate populations founded with different le  iment determines whether the outcome of competition between strains varies with population dive  tial consequences of this well accepted climate-change pressure on the evolution of life in the  accepted climate-change pressure on the evolution of life in the oceans, and thus the adaptabil
6817	2	ave to be answered in the actual social environment. 2. our judgments and evaluations regarding  r adaptive problems in the evolutionary environment. those features are considered highly attra
15257	5	ese studies have addressed the distinct colonization strategies of the different insular popula  he different lineages during the island colonization process. to achieve this goal, three main   ry change in ecological and behavioural traits that are particularly relevant to colonization s  raits that are particularly relevant to colonization success and persistence of insular lineage  chanisms and behaviours associated with predator defence and foraging strategies
15258	5	genus and any work is oriented to study colonization strategies of different insular population  dopted by different lineages during the colonization process. to do it, our proposal will work   wo groups of ecological and behavioural traits that are particularly relevant for the success o  cularly relevant for the success of the colonization and the persistence of insular lineages: m  viours related with the defence against predators and foraging strategies.
15432	1	current classification of scleractinian corals is highly incong
10273	11	g demonstrated shifts in the geographic distribution of species, the stability of populations,   geographic distribution of species, the stability of populations, and the timing of biological   al for species to evolve in response to climate change. the overall aim of this study is to und  an be expected to evolve in response to climate change. the study is based on a classic example  ample of the ecological consequences of climate change, namely the association between global w  , namely the association between global warming and the earlier onset of breeding activity in a  ected to evolve to cope with a changing climate. this project will overcome these shortfalls by  imental field manipulations of breeding phenology with a long-term pedigree on a wild populatio  e able to evolve in response to ongoing environmental change. this project tackles one of nerc   edicting the ecological consequences of climate change. the project also investigates factors t   that determine long-term resilience to environmental change, which are an important part of ne
12069	6	alysis and forecasting of the impact of global change on biodiversity do not currently incorpor  es in species distributions mediated by climate change often rely on the assumption that specie  imatic niches are conserved at the time scale at which the ecological modification occurs. yet,   the demographic response of species to global change. ideally such studies should help to iden  pproaches, including different types of modelling, experimental evolution, comparative analyses  ferent types of modelling, experimental evolution, comparative analyses and data collection in
13422	2	falo has been the most important animal production material in turkey for centuries for their m  hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio
13420	2	portant breeds of sheep famous for milk production. the activities on conservation, characteris  hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio
13419	1	hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio
13417	2	nt breeds of sheep famous for high milk production and prolificacy. the activities on conservat  hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio
13401	1	ion, characterization, reproduction and evaluation of some medicinal and aromatic plants which
13424	2	a fat tail sheep breed and most of its production characteristics are lower than other native   ved to be beneficial for countrys sheep production that daglic breed that is well adapted to th
6947	1	m for the mammalian biology in hungary. development of this method for terrestrial small mammal
12767	18	industrial, recreational and commercial development is placing increasing pressures on protecte  es and their habitats in the uk. when a development threatens an area containing a species that  gal obligation to undertake appropriate mitigation measures to reduce the impact of the develop  on measures to reduce the impact of the development on the species. under current guidelines, a  es. under current guidelines, a typical mitigation involves pre- and post-development populatio  pical mitigation involves pre- and post-development population and habitat assessments, habitat  re- and post-development population and habitat assessments, habitat management and enhancement  ent population and habitat assessments, habitat management and enhancement and actions that wil  kelihood of animals being killed by the development activity ponds for which there are existing  ned from a sample of sites subjected to mitigation prior to the 2001 guidelines: this will allo  ct of the improved guidance. on a wider scale, modelling and mapping will be used to explore th  he improved guidance. on a wider scale, modelling and mapping will be used to explore the likel  idance. on a wider scale, modelling and mapping will be used to explore the likely affects of m  e used to explore the likely affects of mitigation actions on favourable conservation status of  great crested newts. different types of mitigation actions will be evaluated in relation to cur  d in relation to current population and habitat status, and recommendations provided to refine    and recommendations provided to refine mitigation protocols and standardised population assess   their habitats come into conflict with development.
11258	1	rk will be supplemented with studies of carbon and sulphur isotopes from the limestones which w
11391	1	rk will be supplemented with studies of carbon and sulphur isotopes from the limestones which w
10528	6	is critical for investigating the early development of animal body plans, particularly crustace  uch as antennae, mouth parts and micron-scale hairs in 3-dimensions before they could decay. so  ges provide a window on the anatomy and evolution of early animals, especially ecdysozoan and a  ls, especially ecdysozoan and arthropod evolution; why and how is the soft anatomy preserved; a  lages a snapshot of the original marine community or are they biased towards certain animal gro  and their wider significance for animal evolution.
470	4	along the last 10000 years. halophytic ecosystems developed recently. man activities significa  activities significantly modified plant ecosystems in the rhône delta, favouring herb prolifera   being consistent with the elevation in temperature. some simulations are proposed for the fort  pears essential to moderate the tourism growth as well as to reduce the economic use of lands,
13859	3	ps overall goal of a global late blight model, and the nordic data will be an extreme test of t  ical system. sub-goals include checking model performance using parameters developed within njk  models, such as spatial spread within a gis framework. the final implementations of the differe
15274	5	ng an annual pattern in secondary xylem growth, annual rings, provides information about the ag  ge of the individual plants. since this growth can be related with calendar years, it is possib   may hide the existence of differential life history traits between the individuals living in t   existence of differential life history traits between the individuals living in the forest or    age-structure, age to maturity, radial growth rates, non-structural carbohydrate reserve level
12141	10	egetation in context of the postglacial ecosystem dynamics in the eastern baltic is to obtain a  hips among the indicated pattern of the vegetation changes and peculiarities of the palaeoenvir  ime recorded on the regional and global scale will be assessed. investigations of the postglaci  e formation and further dynamics of the vegetation cover, actual for the protection of the livi  actual for the protection of the living environment and natural resources. should be pointed ou  vestigations describing the postglacial vegetation in the context of the environmental alterati  ironmental alterations of the different scale are still quite few in the eastern baltic. during  tarted to change: new refugee areas and migration pathways identified, new species recorded, ne  ata a detailed, chronologically founded model describing the peculiarities of the vegetation pa  del describing the peculiarities of the vegetation pattern in the context of the regional and g
13766	2	is crucial for understanding e.g. meta-population dynamics, gene flow, species distributions,   project aims to measure and empirically model the dispersal curve of a bryophyte species, exten
9811	2	ls using dinoponera queenless ants as a model system. in queenless ants a colony is headed by a  lict in multiple gamergate species, and review the evidence for conflict and policing in queenl
7365	2	onia legume symbiont in an experimental evolution approach by cultivating a population of indiv  viduals in conditions favorable to this evolution, then analyze the genetic and genomic term co
9868	1	rs has evolved in species vulnerable to predation to allow them to forage safely. we plan a ser
11537	13	ationship between plant communities and hydrology in fynbos habitat in the cape of south africa  ant communities and hydrology in fynbos habitat in the cape of south africa will be used in the  eriment to determine the effect of root competition on plant performance along the soil moistur  petition on plant performance along the soil moisture gradient. if hypothesis a is correct, the   hypothesis a is correct, then seedling mortality ought to be greater in translocated monoliths  ient. hypothesis b will be supported if competition treatments alter the effect of hydrology on  petition treatments alter the effect of hydrology on distribution. results will be incorporated  tments alter the effect of hydrology on distribution. results will be incorporated into a spati  lts will be incorporated into a spatial model that will be used to determine whether the effect  ent to generate the patterns of species distribution observed late in post-fire succession. the  distribution observed late in post-fire succession. the sensitivity of the model outputs to a r  fire succession. the sensitivity of the model outputs to a range of patterns of seed dispersal   tterns of seed dispersal and changes in hydrology will be tested.
10188	1	conserved genes, in response to marine stress , of marine and terrestrial isolates compared.
15401	1	-users is considered through the active participation of a remediation company.
11103	4	s, and therefore a good record of their evolution through time. finally, the separate parts of   ime. finally, the separate parts of the sediment can be measured accurately, providing a record   the way these influence and respond to environmental change, such as warming climates.   espond to environmental change, such as warming climates.
11202	2	tion between individuals, infection and population dynamics and sperm competition. the first pa  ction and population dynamics and sperm competition. the first part of the programme will be a
7531	2	the recent identification of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria legumes. this project also aim  ial application areas are industry, the environment and food security
7383	1	h will highlight discontinuities in the evolution of fungi
6901	5	enomena are essentially multivariate in nature. to recover the hidden information, a specific g  d in biology at individual, population, community and ecosystem levels. particular studies, how  t individual, population, community and ecosystem levels. particular studies, however, may have  evel studies based on molecular data to community level surveys utilizing functional attributes   may receive applications especially in nature conservation and forestry. last but not least, t
10203	32	methane is a potent greenhouse gas, second in importanc  house gas, second in importance only to carbon dioxide. most methane is produced by microorgani  importance only to carbon dioxide. most methane is produced by microorganisms and methane conce  thane is produced by microorganisms and methane concentrations in the atmosphere had been incre   important to understand as atmospheric methane increases in the geological past have been link  logical past have been linked to global warming. global methane production in marine sediments   e been linked to global warming. global methane production in marine sediments is very signific  inked to global warming. global methane production in marine sediments is very significant and   ontain the largest, global reservoir of methane. this includes huge stores of methane in an ice  f methane. this includes huge stores of methane in an ice matrix called hydrates, which might b  alled hydrates, which might be a future energy store, as well as being a sensitive trigger for    as being a sensitive trigger for rapid climate change. surprisingly, we know relatively little  ns in ocean sediments that produce this methane, as only a few have been isolated and studied .  rrently remove approximately 80% of all methane produced in sediments before it can enter the o  her have major influence on the flux of methane from sediments. there are even suggestions that  ere are even suggestions that anaerobic methane production and consumption may be due to the sa  even suggestions that anaerobic methane production and consumption may be due to the same micro  derstanding of the microbes controlling methane flux in marine sediments severely limits our ab  anges in the extremely important global methane cycle. we intend to significantly increase know  ease knowledge of the controls on ocean methane flux, and the microorganisms driving this proce   driving this process, by investigating methane production in high-pressure systems. these syst   this process, by investigating methane production in high-pressure systems. these systems mimi  h-pressure systems. these systems mimic sediment conditions, and within which both methane-prod  iment conditions, and within which both methane-producing and methane-consuming microbial commu  within which both methane-producing and methane-consuming microbial communities are active. we   ediments to determine their response to temperature and pressure changes, the supply of compoun  re changes, the supply of compounds for methane oxidation or production, and other factors cont  y of compounds for methane oxidation or production, and other factors controlling methane conce  oduction, and other factors controlling methane concentrations. from these experiments and a ra   being an important potential source of methane. we will identify the physiology and metabolism  ne. we will identify the physiology and metabolism of these methanogens to significantly increa  e our knowledge of the biodiversity and function of this important group of microorganisms. thi
2107	10	highly productive areas, with an annual production about 10 times of what might be found in phy  ve also shown that kelp is an important carbon source for many animals in these areas. however,  tly on the kelp plants which means that carbon from kelp mainly enters food webs through pom .   ans that carbon from kelp mainly enters food webs through pom . this project focuses on exposur  ysical factor in regulating primary and secondary production in a kelp forest on the norwegian   ast. it will look closer into different functional groups and compare food webs at three differ  different functional groups and compare food webs at three different degrees of exposure. will   ees of exposure. will there be a higher production of pom in exposed areas, and will the bacter   a crucial role in preventing bacterial growth in high energy sits where wounds and scars cause   in preventing bacterial growth in high energy sits where wounds and scars caused by the heavy
10547	7	hreats facing marine biodiversity, from climate change to overfishing, occur over very large ar  ne ecology is derived from rather small-scale studies. to address this mismatch, there is there  erefore a pressing need to find ways to scale up local knowledge so that we can gain a better u  ty databases. for instance, data on the distribution of all kinds of organisms living in the se  of all kinds of organisms living in the sediment at the bottom of the sea in different areas, t  rest to all ecologists working on large scale patterns of biodiversity. by establishing a colla  e as possible. as well as extending the scale of marine biodiversity research, then, we hope al
12196	2	biodiversity while minimising costs and complexity for farmers. grazing grassland less intensiv  increased resilience of biodiversity to climate change impacts.
12268	4	the environmental change network is to protect and improve   e network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environment with othe  e the environment, and to integrate the environment with other policies across government and i  rove the understanding of the causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites,
12198	3	grassland is the predominant habitat in the agri-environment schemes associated with   is the predominant habitat in the agri-environment schemes associated with entry level steward  ement prescriptions on biodiversity and ecosystem services over the life of an els agreement. i
7301	1	combination of genetics, demography and behavior
14228	12	and environmental conditions, number of habitat characteristic species are expected to go local  rated habitats. thus, the extinction of habitat specialist species does not necessarily mean de  tions or limited dispersal capacity and community resistance, both extinction and colonization   imited dispersal capacity and community resistance, both extinction and colonization can be del  mmunity resistance, both extinction and colonization can be delayed. extinction debt and coloni  ion can be delayed. extinction debt and colonization credit can occur simultaneously in altered  ecies pools to study the extinction and colonization patterns in altered grassland habitats. or  been part of historical species pool of habitat. derived diversity consists of species that are  y consists of species that are novel to community and do not belong to habitat-specific species  novel to community and do not belong to habitat-specific species pool. we will explore the envi  udy the effects of derived diversity to community properties and relate it with change in taxon  state of future biodiversity in altered ecosystems.
11384	10	e those species have different roles in ecosystems, for predicting the ecosystem consequences o  roles in ecosystems, for predicting the ecosystem consequences of species loss. the majority of  due to lower reproductive rates slowing recovery, and also because they are less abundant. this   been extremely important for designing classification schemes and predictors of species extinc  ity of individual species to effects of environmental change. such impacts can be direct: for e  nd death rates. however, there are also indirect effects that result from the interactions betw  wwf, iucn and cbd. their evidence based development of risk classification systems has previous  heir evidence based development of risk classification systems has previously involved referenc  nctions, to test whether an established classification system correctly identifies those experi  ions reduce the predictive power of the classification system, and why poor performance might o
7042	2	h project p 13742 reconstructin miocene ecosystems with diaspores in austria david k. ferguson   son 28.06.1999 during miocene times the evolution and uplift of the alpine orogenic belt create
10958	7	d a severe impact on the biosphere. the recovery of geochemically pristine cretaceous sediments  ith this material, we want to study the evolution of planktonic foraminifera during early albia  nd late albian/cenomanian oaeld. stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses on individual specie  ian/cenomanian oaeld. stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses on individual species will prov  l provide the data to reconstruct their habitat. we will count the faunas, to determine rates o  count the faunas, to determine rates of evolution, and measure the isotopic composition of all   truct the effects of oaes on the marine ecosystem.
14634	11	dune ecosystems offer an exceptional opportunity for the stu  ons like the access to ground water and nutrients and the different intensity of adverse factor  mer high radiation or high soil surface temperature. the combination of these factors strongly   e in such systems. the invasion of dune ecosystems by exotic species and their incorporation to  the study of the processes that control community assembly and the incorporation of foreign spe  es, with the possibility of testing the competition/facilitation process in the obtaining of re   possibility of testing the competition/facilitation process in the obtaining of resources and   onous and foreign plants exhibit common traits that allow them to be grouped similar defined fu  ional types, and that they also develop competition/facilitation patterns that result in the su   and that they also develop competition/facilitation patterns that result in the success or fai  d eventually differentiate the specific traits permiting to determine the invasive degree of a
14646	5	this project deals with the distribution and abundance of terrestrial birds within   project deals with the distribution and abundance of terrestrial birds within the framework of   als are related to the species-specific traits related to continental distribution patterns, ha  -specific traits related to continental distribution patterns, habitat preferences, ecological   d to continental distribution patterns, habitat preferences, ecological breadth and morphology,
14589	1	enetic alteration despite its numerical abundance. it is of great importance to know the degree
14201	5	f traditional management on the species richness, cover or composition of lichens on estonian a  tend to relate the total lichen species richness on alvars and species richness of lichens on p   species richness on alvars and species richness of lichens on particular substrate group to si   particular substrate group to size and connectivity of alvars in the present and in the past t  he present and in the past to reveal if richness of lichen species responds to the changes in t
7548	1	microsatellite markers will assess the evolution of diversity. we can evaluate the product of
13597	9	ical research is which factors regulate community composition and diversity at the local scale.   composition and diversity at the local scale. since bacteria are key drivers of ecosystem func  cale. since bacteria are key drivers of ecosystem function, it is of particular importance to f  to focus on mechanisms regulating their community structure to be able to make predictions abou  ocal and regional factors for bacterial community composition and assembly, the character and e  ce intensity and frequency on bacterial community composition. this project will therefore sign  s of microbial diversity, and microbial metacommunity ecology. it will also help us to understa  to understand to which degree bacterial community composition is predictable from the environme  conditions and provide insight into the resistance and resilience of bacterial communities afte
14624	9	e study of the factors related with the distribution, abundance and production of fish in sever   factors related with the distribution, abundance and production of fish in several reservoirs   ed with the distribution, abundance and production of fish in several reservoirs from the river  . in the first one, will be studied the distribution, abundance and production of the fish spec   one, will be studied the distribution, abundance and production of the fish species in eleven   studied the distribution, abundance and production of the fish species in eleven reservoirs of   e analyzed the factors related with the distribution, abundance and production of the fish. thi   factors related with the distribution, abundance and production of the fish. this analysis wil  ed with the distribution, abundance and production of the fish. this analysis will allow to ela
14746	12	most important anthropogenic effects on ecosystems and, unfortunately, the amazon fish communit  ems and, unfortunately, the amazon fish community is not an exception. land erosion has modifie  and how many species live in a specific habitat . however, the mechanisms that maintain high fi  intain high fish diversity in amazonian ecosystem are unknown. ecological factors may positivel  rs may positively contribute to species richness because they have promoted in the past or are   cies. the integration of phylogeny into community ecology is, therefore, necessary to understan  herefore, necessary to understand fully community assembly. however, despite the potential impo   importance of considering phylogeny in community ecology studies, phylogenetic approaches have  ed to elucidate the factors determining community structure. the aim of this study is to identi   to identify the factors that determine community assembly in the fish community of the amazon.  etermine community assembly in the fish community of the amazon. we will approach the study by    by exploring the phylogenetic basis of community niche structure. it will use both genetic and
10294	21	the concentration of methane in the atmosphere is currently 1.8 ppm and abou  rrently 1.8 ppm and about 20% of global warming has been attributed to this potent greenhouse g  gas. it is estimated that 400-640 tg of methane is produced annually by methanogenic bacteria i  reby mitigating the global emissions of methane into the atmosphere. wetlands and soils are the  soils are therefore important sinks for methane, consuming an estimated 27 and 40 tg ch4 per ye  ctively. this is carried out by aerobic methane oxidising bacteria. bacteria which grow on meth  dising bacteria. bacteria which grow on methane as sole carbon source have been obtained from m   bacteria which grow on methane as sole carbon source have been obtained from many environments  ere are more novel methanotrophs in the environment that await isolation. generally, methanotro  egarded as obligate, ie only growing on methane . recent exciting discoveries of facultative me  tative methanotrophs which grow on both methane and multi-carbon compounds such as acetate now   hs which grow on both methane and multi-carbon compounds such as acetate now make it imperative  d in wetlands and soils, regulate their methane oxidation systems and how they contribute to th  s and how they contribute to the global methane cycle. we propose to study the environmental re  o study the environmental regulation of methane oxidation in a model facultative methanotroph m  al regulation of methane oxidation in a model facultative methanotroph methylocella silvestris.  o elucidate the pathways of facultative metabolism. we have developed a number of physiological  ine what environmental factors regulate metabolism in this bacterium. we have also developed a    address the hypothesis that in certain growth environments facultative methanotrophs have a co  nificant contribution to the cycling of methane in the environment.   bution to the cycling of methane in the environment.
11660	1	n of the site and therefore recommended mitigation strategies.
12511	21	nt, may be more efficient and sensitive indicators with which to assess soil health, but are no  nsitive indicators with which to assess soil health, but are not widely considered. worldwide,   sider biological, chemical and physical indicators when assessing soil health. for example when   and physical indicators when assessing soil health. for example when measuring potential impac  ta. however, the approaches to use soil indicators to assess soil health vary widely even betwe  oaches to use soil indicators to assess soil health vary widely even between regions within cou  n countries. the aim of this literature review is to examine international approaches to using   using biological, chemical and physical indicators to assess soil health in farming and related  mical and physical indicators to assess soil health in farming and related systems. this will i  oaches to dealing with biodiversity and function in relation to soil health, and soil health as  iodiversity and function in relation to soil health, and soil health assessment in organic farm  unction in relation to soil health, and soil health assessment in organic farming systems. the   red. international approaches to manage soil health, such as the use of inoculants and changes   cal, chemical or physical assessment of soil health in farming or other relevant systems is con  r other relevant systems is conducted 2.review the way in which the data gathered on biological  l, chemical or physical contributors to soil health in the systems identified have been interpr  ified have been interpreted and used. 3.review international approaches to manage soil health 4  view international approaches to manage soil health 4.compare the relative merits of internatio  , chemical and physical contributors to soil health with current uk approaches based on functio  lth with current uk approaches based on function 5.make recommendations to defra for strategies   and physical components to address the soil health concept in farming systems, including futur
12236	6	e farmer and land manager in delivering environment benefits. there has been a long-standing co  ision of environmental benefits through incentives and regulation and more recently an increasi  ion through the campaign for the farmer environment detailed whole farm ecological surveys to i   practices. the quality or condition of habitat and associated management will be measured as a  benefits that can be delivered with the habitat. phase 3: data analysis: detailed summaries of   ists will come together collectively to review each farm and to analyse the links between farme
15577	14	important contribution to agricultural production by providing ecosystem services such as crop  to agricultural production by providing ecosystem services such as crop pollination and biologi  ltural regions are now dedicated to the production of a small number of crop types. what are th  attern on farmland biodiversity and the ecosystem services important for agricultural productio  tem services important for agricultural production are there policies which, if followed, would  ollowed, would improve biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmlands without compromising ag  lands without compromising agricultural production farmland is an international research progra  nds have higher biodiversity and better ecosystem services than farmlands with less semi-natura  olicies require taking crop area out of production. there are many situations where this may no   the area of semi-natural habitats, the spatial heterogeneity of the cropped lands may be posit  elated to biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services. if this is true, then it may be pos  uld restore biodiversity and associated ecosystem services by increasing farmland heterogeneity  osystem services by increasing farmland heterogeneity, without reducing cropped area. the aim o  cy-makers that enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmland.
12600	5	rally for re-use, because up to half of development areas are returned to vegetated uses, but c  rial. consequently this project will: · review current practices of soil management on construc   of soil management on construction and development sites, · document good and bad practice, ·   ustainable soil use at construction and development sites. much of the research will be based o  ustainable soil use on construction and development sites.
14194	2	ba were applied together, a synergistic growth inhibitory effect was observed. however, this in   atfaah-gfp fusion exhibited slight aba resistance and tolerance to exogenous nae. in this stud
10848	7	is generally considered a food-limited environment and therefore it has been postulated that f  y determining factor affecting organism distribution. many species of deep-sea fish are opportu  ngers and show a bigger-deeper trend in distribution. however, studies of the diet of such deep  furthermore, any available data of this nature only reflects single feeding events and are not   to assess the importance of scavenging, seasonality, vertical migration and ontogenetic changes  ce of scavenging, seasonality, vertical migration and ontogenetic changes in the various life h   and ontogenetic changes in the various life history strategies. this will significantly advanc
14568	1	cies will serve to achieve the critical review of the family which will result in the prduction
14565	1	about the natural history, geographical distribution and species biology. the author of this su
14566	1	ailed information related to geographic distribution, conservation, and related biological and
15413	1	ncertain phylogenetic affinities in the classification of the polychaetes. this will result in
10533	5	is engaged in providing archaeological evaluation and rescue excavation of important quaternar   sites, especially in se england, where development pressures have been high in recent times. t  cular molluscs and ostracods, both good indicators of the environment at the time of deposition   ostracods, both good indicators of the environment at the time of deposition and palaeolithic   h also provide important indications of salinity and therefore sea-level. mollusc fossils can b
6882	1	vestigate the geological conditions and sedimentation, the bedforms and the trace fossils, taki
11193	1	es how i will initiate passerine genome mapping by utilising the existing public human and chic
15249	3	sses. therefore, their relevance in the ecosystems functioning may be crucial. the depth unders   may contribute to the knowledge of the life history, ecology, evolution and conservation of av  knowledge of the life history, ecology, evolution and conservation of avian scavengers.
10657	6	ences to study the pliocene-pleistocene evolution of millennial- to milankovitch- scale climati  olution of millennial- to milankovitch- scale climatic oscillations in the bering sea, the marg  acific and arctic oceans. paleoclimatic indicators will be used to generate complete and detail   as well as of the adjacent continental climate. in addition to being sensitive to regional and  tive to regional and potentially global climate change, the bering sea is one of the source reg   ocean, occurs today. investigating the evolution of the bering strait is critical for understa
11491	1	-,rapid depositional rates. - tectonic stability. - well-preserved, cosmopolitan fossils suita
2184	9	. uncertainties derive from unrealistic model assumptions as well as the intrinsic stochasticit  g of ecological mechanisms with applied climate scenario forecasting. expected output is i impr  s for forecasting ecological effects of climate change, ii climate change scenarios for case st  cological effects of climate change, ii climate change scenarios for case study systems and iii   models forecasting impact of different climate scenarios. northern freshwaters with their salm  ss stochasticity and expert opinions on model performance. the project will promote recruitment  l performance. the project will promote recruitment to ecological climate change forecasting by   will promote recruitment to ecological climate change forecasting by including a phd position   osition in biostatistics and ecological modeling.
13971	15	and in the worst case scenario lead to regime shifts from fish to jellyfish dominance. in the   to regime shifts from fish to jellyfish dominance. in the black sea, fisheries collapses coinci  coincided with the mnemiopsis invasion. ecosystem effects depend on complex food web and enviro  on. ecosystem effects depend on complex food web and environmental interactions. it is not poss  isticated video methods and mechanistic modeling, in collaboration with world leading american   s and stomach analyses we will estimate predation pressure on zooplankton and fish larvae. repr  al will be examined in experiments as a function of temperature and salinity. results will be c  xamined in experiments as a function of temperature and salinity. results will be combined with  iments as a function of temperature and salinity. results will be combined with field data of t  lts will be combined with field data of temperature, salinity and predators to estimate menmiop  ombined with field data of temperature, salinity and predators to estimate menmiopsis´ ecologic  field data of temperature, salinity and predators to estimate menmiopsis´ ecological boundaries  ay therefore outcompete fish when light environment changes, for ex. due to eutrophication. eff   by contemporary changes in optical and temperature environment will be modeled in collaboratio  rary changes in optical and temperature environment will be modeled in collaboration with norwe
13769	4	to global biodiversity and the ongoing climate change could alter species distributions. this    feeding niches how the invader affects food web structure. this project will assess how feedin  l invaders and their effects on the new food web. the new methods i will apply for analysing st  data put the project at the frontier in food web ecology.
15042	17	current knowledge of food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems is limited   dge of food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems is limited by the scarcity of studies includ   chain and incorporating the effects of spatial heterogeneity on food web structure and functio  the effects of spatial heterogeneity on food web structure and functioning. the need to conduct  tegrating the different components of a food web has been repeatedly pointed out as a priority   ointed out as a priority on terrestrial food webs. therefore, the inclussion of detritus based   efore, the inclussion of detritus based food webs remains among the most relevant questions in   ns among the most relevant questions in food web ecology. in addition, spatial heterogeneity ap  tions in food web ecology. in addition, spatial heterogeneity appears as a challenging question  hallenging question to fully understand food web dinamycs. the analysis of mechanisms allowing   ral goal of this proposal is to include spatial heterogeneity in food webs investigating the mo   is to include spatial heterogeneity in food webs investigating the mosaic of interactions gene  their effects on soil macroinvertebrate distribution, and b to experimentally test the effects   ave dealt with the effects of shrubs on soil properties and soil organisms in fertile islands,   between soil organisms their effects as ecosystem engineers increasing infiltration rates of wa  reasing infiltration rates of water and nutrients into the soil. the obtained results will incr  unctional ecology of mediterranean arid ecosystems, a particularly relevant question for conser
12281	4	nalise these after comments by the peer review panel. as part of the ongoing process of develop  anel. as part of the ongoing process of development, a technical document will be released desc  e in a particularly user friendly form. development of a web based front end will encourage its  nd will encourage its wider use and the development of further international links. it will imm
12235	3	the following requirements: 1. to allow evaluation and ‘validation of the new system of grassla  ovide feedback to defra and the science community. this is needed to identify if any changes ne  se by farmers. this trend of increasing complexity is also happening for other crops, suggestin
12221	7	k government is committed to increasing energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.   sions. amongst the sources of renewable energy that have been recognised as important are the c  nd the evidence base on biodiversity in energy crops for policy development by determining how   biodiversity in energy crops for policy development by determining how the biodiversity of misc  nthus and src willow is affected by the spatial scale, structuring and management of the planti  . this will be done by sampling for the abundance and diversity of weeds and invertebrates usin   crops by birds in relation to cropping scale.
7053	6	ough, and the analysis of trends in the evolution of cryptic species is a field ripe for study.  ose a three-step procedure to study the evolution of a complex of at least seven cryptic ant sp   will address three questions about the evolution of the cryptic-species complex: relation of m  ce of a role of ecology in the species’ evolution. the project will be relevant beyond meeting   ch into further aspects of the species’ evolution. more broadly speaking, the evolutionary-prof  d characteristics often involved in the evolution of cryptic species.
12366	2	new project to research and support the development of local and regional coastal forums in eng  proportionate options for improving the development and durability of coastal forums.
6876	6	ing spatially explicit individual based modelling of population dynamics, experimental populati   explicit individual based modelling of population dynamics, experimental population and commun  n dynamics, experimental population and community ecology, and the statistical analysis of vege  cology, and the statistical analysis of vegetation. we will develop and test a new standard sam  pplicable during restoration of damaged ecosystems or abandoned agricultural fields as well as   sities for developing database of plant traits and functional types, and for testing sampling t
7305	2	e very different abilities and borgou a model of choice to identify regions of the genome of ta  n connection with its adaptation to the environment. the objective of this project is to achiev
215	4	ain novelty of the research lies in the complexity in the summarizing of different estimates of  owledge about the role of fine roots in ecosystem-level carbon and nutrient cycling. the determ  e role of fine roots in ecosystem-level carbon and nutrient cycling. the determination, in spuc  nation, in spuce stands, of biomass and production of ectomycorrhizal extrametrical mycelia and
9931	3	ific pcr probes to measure the vertical distribution in soil of mycelia. detailed mapping of fr  stribution in soil of mycelia. detailed mapping of fruitbodies of the various plot treatments a   tracking over shorter periods. natural abundance of these isotopes in fbs will also be measure
10529	2	al contaminated soils. impacts of plant growth on du distribution and chemical forms in these s  ed soils. impacts of plant growth on du distribution and chemical forms in these soils will be
10457	6	fine sediment plays an important role in the transfer and fa  ortant role in the transfer and fate of nutrients through river basins. in recent years, ground  e exhibited increases in both suspended sediment loads and concentrations of macro-nutrients li  iment loads and concentrations of macro-nutrients linked to changes in land use and river manag  need for improved understanding of fine sediment dynamics including the complex inter-actions b  anding of biological transformations of sediment in reaches of the frome/piddle catchment.
15505	6	ng alters the decomposer system and its ecosystem services through changing the soil environmen  stem services through changing the soil environment. in this proposal it is intended to survey   l genomes, biogeochemical functions and community structure in mediterranean forests that have   lects certain phenotypes. understanding community phylogenetic patterns and the molecular basis  gical processes, and to predict how the ecosystem functioning can be altered through the increa  increasing wildfire frequency caused by temperature rise.
13757	9	nce agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynamics and div  s and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. many european heathland systems owe  biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosyst  ms, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate  m relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavi  er biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-soc   such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be charact  nd regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely f  ted approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation pl
9881	8	nce agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynamics and div  s and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. many european heathland systems owe  biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosyst  ms, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate  m relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavi  er biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-soc  nd regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely f  ted approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation pl
473	8	nce agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynamics and div  s and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. many european heathland systems owe  biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosyst  ms, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate  m relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavi  er biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-soc   such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be charact  nd regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely f
15569	9	nce agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynamics and div  s and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. many european heathland systems owe  biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosyst  ms, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate  m relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavi  er biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-soc   such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be charact  nd regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely f  ted approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation pl
7275	3	uated based on: 1 spectrum and relative abundance of prey according to habitat; 2 of the size a  relative abundance of prey according to habitat; 2 of the size and the average biomass of a col  d on potential expansion highlighted by modeling
6819	1	ds. we will also study the intrapiscine development and pathological effects of blood-parasitic
11327	7	jor component of the marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation and dissolution of ca   marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation and dissolution of calcium carbonate in s  tant to our understanding of the global carbon cycle, and to the earth system as a whole. this   r understanding of the marine inorganic carbon budget. large amounts of calcium carbonate are p  ional contribution to oceanic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these animals ingest se  makes a major contribution to carbonate production on a global scale. furthermore, due to their  ion to carbonate production on a global scale. furthermore, due to their rather unusually high
2201	4	in a risk analysis of ecosystem effects of introduced exotic fish it can be o  alien species and to build a conceptual model regarding main factors resulting in successful es   such species in aquatic communities as predators, competitors or as parasitic hosts. the resul  itic hosts. the resulting impact on the ecosystem function in some areas where alien species ha
6974	4	, published by nimfea environmental and nature conservation association in 2004. this illustrat  04. this illustrated identification and distribution area guide summarizes 25 years of research  tion of 90 fish species, 21 figures, 90 distribution maps and 100 colorful photos with internal   a better understanding of habitats and nature conservation aspects, and contributing to the mo
2200	1	ssessing the effects of increased water temperature on establishment and spreading of non-indig
11677	7	s where among several other factors low oxygen and chronic pollution can cause the sudden morta   chronic pollution can cause the sudden mortality of a species and in some cases a lake s entir  llow lakes due to the key importance of trophic cascades whereby changes in the abundance of pr  trophic cascades whereby changes in the abundance of predators . analysis of our data will seek  des whereby changes in the abundance of predators . analysis of our data will seek to evaluate   o evaluate the effectiveness with which sediment fossils represent kills with the expectation t  number of food-web layers affected, the nature of change in these layers and the longevity of e
15585	13	s predicting biodiversity resilience to environmental change are almost exclusively based on ap  l recent studies have demonstrated that habitat connectivity is a key determinant of biodiversi   studies have demonstrated that habitat connectivity is a key determinant of biodiversity respo  o anthropogenic changes of land use and climate. this is particularly evident for organisms liv  ed scenario models for key biodiversity indicators colonize streams, lakes or more suitable hab  s after a pulsed disturbance. thus, the connectivity of the system largely determines its resil  ience to environmental changes. limited connectivity may also have positive effects on biodiver  nd streams. the impact of anthropogenic connectivity modifications on biodiversity such as the   dy aims for the first time to integrate habitat connectivity into scenarios of biodiversity mai  for the first time to integrate habitat connectivity into scenarios of biodiversity maintenance  re habitats for fishes at the catchment scale, we have the unique opportunity to combine detail  entify possible strategies for managing habitat connectivity within focal catchments. this will  ossible strategies for managing habitat connectivity within focal catchments. this will provide
2133	2	educe the impact of human activities on ecosystems is a major challenge of the next decades. wo  my, biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems. however, developing sustainable fishery pol
12066	4	his is particularly true for freshwater ecosystems that are among the most threatened on earth.  mics and play a predominant role in the food webs. fishes are also useful indicators of aquatic  n the food webs. fishes are also useful indicators of aquatic ecosystem health and sustainabili  s are also useful indicators of aquatic ecosystem health and sustainability and provide many ec
1996	10	migration is a widespread phenomenon among birds. rathe  thin species. theories that explain the evolution of migration patterns primarily rely on a cos   theories that explain the evolution of migration patterns primarily rely on a cost-benefit app  on a cost-benefit approach: the cost of migration is traded off against the benefits of breedin  n the level of inter- and intraspecific competition and on individual characteristics of the bi  eristics of the bird, such as age, sex, body size and competitive ability. empirical measuremen  l measurements of costs and benefits of migration remain scarce, however, as most migratory bir  im to quantify the relationship between migration patterns and fitness components spoonbills ar  tionship between fitness components and migration patterns by comparing breeding success and se   in different areas, and in relation to migration distance. despite the fact that costs and ben
15043	2	vely studied population of a long-lived predator, the black kite milvus migrans, breeding in do  ther provide a much needed quantitative review of studies published in this field of science. a
15044	1	enefits of cooperative breeding and the evolution of altruism in vertebrates. the role of kin s
2089	1	edge of the flagellate biodiversity and community structure of sandy beaches in different geogr
2500	8	dily available long-term data from four model systems. firstly, migration data from numerous bi   data from four model systems. firstly, migration data from numerous bird observatories will fo  es will form a basis for studying large-scale environmental control of movement patterns across   histories, and for constructing coarse-scale predictive models. the second model system, with   rse-scale predictive models. the second model system, with detailed data on movement and breedi  ort-lived species. our third and fourth model systems contrast the generalist approach in tits   ards an integration of animal movement, life history and population dynamics. such efforts are   on of animal movement, life history and population dynamics. such efforts are necessary to more
6813	2	e or less detailed picture of flora and vegetation history and climatic changes has developed f  ras the deterioration of the palaeogene climate occurred already during the eocene or later in
222	19	st environmental problems on the global scale. different spatial changes in ecosystems accompan  bal scale. different spatial changes in ecosystems accompany the habitat loss – fragmentation,   ial changes in ecosystems accompany the habitat loss – fragmentation, increase in isolation and  on plant communities’ quality – species richness and florsitic composition. during the 20th cen  vidently increased. in this project the distribution of different plant communities in the land  on will be based mainly on the estonian vegetation mapping data from 1934-1955. the floristic c  based mainly on the estonian vegetation mapping data from 1934-1955. the floristic composition   rea over the period will be revealed by gis analyse. the main aims of the project are following  ch plant communities – in their species richness and species composition. 2. to study the relat  tudy the relationship between floristic richness of originally species-rich communities and the  the present-day spatial extent of these habitat types on the landscape level, but also the effe  scape level, but also the effect of the landscape change during the last 50 years. 3. to reveal  o agricultural use. we will compare the stability of floristic composition in habitat speicalis  e stability of floristic composition in habitat speicalists and generalists. we assume that hab  calists and generalists. we assume that habitat loss will have more negative impact to habitat    loss will have more negative impact to habitat specialists. for that purposes we will analyse   . for that purposes we will analyse the habitat spcifity of the plants in target communities of   investigate the reasons of decrease in distribution and of rarity of plant species, formation   s, formation and persistence of species-richness.
7318	2	lso within the axis 2 /"interdependence production and biodiversity systems"because sheep breed  se sheep breeding systems, meat or milk production standards are likely to affect the availabil
10295	5	tats and exert major effects on aquatic ecosystems. this interdisciplinary project will use hyd  e physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by this key function  ture, may influence feeding by this key functional group in situations not addressed by current  nvolves integrating both experiment and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering  eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are
11223	5	tats and exert major effects on aquatic ecosystems. this interdisciplinary project will use hyd  e physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by this key function  ture, may influence feeding by this key functional group in situations not addressed by current  nvolves integrating both experiment and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering  eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are
11762	5	tats and exert major effects on aquatic ecosystems. this interdisciplinary project will use hyd  e physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by this key function  ture, may influence feeding by this key functional group in situations not addressed by current  nvolves integrating both experiment and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering  eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are
10705	3	y the input, transfer and subsequent re-distribution of 13c labelled substrates into and throug  il structure to assist with the overall modelling of the effects of biodiversity on carbon flux  lling of the effects of biodiversity on carbon fluxes.
15177	2	uch interactions is likely to shape the evolution of floral traits in natural populations. the   likely to shape the evolution of floral traits in natural populations. the yellow gentian the s
9990	1	for making high quality measurements of carbon dioxide .
10612	2	d cysts may be used as environmental or productivity indicators.   e used as environmental or productivity indicators.
14794	1	of fluoride pollution in inland aquatic ecosystems.
7052	3	anic compounds using a process oriented model of ecosystem scale bovoc fluxes. this exercise is  ounds using a process oriented model of ecosystem scale bovoc fluxes. this exercise is thought   g a process oriented model of ecosystem scale bovoc fluxes. this exercise is thought to represe
11661	1	persist for long periods of time in the environment are of growing concern, but these same prot
14208	2	ide cost-effective tools for addressing ecosystem integrity in the increasingly human-dominated  uate the potential of focal species for ecosystem management both on the theoretical basis and
12329	3	an evaluation of environmental stewardship had recently be   out by csl. as part of this project, a modelling process was developed which attempted to esti  stimate the impact of els on a range of indicators. the process adopted depended on expert scor
13604	3	obes are integral components of aquatic food webs and are crucial for the cycling of carbon and  webs and are crucial for the cycling of carbon and nutrients. microbial populations are control  e crucial for the cycling of carbon and nutrients. microbial populations are controlled by a co
11269	22	the millennium development goals pledged to halve the number of people  e world bank has assessed that economic growth from agriculture generates at least twice as muc  east twice as much poverty reduction as growth from any other sector. eastern africa has severe  gation to smooth fluctuations in annual production levels. there is apparent potential in terms  lready providing valuable and necessary ecosystem services which support livelihoods and econom   to view the potential for agricultural development within the broader frame of other, often ov  er frame of other, often over-stressed, ecosystem services. for example, despite apparent abund  services. for example, despite apparent abundance of water per capita on the national scale, mo  nce of water per capita on the national scale, most tanzanian and kenyan river basin authoritie  s a particular issue in relation to the growth of intensive market-based crops . agriculture is  or to gdp in both countries, with other ecosystem services related income, such as that from to  dentified the expansion of agricultural productivity as the growth engine to address poverty an  ion of agricultural productivity as the growth engine to address poverty and development. tanza  he growth engine to address poverty and development. tanzania is embarking on extensive irrigat   urgent task. agriculture expansion and growth will be reliant on sustainable resource supply i   terms of water and land and associated ecosystem services. however, the complexity of existing  ciated ecosystem services. however, the complexity of existing land use and its impact on water  mpact on water resources and associated ecosystem function is a major knowledge gap. to enable   r and land resources, in an era of fast development and change, new approaches to assessment ar  nked issues: water, land and associated ecosystem services for supporting poverty alleviation a   for supporting poverty alleviation and development, in particular in rural areas in kenya and   or challenges from socio-ecological and climate change.
11416	22	the millennium development goals pledged to halve the number of people  e world bank has assessed that economic growth from agriculture generates at least twice as muc  east twice as much poverty reduction as growth from any other sector. eastern africa has severe  gation to smooth fluctuations in annual production levels. there is apparent potential in terms  lready providing valuable and necessary ecosystem services which support livelihoods and econom   to view the potential for agricultural development within the broader frame of other, often ov  er frame of other, often over-stressed, ecosystem services. for example, despite apparent abund  services. for example, despite apparent abundance of water per capita on the national scale, mo  nce of water per capita on the national scale, most tanzanian and kenyan river basin authoritie  s a particular issue in relation to the growth of intensive market-based crops . agriculture is  or to gdp in both countries, with other ecosystem services related income, such as that from to  dentified the expansion of agricultural productivity as the growth engine to address poverty an  ion of agricultural productivity as the growth engine to address poverty and development. tanza  he growth engine to address poverty and development. tanzania is embarking on extensive irrigat   urgent task. agriculture expansion and growth will be reliant on sustainable resource supply i   terms of water and land and associated ecosystem services. however, the complexity of existing  ciated ecosystem services. however, the complexity of existing land use and its impact on water  mpact on water resources and associated ecosystem function is a major knowledge gap. to enable   r and land resources, in an era of fast development and change, new approaches to assessment ar  nked issues: water, land and associated ecosystem services for supporting poverty alleviation a   for supporting poverty alleviation and development, in particular in rural areas in kenya and   or challenges from socio-ecological and climate change.
13369	1	ogical characterization and preliminary evaluation activities were performed on chickpea sample
14828	7	a central issue in population ecology. habitat heterogeneity and despotic settlement have been  l birds. combined under the traditional density-dependent population regulation theory, these s   of low quality territories as breeding density increases may cause a decline in the mean per c   cause a decline in the mean per capita productivity of a population while its variation increa  ile its variation increases, leading to density-dependent regulation. golden eagle populations    seem to be regulated by intra-specific competition and density-dependent mechanisms arise at h  lated by intra-specific competition and density-dependent mechanisms arise at high densities. c
12467	1	coherence between the cfp and fisheries development policy. it will also involve identification
11501	10	predicting the impacts of global change on rural communities at local to regional  llenging due to the accelerated pace of climate and economic change. however, it is clear that   s due to the volatile and unpredictable nature of food chains. food security in rural communiti  ities rely significantly on the flow of ecosystem services proposal therefore brings together e  ogy, risk management, spatial planning, climate change and complexity sciences to design and in  t, spatial planning, climate change and complexity sciences to design and integrate a suite of   analyse how dynamic stocks and flows of ecological services at the landscape scale translate to  of ecological services at the landscape scale translate to local-level nutritional well-being a  he study is to examine the link between ecosystem services and impacts on nutritional and socio  managing these dynamic landscapes under climate and social-economic change.
9838	11	studies of food webs rarely encompass more than one class of natur  l enemy. with insects, most terrestrial food webs are highly biased towards parasitoids while m   towards parasitoids while most aquatic food webs are equally biased towards predators. the aim  ic food webs are equally biased towards predators. the aim of this proposal is to construct a w  l is to construct a web containing both predators and parasitoids . detailed data on the parasi  ady exists but, as in other terrestrial food web studies, obtaining quantified trophic informat  rophic information from the terrestrial predators in the field is extremely difficult. in this   proposal molecular techniques, novel to food webs, will be used to detect and identify prey dna  ed to detect and identify prey dna from predator gut samples. following sequencing of relevant   to compare the role of native and alien predators in food webs.   e role of native and alien predators in food webs.
14836	5	s significantly increased the inputs of nutrients, specially din. different studies have report  e role of cyanobacteria biofilms on the ecological stoichiometry of stream food webs, and model   the ecological stoichiometry of stream food webs, and modelling the stoichiometric relations b   stoichiometry of stream food webs, and modelling the stoichiometric relations between compartm  between compartments in complete stream food webs.
15310	3	trophic interactions constitute the basis of population  rce, has the capacity of modulating the abundance of consumers by acting on demographic paramet  as pathogen vectors of a spanish raptor community counting with threatened species.
7620	3	oosing species cladina capable of rapid colonization we will develop lichen fragments scatterin  agments scattering techniques to foster growth, study the effects of a lower planting density.   , study the effects of a lower planting density.
13371	1	d. studies for pre-characterization and evaluation are conducted within the frame work of the p
210	8	l and widespread shortage of pollinator abundance and diversity in agricultural landscapes of a  ional factors in regulating the species richness and abundance of pollinators in these habitats   in regulating the species richness and abundance of pollinators in these habitats. the aims of   1. to assess the effectiveness of agri-environment schemes in estonia. for this purpose, the e  cape structure, land-use intensity, and habitat diversity on community structure of bumble bees  use intensity, and habitat diversity on community structure of bumble bees will be investigated  icides. these new insights will aid the development of strategies to protect both wild and dome  rs and help develop more effective agri-environment schemes that aim to conserve pollinators. p
2106	3	e measurements directly explore benthic community assemblages at, near and outside bearded seal  the benthic communities composition and productivity in the arctic. this programme will add sig  eal ecology and the dynamics of benthic community structure in the arctic.
9970	10	the foraging behaviour of predators not only determines species distribution patt  f predators not only determines species distribution patterns, but influences the dynamics and   tterns, but influences the dynamics and stability of prey populations. however despite a large   predictions in free-ranging marine fish predators. the proposed research will lest the hypothes  ypothesis arising from the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per  rom the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per prey item consumed  ader diet, in a relatively unproductive environment compared to productive habitat. this novel   tive environment compared to productive habitat. this novel project will combine fine-scale tra  t. this novel project will combine fine-scale tracking of dogfish foraging trips with sampling   her with simultaneous invertebrate prey abundance surveys, this approach will reconcile the for
11359	10	the foraging behaviour of predators not only determines species distribution patt  f predators not only determines species distribution patterns, but influences the dynamics and   tterns, but influences the dynamics and stability of prey populations. however despite a large   predictions in free-ranging marine fish predators. the proposed research will lest the hypothes  ypothesis arising from the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per  rom the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per prey item consumed  ader diet, in a relatively unproductive environment compared to productive habitat. this novel   tive environment compared to productive habitat. this novel project will combine fine-scale tra  t. this novel project will combine fine-scale tracking of dogfish foraging trips with sampling   her with simultaneous invertebrate prey abundance surveys, this approach will reconcile the for
7016	1	lied to foraminiferan tests and several sediment parameters will be compiled. all these data wi
10659	12	e from fossil shells to understand past climate changes in these regions . during my advanced f  sts who investigate changes in the past climate. forams can be carried over great distances in   e become adapted to live in the extreme environment of the sea-ice while others have found them  scoveries in leading journals. for past climate reconstruction, pooling several genotypes toget  rror into researcher s calculations and climate models. my evidence on the genetic diversity an  h play an equally vital role in earth s climate system to determine the genotypic structure of   ypic structure of these quite different ecosystems. i propose to sample these regions during th  een shell geochemistry and the physical environment in which genotypes grow is vital for past c   which genotypes grow is vital for past climate modelling. this work will be done in collaborat  enotypes grow is vital for past climate modelling. this work will be done in collaboration with   who work on the reconstruction of past climate both in the uk and abroad. in addition, a new d  ade available for use by the scientific community when complete.
14314	2	iversity for the provisioning of forest ecosystem goods and services and on the other hand the   ong-term top quality research on forest ecosystems in belgium.
11877	6	our vision: to impel climate change mitigation action by motivating private       our vision: to impel climate change mitigation action by motivating private investments in   vestments in sustainably managed forest ecosystem services. our contribution: to address a crit  ritical ke gap between expertise on the mapping, modelling and quantification of the risk of fo  e gap between expertise on the mapping, modelling and quantification of the risk of forest carb  nd quantification of the risk of forest carbon loss, and investor s confidence in forest invest
7145	4	es in the composition of the herbaceous vegetation which might last for very long periods, or e  or even be irreversible on a historical scale. in this project, we wish to: * assess the influe  lative incidence of ancient customs and climate change on the biodiversity of the tree layer. *  ersity of the tree layer. * analyze and model the very long -term sustainability of soil fertil
7473	3	regarding adaptation of forest trees to climate changes, linking different disciplines: ecology  plines: ecology, genetics, genomics and evolution. foresttrac brings together a critical mass o  ian partners. for the time being, large scale genomics projects have been conducted and dissemi
13464	7	to the uptake and transfer of different nutrients to their tree hosts and to sequestration of c  heir tree hosts and to sequestration of carbon. however the biodiversity of these organisms is   e organisms is affected by additions of nutrients designed to stimulate tree growth. negative e  of nutrients designed to stimulate tree growth. negative effects on dominant species are often   lowground, in favour of increased shoot growth. results obtained in our lab using conventional   ty and artificial stimulation of forest growth using different fertiliser applications. the res  g the balance between the dual goals of production and maintenance of biological diversity.
404	9	ertilization on forest biodiversity and productivity. the official report on fertilization effe  port on fertilization effects on forest ecosystems abundance of vaccinium dwarf-shrubs. in the   tilization effects on forest ecosystems abundance of vaccinium dwarf-shrubs. in the context of    dwarf-shrubs. in the context of forest productivity, the observed changes in plant community c  uctivity, the observed changes in plant community composition suggests that forest fertilizatio   fertilizer derived enhancement of tree growth. the planned project will quantify long-lasting   tion effects on forest biodiversity and productivity, and identify responsible mechanisms. know  management strategy to ensure that both production and nature conservation goals are accomplish  tegy to ensure that both production and nature conservation goals are accomplished.
14504	4	re effects on the aquatic biota and its recovery process. very little is known on these effects  ditions and to recognize when the total recovery have been reached. also, we have data from sim  ilar order and have similar geology and vegetation conditions. we pretend to analyse and follow  end to analyse and follow the post-fire evolution of general physicochemical parameters .
14972	6	ther hand, if a this problem we add the global change, the effects on the biodiversity will be   agmentation on the biodiversity along a stress gradient, using lichens communities. the specifi  on epiphytic lichen communities along a stress gradient. 2. to evaluate the edge effect on epip  ons of three threatened species along a stress gradient. 4. to evaluate the genetic structure o  pulations of lobaria pulmonaria along a stress gradient. 5. to evaluate the phenotipic plastici  lasticity of lobaria pulmonaria along a stress gradient.
13459	5	ong terms effects of enhanced inorganic nitrogen . long-term effects will be evaluated by study  inorganic n from logging affect pelagic productivity and plankton structure, and the energy tra  ctivity and plankton structure, and the energy transfer efficiency from basal trophic levels up  kton structure, and the energy transfer efficiency from basal trophic levels up to zooplankton.  o zooplankton. the capacity of the lake ecosystems to retain excess inorganic n will also be ev
13873	7	. there is a strong correlation between abundance of epiphytic lichens and abundance of inverte  ween abundance of epiphytic lichens and abundance of invertebrates in boreal forests. however,   my hypothesis is that high invertebrate abundance mediated by high lichen biomass is critical t   during winter, when food is scarce and energy needs high. this will be tested by comparing bir  patch should be abandoned when its food density equals the average food abundance in the habita  ts food density equals the average food abundance in the habitat. the experiment will be comple  quals the average food abundance in the habitat. the experiment will be complemented with focal
11691	5	.e. fe changes as the mineral particles growth and then transform during oxidation. by applicat  element and contaminant mobility in the environment the first 4 objectives will consist of exte  analogous to those found in the natural environment. to answer question 5, the data from the ex   incorporated into geochemical computer modelling packages which will allow us to predict how g  or example, it will allow us to perform modelling under the conditions that green rust will for
9942	5	.e. fe changes as the mineral particles growth and then transform during oxidation. by applicat  element and contaminant mobility in the environment the first 4 objectives will consist of exte  analogous to those found in the natural environment. to answer question 5, the data from the ex   incorporated into geochemical computer modelling packages which will allow us to predict how g  or example, it will allow us to perform modelling under the conditions that green rust will for
10399	2	source of high cultural, scientific and nature conservation importance throughout europe. in a   cent fossil data will be collected from sediment samples taken from the loose sediments at the
11632	4	mal vent fluid. vent fluid is very hot, oxygen poor, acidic and full of metals at vent sites wi  ed in the laboratory to investigate the nature of the mineralization that has occurred on the b  l. the new data will allow us to make a model explaining how modern vent fauna become fossilize  f evolutionary patterns in this extreme habitat. it will also enable us to find more ancient ve
6921	2	gricultural products. as cost effective development, we plan to establish a central laboratory   tes avoiding wasteful parallel capacity development. in case of being approved, inland r&d acti
7710	5	by managing the original inoculum as a function of the implantation site. trufficoles the ecos   the implantation site. trufficoles the ecosystems have a role in the landscape and the mainten  y, biodiversity and sustainability link production / landscape perfecting currently empirical m  methods. we also wish to establish soil production potential indicators, especially after inocu   to establish soil production potential indicators, especially after inoculation, or the geneti
14324	1	requires: brgm: specialized in economic evaluation of water resources management.
7006	16	freshwater environments and patterns of community structure have only recently emerged. fractal   response of organisms to environmental heterogeneity that may be independent of differences in   differences in species composition and body size distribution. few studies have considered spa  es in species composition and body size distribution. few studies have considered spatial scale  stribution. few studies have considered spatial scale-dependent aspects of distribution pattern  ered spatial scale-dependent aspects of distribution pattern of different-sized organisms, part  ganisms, particularly in lotic systems. body size influences an organisms energetic requirement  exploitation, and its susceptibility to predation. the existence of a general relation, between   a general relation, between population density and body size in benthic animal assemblages may  elation, between population density and body size in benthic animal assemblages may be attribut  ed to non-metabolic constraints such as habitat complexity. we aim to examine the implications    the implications of substratum surface heterogeneity and its fractal characteristics for the b  actal characteristics for the body-size distribution of benthic communities. in eight geographi   shall explore if scaling of population density to body size converges across communities. furt  ore if scaling of population density to body size converges across communities. furthermore, we  lation between body-size and population density in benthic animal assemblages may be influenced
15404	10	habitat loss and fragmentation are thought to be major   of fragmentation theory, the extinction threshold hypothesis, states that fragmentaion agravate  t fragmentaion agravates the effects of habitat loss, making more habitat necessary to avoid ex  he effects of habitat loss, making more habitat necessary to avoid extinctions. however, adequa  e at broad geographical scales i.e. the scale most critical to inform biodiversity conservation  here we present a spanish- and european-scale research proposal that combines atlas species dis  ch proposal that combines atlas species distribution data, the satellite imagery-generated cori   the satellite imagery-generated corine land cover database, and statistical modelling with log  ne land cover database, and statistical modelling with logistic regression techniques in order    order to: evaluate methods to optimize modelling of spatially distributed data that are likely
15383	3	of protozoa in the survival, virulence, resistance and resuscitation of legionella pneumophila   citation of legionella pneumophila is a model that can be applied to other pathogens such as ca  ribute to a better understanding of the ecosystem in which these organisms live and how they ev
10682	1	o provide a framework to understand the nature and maintenance of aggressive mimicry.
10009	2	the hydrology, soils and ecology of moorland are vulnerable  ogy of moorland are vulnerable to local environmental change, and in many areas uninformed mana
12038	8	o the most intensively human influenced ecosystems on earth, and there is no doubt that the rec  ne of the best known taxa, namely fish, habitat loss, flow modification, industrial pollution,   est diversity threats worldwide. global climate change may further regionally amplify habitat l  e change may further regionally amplify habitat loss through chronic reduction in water availab   fish fauna at the river drainage basin scale and endemism are not fully congruent and result f  ng driver of the global biogeography of body size in freshwater fishes. we further built and us  ver drainage area resulting from global climate change. we predict that only few, and narrowly   m drainage area loss by 2090. moreover, habitat loss in these drainage basins will hasten natur
14603	7	tween dissolved and particulate organic carbon has ecological sense because poc goes down by gr  n associated with phytoplankton biomass growth, neglecting microparticles formation by self agg   loop lead to a c loss due to bacterial respiration. however, abiotic doc-poc conversion does n  ot involve a c loss suggesting a higher efficiency of this last pathway. to evaluate the relati   consideration that most inland aquatic ecosystems have doc concentrations up to 30 times highe  tions up to 30 times higher than marine ecosystems and colloids aggregation is density-dependen   ecosystems and colloids aggregation is density-dependent, the application of polymer gel theor
11502	10	dely accepted that human-induced global environmental change has important implications for bio  cations for biodiversity and associated ecosystems, our understanding of the ecological mechani  poor. within populations, the impact of environmental change depends on how individual fitness   n determines vital rates and population growth. a key aspect of this process is the way individ  s is the way individuals are exposed to environmental change in space and time, and the implica  d island petrel. this is an interesting model system because the population breeding on round i  rop in sea surface temperatures affects distribution patterns, exposure to environmental change  ects distribution patterns, exposure to environmental change, and its consequences at the indiv  on individual genotypes, phenotypes and distribution patterns. our proposed work is novel becau  l s genome might affect its exposure to environmental change and its consequences, and in this
1972	1	c processes that are fundamental to the evolution of plant chemical diversity.
2539	12	this research will study life history evolution of african butterflies in the ge    this research will study life history evolution of african butterflies in the genus lepidochr  like cuckoos for the remainder of their development. the some 120 species of lepidochrysops are   expand our sampling to analyze feeding behavior throughout the genus. we will investigate the   hout the genus. we will investigate the evolution of phyto-predation in a phylogenetic framewor  will investigate the evolution of phyto-predation in a phylogenetic framework by inferring the    applying comparative methods to assess life history evolution and diversification patterns in   parative methods to assess life history evolution and diversification patterns in the group. in  making collections, we will also assess distribution patterns of different taxa, and use this i  xamine the effects of anthropogenic and climate change. the life histories of african lepidochr  amongst the first to be threatened when habitat is destroyed as a result of human interference;  his difference is likely to shape their population dynamics. our results will therefore be of g
10773	4	ext of the research: measurement of the distribution and abundance of marine mammals has been i  ch: measurement of the distribution and abundance of marine mammals has been identified as one   d the major project deliverable to this community will be software for use in dynamic ongoing a  can be achieved. within the oceans 2025 community, this work is also likely to be of interest t
11115	2	in the pursuit of sustainable development and protection of marine ecosystems. it is   le development and protection of marine ecosystems. it is recognised that greater communication
14745	2	mbc in these species reliably reflects migration ability, body condition, reproductive effort,  dition, reproductive effort, and immune function. using a combination of physiological and phen
9872	3	ome internationally renowned due to the richness of the organic artefacts and ecofacts deposite  sation. wood of this period and in this abundance is unique to this site in the uk, and so far    key debates in later prehistory on the function of similar platforms and trackways and the use
13389	1	project will focus on conservation and evaluation of various wild, local and developed fruit v
14661	6	one of the most commonly studied fruit traits within the context of endozoochory systems. amon  unt its variability or the shape of its distribution at intra- and inter-individual scales. fur  ssures that could be driving fruit size evolution in a fleshy-fruit producing plant species, cr  tive success of the plant, by analyzing seed predation, germination and early survival and grow  ion, germination and early survival and growth as a function of fruit size.   tion and early survival and growth as a function of fruit size.
2195	21	rns and threats • to describe the large distribution patterns and abundance of fucoid species i  ibe the large distribution patterns and abundance of fucoid species in swedish waters. this inf  his information will be used to develop gis models of relationships between environmental facto  ips between environmental factors, e.g. salinity, secchi depth, effective fetch and distributio  nity, secchi depth, effective fetch and distribution of fucoids • to identify threats to the sh  generating patterns observed in fucoids distribution and abundance • to test the gis model and   ns observed in fucoids distribution and abundance • to test the gis model and the correlations   istribution and abundance • to test the gis model and the correlations observed between disturb  ibution and abundance • to test the gis model and the correlations observed between disturbance  es • to compile and describe the large- scale distribution and species diversity patterns of fl  o compile and describe the large- scale distribution and species diversity patterns of flora an  sh waters. data will be used to develop gis models of relationships between environmental facto  ips between environmental factors, e.g. salinity, secchi depth, effective fetch and distributio  nity, secchi depth, effective fetch and distribution patterns of associated organisms. • to ide  nic disturbance regimes and species and functional diversity of associated flora and fauna. pro  l main processes generating species and functional diversity of associated flora and fauna in t  e key species fucus and the species and functional diversity of associated organisms. • to prod  sed in planning and management of these ecosystems. genetic structure • analyze the genetic str   habitats and with different phenotypic traits. • use existing and new data for ascophyllum nod  nodosum and f. serratus to evaluate the intraspecific variation. • define evolutionary signific  nagement tools. • to compile literature review and new research results and information within
11592	10	asuring and monitoring the structure of vegetation and seasonal changes in vegetation propertie  e of vegetation and seasonal changes in vegetation properties is important in better understand  erstanding key processes such as forest growth and the carbon cycle. traditional direct measure  processes such as forest growth and the carbon cycle. traditional direct measurements of import  and of more detailed information on the nature of objects, such as the proportion of the beam a  s been tested in laboratory trials, and modelling techniques have been used to understand the r  he instrument for monitoring changes in vegetation characteristics over time, which would aid b  er interpretation of data obtained from carbon flux measurement towers. knowledge gained from t  ement towers. knowledge gained from the development and testing of salca can contribute to futu  sting of salca can contribute to future development and application of multiple wavelength and
14685	6	till large gaps in our knowledge of the evolution of sexually selected signals. we know very li  cological and social factors behind the evolution of condition-dependent traits in birds, as we  nd the evolution of condition-dependent traits in birds, as well as their physiological underly  al and social factors have promoted the evolution of the aforementioned behaviours in the spotl  he steroid reproductive hormones in the development and expression of these signalling behaviou   have shaped them; 4 to examine whether traits involved in sexual communication in the spotless
13753	2	to dissecting mosquito vector olfactory function should yield results that will enhance our und  putative disruptors of the host seeking behavior of female mosquitoes. the effectiveness of the
10263	9	and even humans are influenced by large-scale cycles of sea ice formation. thus, sea ice is rec  ch is key for our predictions of future climate conditions as has become increasingly apparent    in the last decade due to rapid global warming. the possible implications of a gradual loss of  ponsible for 25% of primary fixation of carbon dioxide, which is as much as all tropical rain f   are virtually the sole source of fixed carbon for higher trophical levels in ice-covered water  by a reduction of sea ice due to global warming. despite the significance of polar sea ice alga  ology. this is why the us department of energy . we will then sequence the transcriptome with h  t also the predicted outcomes of global warming in polar oceans because ice free waters will mo   of f. kerguelensis and large and small scale genome analysis will reveal the differences.
7641	3	echlor the project aims to implement an ecosystem approach through metagenomics and métaprotéom  thods little or no disturbance of local ecosystems is a challenge today. an integrated approach  ssary. after a necessary and inevitable development in laboratory microcosms these approaches c
14879	2	such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with socio-economic activ  ithin a context of sustainable regional development. in essence, this consists in defining the
14880	2	such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with socio-economic activ  ithin a context of sustainable regional development. in essence, this consists in defining the
14881	2	such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with socio-economic activ  ithin a context of sustainable regional development. in essence, this consists in defining the
14882	2	such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with socio-economic activ  ithin a context of sustainable regional development. in essence, this consists in defining the
13836	3	but also of greatest importance for the development of sound strategies for the maintenance of   e significance of variation in trichome production, a character known to reduce damage from ins  iation can be related to differences in climate and biotic interactions. our study system is ar
10557	3	the origin and colonization of the land by photosynthetic terrestrial   en species. our proposal is an exciting development following earlier analyses of the structure  l knowledge and understanding on the co-evolution of one of the most ancient symbioses on earth
11577	1	ory of the different ways in which this climate-changing process occurs in different bacteria.
1945	9	are major problems for sustainable food production. global economic developments have resulted    dutch biodiversity programme projects, model studies on natural plant-enemy interactions and f  tural plant-enemy interactions and farm-scale stake-holder experiments. the interdisciplinary p  the interdisciplinary proposal combines modelling, empirical meta-analysis, and a socio-economi   proposal combines modelling, empirical meta-analysis, and a socio-economic assessment. postdoc  t. postdoc 1 performs an empirical meta-evaluation using soils from biodiversity trials to inve  gate how plant species diversity, plant functional diversity, and soil amendments, influence so  evelops an above-belowground food-chain model based on recent studies and integrates the result  udies and integrates the results of the meta-analysis of postdoc 1 in relation to crop protecti
10377	4	and contribute significantly to global productivity. they occupy environmental niches that typ  own homologue in the database and whose function remains cryptic. we hypothesise this polypepti  his polypeptide plays a novel role in p metabolism or acquisition at low nutrient concentration  ons. the proposal aims to establish the function of this protein by construction of an interpos
14197	2	that several bridge mutants affect cell growth and translational accuracy. bridge b2a was found  hese questions will help us to create a model describing the roles of individual bridges during
15474	14	e to predict the responses of plants to global change. one of the developed approaches suggests  ecological processes through the use of plant functional types. however, effective functional t  oody plants. we suggest to improve this classification system using integrator traits as those    classification system using integrator traits as those related to xylem which have been little  nctional ecology. the analysis of xylem traits will allow improving the functional classificati  its will allow improving the functional classification of woody plants to select those function  with the highest adaptive value against climate change. such approach must be complemented with  here proposed to simulate the effect of climate warming on the development of the xylem to anal  posed to simulate the effect of climate warming on the development of the xylem to analyze how   te the effect of climate warming on the development of the xylem to analyze how the temperature  lopment of the xylem to analyze how the temperature rise affects xylogenesis, phenology, the pa  e temperature rise affects xylogenesis, phenology, the pattern of secondary growth and the use   is, phenology, the pattern of secondary growth and the use of non-structural carbohydrates in s  predictions derived from the functional classification obtained through the fulfillment of the
2009	14	tion occurs when species have different life history traits, and exploit limiting resources in   hen species have different life history traits, and exploit limiting resources in different way   for a large number of functional plant traits related to shade and drought tolerance. the asso  ce. the association of co-evolved plant traits will be shown using a trait-correlation network.  nd enable to predict plant responses to environmental change. based on these networks, species   tworks, species will be classified into functional groups, that respond in a similar way to the  s, that respond in a similar way to the environment. the functional grouping of trees is very i  al forest conservation, management, and climate change mitigation efforts. the classification o  rvation, management, and climate change mitigation efforts. the classification of the wealth of   climate change mitigation efforts. the classification of the wealth of tree species into a lim  f tree species into a limited number of functional groups allows to model forest communities, a  d number of functional groups allows to model forest communities, and predict species responses  ies coexistence, niche differentiation, functional groups, life history trade offs, trait corre  che differentiation, functional groups, life history trade offs, trait correlation network
11329	15	nderstand how diversity arises in plant function. this has important implications for interpret  diversity and predicting the impacts of climate change. in this application, we propose to inve  actors responsible for the diversity of growth traits among the world s grass species, addressi  responsible for the diversity of growth traits among the world s grass species, addressing the   ates, and allocate different amounts of growth to roots vs leaves. we are particularly interest  way is classically thought to boost the growth of plants under hot conditions, in comparison wi  y is a major axis of variation in plant function that has been invoked to explain significant c  voked to explain significant changes in ecosystem structure in response to past episodes of cli  ructure in response to past episodes of climate change, the turnover of grass species compositi  nstrating that ecological adaptation to temperature and drought, and evolutionary history may e  ally important role in explaining large-scale biogeographical and ecological patterns. in combi  otosynthesis interacts with other plant traits, ecology and evolutionary history to influence p  evolutionary history to influence plant growth. we will address these major issues by taking a   e screening approach to investigate the growth traits of ~400 species under a range of environm  ning approach to investigate the growth traits of ~400 species under a range of environmental c
14136	14	limited knowledge of functional traits of symbiotic fungal communities is ha  mpering the advance in understanding of ecosystem functioning in terrestrial habitats where the  ntial. this proposal aims to assess the functional diversity of naturally coexisting arbuscular  ess the relationship between horizontal growth of plants and functional groups of am fungi. 3.a  between horizontal growth of plants and functional groups of am fungi. 3.assess biomass product  al groups of am fungi. 3.assess biomass production of plants as a function of colonisation of d  ssess biomass production of plants as a function of colonisation of different functional groups  a function of colonisation of different functional groups of am fungi. there is limited data on  ture of am fungal communities and their functional groups. the project intends to provide to fi  ulturing of am fungi, real-time pcr and plfa based quantification of am fungi, pyrosequencing f  ioning of fungal communities as well as ecosystems; the present and newly obtained fungal cultu  ungal cultures may find use in inoculum development for agriculture, ornamental plant productio  pment for agriculture, ornamental plant production, landscaping and ecosystem restoration.   ental plant production, landscaping and ecosystem restoration.
13939	7	vailable nutrient resources and species distribution at a spatial scale relevant to soil hetero  resources and species distribution at a spatial scale relevant to soil heterogeneity and myceli  ion at a spatial scale relevant to soil heterogeneity and mycelial size. experimental studies o  onses to relevant inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus substrates. comparing the reali  vant inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus substrates. comparing the realized niche of   c resource utilization determines their distribution in the field. this will shed light upon th  ificance of fungal biodiversity for the ecosystem function of boreal forest.
7020	15	ecosystems are threatened and transformed at unpreceden  versity loss for the services and goods ecosystems provide to humans, such as food production,   systems provide to humans, such as food production, the maintenance of water quality and soil f  ce of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the effects of greenh  and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions a  cts of greenhouse gas emissions and the resistance to climate and other environmental changes.   use gas emissions and the resistance to climate and other environmental changes. understanding    interact to determine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across scales is therefore a majo   significance of microbial diversity on ecosystem functioning by explicit coupling of microbial  licit coupling of microbial ecology and community structure to biogeochemistry. despite conside  ional role of microbial biodiversity in ecosystems. micdif entails intensive theoretical work i  geochemistry, and advanced mathematical modelling. rather than studying terrestrial and aquatic  r than studying terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in isolation, we also focus on the functiona  he functional interactions across these ecosystems. this cross-system approach requires profoun  ernationally competitive biodiversity - ecosystem function research in austria.
15251	8	global climate change is perhaps the most pervasive threat for  e conservation of current biodiversity. climate models make now available temperature projectio  sity. climate models make now available temperature projections for the next decades with relat  poral scales. to evaluate the impact of warming on organisms it is necessary, moreover, to know  e the optima and the thermal limits for growth, reproduction and survival, and whether species   ts through evolutionary change in these traits. the aim of this proposal is the enhancement of   amphibians undergo variation in thermal stress along gradients of latitude and altitude, popula  ures and tolerance limits, and in their stress-induced expression of molecular chaperons
169	3	functional traits of plants determine their reaction to   determine their reaction to changes in environment. the most important changes in species-rich  ilar way to disturbance and the role of functional traits in species coexistence.
13738	4	processes. the fauna is classified into functional groups in relation to where they feed, their   and their feeding habit; altogether 25 functional groups. we hypothesise that biogeochemical p  re positively correlated with number of functional groups . in this experimental study we will   ents, and that this is related to fewer functional groups in the baltic sea.
418	1	e relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has emerged as a major scientific
7135	4	ture is to maintain the biodiversity in ecosystems anthropized. the research program aims to im   to improve knowledge of grassland agro-ecosystems. the innovative approach of this project is   ased on their biology and their rate of carbon and nitrogen compounds will be related to those   ir biology and their rate of carbon and nitrogen compounds will be related to those performed o
14943	2	of grazing vs. physical determinats of community gradients is analyzed in pastures dominated b   are carried out under the framework of functional traits with the aim to generate results of b
14573	4	ncludes: the build up of a data base on functional traits of plant species; the selection of gr  etically independent; identification of traits that provide invasiveness; quantification of the  enetic inertia; statistical analysis of functional traits predominant in altered plant communit  d estimations of allometry and relative growth rate; calculation of phenotypic plasticity accou
10077	1	dissolved organic matter establish and apply a set of assays, in
1953	4	exual selection, is instrumental in the evolution of conspicuous secondary sexual traits in the  olution of conspicuous secondary sexual traits in the non-limiting sex of many animal species.   species. it potentially also causes the evolution of reproductive isolation between diverging p  architecture of preference and selected traits meets certain requirements, and if a new mutant
12034	12	ectomycorrhizas contribute to forest stability european forests are presently suffering from  es but also the quality and quantity of ecosystem services. these forests are dominated by soci  ciation with fungi: the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. the ectomycorrhizal complex plays a major ro  le in biogeochemical cycles and primary production. however, its complexity and the lack of app  es and primary production. however, its complexity and the lack of appropriate investigation me  perimental approach chosen was based on ecosystem manipulation and response modelling: relevant   on ecosystem manipulation and response modelling: relevant variables concerning the functional  ural controlled factors.. thanks to the development, within the frame of the project, of new sp   is now possible to explore in situ the functional diversity of ectomycorrhizal communities. th  ustness of these communities and of the complementarity of their specific components. forestry   ch as the increased ability to mobilize phosphorus from soil organic matter under drought condi  sed ability to mobilize phosphorus from soil organic matter under drought conditions. il also a
11079	18	ly, forests contain a vast reservoir of carbon, approximately 30% of that in the biosphere, muc  nt is broken down to co2 and water, and nutrients are released. understanding what controls thi  is balance is crucial for understanding carbon cycling, and for predicting carbon cycle respons  ding carbon cycling, and for predicting carbon cycle responses to global climate changes. recyc  icting carbon cycle responses to global climate changes. recycling of woody resources is almost  cetes. thus, these fungi are central to carbon and nutrient cycling, and yet we still have rela  eract with each other and how different community composition affects decay. key objectives of   te these dynamics into global models of carbon cycling. the majority of decay takes place in fa  eliminary evidence suggests that fungal community composition, when species become established,  ect on the rates of wood decay and thus carbon cycling. we have a general understanding of fact  ed logs do not reflect the situation in nature as they are not already well colonized. in this    we will for the first time investigate community development when naturally colonized wood fal  or the first time investigate community development when naturally colonized wood falls to the   y wood decay rate, by measuring loss of density of slices in the field experiment. thus, we wil  ic primary colonisers, by measuring co2 evolution and weight loss. thirdly, we will study how a  related to decay rate, by following co2 evolution during the interaction. finally we want to kn  ies affect decay rate, provide data for carbon cycling models, and possibly form the basis for   tions of fungal communities to optimise carbon cycling.
10832	6	herbivores and pathogenic fungi, by the production of chemicals, active against the attacker. h  s against attack through their chemical production alternatively, if they cause no symptoms of   arch to answer these questions, using a model system of creeping thistle can affect the numbers  t resources then they might compete for carbon in the plant, thereby reducing the growth of the  rbon in the plant, thereby reducing the growth of the symbiotic fungi. finally, when we have di  hat effects fungal infection has on the growth and survival of a sucking, chewing and a galling
7293	2	most plants in natural ecosystems are colonized by invisible microscopic fungi  es that interact with plant - endophyte symbiosis
10187	1	gi, endophytic fungi, that show limited development in the leaves and cause no visible symptoms
12466	1	t of marine protected areas nationally; development of marine management organisation inshore f
12337	1	objective: to take work forward on the development of pressure data-layers, for use in the pla
12684	1	•annual updates and climate change on butterfly populations
10253	8	in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio  . the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod  tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th  nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of   ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien  ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist  e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a  sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.
10254	8	in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio  . the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod  tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th  nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of   ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien  ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist  e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a  sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.
10754	8	in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio  . the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod  tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th  nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of   ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien  ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist  e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a  sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.
11529	8	in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio  . the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod  tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th  nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of   ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien  ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist  e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a  sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.
11533	8	in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio  . the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod  tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th  nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of   ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien  ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist  e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a  sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.
9994	8	in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio  . the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod  tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th  nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of   ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien  ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist  e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a  sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.
10089	1	future. the project will involve large-scale manipulative field experiments and microsatellite
14628	2	e composition, structure, phylogeny and evolution of one of the most complex, structured and di  mine the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the chalcidoid families ormyridae and tory
10651	5	who must fly away into an unpredictable environment, they give them variable reproductive poten  ay, a correlation between phenotype and environment is created that satisfies the assumption of   bet hedging as an adaptive response to heterogeneity. a better understanding of bet hedging in   in a changing, and extremely variable, environment. this may guide tactics for pest control in   tactics for pest control in a changing climate, and may even suggest optimal tactics for human
15248	2	impact of anthropogenic sound on marine environment and marine animal species conservation . 4.   order to identify likely decompressive stress biomarkers associated with or without tissular m
10101	1	n other systems, where the overwhelming complexity of mhc diversity and host-parasite interacti
14700	3	al or sexual selection on secondary sex traits. much research has shown that males and females   nt microhabitats, with consequences for growth, survival and population structure. we also aim   play a major role in regulating species distribution in coastal dune systems which are in same
9809	2	to elucidate generalised mechanisms of evolution in toxin families and to show how allelic var  regulation adapt the organisms to their environment.
15185	2	gene flow rate estimates among several model tree populations. these estimates will be perform  tree species, central components of our ecosystems.
15193	1	the distribution of genetic variation within species is a d
10506	9	are fundamental to an understanding of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research   al to an understanding of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research will examine t  oceanographic processes, bathymetry and life history variation on dispersal and gene flow in tw  two antarctic fishes that differ in the distribution of eggs and larvae and longevity. ocean ge  odels such as the ocean circulation and climate advanced model will be used to analyse populati   ocean circulation and climate advanced model will be used to analyse population structure at b  with predictions from the oceanographic model. additionally, mtdna analysis will be used to exa  c regime on dispersive phases and adult migration, thereby providing novel insights into the na  ereby providing novel insights into the nature of biological and environmental constraints on d
9922	9	are fundamental to an understanding of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research   al to an understanding of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research will examine t  oceanographic processes, bathymetry and life history variation on dispersal and gene flow in tw  two antarctic fishes that differ in the distribution of eggs and larvae and longevity. ocean ge  odels such as the ocean circulation and climate advanced model will be used to analyse populati   ocean circulation and climate advanced model will be used to analyse population structure at b  with predictions from the oceanographic model. additionally, mtdna analysis will be used to exa  c regime on dispersive phases and adult migration, thereby providing novel insights into the na  ereby providing novel insights into the nature of biological and environmental constraints on d
7437	3	project aims to assess the magnitude of habitat fragmentation at two plant species restricted t  ndscape structure and resilience of the habitat to the dispersion of pollinators. assistance re  rs. assistance requested focuses on the recruitment of a lab technician for a year on travel ex
11240	8	l form an important part of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on plankton and as a foo  art of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on plankton and as a food source for a variet  during the day to avoid visually guided predators. krill also synchronise their spawning and mo  on. it has recently been shown that the abundance of krill has dramatically decreased in the an  the extent of the sea ice due to global warming. in view of the importance of the species and t  and the apparent threat from changes in climate, it is necessary that we fully understand krill  limatic changes. in particular, regular recruitment to the stock is necessary to maintain popul  e will make available to the scientific community. it is likely that other pelagic crustaceans
11497	8	l form an important part of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on plankton and as a foo  art of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on plankton and as a food source for a variet  during the day to avoid visually guided predators. krill also synchronise their spawning and mo  on. it has recently been shown that the abundance of krill has dramatically decreased in the an  the extent of the sea ice due to global warming. in view of the importance of the species and t  and the apparent threat from changes in climate, it is necessary that we fully understand krill  limatic changes. in particular, regular recruitment to the stock is necessary to maintain popul  e will make available to the scientific community. it is likely that other pelagic crustaceans
6803	2	iments, first we will carry out a large scale mutagenesis with the gene trapping transposon and  zygous viable mutations and the loss-of-function phenotype of the germline specific genes and s
2193	2	accurate sampling design and statistic evaluation • compare results over the five chosen ecosy   • compare results over the five chosen ecosystems and over geographic areas and relate to resu
2011	9	riation is the raw material of adaptive evolution, and understanding its generation is a crucia  rthermore, since genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity are a universal characteristic of living   section of the genetic basis of complex traits. the study of wing patterns in bicyclus anynana   lying phenotypic variation and adaptive evolution. wing patterns are visually compelling produc   which of the genes contribute to trait evolution. we also know little about how the genetic an  velopmental basis of variation in these traits influences their evolutionary change. bicyclus b  ific studies for ecologically important traits. this project will integrate the study of the ge   using modern genomic resources in gene mapping and expression-profiling, with a more classical  this will address fundamental issues in evolution, as the origins of novelties and the patterns
9830	1	o cold tolerance. we propose to use the model vertebrate, the zebrafish, danio rerio, that offe
7393	1	agement units and to propose actions of distribution patterns among stakeholders involved
7167	2	istic which promote the rapid and large-scale dissemination of the parasites or viruses such co  initially treated. secondly, these high migration rates make difficult the emergence of local a
15305	8	s invasive species spread through a new environment they encounter novel selection pressures an   monitor the rate and predictability of evolution in the wild. historical records of clinal pat  evidence of selection. rapid convergent evolution in the signs of the correlation between gene   sting a directional response to current climate change. yet, the generality of seasonal changes   been employed to monitor the impact of climate change on the genetic constitution of populatio  onstantly recurring seasonal changes in climate-related traits superimposed on long-term trends  ing seasonal changes in climate-related traits superimposed on long-term trends, as already det  es can therefore reflect differences in seasonality across geographic locations and/or in time.
14126	2	t, was of fundamental importance to the development of human society and culture. following the  ology of different animals, such as the body size or robustness as well as horn characteristics
14652	3	an any other group, as a consequence of habitat destruction, water pollution, climatic change,   at the mncn and other institutions; the development of a bioacoustic tool to establish differen  tter understanding of the diversity and evolution of andean amphibians, which will be instrumen
14541	1	h the aim of determinate levels and the distribution of inter- and intra- population genetic va
15238	13	partial migration is the situation where part of a population l  ucial state for understanding the rapid evolution of migration or residency. this is particular  or understanding the rapid evolution of migration or residency. this is particularly important   otomy migrant-nonmigrant is caused by a threshold. this migration threshold is presumably not f  nmigrant is caused by a threshold. this migration threshold is presumably not fixed but influen  s caused by a threshold. this migration threshold is presumably not fixed but influenced both b  t assumptions and predictions from this model have, however, not been tested yet. here, we prop  t aims at testing the generality of the threshold model and at measuring the effects of environ  testing the generality of the threshold model and at measuring the effects of environmental and  esults of these different approaches to model how migratory behaviour changes in a population i   a population in response to changes in climate with the aim of predicting whether migratory bi  xciting new insights on the control and evolution of avian migration.   s on the control and evolution of avian migration.
15025	1	uence becomes more evident. the current climate change proceeds inexorably and its negative inf
11616	1	ant mechanisms of speciation in plants. evolution is generally considered to be a slow process,
7547	3	logical and biogeochemical processes of ecosystems. the recent emergence of molecular biology m  ld bacteria, and their links with their environment. this project raises the question of whethe  iversity and biogeochemical role in the ecosystem
11015	5	e diversity of life on this planet, the evolution and maintenance of cooperative behaviour rema  will first be important to identify the nature of the genes and pathways that regulate cooperat  y that it simply is not be possible for evolution to mould them achieve the optimal or favoured  y their fair share of the cost of stalk production. to achieve this goal, we will employ a nove   determine the number of different ways evolution has allowed social strategies to be modified.
9991	5	e diversity of life on this planet, the evolution and maintenance of cooperative behaviour rema  will first be important to identify the nature of the genes and pathways that regulate cooperat  y that it simply is not be possible for evolution to mould them achieve the optimal or favoured  y their fair share of the cost of stalk production. to achieve this goal, we will employ a nove   determine the number of different ways evolution has allowed social strategies to be modified.
14543	1	nding the processes of adaptation using traits with a simple genetic basis. however, less is kn
2549	1	ure, the underlying basis of phenotypic traits, and its relationship to evolutionary change, is
6724	1	l of retinoids are also involved in the development or these diseases. the aim is to find a gen
10704	9	ntal, and the signalling value of these traits. in contrast, there has been a neglect of in dep  der appreciation of the variability and complexity of female preference behaviour. we have alre  or effects or alternatively a more even distribution of effect sizes of genes across the genome  studies measuring the responses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this.   sponses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that t   this. rather we believe that the harsh environment will amplify genetic differences between fe  emale eyespan and female fertility, two traits that strongly reflect resources available during  urces available during larval and adult development respectively. we will test whether qtl for   me genes for condition underlie several traits such as preference, eyespan and fecundity.
11414	9	ntal, and the signalling value of these traits. in contrast, there has been a neglect of in dep  der appreciation of the variability and complexity of female preference behaviour. we have alre  or effects or alternatively a more even distribution of effect sizes of genes across the genome  studies measuring the responses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this.   sponses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that t   this. rather we believe that the harsh environment will amplify genetic differences between fe  emale eyespan and female fertility, two traits that strongly reflect resources available during  urces available during larval and adult development respectively. we will test whether qtl for   me genes for condition underlie several traits such as preference, eyespan and fecundity.
10923	13	the evolution of land plants in the palaeozoic led to drama  lants in the palaeozoic led to dramatic environmental change. one of the direct results of the   hange. one of the direct results of the development of the land flora was an increase in contin  e activities gave rise to soils and the development of the complex terrestrial ecosystem. both    development of the complex terrestrial ecosystem. both rhizoids and root hairs are required fo  ed for the anchorage of plants to their growth substrate and for the uptake of water and inorga  lants. here we propose to determine the function of these putative moss regulatory genes. we pr  t the same regulatory genes control the development of rhizoids and root hairs and that this fu  f rhizoids and root hairs and that this function has been conserved over the past 400 million y  . if these genes do not control rhizoid development in moss it suggests that the root hair deve   in moss it suggests that the root hair development pathway recruited genes with a different fu  athway recruited genes with a different function in the ancestral plant. if the latter is true   our analysis will define this ancestral function.
10131	6	at the centre of the evolution of life is the origin of new species. the bal  allow rapid sequencing of dna and large-scale determination of genotypes, as well as new insigh  e exposure and the other to resist crab predation. these forms still exchange genes over most o  kers and between markers and phenotypic traits. our data will significantly advance understandi   will be applicable to other speciation model systems and will be valuable in identifying genes   biology or the management of pesticide resistance.
11417	6	at the centre of the evolution of life is the origin of new species. the bal  allow rapid sequencing of dna and large-scale determination of genotypes, as well as new insigh  e exposure and the other to resist crab predation. these forms still exchange genes over most o  kers and between markers and phenotypic traits. our data will significantly advance understandi   will be applicable to other speciation model systems and will be valuable in identifying genes   biology or the management of pesticide resistance.
10892	1	arker to be scored. to test whether the model is plausible, the experiments will use sexual fem
6828	2	agation we have to strive after genetic stability and obtain true-to-type plantlets. at the sam  ors are suspected to play a role in the development of genetic changes, the somaclonal variatio
14438	5	the contemporary approaches for development of a strategy for long-term gene conservati   important genotypes for nut and timber production. nevertheless the importance and multiple us  r understanding the impact of genotype, environment and genotype x environmental interaction on  urces in bulgaria and to assess current distribution range, genetic diversity and health status  ific characters and quality of chestnut production. • to find out correlations between genetic
7523	2	ly the sustainability parameters in its development. the identification of specific genetic mar  resis - accompanied by the stock plants production layout should allow: ➢proposer in plantation
7525	1	tionary processes responsible for their distribution in french rivers.
10930	3	nt perfection. these include a changing environment, historical or developmental constraints, c   process relevant information about the environment. determining the relative importance of the  iour at all levels from the gene to the environment.
1097	1	peninsula, in close proximity with seed production areas for the cultivated varieties. gene flo
10961	3	lling feather pigmentation, patterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression.   er pigmentation, patterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression. we will: us  le of sexual selection in promoting the evolution of plumage genes.
9979	3	lling feather pigmentation, patterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression.   er pigmentation, patterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression. we will: us  le of sexual selection in promoting the evolution of plumage genes.
10374	4	selection is the prime factor governing recruitment would avoid this problem. hybrid zones in w  compete other genotypes within a narrow habitat range satisfy this requirement, and would permi  experiments leading to the detection of habitat-tolerance qtls, assuming that generation time o  ity of f1s over other hybrid classes is habitat-mediated.
11209	1	f drosophila melanogaster to changes in temperature and parasitoid attack will be studied using
15297	1	wledge about the genetic control of the development in ferns and in vascular plants in general.
10766	2	been argued that sexual selection / the evolution of female mate preferences and male behaviour  will be able to assess if a behavioural traits diverge more quickly than others b males move be
7520	2	development of neutral molecular markers of the onset m  e onset mechanisms and dissemination of resistance genes
14219	1	or studying molecular adaptation in non-model organisms like atlantic salmon. another major goa
14781	2	by non-native species is second only to habitat loss as a threat to global biodiversity. the br  isms that depend on them in hypersaline ecosystems. we aim to characterize the genetic diversit
7166	3	d surface. it is to be connected to the temperature reached by the sediment, allowing germinati  ected to the temperature reached by the sediment, allowing germination akinetes, cell resistanc  nt, allowing germination akinetes, cell resistance to adverse conditions
220	3	nsists of many aspects, like variety of ecosystems, species, populations within species and gen  genera with different breeding systems, distribution range and population size and compare the   riable reproductive modes and different distribution ranges. for this purpose we planned: ·to e
2126	2	genetic diversity drives evolution. processes which erode genetic variation, suc   find ancient, species-rich lineages in nature which have been inbreeding for millions of years
14914	1	escribed as well as the possible sexual migration asymmetries in central africa.
10198	1	between 5 and 80% to the total primary production in lakes. for such an important group of org
7589	1	y of genes pathogenicity will trace the evolution of different functional aspects of parasitism
6758	1	alps and asia. the aim of the study is evaluation of genetic diversity of the central european
7546	4	maintaining wood production in madagascar, the first energy source, requ  ood production in madagascar, the first energy source, requires the planting of eucalyptus. gol  e of national resources for a sustained production of wood for the malagasy population. it is t  recently introduced and sampling of old growth
14775	1	ant physical barrier to effective human migration. the relationships among linguistic differenc
7585	1	within each breed, the dog is a unique model to analyze genetic determinism. in this context,
11606	1	s. these repeated major oscillations in climate caused species to move their ranges, adapt or g
13765	4	distributions where obvious barriers to migration are lacking. the moose is the most intensely   ally through hunting, and human induced mortality shapes the demographic and genetic dynamics o  l provide results of importance for the development of guidelines for monitoring gene level bio  ement units for species with continuous distribution.
2111	2	ditional fish feed with ge feed and the development of new generation dna vaccines may fundamen  nes may fundamentally alter the present production systems of fish feed , wild fisheries and fi
15462	5	population survival, regarding both the evolution of fitness and that of its genetic diversity   lation differentiation for quantitative traits. our aim is to study these processes, focusing i  sing in the following objectives: - 1.- development of mathematical models providing reliable p  h the corresponding consequences on the evolution of the average fitness - 3.- determination of   metapopulation, regarding quantitative traits with complex gene action and genetic architectur
6904	1	enetic alterations, which influence the function of immune system, are associated with disease
14653	1	ut the population relationships, as the evolution of a species can only be understood as a whol
15183	1	freshwater colonization by invasive species has huge ecologic and
206	1	at interest to international scientific community because revealing molecular mechanisms of ada
15055	2	depression of fitness and its component traits in endangered populations, as well as the geneti  e components of the genetic variance of traits determining the evolutionary potential of popula
7402	1	overdominance. then we will evaluate a model where people passing cyclically by a small number
14870	3	s or the deterioration of their natural habitat. the present project will deal with different a  grants needed to reach those levels. 2. development of efficient techniques to use the maintena  nance of the original allelic , and the evolution of fitness.
14869	3	s or the deterioration of their natural habitat. the present project will deal with different a  grants needed to reach those levels. 2. development of efficient techniques to use the maintena  nance of the original allelic , and the evolution of fitness.
13973	1	is to understand the genetic basis and evolution of defense mechanisms in plant-virus interact
10948	6	ction requires information on trends in abundance over time. however, such data are often lacki  roject, we aim to develop a statistical model for reconstructing abundance trends using microsa   a statistical model for reconstructing abundance trends using microsatellite data, and apply t  ing microsatellite data, and apply this model to predict abundance trends over time in two enda  e data, and apply this model to predict abundance trends over time in two endangered bird speci  t population histories. the statistical model should have wide application for reconstructing p
13484	3	ect fitness characteristics and natural productivity. this project focuses on the commercially   lly based differentiation in phenotypic traits. evolutionary effects of fishing will be evaluat   will deliver information necessary for development of biologically sound management strategies
15223	1	traspecific variability in quantitative traits considered adaptatives .
1098	2	ibrium molecular markers and phenotypic traits in the samples of european germplasm will provid  vide indications of the potential of ld mapping in p.vulgaris. here, comparisons of the data ob
15418	1	aboratories where general hypotheses on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can b
15419	1	aboratories where general hypotheses on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can b
6806	1	l allow comparative studies on a larger scale that may help the diagnostic and research efforts
13525	3	anthropogenic activities such as large-scale fisheries affect the genetic profiles of socioeco  pool retention using cod and herring as model organisms. based on observed genotypic patterns a  bserved genotypic patterns and computer modelling we will assess the amount of temporal genetic
10838	5	the response of organisms to climate change may be limited by evolution at the range  sms to climate change may be limited by evolution at the range edge. studies on butterflies hav  erse further to cross areas of marginal habitat. the range of the butterfly aricia agestis has   ps associated with spread into marginal habitat. these data will identity genomic regions under  ion structure during rapid responses to climate change.
6743	1	reveal the relationship between genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic variation. scaling of char
14553	2	y of pyrenean desman along its pyrenean distribution on rivers of catalonia, aragon and navarre  tructure of the species in the pyrenean distribution to contribute to the biological knowledge
13847	3	how genes and the environment interact in determining phenotypic variatio  ll be studied in relation to the biotic environment and climate change.    relation to the biotic environment and climate change.
13520	2	aims of this project are to establish a classification of enchytraeids that is consistent with   nservation of swedish biodiversity, the production of the encyclopedia of the swedish flora and
13871	4	ulations ability to adapt to a changing environment. small and fragmented populations are signi  ill focus on the detrimental effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation that tend to erode    of the research is to study aspects of habitat fragmentation and its role for loss of genetic   loci determining ecologically important traits show different patterns
6889	1	re of species which are significant for nature conservation. in the present study, we have chos
6779	3	lysis of foundler mutations in 3 romean community. the preliminary results have been published   inter rapeseed growing. for hybrid seed production we use male sterile and restorer lines. for   ficial testing and starting hybrid seed production and propagation of parent lines. the first o
13580	6	erbicide resistant types and types with growth and flowering modifications. however, the ecolog   trees might influence biodiversity and ecosystem processes. by comparing the communities of ar   and fibre characteristics or resistant traits support a different community of arthropods and   or resistant traits support a different community of arthropods and pathogens than un-modified   if the genetic modification will affect decomposition processes, macro-invertebrates in aquatic   vital data that can be used in current development of gm trees and for future political decisi
11137	7	rovide a wonderful opportunity to study evolution in action. these simplified systems allow us   us to examine the role of genes and the environment in causing a form to diverge. one group of   eir ecological requirements. therefore, competition for resources between related species may b   offspring that do well in a particular environment or climates. selection may operate in a gra  ne the genetic, physical and ecological traits of pairs of white-eye species in new caledonia,   ated species in terms of their physical traits. this will also allow me to quantify the diverge  d how they forage in those habitats. if competition between the two species is important in cau
1995	3	xtent organisms can adapt to a changing environment. this project will investigate the genetic   ly isolated, but occur sympatrically in nature. the species differ in courtship and reproductiv  ations, which is the basis of darwinian evolution by natural selection.
15255	3	and its populations experience a strong climate gradient. research on its wealthy chromosomal i  polymorphism started well before global warming became an issue of major concern, but the histo   of populations is responding to recent climate change. as numerous loci are located within dro
14547	2	habitat fragmentation is one of the most ubiquitous and   the genetic and demographic effects of habitat fragmentation, and the implications for populat
2552	1	e models will improve prediction of dms production and its effect on the global sulphur cycle a
10800	1	/ how do species form. the most recent development in our understanding of the speciation proc
15441	1	the comparative framework to study the evolution of these target genes in the diversification
11766	5	thanks to its versatile nature, saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent experi  cerevisiae is an excellent experimental model for biological and medical studies, including env  alyses. s. cerevisiae has also become a model organism for pioneering studies on speciation and  eering studies on speciation and genome evolution. the availability of vast amounts of sequence  ity for an in-depth analysis of genetic redundancy, conservation of synteny and gene order in t
10880	1	a coordinated effort by the drosophila community and are having their genomes sequenced to a h
15299	1	will be used to detect possible sexual migration asymmetries in north african populations.
10097	2	evolution generally proceeds via step-by-step changes i  olyploidy on plant genome structure and evolution.
13730	1	tion covers lab running costs including development of nuclear microsatellite markers, some equ
10761	2	production, creating a bias towards the production of daughters above sons . this proposal seek  ow much these parties drive each others evolution.
10532	4	ce in the major elemental cycles. their abundance as biological entities is only exceeded by th   us clues about their life strategy and evolution. it is not clear what these genome sequences   cyanophage genomes, and considering the abundance, genetic and physiologic diversity of their h   very informative in the context of the evolution and ecology of roseobacters and their phages
2501	4	h at exploring the causal links between growth rate, genome size and cell size and the evolutio  thesize that this could be related to a phosphorus allocation from dna to rna under p-deficienc  ng elements the tight coupling of rapid growth and cellular rrna copy numbers, meaning that hig   rna. the project will be based both on meta-analysis of existing data and by experiments with
11486	1	ronmental research is understanding the evolution and maintenance of genetic diversity. central
11396	6	integrated with qtl and candidate gene mapping. genome-wide surveys of dna polymorphism over a  educed levels of variation and a skewed distribution of allele frequencies, while the opposite    to selection, we shall investigate the function and role of such segments in two ways. first w   we shall determine if qtls controlling traits that distinguish the three diploid senecio speci  l determine if candidate genes of known function and likely to control traits implicated in div  of known function and likely to control traits implicated in divergence and speciation are flan
10692	1	he role of non-coding dna in phenotypic evolution.
10702	2	e moment-by-moment workings of adaptive evolution is essential for biological science. however,   account of a single moment of adaptive evolution - from primary dna sequence change, through t
10739	2	e moment-by-moment workings of adaptive evolution is essential for biological science. however,   account of a single moment of adaptive evolution - from primary dna sequence change, through t
10578	2	specific and, even after six decades of development, there is little understanding of the facto  s of cryoinjury in the spermatozoa of a model species a well-trained and versatile post-doctora
2027	8	with the rapidly changing environment, it has become even more important to under  variation, which is the core element of evolution, remains largely undefined. only now, with th  are important in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, and several insect species have evolved pot   drosophila differ genetically in their resistance to parasitoids. this can be exploited to fin  rmation about evolutionary processes in nature. moreover, in the laboratory one can select for   one can select for increased parasitoid resistance. in this research, i will investigate what g  abled the rapid acquiring of parasitoid resistance during artificial selection. finally, i will  erved functional elements in parasitoid resistance among the 12 sequenced drosophila species.
11046	6	e exchange stems from a small number of model organisms. the recent sequencing of the populus g  al, yield-related, and ecophysiological traits in several populus species, including interspeci   in evolutionary genetics and admixture mapping as utilized in human genetics. the present proj  taset to conduct a replicated admixture mapping genomic scan for loci controlling leaf morpholo  ped markers in plants with extreme leaf traits. the proposed work represents a significant step  ssfully in situ to the expected rate of climate change.
11287	6	e exchange stems from a small number of model organisms. the recent sequencing of the populus g  al, yield-related, and ecophysiological traits in several populus species, including interspeci   in evolutionary genetics and admixture mapping as utilized in human genetics. the present proj  taset to conduct a replicated admixture mapping genomic scan for loci controlling leaf morpholo  ped markers in plants with extreme leaf traits. the proposed work represents a significant step  ssfully in situ to the expected rate of climate change.
11243	5	scientists are certain the global warming is occurring at an alarming rate, but we do not  n look even closer, and investigate the function of genes in the sections from different specie   some sections will be so integral to a species identity that they cannot part with them. other  th them. others will be selected by the environment and move to wherever they are needed, regar   as helping us to understand how global warming will affect rare species.
9820	8	genetic changes contribute to adaptive evolution. to achieve such an understanding it is neces  mbine knowledge of the genetic basis of traits under selection with knowledge of how natural se  lenge to achieve this goal because most traits of interest are complex, meaning that there are   ffecting phenotypic expression. further complexity arises from the presence of epistatic intera  nce of epistatic interactions, genotype-environment interactions and pleiotropy. although the e  to dissect the genetic basis of complex traits, it remains unclear whether allelic effects esti  to investigate the influence of gene-by-environment interaction effects on response to selectio  rmed for a large number of life-history traits under both environmental conditions to investiga
10690	2	, a major contributor to marine primary production. s-pm2 exhibits a phenomenon termed pseudoly  m2 will be determined to facilitate the development of an understanding of the pseudolysogenic
11060	2	gical forms that each mimic a different model. from breeding studies it is well known that a si  ollowing up on older proposals that the complexity of diversity is likely to be controlled by e
15478	10	nd recently discovered legume-rhizobial symbiosis, that of lupinus mariae-josephi with its bact  r previous research has shown that this symbiosis is highly specific and that rhizobia nodulati  gether with the very limited geographic distribution of the symbiosis, provide a rare opportuni   limited geographic distribution of the symbiosis, provide a rare opportunity to investigate th  nvestigate the diversity, phylogeny and evolution of the rhizobial symbiont and of the specific  etic and functional determinants of its symbiosis with l. mariae-josephi. this investigation is  r adaptation towards specificity in the symbiosis with l. mariae-josephi, with its characterist  mariae-josephi, with its characteristic habitat; c are these and genes of interest. if this pro  ariae-josephi root-nodule, diazotrophic symbiosis will become the model system for the study of   diazotrophic symbiosis will become the model system for the study of the mechanisms of speciat
9869	9	type is a product of a genotype and its environment, and phenotype determines fitness, then spa  le predictions of the likely impacts of environmental change on tree species, then we must begi  e of local adaptation requires parallel evaluation of evolutionary and demographic processes, a  rom the gene to phenotype to population scale and apply this to a specially selected group of e   nuclear genes related to environmental stress, phenology and wood formation, and in the mitoch   genes related to environmental stress, phenology and wood formation, and in the mitochondrial   hips but strong contrasts in geographic distribution, biology and ecology. fundamentally, the p  nt of forest genetic resources and tree production quality, particularly under the climate chan  duction quality, particularly under the climate change scenarios currently affecting adaptive o
7298	3	erize viral diversity present in a wild ecosystem, the fynbos of cap1, and within the bordering  d population parameters and the spatial mapping of all plant viruses present. moreover its expl  ture on phytovirale diversity of a wild ecosystem
10890	7	lose to the postulated centre of a high-temperature anomaly has shown an anomalous zone of low   s unknown; it may represent a change in temperature and/or a zone of intense mantle upwelling a   already been done by the pi. numerical modelling of the chemistry of these lavas together with  l be used to constrain the composition, temperature and pressure of melting of the underlying m  ould place important constraints on the nature of mass transport that occurs when these two dyn   integrated geochemical and geophysical model to account for the causes of widespread active vo  n will increase our knowledge of global-scale deep-mantle and earth surface processes.
10286	13	re kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in tropical rainforests.  ts living on peatlands have been fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it as de  in a future warmer, and possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to t  nd possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leac  fall lead to rapid loss of the peatland carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from  land carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse  from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a runaway positive feedback  o a runaway positive feedback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift t  edback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift to peatland types that a  poses and how it responds to changes in temperature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagn  osition that makes it very resistant to decomposition. our field site is a peatland in central   ill help us to predict how the peatland carbon store will fare in the face of future climate ch  n store will fare in the face of future climate change.
10539	13	re kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in tropical rainforests.  ts living on peatlands have been fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it as de  in a future warmer, and possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to t  nd possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leac  fall lead to rapid loss of the peatland carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from  land carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse  from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a runaway positive feedback  o a runaway positive feedback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift t  edback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift to peatland types that a  poses and how it responds to changes in temperature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagn  osition that makes it very resistant to decomposition. our field site is a peatland in central   ill help us to predict how the peatland carbon store will fare in the face of future climate ch  n store will fare in the face of future climate change.
11043	13	re kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in tropical rainforests.  ts living on peatlands have been fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it as de  in a future warmer, and possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to t  nd possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leac  fall lead to rapid loss of the peatland carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from  land carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse  from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a runaway positive feedback  o a runaway positive feedback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift t  edback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift to peatland types that a  poses and how it responds to changes in temperature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagn  osition that makes it very resistant to decomposition. our field site is a peatland in central   ill help us to predict how the peatland carbon store will fare in the face of future climate ch  n store will fare in the face of future climate change.
10199	7	2d measurement in sediments on a micron scale of trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrient  ron scale of trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrients by planar optrodes have revealed m  f trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrients by planar optrodes have revealed microniche s  aled microniche structure. hot spots of microbial activity have been separately identified usin  es will be developed to measure metals, oxygen and microbial activity simultaneously in freshwa  developed to measure metals, oxygen and microbial activity simultaneously in freshwater and mar  simultaneously in freshwater and marine sediment. the high resolution capabilities of in situ v
10510	7	2d measurement in sediments on a micron scale of trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrient  ron scale of trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrients by planar optrodes have revealed m  f trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrients by planar optrodes have revealed microniche s  aled microniche structure. hot spots of microbial activity have been separately identified usin  es will be developed to measure metals, oxygen and microbial activity simultaneously in freshwa  developed to measure metals, oxygen and microbial activity simultaneously in freshwater and mar  simultaneously in freshwater and marine sediment. the high resolution capabilities of in situ v
14524	6	ill analyse the main features affecting abundance distribution of wintering birds in farmlands   e the main features affecting abundance distribution of wintering birds in farmlands of norther  birds in farmlands of northern spain, a habitat formed by a mixture of meadows, hedgerows and w  ive pine and eucalipt plantations. this habitat is a major wintering ground for huge numbers of  tegies or food-tracking tactics on bird distribution along the region. the results of these stu  studies will be used for evaluating the carrying capacity of the area for wintering birds, whic
15498	3	ait of gibraltar stands out at a global scale by the diversity and singularity of its flora. on  anean heathland, a fire-prone shrubland community type associated to nutrient-poor, acid sandst  reserve the biodiversity of this unique habitat.
14969	5	e, marginal populations will be used as indicators of response to climate change. response to c  ll be used as indicators of response to climate change. response to climatic variation, mostly   y described by variation in irradiance, temperature and moisture, will be analyzed for both phy  th physiological and reproductive plant traits. environmental effects, both direct and indirect  lasticity as responses to environmental stress. an improvement in our knowledge of the role of
14896	3	lizards provide excellent model systems for documenting patterns of geographical    geographical variation in life-history traits, and to clarify the causes of such variation, be   geographical variation of life-history traits from a explicitly historical, phylogeographic pe
14168	1	habitat of a population forms a background for its loca
14774	3	to biosurvey and investigate microbial ecosystems from terrestrial oligitrophic habitats of di  at gains importance at the level of the ecosystem. identifying the different biogeomorphologica  ithic substrate could have on microbial colonization, will provides relevant information for pa
11378	3	n arthropod species must originate from intraspecific variation. yet such variation is absent i  philomorph centipedes exhibit extensive intraspecific variation in segment number and so form a   segment number and so form a potential model system for studying this issue. but the inheritan
10154	2	lifeforms and detailed records of past climate change. examination of these contents requires   rst fully characterised subglacial lake environment and the establishment of a candidate for fu
10423	2	lifeforms and detailed records of past climate change. examination of these contents requires   d measure and sample the lake water and sediment. no lake has yet to be explored in this way, h
11773	2	lifeforms and detailed records of past climate change. examination of these contents requires   d measure and sample the lake water and sediment. no lake has yet to be explored in this way, h
14916	4	gical tags has been analysed in various ecosystems, most frequently marine ecosystems postulati  ious ecosystems, most frequently marine ecosystems postulation of a global host/parasite model   s postulation of a global host/parasite model being able to predict prospective parasite epidem  s after an environmental disaster. this model might be applied in public health, particularly i
10666	5	s exciting possibilities to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use  gliders as part of our future ocean and climate observing systems will save tax-payers money si  nental shelf. this is important because climate models suggest that the amount and properties o  erturning circulation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this de  ing industry will be less vulnerable to climate change than we have feared. in which case, kril
10668	5	s exciting possibilities to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use  gliders as part of our future ocean and climate observing systems will save tax-payers money si  nental shelf. this is important because climate models suggest that the amount and properties o  erturning circulation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this de  ing industry will be less vulnerable to climate change than we have feared. in which case, kril
10983	5	s exciting possibilities to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use  gliders as part of our future ocean and climate observing systems will save tax-payers money si  nental shelf. this is important because climate models suggest that the amount and properties o  erturning circulation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this de  ing industry will be less vulnerable to climate change than we have feared. in which case, kril
11016	5	s exciting possibilities to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use  gliders as part of our future ocean and climate observing systems will save tax-payers money si  nental shelf. this is important because climate models suggest that the amount and properties o  erturning circulation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this de  ing industry will be less vulnerable to climate change than we have feared. in which case, kril
12043	6	global investigations on the distribution of endangered antarctic seabirds in relati  te the most important threat on pelagic ecosystems results from overfishing, with direct or ind  irect or indirect impacts on the marine ecosystems in the southern ocean, the conservation stat  rm the first global study of the at-sea distribution of 13 species of threatened southern seabi  ened southern seabirds and their marine habitat, based on the tracking data analyses of 357 ind  vealed the first descriptions of winter migration and dispersion patterns for several endangere
14369	14	ctives nowadays, food security and crop production variability become a major concern. moreover  systems. a major gap exists between the remote sensing operationally used and the current scien   for local crop monitoring and the wide-scale operational system requirement. the research will  grated approach providing area and crop production estimate by combining satellite remote sensi  duction estimate by combining satellite remote sensing and crop modelling in a quantitative and  ining satellite remote sensing and crop modelling in a quantitative and physically-based approa  ill then attempt to develop more robust indicators of the crop production. methodology the over  elop more robust indicators of the crop production. methodology the overall research strategy i   crop monitoring system, i.e. croplands mapping and crop area estimation, eo monitoring, crop m  op area estimation, eo monitoring, crop modelling and, assimilation of the eo-derived informati  ge areas and to better monitor the crop development thanks to a quantitative coupling of eo-der  to unusual growing conditions. new crop indicators should also be proved to be more robust than  ical ndvi profile anomalies or absolute production estimate. besides the knowledge accumulation  d, in particular when considering large scale experiment. finally, thanks to the openings to ke
10644	11	d and source of food. almost all of the ecosystem services provided by reefs are founded upon l  ded upon living corals which, through a mutualism with symbiotic algae, are able to deposit a c  t a coral skeleton. unfortunately, this symbiosis is precarious and easily disturbed by thermal  carious and easily disturbed by thermal stress; rapid increases in sea temperature of only 1 de   thermal stress; rapid increases in sea temperature of only 1 degree can result in massive area  ssociated with the intensity of thermal stress in 1998 , this nerc grant allows us to complete   g the processes driving patterns of sea temperature on reefs and generate new hypotheses to fol  ause they assess the scope for managing climate change on reefs throughout the world. those reg  s great geographic variation in thermal stress will not lend themselves to a stratification of   gement to address the problem of global climate change. as such, we anticipate a broad impact u  e science of sustainable management and climate change.
10424	4	hree types of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively.  es unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determine hotspots   answered because effort has focussed on mapping hotspots, rather than understanding the mechani  se massive new databases on the spatial distribution and biology of the world s birds to perfor
10665	4	hree types of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively.  es unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determine hotspots   answered because effort has focussed on mapping hotspots, rather than understanding the mechani  se massive new databases on the spatial distribution and biology of the world s birds to perfor
10683	4	hree types of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively.  es unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determine hotspots   answered because effort has focussed on mapping hotspots, rather than understanding the mechani  se massive new databases on the spatial distribution and biology of the world s birds to perfor
9899	4	hree types of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively.  es unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determine hotspots   answered because effort has focussed on mapping hotspots, rather than understanding the mechani  se massive new databases on the spatial distribution and biology of the world s birds to perfor
11041	9	ction is the most dramatic of all large-scale biological crises that have taken place over the   event are held to have undergone a slow recovery and were responsible for carrying out a critic  the beginning of the mesozoic era. this recovery was accompanied by a major remodelling of anim  and plant communities, resulting in the dominance of certain groups that were poorly represente  and the establishment of modern-looking ecosystems and food chains. but just how dramatic was t  rs showed a sudden or steady decrese in abundance and went extinct forever before the end permi   terms of biological signal and whether abundance levels in some geological sections do in fact   sections do in fact reflect real taxon richness. corrections for missing portions of phylogeny  iods of major biotic disaster and large-scale faunal transformations.
428	8	ractions between human beings and their environment, in a changing ecological and cultural cont  t seeks to understand the formation and development of biodiversity according to the uses and t  ome aspects of the relationship between global change, animal diversity and human societies in    space according to fluctuations of the environment, over the late glacial/late holocene period  hows that the effects of the changes in climate are recorded in the various components of biodi  big herbivores are evident and relevant indicators for piecing together the process of re-colon   for piecing together the process of re-colonization of northern areas that has lead to the dev   of northern areas that has lead to the development of the current wild fauna in temperate regi
7144	8	ted in interactions between man and his environment in an ecological and evolutionary sociocult  also interested in building process and development of biodiversity in connection with operatin  s. aspects of the relationships between global change, animal biodiversity and human societies   area. the data show that the effects of climate change are recorded in the various components o  ivores appear as witnesses and relevant indicators to render the process of recolonization of t  se, shortly before 12000, marked by the migration of reindeer towards northern countries for de  reindeer towards northern countries for development of deer population. however, during the neo  ures that could indicate access an open environment by neolithic groups. a configuration simila
7212	7	this project is to study the effect of global change on the biological and functional diversit   of global change on the biological and functional diversity of soil engineers madagascar, a wi  ioning, is of utmost importance for the development of the island. one particular study the eff  icular study the effect of land use and climate change on the abundance, diversity and function  t of land use and climate change on the abundance, diversity and function of three main groups    change on the abundance, diversity and function of three main groups of invertebrates: worms,   related to the functioning of soils and ecosystems. the results of this project could help poli
452	6	ect of global changes on biological and functional diversity of soil engineers in madagascar, a  soil, is of greatest importance for the development of the island. we will in particular study   ular study the effect of soil usage and climate changes on the abundance, the diversity and the  f soil usage and climate changes on the abundance, the diversity and the functions of three maj  rder to set up projects linked with the function of soils and ecosystems. the results of this p  s linked with the function of soils and ecosystems. the results of this project could be of hel
15416	3	re with implications for the cycling of carbon and nitrogen of ecosystems. during the last 3 de  lications for the cycling of carbon and nitrogen of ecosystems. during the last 3 decades, ther  r the cycling of carbon and nitrogen of ecosystems. during the last 3 decades, there has been a
2008	2	climate change at high latitudes is predicted to be gre  ing the responses of vascular plants to climate change, very little is known about the response
417	6	more unfortunate given that the natural ecosystems that are most threatened by human activities  on of species assemblages is related to migration within tropical landscapes fragmented by huma  n the functioning and diversity of this ecosystem. our project attempted to study the structuri  ring mechanisms of biodiversity at this spatial scale, both looking at local diversity . the re  ation of biological data on species, 3/ development of a spatially unequivocal modeling system,   development of a spatially unequivocal modeling system, 4/ extending the programme to other en
7134	5	able that tropical forests have natural ecosystems among the most threatened on the planet by h  position of species assemblages regards migration in fragmented tropical landscapes by man, and  and temporal dynamics of this landscape scale. this study was conducted in one of the tropical   e functioning and the diversity of this ecosystem. our project has sought to study the structur  ural mechanisms of biodiversity at this spatial scale, both local diversity
15171	11	and the deep and rapid changes that the environment is undergoing in the last decades are havin  till known very little on the impact of global change on the mediterranean environment. species  t of global change on the mediterranean environment. species indicators are a tool frequently u   the mediterranean environment. species indicators are a tool frequently used for knowing and u   impacts can affect the dynamics of its ecosystems. these cover a range of species that converg   a range of species that converge in an ecosystem, and allow for analyses that yield general pa  gent level and to a comparable regional scale remains unknown. thus, the starting hypothesis fo  birds and butterflies on the effects of global change on biodiversity, although there is also a  e changes in biodiversity at a regional scale through the use of data from large scale monitori  cale through the use of data from large scale monitoring programs of different taxa. now, catal  editerranean regions that possess large scale monitoring projects on birds and butterflies. thi
15408	4	effects of global change drivers on the local persistence of plant  ve rather than additive. in particular, climate change and human-driven fragmentation are expec   expected to interact by both hampering migration routes following climate change and by modify  th hampering migration routes following climate change and by modifying local selective pressur
14534	11	h project is focused in forecasting and modelling the behaviour and evolution of interhemispher  casting and modelling the behaviour and evolution of interhemispheric processes, relating them   main scientific and technologic, as the evaluation of polutant fluxes, and the evolution of glo   evaluation of polutant fluxes, and the evolution of global climatic change and his effect on t  l climatic change and his effect on the ecosystems, related with the biological diversity, stud  , to confirm the existence of phases of sedimentation and coastal retreat. another target are t  e to increment the data about long time evolution in rocky coasts, as a way for dilucidate the   rological stations. the data of present climate, will help to start the study of the climatic c  ion; polinic records to reconstruct the evolution of the vegetation, climate and land uses; and  rds to reconstruct the evolution of the vegetation, climate and land uses; and several isotopic  struct the evolution of the vegetation, climate and land uses; and several isotopic tracers to
9950	1	anges in the atmosphere, such as rising carbon dioxide concentrations , and the climatic change
2459	5	has been recorded for norway spruce in resistance towards h. annosum, but the defence mechanis  defence mechanisms contributing to host resistance remain poorly understood. the recent genome   uencing of populus has made the genus a model to facilitate tree genetics. genome-wide transcri  rway spruce clones showing differential resistance toward h. annosum. this will enable identifi   used in a breeding program targeted to resistance of norway spruce toward heterobasidion.
10824	3	lease from sea-salt aerosol. open ocean production of reactive organo-halogens is however very   of such oceanic compounds is that their production tends to be patchy and their atmospheric con  d aerosol recycling to reactive bromine production. data coverage will span coastal and open oc
11069	14	climate policy should be informed by robust and credibl   credible information on the impacts of climate change across the global domain; a global persp  gation. the project assesses the global-scale impact of climate change using a range of linked   ect assesses the global-scale impact of climate change using a range of linked impact modules a  nge of linked impact modules and impact indicators, representing impacts on water resources, fl  ts on water resources, flood risk, food production, biodiversity and human health and well-bein  impacts occurring at different rates of climate change. the methodology and results of the proj  he assessment of the impacts of defined climate policies. first, it allows detailed geographica  ically-explicit assessments of specific climate scenarios or climate policies, using the suite   sments of specific climate scenarios or climate policies, using the suite of linked models. sec  id assessment of a very large number of climate outcomes using regionalised functions relating   s using regionalised functions relating climate impact to indices of climate forcing. the proje  s relating climate impact to indices of climate forcing. the project will be undertaken by a co  ternational reputations in the field of climate impact assessment.
9930	5	we will use a simple model ecosystem to build a global view at the transcrip               we will use a simple model ecosystem to build a global view at the transcriptome l  e expression in stressed and unstressed ecosystems will be examined by whole-genome microarray   nents of the insect-plant-rhizobacteria ecosystem. we anticipate the discovery of potential mec  potential mechanistic pathways by which environment and global gene expression interact to affe
13802	7	populations are today affected by large-scale climate changes. in order to understand how birds  tions are today affected by large-scale climate changes. in order to understand how birds respo  e changes we need to understand how the environment affects different reproductive variables in   variables to reproductive life-history traits is via a cascade of neuroendocrine and endocrine   changes in environmental cues, such as temperature or food abundance than southern populations  ental cues, such as temperature or food abundance than southern populations are. in the long ru  s optimal conditions the further global warming goes - unless birds rapidly adapt to the new en
15367	9	at present, earths ecosystems face up to two major problems that are the e  of our planet and the increasing global warming produced by the greenhouse effect. this is an u  ts is putting not only species but also ecosystems at risk. many scientists have remarked that   us on monitoring mammalian biodiversity evolution at a continental scale occurred during the la  biodiversity evolution at a continental scale occurred during the last 23 millions of years. we  unities turnovers caused by past global warming episodes of a comparable magnitude to current w  es of a comparable magnitude to current warming and at different temperature and duration scale  ude to current warming and at different temperature and duration scales. the obtained informati  ges reflect a unique response to global warming or if these changes fall inside what we could c
13324	12	many of the world's mountain ecosystems are moving along trajectories that couple hi   trajectories that couple high rates of environmental change with strong economic changes, whos  trategy for detecting signals of global environmental change in mountain environments, for defi  ain resources, and for facilitating the development of sustainable resource management regimes   o: 1 long-term monitoring, 2 integrated modelling, 3 process studies, and 4 sustainable develop  g, 3 process studies, and 4 sustainable development. the concepts developed in these thematic w  ring a final open science conference on global change in mountain regions. by gearing the resea  sting unesco infrastructure and ongoing global change research in these areas. the structure of  osphere reserves provides ideal natural global change laboratories with core protected mountain  y human activities. european scientific participation, capacity building and leadership will be  his will be achieved through the active participation of biosphere reserve managers in the deve  on of biosphere reserve managers in the development of the research strategy.
13750	2	onments are included at each site. soil temperature loggers are deployed at all summits since t  d the latnjajaure field station and its climate station. the first re-inventory was made at 15
2075	2	the project will perform ecological and food web experiments with genetically modified organism  he food chain, and basic ecological and life history comparisons between control organisms and
10064	4	of the oceans where they carry out key ecological services. these include forming the main foo  t fisheries, the ability to control our climate and the generation of half the oxygen we breath   climate and the generation of half the oxygen we breathe. plankton are tiny organisms, general  eded to tackle the global challenges of climate, fisheries, pollution, and ocean acidification.
11405	6	such as escherichia coli o157 how will climate change, shifts in land use and extreme events a  e and extreme events affect the spatial distribution of pathogen sources and receptors are urba   risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges we require a  comes will be: a comprehensive critical review of the current state of the science, risks and p   and at least one proposal for a larger-scale interdisciplinary research consortium based on th  consortium based on the outcomes of the review.
11584	6	such as escherichia coli o157 how will climate change, shifts in land use and extreme events a  e and extreme events affect the spatial distribution of pathogen sources and receptors are urba   risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges we require a  comes will be: a comprehensive critical review of the current state of the science, risks and p   and at least one proposal for a larger-scale interdisciplinary research consortium based on th  consortium based on the outcomes of the review.
14492	2	tudy of some aspects of mammalian gonad development. we are currently investigating the express  osible existence of dose effects in the function of these genes, a fact that has already been e
12367	1	tive descriptors for ges and provide an evaluation of the scope of the initial assessment membe
13889	2	r all aspects of harmful algal ecology, distribution, physiology, phylogeny, environmental cons  ylogeny, environmental consequences and mitigation of algal blooms. the international conferenc
13408	1	these provinces will be visited in all vegetation periods of grapevine during the study, local
12157	3	is rarely allowed to flower. in a small-scale trial, plots of final cut silage left in situ ove  er has great potential as a future agri-environment measure aimed at farmland birds on livestoc  e the influence of closure date on seed production in a range of widely grown perennial, italia
14376	2	ese improved inputs, along with adapted modelling processes and multiple scenarios testing can   to improving the buffalo-cattle contact modelling outputs.
2059	6	range conditions for reindeer, but the nature of this interaction is not known. assuming only   mprove range conditions through grazing facilitation or b deteriorate conditions through interf  e whether sheep summer grazing leads to facilitation or delayed competition for reindeer on aut  razing leads to facilitation or delayed competition for reindeer on autumn, winter, and spring   ystem could ultimately improve reindeer production and the socioeconomic and cultural interacti   optimal range use and avoiding delayed competition.
10475	12	lding understanding. once the essential nature and behaviour of the great race have been determ   the key task will be to understand how energy is distributed among eddies of different scales   eddies of different scales and how this energy cascades between scales with increasing distance  se features that a successful numerical model will represent accurately. model development is a  erical model will represent accurately. model development is an integral part of this project.    model will represent accurately. model development is an integral part of this project. the kn  d. the initial focus will be on a local-scale model of the great race and its surroundings. a s   initial focus will be on a local-scale model of the great race and its surroundings. a student   incorporating knowledge gained at this scale into wider area models, potentially extending to   re west coast of scotland. a west coast model that is skilful at the important small scales but  rmed management of fisheries, renewable energy development and more.   nagement of fisheries, renewable energy development and more.
7250	5	rway on biodiversity. the fight against climate change, the erosion of biodiversity process is   n initiative with a view to sustainable development. the determination of the state in this are  nce to landscape aspects and the living environment, but increasingly in the various events of   n green frame; * green belt; * regional nature parks and with them, the rural crown; * the gree   green belt. * a spatial approach using gis is expected to locate areas of potential vulnerabil
14773	1	ially those functionally related to the nitrogen cycle.
14415	1	green infrastructure
6853	2	the green peas production mainly based in import varieties in hungary.  he special hungarian or nyirseg regions climate. that is why need the hungarian green peas bree
7476	3	on, live in countries affected by water stress problems; forecast variations in rainfall patter   rainfall pattern trends, due to global climate change, add to this already serious situation:   ater scarcity due to several factors as climate change, growing urbanisation of coasts, tourism
12623	18	s hold the uk`s largest single store of carbon. in good condition, they can contribute to attem  ey can contribute to attempts to offset climate change due to fossil fuel burning, steadily dra  sed by poor land-management, pollution, warming or drying, they can release co2 back to the atm  o2 back to the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change. in addition, peatlands `leak` some of t   addition, peatlands `leak` some of the carbon they hold into the rivers that drain them, as di  s that drain them, as dissolved organic carbon , the amount of carbon released can increase if   issolved organic carbon , the amount of carbon released can increase if peatlands become unstab  t present, we do not know where all the carbon transported from peatlands into rivers goes. if   s or coastal waters, this relocation of carbon from one secure store to another will not affect  re store to another will not affect the climate. if, on the other hand, it is actively processe   or to the more powerful greenhouse gas methane, this will contribute to global warming. by est  methane, this will contribute to global warming. by establishing how much of the total river ca  stablishing how much of the total river carbon flux is converted into greenhouse gases, we hope   make a positive contribution to global climate by helping to lock up greenhouse gases. to dete  . to determine the fate of the riverine carbon released from peatlands, we will study how the d   study how the different forms of river carbon are processed at a range of critical locations w  inking water treatment works where this carbon is removed by a variety of methods. the approach  at proportion of each of these forms of carbon is ultimately emitted to the atmosphere as green
11230	11	ctiveness and distributional impacts of mitigation policy. there is strong interest in agricult  ere is strong interest in agriculture s mitigation potential in several ministries and province  w on the role of agriculture in china s climate mitigation plans. there is growing evidence on    role of agriculture in china s climate mitigation plans. there is growing evidence on agricult  ysis of costs and benefits of different mitigation practices or supporting policies. such analy  ies. such analysis would facilitate the development of an efficient budget from the sector and   ry and market-based instruments for the mitigation incentives that can favour the poor. meeting  et-based instruments for the mitigation incentives that can favour the poor. meeting these poli  al and economic issues. this consortium development project will target the five broad project   ring all the main areas of agricultural mitigation potential in china. this expertise will be b  aborative research can only emerge when participation in the consortium provides real additiona
14154	5	the rise in atmospheric humidity and precipitation is expected to accompany the global clima  ion is expected to accompany the global climate change in several parts of the world including   red radiation, can create an additional temperature rise. however, only a few scientific studie  been committed about the functioning of ecosystems in altered atmospheric humidity conditions.   cal processes can result in slower tree growth. the applicant has previously researched ecology
7311	34	ess in the technical mastery imbalances model in the resolution is more difficult than the stan   from different fields: macroeconomics, energy, transport , demography. . . . it is a project t  should allow a real breakthrough in the community called integrated models through modeling str  munity called integrated models through modeling structure most suited to the study of the deve  ructure most suited to the study of the development strategies of sustainability conditions and   work program is based on the numerical modeling effort cired around imaclim -r model. this mod  modeling effort cired around imaclim -r model. this model is based on a modular architecture an  ort cired around imaclim -r model. this model is based on a modular architecture and recursive.  r architecture and recursive. the whole model consists of a sequence of static equilibria, desc  ssive photographs governing the dynamic evolution of stresses and thus leading to model the gro  olution of stresses and thus leading to model the growth and long-term changes in the economy.    stresses and thus leading to model the growth and long-term changes in the economy. modeling s  h and long-term changes in the economy. modeling structure adopted here acknowledges these diff   agents to adjust their decisions under stress, techniques and installed capital for companies,  d allows representing the technological evolution process, demographic, sociological, etc.. and  ical, etc.. and the process of economic growth that results. finally coupled modeling of physic  ic growth that results. finally coupled modeling of physical phenomena of concern - carbon cycl  ling of physical phenomena of concern - carbon cycle and climate - also agrees satisfactorily w  phenomena of concern - carbon cycle and climate - also agrees satisfactorily with this time hor  derestimate the effects of inertia. . a model coupling structure from different fields it is to   recursive structure creates a scalable model, in which the slow evolution of these systems des  tes a scalable model, in which the slow evolution of these systems described additional modules  ic balance of short-term. it may be the carbon cycle, the whole climate system, a technical mod  . it may be the carbon cycle, the whole climate system, a technical module on energy and transp  e climate system, a technical module on energy and transport infrastructure, or a change in lan  xpected results expected results of the model are placed on three levels: * produce a set of fu   * produce a set of future scenarios of climate change; * fuel discussions within the energy mo  e change; * fuel discussions within the energy modeling forum; * conduct a synergy of efforts w  e; * fuel discussions within the energy modeling forum; * conduct a synergy of efforts with mod  um; * conduct a synergy of efforts with modeling laboratory jae edmonds in addition to these re  o price; project results, including the model itself will be discussed in the context of energy  elf will be discussed in the context of energy modeling forum. the model will be used among oth  l be discussed in the context of energy modeling forum. the model will be used among others to   e context of energy modeling forum. the model will be used among others to test future scenario
2504	7	udy in the lysefjord was the first full-scale experiment to use submerged brackish water discha  nhanced phytoplankton concentration and production. in this project we hypothesize that this en  hesize that this enhanced phytoplankton production can efficiently be exploited to mitigate alg  oject will study how mussel feeding and growth performance responds to the specific environment  th performance responds to the specific environment of enhanced phytoplankton production from f  c environment of enhanced phytoplankton production from forced upwelling. by implementing and a  g. by implementing and applying the deb model we will study how food quantity vs active detoxif
7141	3	last 20 millennia in relation to global climate change. as part of this project, we set out to   nd simulate their distributions using a vegetation model    their distributions using a vegetation model
12706	6	e authoritative guidance on appropriate development of brown filed sites, with emphasis on prot   biodiversity, recognising the priority habitat open habitat mosaics on previously developed la  , recognising the priority habitat open habitat mosaics on previously developed land and recogn  issioned project to define and map open habitat mosaics. the two projects will involve close co  t will coincide with the definition and mapping of the priority habitat.    definition and mapping of the priority habitat.
12707	6	a scoping review of the implications for wetlands of energy gener  iew of the implications for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activities, covering  s for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activities, covering both the conventional  ing both the conventional and renewable energy sectors, with reference to issues concerning cli  rs, with reference to issues concerning climate change and wetlands, linking as appropriate to   tives in these sectors and on issues of energy security in general.
11644	5	se to factors such as changes in global climate. phylogeography - the study of the evolutionary  biological communities. do members of a community commonly show similar histories of origin and  ories of origin and range expansion the development of a multispecies approach is essential to    this in turn is central to analyses of community structure. 2. they rarely consider the full l  y rarely consider the full longitudinal distribution of widespread species. many species regard
12677	5	that explored options and to produce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity, associate  d to produce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity, associated explanatory text and m  duce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity, associated explanatory text and metadata   ble updates to the england biodiversity indicators and contribute to completion of the suite of  ontribute to completion of the suite of indicators for reporting at the uk level to the convent
12669	6	this project will produce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity for the uk  will produce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity for the uk and for england. it wil  duce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity for the uk and for england. it will have f  rovide time-series data; 2. testing and evaluation of a range of metrics; 3. consultation on op  metrics; 3. consultation on options; 4. production of recommended indicator and associated data  n options; 4. production of recommended indicator and associated data.
12670	5	ed methodology and data sources for the production of uk and country level indicators of functi   the production of uk and country level indicators of functional habitat connectivity and provi   country level indicators of functional habitat connectivity and provide recommendations for fu   level indicators of functional habitat connectivity and provide recommendations for further de  and provide recommendations for further development
1932	12	otion that when studying the effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation on biodiversity, it  actions of the species of interest, how habitat changes effect these interactions and the funct   general hypotheses that as a result of habitat fragmentation and isolation the stability of mu  habitat fragmentation and isolation the stability of multitrophic systems decreases because i w  evel iv these processes are enforced by habitat fragmentation and isolation. more specifically   e assume that especially parasitoids or predators are susceptible to habitat fragmentation comp  sitoids or predators are susceptible to habitat fragmentation compared to their hosts leading t  f the hervbivore to fragmentation. as a model system we will use senecio jacobaea, its speciali  he component species and the effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation on the dynamics of   be studied both on a local and regional scale. in joint effort with projects 3 and 5 a broad sc  nt effort with projects 3 and 5 a broad scale inventory for a large number of species will be m  lead to an operational system to derive thresholds for spatial and temporal standards for diffe
11365	9	habitat fragmentation is one of the greatest threats to  ield on the effects of fragmentation on species interactions and the structure of food webs are  ecies interactions and the structure of food webs are scarce. a replicated, large-scale habitat  od webs are scarce. a replicated, large-scale habitat fragmentation experiment involving bracke  s are scarce. a replicated, large-scale habitat fragmentation experiment involving bracken habi  wales will be carried out. quantitative food webs will be constructed for bracken herbivores an  es about the impact of fragmentation on community structure, food web statistics, and the proce  f fragmentation on community structure, food web statistics, and the process of community disas  food web statistics, and the process of community disassembly will be tested.
9955	9	rsal as a process that counter-acts the evolution of differences between, and within, populatio  tions. as individuals move around their habitat, they effectively re-shuffle the characteristic   generation. however, the fact that the environment varies means that some places are better sp  e than others, and that there should be competition to settle in these places. if the ability t  hese places. if the ability to win this competition is predicted by an individual s characteris  s characteristics are provided in great abundance. the birds breed less successfully at high de  e birds breed less successfully at high density because of competition for resources, meaning t  successfully at high density because of competition for resources, meaning that these sites sho  active than when a population is at low density, i.e. when nest-sites are in short supply. fina
15262	9	sis is the most relevant problem facing ecosystems around the world. the main causes of biodive   of biodiversity loss and the so-called global change are climate change and habitat loss and t  oss and the so-called global change are climate change and habitat loss and transformation. the  ed global change are climate change and habitat loss and transformation. there is a large conse  ctive models to forecast the effects of global change on species conservation and ecosystem fun  obal change on species conservation and ecosystem functioning. however, most of the proposed mo  rch about their validity over different ecosystems or taxonomic groups. although niche conserva  nservatism and response of organisms to global change challenges. as a result of this view, new  ic models on the response of species to global change. furthermore, they can be used to design
2186	6	nsparency and reduce the quality of the habitat by making searching easier for visual hunters.   ined there. the presence in low quality habitat can be the overflow of individuals produced els  roduced elsewhere. different aspects of habitat qualities in the forest landscape will be inves  service. it will also contribute to the development of the environmental quality objective heal  the research areas forestry methods and efficiency of protected areas, but also to monitoring o   monitoring of population viability and ecosystem services.
13602	15	large resources are invested in habitat restoration in sweden each year, e.g. for grass  tioning. landscape level restoration of habitat networks have, although discussed, not been dev  mented. we will investigate how species community reassembly and reconstruction of ecosystem fu  munity reassembly and reconstruction of ecosystem functioning following habitat restoration are  tion of ecosystem functioning following habitat restoration are linked to the structure of the   nd on pollination which is an important ecosystem function provided by the insects. we will com  ded by the insects. we will compare the community reassembly patterns to our current informatio  ation on the order of disassembly after habitat loss and fragmentation, and assess if the speci  ss and fragmentation, and assess if the species traits that predict re-colonization success are  s if the species traits that predict re-colonization success are the same that predict extincti  tribute to our general understanding of colonization and extinction processes in fragmented and  restoration strategies at the landscape scale, an approach will become increasingly important f  ome increasingly important for managing ecosystems that can buffer against multiple stressors s  ging ecosystems that can buffer against multiple stressors such as land use conversion, invasiv  nd use conversion, invasive species and climate change.
2175	7	-dimensional habitats. this may promote colonization of sea urchin predators that may reduce re   may promote colonization of sea urchin predators that may reduce recruitment of sea urchin pop  of sea urchin predators that may reduce recruitment of sea urchin populations and induce a syst  oject will investigate if small or meso scale artificial reefs may be used as tools to restore   s. we will also study the importance of habitat complexity on different scales for the ecologic   on different scales for the ecological stability on barren grounds. a combination of field man  arren ground areas and increase primary production and biodiversity on the northern norwegian c
15139	4	species are not in equilibrium with the environment, and that their current distributions may n  we will be able to develop risk maps of habitat invasion. we will alos generate distribution ma  habitat invasion. we will alos generate distribution maps of invasive species for current condi   current conditions but also for future climate and landscape scenarios predicted for the regio
15084	17	carrying capacity determines the potential abundance th  rying capacity determines the potential abundance that a given freshwater system can support; t  s of populations. however, there are no carrying capacity models for brown trout salmo trutta i  the present project is to determine the carrying capacity of freshwater systems from physical h  ity of freshwater systems from physical habitat simulations, habitat selection patterns and ter  tems from physical habitat simulations, habitat selection patterns and territory size assessmen  d territory size assessment. a study of habitat selection patterns will be carried out in order  will be carried out in order to develop habitat preference curves for iberian rivers which will  g very accurate simulations of physical habitat. on the other hand, an experimental study will    be performed to build a territory size model which would permit to determine the effects of bo  ould permit to determine the effects of body size, food abundance, density of competitors and h  etermine the effects of body size, food abundance, density of competitors and habitat character  e effects of body size, food abundance, density of competitors and habitat characteristics. the  d abundance, density of competitors and habitat characteristics. the model will be then applied  titors and habitat characteristics. the model will be then applied to wild populations under co  ies. finally, a comparative analysis of carrying capacity data, estimated densities and effecti   permit rehabilitation, restoration and mitigation measures to be performed at the right time.
6869	7	we investigate the role of spatial heterogeneity in the maintenance of biodiversit  odels is that we couple the dynamics of habitat patches with the dynamics of populations. the m  mechanisms between the organism and its environment. we wish to identify those spatial structur  rvival of a population, and compare the efficiency of various landscape management techniques o  ment techniques on an evolutionary time scale, we model adaptation to the abiotic environment a  iques on an evolutionary time scale, we model adaptation to the abiotic environment and to comp  ale, we model adaptation to the abiotic environment and to competitors. we identify the evoluti
10483	6	dertake the first directed study on the distribution and behaviour of the deepest-living fishes  an areas have clear blue water with low productivity and there is likely to be very little natu   is reached where there is insufficient energy to support active forms of life. secondly pressu  s, muscles and vital processes cease to function. deep-sea animals have special adaptations to   imals have special adaptations to allow function at high pressures but there may be limits beyo  ow derivation of the first estimates of abundance and biomass of mobile life at these depths. t
12379	1	nd lakes. under certain conditions, the abundance of phytoplankton as a whole or of one or more
13598	3	phytoplankton production is dynamic and the occurrence of blooms is h  use the diatom skeletonema marinoi as a model organism, and we differentiate populations by mic  ticular season is well adapted to their habitat, e.g. in respect of hydrography, grazing pressu
12388	1	spatially-defined information on their distribution and trends, with particular emphasis on pr
10162	7	recent examples of evolution occurring over the time scales of a few gener  n will allow us to describe the rate of evolution and how it vanes with harvesting strategy and  ith harvesting strategy and the type of environment. it will also allow us to test a range of t  oretical predictions about life-history evolution - such as does a varying environment lead to   tory evolution - such as does a varying environment lead to individuals having a lower reproduc  he populations ability to survive in an environment that may be changing due to global warming.  ment that may be changing due to global warming. it will also give us some indication about whe
2152	16	in parallel with the increase in total production within the industry. estimated growth in the  oduction within the industry. estimated growth in the fish farming industry is supposed to caus  and of marine proteins on a longer time scale. at present traditional marine biological recours  r increase in marine harvest to sustain growth in the aquaculture industry, cannot be based on   tive knowledge about standing stock and production of marine plankton, and the effects of harve  e effects of harvesting plankton on the ecosystem in general and on commercially harvested fish  e overall goal of harvest is to improve abundance estimates, assess keys stocks of zooplankton   wer trophic levels. improved methods of abundance estimation and model driven stock assessment   ved methods of abundance estimation and model driven stock assessment of plankton will form the  edge of plankton population biomass and production at hand, effects of harvesting plankton will  ankton will be explored with the use of ecosystem models. effects of harvesting will be quantif  to plankton populations themselves, the ecosystem and with respect to food requirement for comm  rvest on quantitative information about distribution, production and ecological role of plankto  itative information about distribution, production and ecological role of plankton populations   form an important knowledge base to the development of ecosystem-based management of fisheries.  nt knowledge base to the development of ecosystem-based management of fisheries.
2528	16	in parallel with the increase in total production within the industry. estimated growth in the  oduction within the industry. estimated growth in the fish farming industry is supposed to caus  and of marine proteins on a longer time scale. at present traditional marine biological recours  r increase in marine harvest to sustain growth in the aquaculture industry, cannot be based on   tive knowledge about standing stock and production of marine plankton, and the effects of harve  e effects of harvesting plankton on the ecosystem in general and on commercially harvested fish  ticular. the overall goal is to improve abundance estimates and assess stocks of zooplankton to  wer trophic levels. improved methods of abundance estimation and model driven stock assessment   ved methods of abundance estimation and model driven stock assessment of plankton will form the  edge of plankton population biomass and production at hand, effects of harvesting plankton can    harvesting plankton can be explored by ecosystem models with respect to plankton populations t  to plankton populations themselves, the ecosystem and food requirement for commercial planktivo  st ii to quantitative information about distribution, production and ecological role of plankto  itative information about distribution, production and ecological role of plankton populations   form an important knowledge base to the development of ecosystem-based management of fisheries.  nt knowledge base to the development of ecosystem-based management of fisheries.
2115	4	els will however not only influenced by density-dependent processes but will also be strongly a  the choice of harvest strategies is the development of large local variation in management prac  d when the goals and strategies for the development of the local moose populations are chosen.   eeded because previous studies of moose population dynamics have shown that regulation of moose
14377	5	re on heathlands and peat-bogs, such as nitrogen deposition and desiccation, however remain hig  t catastrophic wildfires of 2011 in the nature reserves in the kalmthoutse heide have raised a   vulnerability of these unique heathland ecosystems to uncontrolled fires. the overall objective  all objective of this project is to use remote sensing as a tool to spatially and temporally in  nteractions between fires and heathland ecosystems.
14679	6	e origin. the tinto river is an extreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrat  xtreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusu  to river is one of the most interesting ecosystems for the study of the biological organization  ble origin.the main part of the primary productivity in the river is direct consequence of the   ently the knowledge regarding the algae community of the tinto river and their role in this eco   the tinto river and their role in this ecosystem is almost inexistent . the main objective of
14777	2	spermatozoon of plathelminthes and the evaluation of host-parasite models as indicators of hea  e evaluation of host-parasite models as indicators of heavy metal environmental contamination a
10027	6	mber of red blood cells in people as an indicator of our health. the chemical that makes blood   ical processes. in the marine microbial environment, however, very little is known about hemes.  not have enough iron to support maximal growth. one potential effect of low iron concentrations  d impair photosynthetic and respiratory efficiency and reduce productivity. in this fellowship   c and respiratory efficiency and reduce productivity. in this fellowship i will undertake the f  investigations into the effect of iron, nitrogen and light on heme levels in specific species o
7217	3	tern islands of the indian ocean have a development of basic and applied research, with strong   er, seagrass meadows are poorly studied ecosystems on these islands, while their major role as    east africa demonstrate a multitude of ecosystem services making these herbaria a major compon
9808	6	how additive genetic variance for sperm traits is maintained despite selection. i will test two  ll test two hypotheses. that sperm size traits: covary with condition and other male traits. th  s: covary with condition and other male traits. this is a novel extension to gr3/11936 which me  the heritability of condition and other traits in male zebra finches, and assessed their effect   in addition to the originally proposed traits, i have taken sperm samples from all males to te  aintenance of genetic variance in sperm traits maybe explained.
7434	2	ating different aspects of heritage and functional diversity of fish communities, in order to p  ion: where and what priority action and recovery
13325	16	ights into the biodiversity, structure, function and dynamics of ecosystems along europes deep-  ty, structure, function and dynamics of ecosystems along europes deep-ocean margin. it represen  tempt to understand european deep-water ecosystems and their environment in an integrated way b  uropean deep-water ecosystems and their environment in an integrated way by bringing together e  c relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning can be understood. study sites wi  lides and deep-ocean circulation affect ecosystem development, and biodiversity hotspots, such   deep-ocean circulation affect ecosystem development, and biodiversity hotspots, such as cold se   genetic resources, global relevance to carbon cycling and possible susceptibility to global ch   cycling and possible susceptibility to global change and man-made disturbances. past changes,   strophic events, will be assessed using sediment archives. we will make estimates of the flow r  ill make estimates of the flow rates of methane from the geosphere and calculate how much is ut   for integrating science, environmental modelling and socio-economic indicators in ecosystem ma  ironmental modelling and socio-economic indicators in ecosystem management. the results will un  elling and socio-economic indicators in ecosystem management. the results will underpin the dev  nagement. the results will underpin the development of a comprehensive european ocean and seas   n and rehabilitation options for margin ecosystems.
13340	6	nowledge of the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems and their contribution to the production of   cosystems and their contribution to the production of goods and services. this will be achieved  understanding is crucial, because these ecosystems are now being affected by climate change and  se ecosystems are now being affected by climate change and impacted by man through fishing, res  l dynamics and interconnection of ocean ecosystems and integrate socio-economic research with n   and mediterranean and cover a range of ecosystems including cold-water corals, canyons, cold a
14730	16	of general laws regulating the temporal evolution of an ideal ecosystem governed by a general c  ting the temporal evolution of an ideal ecosystem governed by a general class of reaction-diffu  atially heterogeneous of a very general nature, not exclusively competitive. in these models, t  e global effects on the dynamics of the ecosystem provoked by the incorporation of local facili   provoked by the incorporation of local facilitation effects within a competitive environment.   cilitation effects within a competitive environment. in particular, it is planned to accomplish  othesis concerning the debate diversity/stability, by incorporating local facilitation effects   rsity/stability, by incorporating local facilitation effects into a competition model, as well   ating local facilitation effects into a competition model, as well as finding out the over-yiel  facilitation effects into a competition model, as well as finding out the over-yielding promote   promoted by the incorporation of those facilitation interactions in a competitive environment.  ilitation interactions in a competitive environment. moreover, it will be established the follo  nism for generating biodiversity: local facilitation promotes permanence, through incrementing   omotes permanence, through incrementing productivity, raw competition enhances segregation, and   through incrementing productivity, raw competition enhances segregation, and spatial-temporal   ances segregation, and spatial-temporal heterogeneity provokes bio-diversity through further ad
2125	4	just the fungal kingdom; it is a small ecosystem of bacteria, fungi , and algae. however, litt  ty in these communities. the subsurface distribution of organisms may, in part, be controlled b  nism to take advantage of mineral-bound nutrients. the proposed research project will be the fi  g of biogeochemical processes, the mini-ecosystem lichens, the ecology of microbes, for our glo
11168	14	climate change has been described as one of the most pr  nic water circulation controls regional climate change in north west europe and also affects ma  rth west europe and also affects marine ecosystems, fisheries and climatic susceptibility to ma  y to man-made emissions. if attempts to model the impacts of future climate change on marine ec  attempts to model the impacts of future climate change on marine ecosystems and associated fish  acts of future climate change on marine ecosystems and associated fisheries are to succeede, we  st climatic changes have affected those ecosystems. this can be achieved by examining how clima  limatic variability has impacted marine ecosystems during the last ~10000 years, the holocene.   related to historical changes in marine climate obtained from a novel organic recorder develope  ons in determining how predicted future climate change is likely to impact marine ecosystems an  imate change is likely to impact marine ecosystems and humans who are the end users of comercia  e the end users of comercially targeted ecosystems. additionlly, organic recorders of past temp   north atlantic to help refine european climate predictions for the next 100 years. thus the hi  ance in obtaining sub-annual historical temperature data for north atlantic oceanic circulation
13798	1	ool in basic ecological research and in habitat monitoring within agricultural landscapes. much
10270	5	ific value upland peatlands offer vital ecosystem services from carbon storage, biodiversity, w  nds offer vital ecosystem services from carbon storage, biodiversity, water provision, flood pr   is of crucial importance to protect uk soil carbon stores, as more than 50% of uk soil carbon   l carbon stores, as more than 50% of uk soil carbon is stored in peat and is rapidly lost. rest  ted to restore bare peat at a landscape scale in the uk; the moors for the future partnership .
10898	1	ionship between inundation patterns and vegetation patterns
13341	10	assessed will include biodiversity and ecosystem services, including provisioning, regulating,  d strategies of households dependent on ecosystem services derived from highland aquatic resour   conflict will be assessed. stakeholder participation will be critical to ensure new knowledge   ible for collective decision-making and development of policies for the equitable use and conse  table use and conservation; methods and indicators for participatory monitoring and evaluation   cators for participatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will   ticipatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will be developed.   aying high biodiversity in asia and the ecosystem, livelihoods and institutional impacts assess  ed through participatory monitoring and evaluation. best practices aimed at conserving biodiver   conserving biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services will be communicated to potential us
7481	10	assessed will include biodiversity and ecosystem services, including provisioning, regulating,  d strategies of households dependent on ecosystem services derived from highland aquatic resour   conflict will be assessed. stakeholder participation will be critical to ensure new knowledge   ible for collective decision-making and development of policies for the equitable use and conse  table use and conservation; methods and indicators for participatory monitoring and evaluation   cators for participatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will   ticipatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will be developed.   aying high biodiversity in asia and the ecosystem, livelihoods and institutional impacts assess  ed through participatory monitoring and evaluation. best practices aimed at conserving biodiver   conserving biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services will be communicated to potential us
15195	9	uction. the satellite image bank of the gis and remote sensing lab of the doñana biological sta  the satellite image bank of the gis and remote sensing lab of the doñana biological station is   ich we will use the radiometric data of landsat images to reconstruct flood levels, turbidity,   od levels, turbidity, depth and aquatic vegetation cover of the marshes for the last 30 years.   o develop new techniques to map aquatic vegetation communities, particularly to recent plant in  se our capacity to discriminate aquatic vegetation species. we will fly an hyperspectral sensor  nd will generate annual maps of aquatic vegetation communities and of the plant invaders. the f  p a wetlands monitoring system based on remote sensing techniques for the doñana marshes, that   and singular landscape in a scenario of global change.
15004	1	d north america by several authors, the richness of species of this subfamily is poorly known i
11640	2	eventual extinction. experiments using model species, either in the laboratory or in closely-s  s can make to conservation science, and recovery of endangered species.
14747	4	uction. the satellite image bank of the gis and remote sensing lab of the doñana biological sta  the satellite image bank of the gis and remote sensing lab of the doñana biological station det  op a wetland monitoring system based on remote sensing techniques for the doñana marshes, that   and singular landscape in a scenario of global change.
2135	23	h arctic are characterized by low water temperature, long-term ice cover, low levels of nutrien  ure, long-term ice cover, low levels of nutrients and low biodiversity. thus, minor climatic ch  ic freshwater fish by influencing gonad development and individual growth rate - two life histo  encing gonad development and individual growth rate - two life history parameters strongly affe  opment and individual growth rate - two life history parameters strongly affecting production a  e history parameters strongly affecting production and subsequent year class strength. by using  th. by using fish otolith-derived water temperature inferences based on otolith thermometry and  ionships between climatic variation and life history parameters may be reconstructed. the circu  iths provide a highly suitable tool for growth back-calculations, thus presenting an ideal mode  -calculations, thus presenting an ideal model for studies on how environmental factors affect l  ies on how environmental factors affect life history traits in arctic freshwater fish communiti  vironmental factors affect life history traits in arctic freshwater fish communities. increased  . increased temperatures and changes in precipitation, as consequences of global warming, are p  recipitation, as consequences of global warming, are predicted to affect both terrestrial and a  f the northern hemisphere. increases in temperature and precipitation are predicted as conseque  emisphere. increases in temperature and precipitation are predicted as consequences of global w  are predicted as consequences of global warming, and increases in winter precipitation will com  global warming, and increases in winter precipitation will come in the form of more snow at ver  dates, insulation, ice thickness, water temperature, break-up dates, all of which profoundly wo  mine the effect of these factors on the life history of svalbard arctic charr using cutting-edg  s and to use svalbard arctic charr as a model organism for predicting the consequences of diffe  redicting the consequences of different climate change scenarios on freshwater ecosystem in the   climate change scenarios on freshwater ecosystem in the arctic.
10778	1	hat corals approaches to quantify coral growth rates and styles of coral skeletal deposition in
15215	10	ssils permit the reconstruction of past vegetation and environs where it has been established.   construction of past environs and their evolution until today can give us an idea about what ch  he earth periods with greatest climatic stability and is precisely during this period when the   nd mid holocene climatic changes on the vegetation during the period before the human colonizat  tion during the period before the human colonization of the archipelago. the possibility of car  l be carried aout. changes found in the vegetation could be related to past changes in climate   ion could be related to past changes in climate and these relations would be used in the predic  f vegetal communities or single species distribution ranges that may be enhanced by the coming   nges that may be enhanced by the coming climate change. the baseline of ecosystems in gran cana   coming climate change. the baseline of ecosystems in gran canaria, specially the evergreen lau
10130	9	past terrestrial responses to climate-ocean interactions in the north atlantic region  they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be affected by future global warming,   that will be affected by future global warming, such as ice sheet volume ocean circulation, ma  c importance, including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we a  including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we are beginning t  ough we are beginning to understand the nature magnitude of changes in the circulation of the n  nderstood in terms of timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this defic  lationships between oceanic terrestrial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water   e of the ice sheet, 6800 years ago, the climate of the study area was indirectly influenced by
10416	9	past terrestrial responses to climate-ocean interactions in the north atlantic region  they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be affected by future global warming,   that will be affected by future global warming, such as ice sheet volume ocean circulation, ma  c importance, including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we a  including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we are beginning t  ough we are beginning to understand the nature magnitude of changes in the circulation of the n  nderstood in terms of timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this defic  lationships between oceanic terrestrial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water   e of the ice sheet, 6800 years ago, the climate of the study area was indirectly influenced by
11698	9	past terrestrial responses to climate-ocean interactions in the north atlantic region  they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be affected by future global warming,   that will be affected by future global warming, such as ice sheet volume ocean circulation, ma  c importance, including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we a  including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we are beginning t  ough we are beginning to understand the nature magnitude of changes in the circulation of the n  nderstood in terms of timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this defic  lationships between oceanic terrestrial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water   e of the ice sheet, 6800 years ago, the climate of the study area was indirectly influenced by
9889	9	past terrestrial responses to climate-ocean interactions in the north atlantic region  they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be affected by future global warming,   that will be affected by future global warming, such as ice sheet volume ocean circulation, ma  c importance, including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we a  including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we are beginning t  ough we are beginning to understand the nature magnitude of changes in the circulation of the n  nderstood in terms of timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this defic  lationships between oceanic terrestrial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water   e of the ice sheet, 6800 years ago, the climate of the study area was indirectly influenced by
11333	2	practices into the context of long-term ecosystem dynamics to improve our understanding of how   prove our understanding of how moorland ecosystems respond to changes in burning regime. new pa
14531	3	c desequilibrium caused by a high adult mortality. adults are known territorial and sedentary,   e adult home ranges, their foraging and habitat selection, and also its geographic, individual   y and occupation of home ranges and its modelling. to analize this factors researchers will use
10231	1	ng quantity - in our case the energetic efficiency of carrying. this combination means that our
9802	1	ng quantity - in our case the energetic efficiency of carrying. this combination means that our
14763	1	uld provide information on key adaptive traits of the neandertals; the candidate genes are: fox
10924	2	itional environments, and environmental/climate change, has been largely unrealised. however, t  t can be usefully applied as markers of climate change.
11781	14	stressors can cause changes in cellular function including the generation of oxidative stress,   n including the generation of oxidative stress, that is an imbalance between pro-oxidants and a   the former. the traditional conceptual model sees oxidative stress as having damaging conseque  itional conceptual model sees oxidative stress as having damaging consequences for living syste  tic effects: physical activity and heat stress. in a first experiment i will test whether indiv  l later in life have a better oxidative stress response to strenuous flight or to heat stress c  response to strenuous flight or to heat stress compared to those of individuals that were subje  riment, i will test whether a mild heat stress experienced during development upregulates antio  r a mild heat stress experienced during development upregulates antioxidant defences, so improv  o improving later in life the oxidative stress response to heat stress or strenuous flight, aga  e the oxidative stress response to heat stress or strenuous flight, again in comparison with in  perienced either no or more severe heat stress. the results of these experiments will provide a  sequences of variation in the oxidative stress response and of the role that specific environme  mising responses of the organism to the environment.
10234	4	by plant-feeding insects and the insect predators that feed on them. many of the predators in t  redators that feed on them. many of the predators in these communities attack many prey species  s attack many prey species inflict high mortality on their gallwasp hosts, and recent work has   population structure we find on foodweb complexity. more broadly, the use of oak galls as a stu
10433	4	by plant-feeding insects and the insect predators that feed on them. many of the predators in t  redators that feed on them. many of the predators in these communities attack many prey species  s attack many prey species inflict high mortality on their gallwasp hosts, and recent work has   population structure we find on foodweb complexity. more broadly, the use of oak galls as a stu
15013	1	ions in different ways, determining the distribution of the parasites or their vectors, modifyi
10703	21	widespread and important in the natural environment. symbiotic associations can range from bein  ssociations underpin the functioning of ecosystems: mutualism can allow pairs of organisms to s  underpin the functioning of ecosystems: mutualism can allow pairs of organisms to survive where  ther would and parasitism can limit the growth of host populations. these symbioses are particu   about how these associations shape the evolution and diversity of microbial symbionts. here we  nts. here we want to understand how the evolution of symbiotic organisms is different under con  tualistic. our approach is to study the evolution of a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the na  dy the evolution of a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the nature of the association ranges fr  a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the nature of the association ranges from parasitic to mutu  rasitic to mutualistic depending on the environment: in the presence of mercury the association  ause the plasmid has a gene for mercury resistance; and in the absence of mercury the associati   because carrying the plasmid slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid   id slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid allows bacteria to survive   population sizes of bacteria to observe evolution in action. we will discover and contrast the   ntinuum of environments that change the symbiosis from parasitic to mutualistic. - our study is  ause we will, for the first time, study evolution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosis cont  volution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosis continuum using a single symbiotic associatio   - our study is relevant to the natural environment because such bacterial-plasmid associations  nt role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function, particularly in response to heavy m  l use an experimental approach to study evolution in action. - our study is timely because we w  s in dna sequencing to directly observe evolution of genetic sequences in bacterial and plasmid
11428	21	widespread and important in the natural environment. symbiotic associations can range from bein  ssociations underpin the functioning of ecosystems: mutualism can allow pairs of organisms to s  underpin the functioning of ecosystems: mutualism can allow pairs of organisms to survive where  ther would and parasitism can limit the growth of host populations. these symbioses are particu   about how these associations shape the evolution and diversity of microbial symbionts. here we  nts. here we want to understand how the evolution of symbiotic organisms is different under con  tualistic. our approach is to study the evolution of a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the na  dy the evolution of a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the nature of the association ranges fr  a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the nature of the association ranges from parasitic to mutu  rasitic to mutualistic depending on the environment: in the presence of mercury the association  ause the plasmid has a gene for mercury resistance; and in the absence of mercury the associati   because carrying the plasmid slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid   id slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid allows bacteria to survive   population sizes of bacteria to observe evolution in action. we will discover and contrast the   ntinuum of environments that change the symbiosis from parasitic to mutualistic. - our study is  ause we will, for the first time, study evolution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosis cont  volution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosis continuum using a single symbiotic associatio   - our study is relevant to the natural environment because such bacterial-plasmid associations  nt role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function, particularly in response to heavy m  l use an experimental approach to study evolution in action. - our study is timely because we w  s in dna sequencing to directly observe evolution of genetic sequences in bacterial and plasmid
10018	17	how individuals might respond to their environment. parasites make up the majority of species,   have been undertaken at a large enough scale to improve our knowledge of host-parasite interac  ries markedly in space, even at a local scale in the case of avian malaria in our tit populatio  n important factor in understanding the spatial heterogeneity of disease. the risk of parasite   in space, often due to variation in the abundance of infectious stages of the parasite. this ca  ion in environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, or inherent spatial processes  l of disease infection due to the local environment, or because infected individuals have moved  d great tits over a useful geographical scale to examine the influence of local environment and  scale to examine the influence of local environment and host dispersal on the distribution of a  l environment and host dispersal on the distribution of avian malaria infection. recent statist  ecent statistical models to predict the distribution and spread of disease that take account of  roups that each has a different spatial distribution. developments in the use of dna-based mala  tions and environmental measurements of habitat variation using satellite imagery and microclim  lected during this project, and a large scale field experiment to switch clutches of eggs betwe  he extent to which the observed spatial distribution of the two malaria species results from ho   finally, we will employ a mathematical modelling approach to examine the relative roles if hos  es and leading to further empirical and modelling work. these three approaches are made possibl
10290	17	how individuals might respond to their environment. parasites make up the majority of species,   have been undertaken at a large enough scale to improve our knowledge of host-parasite interac  ries markedly in space, even at a local scale in the case of avian malaria in our tit populatio  n important factor in understanding the spatial heterogeneity of disease. the risk of parasite   in space, often due to variation in the abundance of infectious stages of the parasite. this ca  ion in environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, or inherent spatial processes  l of disease infection due to the local environment, or because infected individuals have moved  d great tits over a useful geographical scale to examine the influence of local environment and  scale to examine the influence of local environment and host dispersal on the distribution of a  l environment and host dispersal on the distribution of avian malaria infection. recent statist  ecent statistical models to predict the distribution and spread of disease that take account of  roups that each has a different spatial distribution. developments in the use of dna-based mala  tions and environmental measurements of habitat variation using satellite imagery and microclim  lected during this project, and a large scale field experiment to switch clutches of eggs betwe  he extent to which the observed spatial distribution of the two malaria species results from ho   finally, we will employ a mathematical modelling approach to examine the relative roles if hos  es and leading to further empirical and modelling work. these three approaches are made possibl
15178	11	vidual animals commonly vary in general behavior from investigative, bold and explorative to he  be maintained through the links between behavior and life history. differences in host behavior   through the links between behavior and life history. differences in host behavior may have con  r and life history. differences in host behavior may have consequences for the risk of acquirin  e to test for interactions between host behavior, parasite status and parasite transmission, us  genera haemoproteus and plasmodium as a model system. we will quantify host personality behavio  stem. we will quantify host personality behavior and relate that to natural variation in preval  el of infection, results in a change in behavior. we will then relate host personality behavior  r. we will then relate host personality behavior to risk of exposure to insect vectors of blood  ve to vectors through their explorative behavior. this novel individual-based approach to the s  ts, providing a link between individual behavior and population level processes in host-parasit
9874	13	arine biodiversity providing invaluable ecosystem services as millions of people are economical   anthropogenic stressors such as global warming, ocean acidification, rising pollution, overfis  sing pollution, overfishing, attacks by predators or pathogens, salinity variations and increas  ing, attacks by predators or pathogens, salinity variations and increased sedimentation might r  gens, salinity variations and increased sedimentation might result in a dramatic loss of coral   reef regions affected by high levels of stress and to forecast bleaching events in order to enh  dictive capacity of currently available remote sensing techniques is limited by the fact that p  fact that prediction is mainly based on temperature anomalies and does not consider the above m  nsider the above mentioned multitude of stress factors that act together to increase susceptibi  level. the proposed study will focus on temperature stress as an eminent threat for coral reefs  roposed study will focus on temperature stress as an eminent threat for coral reefs. moreover,   over, examination of the effect of this stress factor on the tissue content of host pigments is  s to combinations of different forms of stress and refine the fluorescent protein-based bioindi
14182	4	the main factors influencing richness of plants and animals are relatively well unde   both niche differentiation and greater productivity. such ecological interactions involving mi  . of microbes, fungi play a key role in decomposition interactions involving resource heterogen  osition interactions involving resource heterogeneity and feedbacks from litter. in addition to
11588	1	host genotypes and phenotypes differ in resistance to the avirulent parasite and if the same ho
13760	1	the level of reserve carbohydrate with resistance to attack. next, the volatile and surface ch
196	3	ill be subjected to detailed study as a model system to reveal factors determining host specifi   specialized taxa in order to trace the evolution of host specificity. various methods of conte  ugh playing an important role in forest ecosystems, this group has not been regionally revised
13490	2	ruses are extremely abundant in aquatic ecosystems typically outnumbering bacteria by a factor    the potential to control structure and function of microbial communities. as viruses are paras
14704	11	climate is believed to be the main determinant of speci  s geographic ranges, and the effects of climate change on species distributions are important f  ave already changed in conjunction with climate warming, but the mechanisms determining the lim  ady changed in conjunction with climate warming, but the mechanisms determining the limits to s  s distributions are limited directly by climate, or indirectly, through the effects of climate   , or indirectly, through the effects of climate and habitat on the distributions of interacting  tly, through the effects of climate and habitat on the distributions of interacting species to   limatic conditions influence population density and variability independently of host plant den  variability independently of host plant density, specifically by determining rates of ovipositi  the future responses of biodiversity to climate change both generally and in threatened montane  oth generally and in threatened montane ecosystems.
13845	4	olutionary potential in fitness-related traits, 3 the role of natural selection vs. genetic dri  uantitative genetic variation in larval life history traits within and between subpopulations.   enetic variation in larval life history traits within and between subpopulations. 2 determine t   and the potential to adapt to changing climate. 4 compare molecular variation in adaptive and
13922	7	aim to improve our understanding of how competition hierarchies among boreal ants are regulated  logically very important in terrestrial ecosystems: they are extremely abundant, are involved i  s and are able to alter their habitats. competition is thought to play an important role in str  ittle is known about how the effects of competition interact with those of disturbances, such a  ts on ant assemblages. i will use large-scale manipulative experiments to examine how competiti  manipulative experiments to examine how competition hierarchies among boreal ants are regulated  cesses and assemblages in boreal forest ecosystems.
10063	2	nges in individuals . third, we build a model to ask the question why did the observed parental  nts are conducted using an experimental model animal: a soil mite. this has a fast generation t
11076	2	nges in individuals . third, we build a model to ask the question why did the observed parental  nts are conducted using an experimental model animal: a soil mite. this has a fast generation t
9876	9	vegetation within river channels has a profound influen  it can significantly effect: i the flow resistance and thus influence water conveyance and ther   flood risk; ii erosion, deposition and sediment transport rates; and iii the biological activi  within the fluvial system. on a smaller spatial scale, vegetation also generates turbulence tha  ial system. on a smaller spatial scale, vegetation also generates turbulence that drives both m   understanding of the effect of aquatic vegetation on the generation, evolution and dissipation  f aquatic vegetation on the generation, evolution and dissipation of coherent flow structures i  iments using novel automated turbulence mapping techniques in the uk s best-equipped environmen  the increased drag from the presence of vegetation which will enable an improved parameterisati
12255	8	id a subsidy to remove land from arable production. the scheme was introduced as part of eu agr  ith conventional intensive agricultural production. many studies have been conducted to investi  ge from arable cropping to set-aside on soil organic matter and soil microbial biodiversity. so  matter and soil microbial biodiversity. soil organic matter as they are an important group invo  lved in soil biogeochemical cycling and carbon flow and because methods for assessing their pop  w the effect of loss of set-aside other ecosystem services mediated by soil to be determined, p  ence water quality. the extent to which soil properties and geographical location determines di  e to which microbes show biogeograpical distribution will determined, allowing judgements to be
10820	1	viduals process information about their environment. we will test how females adjust their beha
10965	7	rhizosphere carbon flow is central to the functioning of grassland   central to the functioning of grassland ecosystems but there is virtually no information on the  nship between the processes involved in carbon flow and the diversity, community structure and   olved in carbon flow and the diversity, community structure and resilience of the microbial pop  this project aims to assess rhizosphere carbon flow following input of a 13c pulse and simultan  he different approaches for analysis of ecosystem function and microbial diversity will determi  sity will determine whether rhizosphere carbon flow drives diversity.
13797	15	salinity is a decisive factor for the distribution of a    salinity is a decisive factor for the distribution of animals in the marine environment but t  e distribution of animals in the marine environment but the knowledge is still limited on how s  t the knowledge is still limited on how salinity affects the most numerous metazoans of the sea  . copepods are key organisms in pelagic food webs, constituting a crucial link between primary   ds as food. previous studies in coastal ecosystems showed that salinity is important for the sp  udies in coastal ecosystems showed that salinity is important for the species composition and d  of species experimental evidence on how salinity affects growth and fitness as well as copepod   mental evidence on how salinity affects growth and fitness as well as copepod functional biolog  questions will be addressed: 1 how does salinity affect the survival, gross growth efficiency a  oes salinity affect the survival, gross growth efficiency and reproductive success 2 does salin  inity affect the survival, gross growth efficiency and reproductive success 2 does salinity aff  iciency and reproductive success 2 does salinity affect the role of copepods as grazers on phyt  ds exhibit any behavioural responses to salinity methods will include traditional bottle incuba  s and facilitate the prediction of fish production in a future with changing climatic condition
10911	12	in the open ocean - the earth s largest ecosystem, of profound importance to global biogeochemi  mportance to global biogeochemistry and climate. photoheterotrophic prokaryotes use light for e  heterotrophic prokaryotes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carb  tes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and conseque  cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and consequently use organic molecules fr  equently use organic molecules from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. despi  s from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. despite considerable advances in t  isms the role of solar radiation in the metabolism of bacterioplankton in the ocean is difficul  lly test and to examine by mathematical modelling a hypothesis that sar11 alphaproteobacteria a  heterotrophic use of light at the ocean scale. in order to meet the above objectives we will fo  rescence in situ hybridization and nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry in conjunction wi   aim is to establish the input of solar energy into the microbial world of the open ocean beyon
10980	12	in the open ocean - the earth s largest ecosystem, of profound importance to global biogeochemi  mportance to global biogeochemistry and climate. photoheterotrophic prokaryotes use light for e  heterotrophic prokaryotes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carb  tes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and conseque  cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and consequently use organic molecules fr  equently use organic molecules from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. despi  s from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. despite considerable advances in t  isms the role of solar radiation in the metabolism of bacterioplankton in the ocean is difficul  lly test and to examine by mathematical modelling a hypothesis that sar11 alphaproteobacteria a  heterotrophic use of light at the ocean scale. in order to meet the above objectives we will fo  rescence in situ hybridization and nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry in conjunction wi   aim is to establish the input of solar energy into the microbial world of the open ocean beyon
11401	17	natural ecosystems provide important services to humans, such a  f food, the prevention of flooding, and carbon sequestration. however, they are increasingly un  der threat from global changes, such as habitat destruction and global warming. in order to mai   such as habitat destruction and global warming. in order to maintain natural ecosystems it is   l warming. in order to maintain natural ecosystems it is vital to understand how they work. tro  t is vital to understand how they work. trophic interactions between groups of organisms - inte   the main factors determining how these ecosystems are structured. but the nature of these inte  hese ecosystems are structured. but the nature of these interactions is poorly known, even in w  e proportion of the biomass in tropical ecosystems across the world, and are known to be ecosys  s across the world, and are known to be ecosystem engineers i.e. they are one of the main contr  in contributors to the structure of the ecosystem. termites do this by moving soil around, and    for a small number of species, as much predation of termites by ants takes place underground.   d termites not by direct observation of predation events, but by looking for termite genetic ma  ta will allow us to construct a partial food web for the different species of ants and termites   about the impacts of processes such as habitat conversion and climate change on the structure   rocesses such as habitat conversion and climate change on the structure of natural ecosystems.   mate change on the structure of natural ecosystems.
10970	2	es. this will provide insights into the population dynamics and evolutionary consequences of th  re vital to understand host-parasite co-evolution between the honeybee-varroa mite and viral pa
15450	2	ntish plover charadrius alexandrinus as model species. also, we will study whether such a trade  he ability of females to cope with heat stress, as for females there would be a trade-off in th
2102	2	tion, which is the term used in ant, of nature and society, in this case represented by codfish  agement have had success in translating nature and society, but not in ending disputes about wh
2167	2	the coastal heath ecosystem is classified as greatly endangered under the   large alien coniferous species. the un millennium ecosystem assessment , and the strategic pla
7721	3	genetic resistance of plants to pests and diseases are essentia  ential components of a sustainable food production. resistance genes prove an effective way of   nents of a sustainable food production. resistance genes prove an effective way of controlling
10488	7	il record to reconstruct the faunas and ecosystems that were present before humans spread aroun  isotopic analysis. comparisons with the abundance and diversity of similar animals alive in oth   similar comparisons with modern island ecosystems can also suggest whether we can identify any  ses will also be studied by researching habitat preferences of hispaniola s surviving mammals,   t these animals may have had with their environment, and possible effects that their extinction  xtinction would have had on west indian ecosystem structure. this improved understanding of the  uggest appropriate methods of restoring ecosystems to their original equilibrium, an especially
10520	11	ihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological integrity of rural subsistence-oriented hous  ither mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that exacerbate losses. an unprec   extinction of species is underway, and climate change is affecting species range and phenology  e change is affecting species range and phenology, leading to new species configurations that a   new species configurations that affect ecosystem services in unpredictable ways. with climate   em services in unpredictable ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entaile  ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entailed in human population growth,  alteration entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalen  on entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalent. in th  ecognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human   cision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .
11528	11	ihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological integrity of rural subsistence-oriented hous  ither mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that exacerbate losses. an unprec   extinction of species is underway, and climate change is affecting species range and phenology  e change is affecting species range and phenology, leading to new species configurations that a   new species configurations that affect ecosystem services in unpredictable ways. with climate   em services in unpredictable ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entaile  ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entailed in human population growth,  alteration entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalen  on entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalent. in th  ecognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human   cision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .
9951	10	ither mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that ex-acerbate losses. an unpre   extinction of species is underway, and climate change is af-fecting species range and phenolog   change is af-fecting species range and phenology, leading to new species configurations that a   new species configurations that affect ecosystem services in unpredictable ways. with climate   em services in unpredictable ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entaile  ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entailed in human population growth,  alteration entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalen  on entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalent. in th  ecognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human   cision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .
11477	1	o test hypotheses of the affinities and evolution of early humans in mexico in the context of t
13796	8	advance my analytical capacity to study habitat use, behavior of free-ranging animals and lands  alytical capacity to study habitat use, behavior of free-ranging animals and landscape ecology.  of animal resource selection, prey anti-predator behavior, and landscape ecology to assess the    resource selection, prey anti-predator behavior, and landscape ecology to assess the effects o  nvironmental and human factors on moose behavior in different environments. my working hypothes  s that i expect moose to show avoidance behavior , resulting in a ´landscape of fear´ in space   se space use using resource utilization function in relation to infrastructure and environmenta  oad-crossings, i will develop a general model concerning risk assessment using a multi-year dat
11081	5	s are regarded as the most species rich ecosystems in the oceans but they are also probably the  d, as well as collections of rubble and sediment made. animals will be extracted from coral and  ted from coral and rubble in the field. sediment samples will be preserved and transported to o  ofauna extracted from coral and rubble. sediment will be subject to extraction of environmental  rsity comprised by elements of the reef community that are rarely studied. data obtained on hum
15060	7	habitat fragmentation reduces the flow of individuals b  ed dramatic declines due to agriculture intensification, and human-induced habitat fragmentatio  ture intensification, and human-induced habitat fragmentation. the iberian peninsula represents  ther important human-induced sources of mortality, on great bustards in iberia, and to propose   ays to reconcile agricultural and rural development with species survival. this will be achieve  two decades on individual behaviour and population dynamics indicate ways to minimize human imp  the conservation of the species and its habitat.
10464	6	n populations will be used to study the evolution and migration of humans around the indian oce  will be used to study the evolution and migration of humans around the indian ocean rim. mitoch  dies of the same specimens, allowing an evaluation of the phylogenetic utility of such data. pa  reconstructions and combined with paleo-vegetation and climatic data to create a detailed palae  a multi-disciplinary synthesis of human migration and evolution in the area.   linary synthesis of human migration and evolution in the area.
15301	3	eriods in the frame of the recent human evolution, and the permeability of geographic and cultu  he gene flow. besides, the study of the distribution of surnames will provide clues on the natu  n of surnames will provide clues on the nature of internal migrations after their implantation
13342	3	ves and aspirations of people. beliefs, perceptions, attitudes and preferences about biodiversi  sess the social, cultural, economic and ecological functions and impacts of hunting across a ra  ders to develop novel approaches to the mitigation of natural resource conflicts involving hunt
2130	2	and this needs to be modeled in a stock-recruitment context for both atlantic salmon and brown   m the molecular studies will be used to model population viability in the absence/presence of i
15463	3	ally reproducing organisms suggesting a model of reticulate evolution. chamois between the two   anisms suggesting a model of reticulate evolution. chamois between the two species of chamois w   be analyzed. comparison of the spatial distribution of trans-specific polymorphisms at mhc and
14939	1	, whether there is interespecific sperm competition betwee the common quail and the non native
2092	2	ce of new variability in the subsequent evolution of the species. the importance of hybridizati  alizing preferred mate choice caused by competition. we will test the hypothesis by analysing t
7639	3	y and leads to their persistence in the environment. the project idea, following existing preli  rbances that modify the physicochemical nature of the medium. the model chosen is that of polyc  ysicochemical nature of the medium. the model chosen is that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
10441	3	the bed sediment of coarse-grained alluvial channels is often o  elatively homogeneous grain-size called sediment patches. differences in patch texture generate  dynamic structures that provide diverse habitat opportunities and ensure the availability of re
7658	4	al contamination and its impacts on the ecosystem. the biological indices currently used to def  politan territory: reflections of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sisteo th  oject aims to analyze the impact of the development of metropolitan paris in the suburban terri  mination and biological response of the ecosystem adapted to high anthropogenic hydrological sy
11271	1	e subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem to test whether just cracking of rocks can pr
10100	2	. the determination of the presence and abundance of hydrothermal venting along this remote and  s many slow-spreading ridges and to the evolution and biogeography of vent-specific fauna. the
10217	5	of biodiversity in our planet s largest ecosystem. our proposal targets the mid-cayman rise , a  vens has revolutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provide  out how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provided clues to the origins of life.    to understand what controls the global distribution of species in these island-like extreme en  mal vent on the mcr. these include high-temperature systems associated with an undersea mountai
10907	5	of biodiversity in our planet s largest ecosystem. our proposal targets the mid-cayman rise , a  vens has revolutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provide  out how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provided clues to the origins of life.    to understand what controls the global distribution of species in these island-like extreme en  mal vent on the mcr. these include high-temperature systems associated with an undersea mountai
11875	4	on. yet because we cannot use standard remote sensing techniques using electromagnetic radiati  te acceptable results. for example, the model must generate vents with the temperature measured   the model must generate vents with the temperature measured on the seafloor and the heat outpu  surface geology or fluid flow directly, modelling is often the only way of determining whether
14563	1	ns 216 species and 244 subspecies. this richness is considered one of the most important in the
7047	2	mponents in soil playing a key role for soil health. many species of hypocrea/trichoderma have   bioresources require their detection in nature and preservation in collections of living cultur
14748	1	regard to bryophytes, what increase the distribution data, catalogues and the publication of po
15414	1	about the natural history, geographical distribution and species biology
14570	1	chenical flora in the iberian peninsula review and redaction of fuscideaceae, grafidaceae famil
14984	2	e the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out distributio  ribution of each taxa, and to carry out distribution maps in the studied area. 5. to publish al
14986	2	e the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out distributio  ribution of each taxa, and to carry out distribution maps in the studied area. + the results wi
14855	1	be finished. besides this, cataloguing, distribution analysis, identification and publication o
10885	4	e case. the planned research focuses on climate change during a time period known as the oligoc  ill provide the data to test and refine climate models and may provide information useful for p  mation useful for predicting the future climate response of abrupt warming, from the ice sheets  g the future climate response of abrupt warming, from the ice sheets to the tropics.
1985	6	ated n/p ratios that favour f. japonica growth. also, f. japonica growth and winter survival wi  r f. japonica growth. also, f. japonica growth and winter survival will benefit from climate ch  h and winter survival will benefit from climate change related increases in mean sea water temp  nge related increases in mean sea water temperature, as measured in the dutch wadden sea. these   highly characteristic mucocysts or the production of brevetoxins on fish behaviour and mortali  on of brevetoxins on fish behaviour and mortality, at the same time allowing for a comparison b
15402	2	strates in reactions cometabolicas. the efficiency of the proposed technologies will be assesse  logy to end users is raised through the participation of a company of spanish bioremediation
15480	3	on the biodiversity as a result of the climate change, between other factors, and considering   eat limitation for the knowledge of the nature of these fungi, that is the delineations of its   se available for the rest of scientific community for future studies.
7218	2	nd economic interest in the sustainable development of Madagascar and the Indian Ocean region.   l protection and especially sustainable development to answer these questions, this study is ba
458	3	c and economic interest for sustainable development in madagascar and the region of the indian   nd which are the methods of follow-up / evaluation that it would be relevant to establish in or  stlines and particularly in sustainable development in order to answer these questions, this st
15433	2	nd endangered species, depends on gonad development, which is controlled by several genes. neve   regulatory genes in testis and ovarian development, respectively, mmu-mir-124 y mmu-mir144 may
10616	1	hts into the forces driving ecology and evolution in future larger follow up studies.
12279	14	upply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance of healthy and diverse e   the maintenance of healthy and diverse ecosystems. • water is the most important factor limiti  the most important factor limiting crop production, and water availability during the uk growin  cline. water abstraction for field crop production needs to be balanced with maintaining surfac   water flows and ground water levels. • nitrogen inputs are a major source of co2 emissions • l  r source of co2 emissions • leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor wate  o2 emissions • leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. •   e been steep increases in the prices of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and supplies of ph  increases in the prices of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and supplies of phosphorus are   phosphorus fertilizers, and supplies of phosphorus are non-renewable. existing elite crop varie  develop new varieties that can maintain productivity with lower inputs. such varieties will all  hnique known as genome wide association mapping , it will be possible to identify loci that con  sible to identify loci that control the traits of interest. once loci are identified, varients   ee if they confer increased resouce use efficiency. in this 6 month project we will collect tog
10102	2	es to recognise homologous genes in the environment using molecular biological techniques. this  rstanding dms degradation in the marine environment.
15103	17	ding of non lineal processes that drive ecosystem dynamics was originally described in shallow   constitutes a new point of view for the modelling of ecosystem dynamics. our team has been moni   new point of view for the modelling of ecosystem dynamics. our team has been monitoring for mo  goon of s'albufera des grau, a pristine ecosystem with changes between macrophytic and phytopla  c and phytoplanktonic states. in 2007 a regime shift was reported, and the lagoon turned into a  d state after seven years of macrophyte dominance. this project is aimed to the identification   entification of both regimes at century scale with a palaeoecological approach. we will analyse  cological approach. we will analyse the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition in organic matt  pproach. we will analyse the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition in organic matter, as well  bon and nitrogen isotope composition in organic matter, as well as photosynthetic pigment conte  gment content. moreover, two proxies of salinity will be studied from calcite geochemistry in o  alcite geochemistry in ostracod valves: oxygen stable isotope composition and trace element geo  we will generate another time series of salinity from the simulation of this key factor by a dy  is key factor by a dynamic hydrological model that is fed by daily climatic data. another outpu  ly climatic data. another output of the model will be a time series of the torrential water inp  o the comprehension of the frequency of regime shifts and its possible forcing factors, as well   its expected tendency in relation with climate change
12613	2	ich is an essential input into any risk evaluation. the situation is compounded by the current   arrented. evidence will be gathered via review of literature and online materials together with
11364	5	ere fluxes is an important component of climate prediction. models for making flux predictions   ions to and from plant canopies vary in complexity depending on the processes perceived to be d   reducing the likelihood of prejudicial model selection. this project will use recursive estima   dependencies of an established wue-rue model as a means of identifying an appropriate level of   of identifying an appropriate level of complexity required to predict surface-atmosphere fluxe
13886	8	n. the project will foster knowledge on ecosystem response to various types of restoration. thi  used. these will be located to riparian ecosystems. such systems have high natural values, are   t difficult to restore because of their complexity. the project will evaluate riparian restorat   location in the landscape is basic for ecosystem structures and processes. i predict that rest  d processes. i predict that restoration efficiency varies with location in the catchment and wi  . the project will evaluate restoration efficiency by using plant germination, establishment an  ng plant germination, establishment and production as indicators. this is made by using phytome  nation, establishment and production as indicators. this is made by using phytometers. the proj
12406	6	n the licensing of round three windfarm development looking at 1 collating key details on colli  e of existing and novel avian collision mitigation options, 3 estimate the extent to which thes  nimise bird collisions, 4 contribute to development of a quantitative model for the wind indust  ribute to development of a quantitative model for the wind industry to use as a tool to reduce   mes available. the currently identified mitigation option of enforcement of a mandatory shut do  rd collision and develop a quantitative model for the wind industry to reduce bird fatalities.
10502	2	cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by   knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b
10244	2	cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by   knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b
10246	2	cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by   knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b
10742	2	cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by   knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b
11220	2	cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by   knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b
12227	7	re updating and improving. for example, nitrogen , but not on mature field crops. increased pre  environments and water quality, and the energy required and carbon dioxide evolved in their pro  er quality, and the energy required and carbon dioxide evolved in their production and use, wil  red and carbon dioxide evolved in their production and use, will also increase the need to mana  ith over 85% of mined p is used in food production, and field vegetable crops being very respon  icient use. we will conduct an in depth review of literature on the p response of field vegetab  th practical and strategic research and development to support more effective p use by vegetabl
9844	8	igh-pressure, and in some cases extreme temperature, growth of piezophiles. the cold- and press   and in some cases extreme temperature, growth of piezophiles. the cold- and pressure-loving ba  terium profundum, has been adopted as a model system to understand piezophile growth. this bact  a model system to understand piezophile growth. this bacterium is an ideal model system since,   hile growth. this bacterium is an ideal model system since, although it grows optimally at high  e important for cold- and high pressure-growth. thus, the aims of this research are to characte  t insights into the basis of piezophile growth and, since photobacterium is considered to be a    the effect of pressure on microoganism growth.
10581	3	ast population vicariance. however, the development of hypotheses to test with these techniques  s predicting geographic variation using gis. these will be tested using partial mantel tests on  ing in dna markers. this will provide a model methodology for such studies in a range of organi
11840	24	of birds and mammals often have larger body size in the colder parts of their geographical ran   surface over which heat is lost to the environment. however, it has become apparent that cold-  s is an important topic, because global climate change will expose animals to changing temperat   change will expose animals to changing temperature and we need to understand how they will res  tly relevant to understanding how their growth efficiency is altered by temperature. to do this  evant to understanding how their growth efficiency is altered by temperature. to do this, we sh  w their growth efficiency is altered by temperature. to do this, we shall focus on a small anim  erent populations are grown in the same environment shows that they differ genetically in size.  s that they differ genetically in size. temperature seems to be a critical variable in the evol   seems to be a critical variable in the evolution of larger body size at higher latitudes, beca  cal variable in the evolution of larger body size at higher latitudes, because experiments wher  atory also result in genetically larger body size at lower culture temperatures. in addition, f  temperatures produce larger adults with growth at lower temperatures, showing that there is a d  re is a direct, environmental effect of temperature on size. we shall discover the reasons for    identify the genes that produce larger body size at higher latitudes in nature. we shall do th  larger body size at higher latitudes in nature. we shall do this by mapping their location in t  atitudes in nature. we shall do this by mapping their location in the genetic material and by l   critical and checking their effects on body size. we shall test the importance of temperature   y size. we shall test the importance of temperature in the evolution of body size, by measuring  st the importance of temperature in the evolution of body size, by measuring the performance of  ance of temperature in the evolution of body size, by measuring the performance of flies with t  ch genes show altered expression during growth at different temperatures. by identifying the ge  es and pathways that control changes in body size in response to temperature, we shall start to  rol changes in body size in response to temperature, we shall start to understand the reasons w
12042	1	ic fluctuations in different ways, as a function of their particular ecological preferences and
12640	2	wales; to provide information about the scale, nature and physical effects of illegal use; to i  to provide information about the scale, nature and physical effects of illegal use; to identify
11153	3	tudying microorganisms in their natural environment without cultivation. the nucleic acids insi   pollutants such as pahs in the natural environment. a microscale investigation may shed light   nd for the risk assessment for impacted ecosystems.
10202	3	a, nw england was hit by an exceptional precipitation event producing an unprecedented total of  aithe. this was equivalent to a month s precipitation and set a new uk record and local stakeho  zones that are at risk from erosion and sedimentation.
10514	9	gists, climatologists as well as forest carbon and remote sensing experts in order to provide a  atologists as well as forest carbon and remote sensing experts in order to provide an integrati  ght, the extent of forest fires and the carbon losses associated with this event. working as a    forest fires based on a combination of climate and remote sensing data. the team will then imp  s based on a combination of climate and remote sensing data. the team will then implement an ex  vey to quantify the impacts of fires on carbon stocks and the functioning of the fire-affected   ht-induced fire impact on the amazonian carbon stocks by integrating the previous data. due to   , but will also provide support for the development of public policies in order to mitigate cli  of public policies in order to mitigate climate change impacts in this region.
10490	7	fs provide the key to understanding the evolution of the many and varied life-histories that ge  maintaining your own health and putting energy into reproducing; organisms can choose to devote  returns for each species in the current environment. but what happens if the environment change  nt environment. but what happens if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing t   happens if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as pa   if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as parasites   lled and how they change in a high risk environment.
11543	7	fs provide the key to understanding the evolution of the many and varied life-histories that ge  maintaining your own health and putting energy into reproducing; organisms can choose to devote  returns for each species in the current environment. but what happens if the environment change  nt environment. but what happens if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing t   happens if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as pa   if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as parasites   lled and how they change in a high risk environment.
14196	1	ost costly and painful health problems. development of effective treatments and vaccines is urg
15343	9	n the conservation of waterfowl. direct mortality by lead poisoning, usually through the ingest  athogens, leading to an increase in the mortality by infectious and parasitic diseases, and by    by decreasing reproductive success and recruitment, leading to an alteration of the population  itment, leading to an alteration of the population dynamics. we present an integrated approach    status. pb is known to cause oxidative stress, which will be used as the meeting point among a  the analysed responses. since oxidative stress is also known to be related with colour and orna  e effects of parental exposure to pb on development of immune function and immunocompentence in  exposure to pb on development of immune function and immunocompentence in chicks. 4. to study t  rimentally the involvement of oxidative stress as a mechanism of the effect of lead on inmune r
13733	1	sis and activation of haemocytes in two model organisms, ciona intestinalis and mytilus edulis,
10776	5	m oxidisers, which play a vital role in nitrogen cycling, water quality and ecosystem functioni   in nitrogen cycling, water quality and ecosystem functioning and are sensitive indicators of e  ecosystem functioning and are sensitive indicators of ecosystem health. this is a very speciali  tioning and are sensitive indicators of ecosystem health. this is a very specialist process and  ill alter by their interaction with the environment and microbes themselves.
7175	1	increased vulnerability in an unstable environment and current disruption. .
14779	5	agricultural intensification through irrigation and use of both chem  des has allowed a huge increase in food production in the last 40 years, feeding 6,000 million   0 million people on the earth. however, intensification has caused severe costs to the wild nat  ion has caused severe costs to the wild nature. farming is widely recognized as a major serious  tential negative impacts of agriculture intensification permitting the coexistence of viable fa
7634	5	some anthropogenic ecosystem management approaches have led to a decline i  an 80 % of terrestrial plants form root symbiosis with soil fungi that can access difficult acc  t improving their mineral nutrition and growth. they also contribute to structuring and mainten  nally, this project aims to promote the development of biogeosciences in the context of the lin  t of the links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
10567	8	diel vertical migration that can track plankton migrations, sediment   ion that can track plankton migrations, sediment traps that collect plankton and their fecal ma  ct plankton and their fecal matter, and temperature and salinity probes to monitor watercolumn   their fecal matter, and temperature and salinity probes to monitor watercolumn physical propert  ime series . data will be explored in a model framework that will tell us how much fecal pellet  that will tell us how much fecal pellet production by zooplankton is exported to depth through   gauge what effect these factors have on carbon sequestration. we have considerable experience w  lead to an improved capacity to predict ecosystem consequences of change in the arctic. the pro
1084	4	the study of the environmental evolution concomitant with the 26 december 2004 tsunami  y scientific research and environmental recovery and protection. in this respect, the present p  al lagoons and wetlands, and delivering sediment load to the nearshore marine bottoms. 3 presen  vironmental managers concerned with the recovery and rehabilitation of the infralittoral and in
13890	15	re and species composition of the plant community. these changes can further affect other anima  ther animal assemblages and fundamental ecosystem processes. from the swedish perspective it is  ulation densities of cervids affect the ecosystem. to study this, a new, completely experimenta  closures in young forest stands along a habitat productivity gradient. the moose food plants ar   in young forest stands along a habitat productivity gradient. the moose food plants are clippe  that moose significantly can affect the ecosystem, especially at higher densities. there are cl  r densities. there are clear effects on growth and productivity of trees, litterfall, abundance  . there are clear effects on growth and productivity of trees, litterfall, abundance and specie   and productivity of trees, litterfall, abundance and species richness of vascular plants, grou  rees, litterfall, abundance and species richness of vascular plants, ground and soil living inv  nd soil living invertebrates. also soil temperature and soil respiration rates have been affect  nvertebrates. also soil temperature and soil respiration rates have been affected. effect furth  een affected. effect further depends on habitat productivity, and the same moose density can gi  cted. effect further depends on habitat productivity, and the same moose density can give oppos  abitat productivity, and the same moose density can give opposite effects in poor and rich habi
12225	2	of reports looking at the economic and production impacts of changing pesticide availability o  is collated and assessed so that policy development can address the key issues and balance pres
161	24	climate and the environment of the earth is under incre                          climate and the environment of the earth is under increasing pressure o   activity that is likely to provoke the climate warming, frequent droughts and other stresses t  y that is likely to provoke the climate warming, frequent droughts and other stresses that decr  ts and other stresses that decrease the stability of forest ecosystems. many recent projects on  s that decrease the stability of forest ecosystems. many recent projects on different tree spec  ica showed long-term variations of tree growth and site productivity. the case studies reported  term variations of tree growth and site productivity. the case studies reported consistent incr  ent increasing trends in general height growth, as well as diameter growth of different tree sp  eral height growth, as well as diameter growth of different tree species in central and western  central and western europe. the altered growth conditions affect the genetic composition of for  of the balanced plant nutrition. litter decomposition is an important link in cycling procecces  es as the source of the majority of the nutrients taken up annually by plants. the lack of know  plants. the lack of knowledge about the growth of forests in changing conditions is emphasized   t decades. the increasing trends in air temperature and precipitation, detected in meteorologic  ncreasing trends in air temperature and precipitation, detected in meteorological time series i  onsible for the annual increase of tree growth. the primary goal of the proposed project is to    is to study i the trends in the radial growth of coniferous stands under the possible impact o  stands under the possible impact of the climate change and ii the impact of warming and increas  the climate change and ii the impact of warming and increased precipitation on the forest litte   ii the impact of warming and increased precipitation on the forest litter decomposition. resul  ased precipitation on the forest litter decomposition. results of the study should show trends   d show trends in site conditions and in growth of economically important coniferous stands. a b  ands. a better understanding of altered growth conditions may be useful for planning of forest
147	10	studies on global climate have revealed that the conditions in the northe   the north atlantic oscillation index . climate change affects the balance of heat, water and s  ence of the inflow of substances on the ecosystem of large shallow lakes. first of all, the res  . the role of the dynamics of dissolved organic matter on the underwater light climate will be    organic matter on the underwater light climate will be investigated as well. work hypotheses:   bstances. however, the concentration of phosphorus in lake water tends to be lower in water-ric   bacteria while the lower phytoplankton production in dom-rich years can reduce bacterial bioma  dy the impact of climatic change on the ecosystem of shallow lakes. they are among few lakes in  e lakes enable to analyse the impact of climate change on the ecosystems. monthly data on phyto  yse the impact of climate change on the ecosystems. monthly data on phytoplankton from l. võrts
12435	7	nting the strategic plan of the cod and climate change programme and other co-operative interna  international studies on the effects of climate change on the marine ecosystem. key customer pu  effects of climate change on the marine ecosystem. key customer purpose to improve forecasts of  orecasts of the responses of the marine ecosystem to physical forcing and global change by deve  arine ecosystem to physical forcing and global change by developing our understanding of its st  nditions, providing the basis for wider ecosystem approach to issues in fisheries management an  h to issues in fisheries management and environment protection.
6961	5	ects. main subjects of the studies are: distribution, phenology, populationdynamics, biodiversi  jects of the studies are: distribution, phenology, populationdynamics, biodiversity. aims: to s  iodiversity. aims: to study the further distribution of several important pest species as d. pe  tina on grape, a. purpurea on grasses . development of a new concept an european insect thermom   of the insect termometer. the research model proposed in this grant proposal, the developed me
7129	22	ndigenous species and simulation of the evolution of their distribution areas the dominance of   nd simulation of the evolution of their distribution areas the dominance of terrestrial ecosyst  olution of their distribution areas the dominance of terrestrial ecosystems by humans led to a   tion areas the dominance of terrestrial ecosystems by humans led to a major alteration of the a  ed to a major alteration of the abiotic environment of the globe and biotic diversity ecosystem  nment of the globe and biotic diversity ecosystem. from the interactions between the abiotic an   of the increase in atmospheric co2 and temperature on phenology, growth and reproduction of in  e in atmospheric co2 and temperature on phenology, growth and reproduction of introduced and na  heric co2 and temperature on phenology, growth and reproduction of introduced and native specie  on of introduced and native species and model changing areas potential distribution of some spe  cies and model changing areas potential distribution of some species. this project has four obj  roject has four objectives: 1 / test in competition if the increase of co2 promote invasive spe  species over native species in terms of phenology, growth and reproduction. . 3 / determine the  r native species in terms of phenology, growth and reproduction. . 3 / determine the effects of   3 / determine the effects of increased temperature and reduced rainfall on phenology of some h  sed temperature and reduced rainfall on phenology of some herbaceous and woody species. 4 / pre  dy species. 4 / predict what changes in distribution areas of the main tree species in europe a  scenarios and thus determine how global warming may affect biodiversity. in terms of management  s; 2 test a likely deterioration in the efficiency of biological control because of the alterat  the european system of observatories of phenology and to continue the development of phenologic  tories of phenology and to continue the development of phenological models to simulate the evol   of phenological models to simulate the evolution of plant ranges.
7669	2	ropical forest, sub-andean and savannah ecosystems, where biodiversity and landscape are contro  area presently faces changes due to the development of anthropogenic activities taking into acc
13725	4	t objective is to investigate how large predators impact the composition of mammal communities.  omposition of mammal communities. large predators have been heavily persecuted and many populat  den. specifically, i will test if known species interactions are a sufficient explanation for o  erved changes in species abundances and community structure. the results are generally importan
11147	2	one of the most prominent signatures of climate change is progressively increasing levels of at  sively increasing levels of atmospheric methane . specifically, each group will contribute thei
7536	2	rve genetic resources, what strategy to scale to a known intermediary we propose to initiate, t  oaks present in these landscapes on the scale that was used to characterize the interspecific b
544	4	we analysed annual cone production in larch for 30 consecutive years could be s  omyia. we showed evidence of asymmetric competition among strobilomyia species, with competitiv   strobilomyia species, with competitive dominance of the earliest species. diapause duration wa  rolonged diapause. the impact of winter temperature increase on strobilomyia emergence is under
7131	2	rch. a better understanding of how this ecosystem will predict the effect of global warming on   ystem will predict the effect of global warming on the regeneration of larch forest, forest and
2149	4	on in smolt physiology and/or olfactory function due to contaminant exposure can be correlated   an be correlated to impaired downstream migration, groups of tagged, previously exposed fish wi  ompletion of smoltification. downstream migration will be evaluated from capture rates in fish   bsequent smoltification, and downstream migration. these results will be of value to existing s
427	5	ldwide has highly increased. the global climate change is probably one of the major causes lead  menon will probably greatly perturb the distribution of the european species. what will be the   val the knowledge of the impact of past climate changes on biodiversity would greatly help to a  pt their morphology to changes in their environment particularly linked to the climate.    environment particularly linked to the climate.
7143	1	tags: climate change, phylogeography, mammals, refuges, genet
10005	1	impact of dramatic global events on the evolution of life, particularly in the polar regions.
10523	1	impact of dramatic global events on the evolution of life, particularly in the polar regions.
11535	1	impact of dramatic global events on the evolution of life, particularly in the polar regions.
1933	11	perimentally investigate the effects of habitat connectivity on dynamics and rates of colonizat  ally investigate the effects of habitat connectivity on dynamics and rates of colonization and   t connectivity on dynamics and rates of colonization and extinction in a model multitrophic sys  tes of colonization and extinction in a model multitrophic system of a plant, a phytopathogen,   ize that pathogen and parasitoid in the model system are more sensitive to fragmentation than t  eof on the underlying trophic level and stability of the system as a whole. specific attention    general hypothesis that as a result of habitat fragmentation and isolation the stability of mu  habitat fragmentation and isolation the stability of multitrophic systems will decrease because   and iv these processes are enforced by habitat fragmentation and isolation. specific hypothese  tems in relation to different scales of habitat connectivity to arrive at greater generality of  relation to different scales of habitat connectivity to arrive at greater generality of the res
13592	2	e will use a combination of laboratory, mesocosm-based and field studies to sudy the growth, re  osm-based and field studies to sudy the growth, reprodction success and lipid content of fish e
14183	5	creasing. widespread and expanding pest resistance to pyrethroids is a major european problem a   will explore, using small plot, larger-scale field and laboratory experiments, how host plants  iments, how host plants within the agro-ecosystem affect the population dynamics and phenology   ts within the agro-ecosystem affect the population dynamics and phenology of two target pests,   stem affect the population dynamics and phenology of two target pests, the pollen beetle and th
14983	9	of spain are systems that show a great richness in biodiversity including, in many cases, spec  e and/or in danger of extinction. these ecosystems are also strategic places for birds migratio  ems are also strategic places for birds migration through the european continent. the importanc  c and morphologic aspects, as: - global evolution of the wetlands area - morphologic changes un  lands and their relationship with human development and climatic characteristics - appearance a  nd waterproofing phenomena - changes in hydrology - appearance of fragile zones with respect to  sh particular criteria for their useful recovery and conservation, and for the development of e   recovery and conservation, and for the development of effective plans of recovery and protecti  r the development of effective plans of recovery and protection of mediterranean wetlands in pr
7554	1	alyze their impact on gene flow and the evolution of the genetic diversity of three forest spec
14141	8	although the impact of rising ambient temperature and co2 concentration on woody plants is al  stigated. air humidity can influence an ecosystem and its components in several ways, causing c  he intensity of evapo-transpiration and soil moisture. lower transpiration at higher air humidi   with two different types of understory vegetation. the second phase has been designed to compl   this experiment will be conducted in a growth chamber, where light, air humidity and soil mois   chamber, where light, air humidity and soil moisture will be controlled. the monitored variabl  ulic conductance, leaf area dynamic and nitrate concentration in root and shoot xylem. the wate  root and shoot xylem. the water and the nitrogen in the soil will be also monitored. pressure-v
14110	2	climate change scenarios predict wetter conditions for   e scales to cause a putative decline in growth rate in response to elevated rh
10305	9	particles may have on the strucutre and function of the microbial communities which exist in th  mmunities are essential for the healthy function of soils: they underpin the production of food  hy function of soils: they underpin the production of food and fibre, the cycling of nutrients,  ction of food and fibre, the cycling of nutrients, the purification of water flowing through th  ugh them, contribute to soil structural stability and it s ability to resist erosion, and inter  intain biodiversity, amongst many other ecosystem goods identified in the millennium ecosystem   other ecosystem goods identified in the millennium ecosystem assessment. so any impacts of nano  ny impact on the normal composition and function of the soil microbial community, using well es  al composition and function of the soil microbial community, using well established techniques.
11140	11	as atmospheric carbon dioxide continues to rise the ph of seawater wil  ic carbon dioxide continues to rise the ph of seawater will get progressively less alkaline. th  rganisms are harder to predict. in this ph.d. proposal the student will study the effect of dec  ent will study the effect of decreasing ph on the production of trace gases proves significant   tudy the effect of decreasing ph on the production of trace gases proves significant then the i  r study here, e.g. on rates of man-made carbon dioxide uptake by the oceans and calculation of    calculation of air-sea fluxes of other climate relevant gases. finally, the student will use a   the student will use a one-dimensional model to assess the importance of ph-induced changes in  ional model to assess the importance of ph-induced changes in the air-sea exchange of trace gas  udying one important impact of seawater ph change on processes in the oceans but also by linkin  ts in the oceans to the wider fields of climate and atmospheric chemistry.
7497	4	phenology of genetically modified plants and their wild  ed. however, under strong pressure from herbivory, flowering wild plants is delayed by damage a  ng wild plants is delayed by damage and phenology converges to that of bt plant. in this system  xperiments to study the impact of plant phenology on the escapement levels of transgenes from t
165	10	bilitation of large open-cast oil-shale mining areas is carried out every year since 1960. duri  ically reasonable to continue open-cast mining of oil shale is extremely scarce. the main aim o  re processes on the formation of forest ecosystems in open-cast oil-shale mining areas. microbi  orest ecosystems in open-cast oil-shale mining areas. microbiological, chemical and physical ch  tree species-related.effect of roots on mining detritus. in selected stands total above-ground   . in selected stands total above-ground production will be estimated and decomposition dynamics  ground production will be estimated and decomposition dynamics of leaf and root litter analysed  our understanding of mechanisms how the development of forest ecosystems in calcareous mining d  echanisms how the development of forest ecosystems in calcareous mining detritus is affected by  ment of forest ecosystems in calcareous mining detritus is affected by rhizosphere processes an
187	12	dy the within-species variation in leaf traits of boreal evergreen plants growing in contrastin  eases with the increasing environmental stress level, which is accompanied by the decline in ph  ter leaf longevity enables higher total carbon gain in conditions where resources are limited.   are paralleled by changes in other leaf traits, so that one trait can be used to predict the va  n be used to predict the value of other traits. however, most of these generalisations are base  t when within-species variation in leaf traits is considered. for example, studies of different  ions have shown that patterns in needle traits observed along nutrient availability gradient ma  gradient may have principally different nature than patterns observed across latitudes. these r  dge on within-species variation in leaf traits of boreal evergreen plants helps to understand t  rstand the functioning of boreal forest ecosystems and the impact of environmental change on th  eal forest ecosystems and the impact of environmental change on these vulnerable ecosystems.   nvironmental change on these vulnerable ecosystems.
10004	1	solving granules in acid and monitoring ph change and increase in ca concentration to determine
10222	3	r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c  ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar   . variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this
10662	3	r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c  ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar   . variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this
10910	3	r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c  ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar   . variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this
10913	3	r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c  ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar   . variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this
11171	3	r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c  ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar   . variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this
9898	3	r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c  ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar   . variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this
15453	1	on. the final aim of the work being the development of new tools to be applied on environmental
15448	13	the climate change is an evident fact in our country. the r   the continuation of this trend. floral phenology is highly controlled by climate, and therefor  loral phenology is highly controlled by climate, and therefore these phenological data are good  ors of the impact of this change on our ecosystems. in our country the first studies on plant p   our country the first studies on plant phenology are revealing the effect on the of the climat   are revealing the effect on the of the climate change of different plant species, indicating a  ffected due to its higher dependence on temperature. the main objetive of the present project i  will be implemented both a temporal and spatial analysis of the data, including the analysis of  the above mentioned results, a regional modeling analysis will be performed to determine the cl  ain a deeper knowledge of the impact of climate change on different plant species in the studie  lp to predict the effects of the global warming on natural populations and to the development o  rming on natural populations and to the development of strategies of conservation in the contex  egies of conservation in the context of climate change in the iberian peninsula.
11818	13	production of organic carbon by phytoplankton in the su                    production of organic carbon by phytoplankton in the surface ocean, followed   ed by transport of some of this organic carbon on sinking particulate matter from the surface o  ean into underlying sediments, extracts carbon dioxide from and injects oxygen into the atmosph  xtracts carbon dioxide from and injects oxygen into the atmosphere. for long geological time sc  hat changes in the magnitude of organic-carbon deposition in deep-sea sediments can influence t   composition of the atmosphere. organic-carbon burial in deep-sea sediments must, therefore, be   the mechanisms controlling the flux of carbon from the oceanic water column into underlying se   underlying sediments and the burial of carbon in the sediments is of crucial importance. a num   a number of possible controls on these carbon fluxes into deep-sea sediments have been studied  ine hills and mountains. such kilometre-scale seafloor elevations are a major source of environ  w do different tidal forcings influence carbon dynamics at kilometre-scale seafloor elevations    influence carbon dynamics at kilometre-scale seafloor elevations we propose to elucidate these
7626	9	l conditions do not always allow a good development of vegetation on eroded land subject to the   not always allow a good development of vegetation on eroded land subject to the slope, flood o  s to evaluate the interest of spreading organic matter on land highly constrained to improve th  g herbaceous species, and 2 of alluvial vegetation in gullies by cuttings of woody species. it    it is planned to evaluate two forms of organic matter: rcw fragmented and compost green waste.  rough better knowledge of the impact of organic matter input on plant and soil processes implem  ative effects of this natural hazard on ecosystems and human activities. we know that the pir 2  n activities. we know that the pir 2010 vegetation ecological engineering can play an important  otection against surface erosion at the recovery of organic waste by finding new uses
14440	4	the development of road infrastructure affects and modifies  infrastructure affects and modifies the habitat conditions, which in turn influences the abunda  onditions, which in turn influences the abundance and distribution of plant and animal species,  ch in turn influences the abundance and distribution of plant and animal species, i.e. the biod
14223	14	the project addresses the changes in landscape pattern induced by urbanization, models relat  ation, models relations between pattern indicators and human pressure along the decreasing urba  cesses in landscape patterns. landscape development is today mostly affected by anthropogenic p  revious identity. there are hundreds of landscape metrics developed for evaluation of landscape  reds of landscape metrics developed for evaluation of landscape pattern but they are so far ver  ape metrics developed for evaluation of landscape pattern but they are so far very poorly assoc  ry poorly associated with socioeconomic indicators that would be essential in the light of incr  asing pressure of humans on surrounding environment. the proposed study will find the relations  udy will find the relationships between landscape metrics, local population density and other s  een landscape metrics, local population density and other socioeconomic indicators considering   ulation density and other socioeconomic indicators considering roads network, and predict the p  ructure considering also infrastructure development, and will develop methods for spatial and l   spatial and lanscape planning based on landscape metrics. also, we will develop scientific kno  velop scientific knowledge on measuring heterogeneity and fragmentation of landscape on differe
13526	3	wn grazing control govern phytoplankton development. however, while previous studies have inves  sis, stable isotope analysis, rna-based growth assessment, toxin measurements and long-term dat  ce of the cyanobacteria for zooplankton production. the current study is one step on the way to
11675	6	ed research will analyse the changes in habitat and channels that were caused by the extreme fl  d have the potential to deliver channel-scale restoration as demanded by regulators. extreme fl  o become more frequent under a range of climate and land use scenarios in the uk and elsewhere.  less common during the major periods of climate chnage and human activitiessince the early 20th  luding local residents and farmers, the environment agency, defra and a large international aca  efra and a large international academic community.
543	17	uses a combination of experimental and modelling techniques to investigate the impacts of clim  echniques to investigate the impacts of climate change on plant communities comprising herbaceo  lier. we show that aboveground biomass, community leaf traits and grass species phenology in a   hat aboveground biomass, community leaf traits and grass species phenology in a montane grassla  community leaf traits and grass species phenology in a montane grassland community respond to e  pecies phenology in a montane grassland community respond to elevated temperature , summer drou  grassland community respond to elevated temperature , summer drought and elevated atmospheric c  t there is a trend towards an increased abundance of dicot species under elevated co2. work on   evated co2. work on an artificial plant community at montpellier shows a negative effect of dro  ynthesis, transpiration rates and total respiration measured at the community level. we also fi  s and total respiration measured at the community level. we also find a significant increase in  lso find a significant increase in leaf decomposition rates in response to elevated temperature  mposition rates in response to elevated temperature. in contrast, net primary productivity, mic  d temperature. in contrast, net primary productivity, microbial activity and soil respiration r   in contrast, net primary productivity, microbial activity and soil respiration rates show no s  ry productivity, microbial activity and soil respiration rates show no significant effects of c  on rates show no significant effects of climate treatments.
7469	3	inction 150 years of data on a regional scale. . understand the impact of the various component  the impact of the various components of global change on the functioning of communities and spe   genetic and phenotypic consequences of global change. settle in the regions of participatory s
11433	2	rasitic, obtaining some or all of their nutrients and water from their host plants, through hau  ur findings will also be of interest to nature conservation bodies concerned with the preservat
10909	2	he project will be carried out with the participation of the environment agency and cefas, who   rried out with the participation of the environment agency and cefas, who will be important end
10155	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
10414	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
10422	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
10758	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
10915	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
11423	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
11693	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
11706	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
9879	13	ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted   as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi  taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor  edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy  tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco  e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between   ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack  egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co  ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habitats. they will us  , animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understanding gained will be  will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi
11270	13	ion genetics, ocean circulation and the environment with archived larval specimens sampled from  s multiple years in which developmental temperature regimes varied. we then take this informati   to test whether any changes in rate of development will influence the likelihood of larvae rea  and recruiting to the adult population. model predictions of dispersal for the present-day will  ity will allow the effects of increased temperature to be placed in context. it will then be po  y effects of the predicted increases in temperature in the area on fish recruitment as a compon  ases in temperature in the area on fish recruitment as a component of climate change. such info  a on fish recruitment as a component of climate change. such information is important since cli  ge. such information is important since climate records from the antarctic show that the waters  ow that the waters of the antarctic are warming more rapidly than the global ocean as a whole.   nvironmentally relevant data taken from nature, with genetically validated biophysical models w  istic projection of the impact of ocean warming on marine species and ecosystems.    of ocean warming on marine species and ecosystems.
7420	2	assess dynamics and scale contamination by pesticides in areas hives apple   ronic toxicity and repeated dose. study development and health of bee colonies. target the less
12571	8	igate how changes within the freshwater environment may modify the production of juvenile salmo  e freshwater environment may modify the production of juvenile salmonids, influence life-histor  ife-history strategies and regulate the abundance of adult fish that return to spawn. this info  cy customers on the potential impact of climate change scenarios, as predicted by ukcp09, and t  predicted by ukcp09, and to support the development and prioritisation of management options to  tocks and the potential implications of climate change which will contribute to the development  ate change which will contribute to the development and delivery of management strategies for t  o conserve stocks in a changing aquatic environment. there are no aspects that may be considere
7429	2	functional biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems different working methods will be applied in   extent of the resource environments by mapping of plant species, - pollen analysis at the leve
15271	10	project aims to quantify the inputs of nitrogen to iberian holm oak forests located in represe   . the main goals in the study of these ecosystems in the navarra subproject are: to assess the  roject are: to assess the deposition of nitrogen in a holm oak forest located in the valley of   he form of emissions coming from a high-density highway and close-by pamplona city. to characte  ch allow the study of the speciation of nitrogen compounds resulting from the size distribution  rogen compounds resulting from the size distribution of suspended particulate matter. to study   atter. to study the temporal dynamic of nitrogen in the soils of the studied area, in order to   dels for the identification of the main nitrogen sources, among other elements, and their contr   determine empirical critical loads for nitrogen in this type of ecosystem. it also will provid  ical loads for nitrogen in this type of ecosystem. it also will provide enough data to adapt th
2054	14	he scientific basis of implementing the ecosystem approach to birch forest management in northe   institutional designs for implementing ecosystem management. second, indicators which reflect   lementing ecosystem management. second, indicators which reflect key structural and functional    and functional changes in birch forest ecosystems due to spruce planting are investigated. the  spruce planting are investigated. these indicators will be used to develop alternative scenario  evelop alternative scenarios and assess thresholds for ecosystem change. mobile organisms, such  ive scenarios and assess thresholds for ecosystem change. mobile organisms, such as birds, woul   as birds, would most likely respond to habitat quality at stand level and to compositional cha  ch as snails and earthworms are used as indicators of fragmentation effects on landscape level.  s. distance sampling is used to measure density of birds, whereas soil and litter samples are u  ifferent groups of organisms to monitor ecosystem change on different scales will be evaluated   narios will be developed based on these indicators, and thresholds of ecosystem change will be   eveloped based on these indicators, and thresholds of ecosystem change will be identified.    on these indicators, and thresholds of ecosystem change will be identified.
10310	1	ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management
11026	1	ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management
11261	1	ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management
11521	1	ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management
10032	14	diffuse nutrient pressures - especially nitrogen - may all compromise the capacity of the hypor  e has some special control on the river habitat, most have looked at it only from the perspecti  l at the relationship between different nitrogen species, such as nitrate and ammonium and chem  een different nitrogen species, such as nitrate and ammonium and chemical reactions known colle  tions use electron acceptors other than oxygen for organic carbon oxidation as the amount of ox  acceptors other than oxygen for organic carbon oxidation as the amount of oxygen in the riverbe  ganic carbon oxidation as the amount of oxygen in the riverbed sediments is exhausted. these re  e reactions and their relationship with nitrogen are important because the hyporheic zone has b  ne has been proposed as a zone in which nitrogen attenuation occurs. this has led to the propos  s zone will reduce the concentration of nitrogen reaching the river water. in this project, we   enuate groundwater contaminants such as nitrate. we want to look much more carefully at the pat  ecause they either release or transform nitrogen through processes such as nitrification or den  or denitrification. the latter converts nitrate, which can damage the ecology of a river where   is present at high concentrations, into nitrogen gas, which is harmless. if we are able to show
11842	14	diffuse nutrient pressures - especially nitrogen - may all compromise the capacity of the hypor  e has some special control on the river habitat, most have looked at it only from the perspecti  l at the relationship between different nitrogen species, such as nitrate and ammonium and chem  een different nitrogen species, such as nitrate and ammonium and chemical reactions known colle  tions use electron acceptors other than oxygen for organic carbon oxidation as the amount of ox  acceptors other than oxygen for organic carbon oxidation as the amount of oxygen in the riverbe  ganic carbon oxidation as the amount of oxygen in the riverbed sediments is exhausted. these re  e reactions and their relationship with nitrogen are important because the hyporheic zone has b  ne has been proposed as a zone in which nitrogen attenuation occurs. this has led to the propos  s zone will reduce the concentration of nitrogen reaching the river water. in this project, we   enuate groundwater contaminants such as nitrate. we want to look much more carefully at the pat  ecause they either release or transform nitrogen through processes such as nitrification or den  or denitrification. the latter converts nitrate, which can damage the ecology of a river where   is present at high concentrations, into nitrogen gas, which is harmless. if we are able to show
15135	4	ied in several constant and fluctuating salinity conditions. the objectives are to test in the   ions. the objectives are to test in the evolution of seasonal specialization. the two last issu   with already available data on species distribution in order to understand the mechanisms stab  stabilizing species coexistence in this model system.
15521	10	ll analise the spectrum of variation on functional traits in mediterranean woody species in a l  n woody species in a local and regional scale, exploring a strong drought gradient. we will als   stems and roots as determinants of the functional traits. the third objective will study the f  oody species. we will try to know which functional traits are more related to this response and   response and to explain the ecological distribution of woody species. the fifth objective will  orestation techniques and to know which functional traits could explain the different establish  e will try to predict the effect of the climate change on the reforestation programs. in summar  grams. in summary, we try to know which functional traits of mediterranean woody species explai  an woody species explain the ecological distribution and the success in the restoration program  ncrease the resilience of mediterranean ecosystems.
12659	1	s that it is not possible to assess the scale of potential breaches of the controls.
14023	3	f the coastal areas in an international scale is the increasing impact of the harmful algal blo  ularly the sexual stages to implement a model able to forecast the location and magnitude of fo  bstances, which i will use to develop a mitigation method based on the control of the blooming
13885	8	rs, there is a need to reliably predict population dynamics in different environments into the   e previous studies have often neglected density dependence and environmental variability in the  sion is essential to be able to predict population dynamics precisely. this project aims at imp  roject will combine an experimental and modelling approach focusing on the following two main t  main themes. 1 to determine the role of density dependence in population dynamics under environ  rmine the role of density dependence in population dynamics under environmental variability. 2   roduce significant novel information on density dependence and the use of different population   ied to conservation biology in order to model rare and endangered plant populations.
12274	18	nd environmental reasons to improve the efficiency with which crops capture and use water and n  h which crops capture and use water and nutrients in the soil. as pressure increases on global   upply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance of healthy and diverse o  e maintenance of healthy and diverse of ecosystems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollutio  s can have negative impacts on adjacent ecosystems. since, water is the most important factor l  the most important factor limiting crop production, and water availability during the uk growin  e the available water more efficiently. nitrogen inputs are a major source of carbon dioxide em  . nitrogen inputs are a major source of carbon dioxide emissions and leaching of nitrogen and p  arbon dioxide emissions and leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor wate   emissions and leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. br  ertiliser can form part of an effective mitigation strategy for reducing diffuse agricultural p   recent steep increases in the price of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers, and the non-renewa   increases in the price of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers, and the non-renewable nature of  orus fertilisers, and the non-renewable nature of phosphorus, there are good economic incentive  lisers, and the non-renewable nature of phosphorus, there are good economic incentives for redu  le nature of phosphorus, there are good economic incentives for reducing fertiliser use in crop  ves for reducing fertiliser use in crop production. we are currently using forward genetics to    water and nutrient acquisition and use efficiency in the brassica a and c genomes , and curren
12458	3	summary objective: model the potential responses of shellfish stocks and e  s through incorporation of life-history modelling and data analysis of satellite monitoring dat   sexes. key customer purpose: undertake modeling studies to provide a better understanding of t
12239	5	major constraint to cost effective crop production by interfering with yield, harvesting and qu  sidered to have beneficial roles in the environment in their contribution towards biodiversity;  ms as a source of food and shelter. the nature of vegetation management of seedling establishme  urce of food and shelter. the nature of vegetation management of seedling establishment in farm  -leaved weed species through controlled environment and field experimentation. 2. improve under
6812	2	ket requirements towards the ecological production overestimated the demands towards the bean k  ds towards the bean kinds, included the resistance towards illnesses and the being xerophilous.
12370	2	e metadatabase would be searchable in a gis format and available to download metadata via the w  urope will be made. this will include a review of european and uk data initiatives.
12768	4	ng areas. we will determine patterns of habitat selection by natterers bats that roost in churc  when bats move roosts. we will quantify habitat quality around churches used as roosts by using  around churches used as roosts by using geographic information systems, and will determine whet  evelop an advisory leaflet with english nature and other interested organisations outlining the
11597	3	st of the global amphibian conservation community. as a member of the new graduate school at th  t will receive a skills audit, personal development plan and training in appropriate transferab  a much more targeted and cost-effective distribution of resources to conservation programmes. t
12548	1	in order to protect our crops and environment from quarantine pests and diseases, the uk
13418	1	hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio
10084	3	many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in speci  rent programmes aimed at conserving the environment and biodiversity of this unique and fragile  biodiversity of this unique and fragile ecosystem.
11249	3	many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in speci  rent programmes aimed at conserving the environment and biodiversity of this unique and fragile  biodiversity of this unique and fragile ecosystem.
11638	3	of the most significant events in plant evolution was the origin of the seed. however, it is no   this changes our perception as to both function and evolution of seed-megaspores. however, we    our perception as to both function and evolution of seed-megaspores. however, we know nothing
1090	10	onships they establish in the different ecosystems. on these grounds, the proposed project is a   ecological factors on reproductive and colonization success of species of the mediterranean ar  rograms for these endangered plants. in nature, orchid nutrition during the first stages of the   stage. special focus will be on: a the development of propagation protocols based on symbiotic  ined; b the genetic factors determining colonization success for the species analysed, as indic  cies examined and the surrounding plant community as well as climatic, geologic and pedologic f   and interspecific gene flows on orchid colonization dynamics and local adaptation; e the speci  chids and other components of the plant community, mediated by shared mycorrhizal fungi. adult   hids with other components of the plant community will be assessed through sampling and molecul  ycelia previously isolated. germination efficiency will be correlated with genetic features of
15049	1	atented. we propose that using in vitro evolution of proteins we can modify the activity of a l
12035	5	er sediments there fluxes of organisms, nutrients, organic matter and pollutants between rivers  s there fluxes of organisms, nutrients, organic matter and pollutants between rivers and their   ally, we elaborated three softwares for modeling the relation between water movement and degrad  and degradation rates. below a porosity threshold the invertebrates and the fungi cannot access  nnot access to the leaves buried in the sediment to decompose them. some human activities appea
10615	2	ural and experimental inbreeding on the production of abnormal sperm in a mammalian model.   uction of abnormal sperm in a mammalian model.
12050	5	fires are becoming more threatening to ecosystems and human populations as they increase in nu  ill analyse the interactions between nc ecosystems, cultural and social practices, climate, and  systems, cultural and social practices, climate, and fire, and will develop a geographic inform  nas will be analysed in terms of fuels, vegetation and invertebrate biodiversity. human practic  representative regions. meteorology ans climate will be analysed and modelled over nc to improv
13576	6	swedish marine ecosystems are strongly affected by a salinity gradient  e ecosystems are strongly affected by a salinity gradient and both geographically ecologically   ciation, and what is the effects on the ecosystem with a species with very little genetic diver  implications for conservation of marine ecosystems of this area. one reason for this is that cl   this area. one reason for this is that climate change might further reduce the genetic variati  is promoted over sexual reproduction as salinity decreases.
2468	3	ation. the present project explores the evolution of polymorphic european whitefish coregonus l   speciation. analyses include i spatial distribution patterns of whitefish morphs in relation t  erentiation, reproductive isolation and life history variation among whitefish morphs, and iii
6937	4	cular genetics, plant breeding and crop production, and results achieved in the frame of this n  ing leaf spots. identification of known resistance genes is foreseen, highly resistant material  ap the qtls and develop markers for the resistance breeding program. by using marker-assisted s  re fungicides will be used and also the environment can be polluted.
10789	3	record and dominate modern terrestrial ecosystems. living seed plants represent five major tax  cal data from current investigations of development and the key genes that underpin development  lopment and the key genes that underpin development, together with molecular phylogenies. thus,
10407	12	ed study to make a comparison of people-environment relationships in mountain, hill, plain and   l examine a range of services including carbon sequestration, flood hazard and water regulation  nd the provision of food, materials and energy. the objectives of the indes ppdg are to: 1. est  velihoods in the target study sites. 2. review the opportunities that novel approaches based on  rned with the links between poverty and environment. while it is accepted that strategies for p  depend on the sustainable management of natural capital, new assessment and policy frameworks a   and social disciplines, experienced in modelling and assessing es, and analysis of issues impa  s living in the forest and agricultural ecosystems in south asia. the consortium is, however, t   and contribute to its future strategic development. besides other funding bodies, eu, defra, t  mitted to taking the es and sustainable development agendas forward at the international level.  the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems, the role of these systems in sustaining hum  the role of these systems in sustaining human well-being and political/social contexts in which
13745	6	ss a plethora of long-term data sets on climate, snow-melt, plant ecology, etc. our efforts in   dscape ecology has generated a detailed gis-based vegetation map of the entire catchment. the p  logy has generated a detailed gis-based vegetation map of the entire catchment. the project add  rsity across scales in space, time, and function. climate change will not only bring about chan  ss scales in space, time, and function. climate change will not only bring about changes in spe  mposition; we expect drastic changes in ecosystem diversity within landscapes. this will alter
7484	5	armland biodiversity although a generic indicator system to assess these benefits at the europe  fically-based selection of biodiversity indicators for organic/low-input farming systems; - ass  tion of a set of candidate biodiversity indicators in representative case studies across europe  be integrated at critical stages of the indicator selection process. a handbook with factsheets  ctsheets will be produced for validated indicators and a sampling design for biodiversity monit
14596	6	the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are to ev  ionship between restoration success and stress gradients. from that evaluation, simple environm  success and stress gradients. from that evaluation, simple environmental indicators will be sel  m that evaluation, simple environmental indicators will be selected, which may be used for pred  ical approach lies on the comprehensive evaluation of 66 experimental plots, already establishe   of previous research projects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed
14719	1	the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are the m
7101	1	esents a real challenge for sustainable development for remarkable rural territories in that it
512	2	represents a real stake for sustainable development for rural territories that are outstanding   rdisciplinary programme to evaluate the efficiency of the network natura 2000 vis-à-vis the con
1095	8	users towards the conservation of such vegetation communities. the project enters in the frame  s at the origin of the establishment of vegetation communities with low landscape and usage val  a point of no-return. the definition of indicators that, being directly correlated to the evolu   that, being directly correlated to the evolution of vegetation composition and pastoral qualit  directly correlated to the evolution of vegetation composition and pastoral quality, predict ma  of territorial planning. with regard to indicators, literature reports mainly studies about lea  ature reports mainly studies about leaf traits, as they are related to pastoral management will  ement will supply information about the participation of local communities, tourists and grassl
15380	2	roup mosimbio works on individual-based modelling development of appropriate tools to communica  bio works on individual-based modelling development of appropriate tools to communicate and tra
2134	3	that will be intercalibrated, in their mapping work. this project aims to map norwegian popula  ignment will provide new information on migration paths and feeding areas of post-smolts and ad   will help to explain the different sea mortality rates observed for salmon from different regi
14499	6	. we shall be specifically concerned in modeling bacterial growth with our simulator indisim ,   fically concerned in modeling bacterial growth with our simulator indisim , to explore two diff  nvolved during its existence. bacterial growth of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. an import  ial processes of environmental interest behavior of c and n in soil. our simulation model allow  vior of c and n in soil. our simulation model allows the evolutions of different pools of c and  rocess. we want to continue the work on modeling the composting processes that we are developin
14964	1	ividuals and their relations with their environment health: malaria: modelization of plasmodium
11037	14	anding changes in population size, i.e. population dynamics, has concentrated on investigating    between individuals in age but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the  ividuals in age but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the way populat  y populations respond to changes in the environment over time. in addition, biologists have rea  his means that an ability to understand population dynamics, necessary to predict and manage po  s, may require understanding of the way traits change in response to ecological and evolutionar  pes environments lead to changes in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provid   lead to changes in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provide some informati  nges in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provide some information on how we  n on how we might expect changes in the climate to influence both the evolution of traits like   es in the climate to influence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuat  mate to influence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuations in popul  uence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuations in population size.   nt understanding of the way numbers and traits vary.
11566	14	anding changes in population size, i.e. population dynamics, has concentrated on investigating    between individuals in age but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the  ividuals in age but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the way populat  y populations respond to changes in the environment over time. in addition, biologists have rea  his means that an ability to understand population dynamics, necessary to predict and manage po  s, may require understanding of the way traits change in response to ecological and evolutionar  pes environments lead to changes in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provid   lead to changes in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provide some informati  nges in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provide some information on how we  n on how we might expect changes in the climate to influence both the evolution of traits like   es in the climate to influence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuat  mate to influence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuations in popul  uence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuations in population size.   nt understanding of the way numbers and traits vary.
10151	2	has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to make accur  hery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturall
11419	2	has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to make accur  hery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturall
11771	2	has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to make accur  hery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturall
10521	12	studies of the regulation of population density in birds and mammals have focussed on studies w   mammals have focussed on studies where recruitment and survival decline as population density   ment and survival decline as population density increases, eventually limiting population size.  ulation size. however, in some species, recruitment and survival increase with rising density,   tment and survival increase with rising density, generating positive correlations known as alle   studies have commonly investigated the evolution of reproductive strategies in these species,   s controlling group size and population density have rarely been explored. this study will inve  sses limiting group size and population density in singular cooperative breeders using wild kal  eders using wild kalahari meerkats as a model. it will test the prediction that positive correl   the ability of group members to detect predators and will determine whether group size is limi   it will investigate how group size and population dynamics are affected by variation in rainfa  unusual ecological mechanisms affecting population dynamics in meerkats, the project will provi
11010	12	studies of the regulation of population density in birds and mammals have focussed on studies w   mammals have focussed on studies where recruitment and survival decline as population density   ment and survival decline as population density increases, eventually limiting population size.  ulation size. however, in some species, recruitment and survival increase with rising density,   tment and survival increase with rising density, generating positive correlations known as alle   studies have commonly investigated the evolution of reproductive strategies in these species,   s controlling group size and population density have rarely been explored. this study will inve  sses limiting group size and population density in singular cooperative breeders using wild kal  eders using wild kalahari meerkats as a model. it will test the prediction that positive correl   the ability of group members to detect predators and will determine whether group size is limi   it will investigate how group size and population dynamics are affected by variation in rainfa  unusual ecological mechanisms affecting population dynamics in meerkats, the project will provi
11806	3	understanding the evolution of cooperation is arguably a key element of u  ably a key element of understanding the evolution of life. a major outstanding challenge is to   identifying the genes involved in their production. it spans multiple levels of biological anal
10360	8	rents but can also be influenced by the environment in which it develops. for example, the way   s of its own species, e.g. fighting and competition, can affect its future growth and developme   and competition, can affect its future growth and development. individuals within populations   ition, can affect its future growth and development. individuals within populations of salmonid  , albeit slightly, in the way that they function physiologically and how they behave. this vari  f fish later in life does the amount of stress experienced by a female fish before spawning inf  ing can small differences in the stream environment while young fish are developing, such as in  sh are developing, such as increases in temperature, influence their behavioural and physiologi
1959	1	olutionary significance of lid in plant evolution and the existence of benefits of information
13532	3	invasive, studies on potential chemical resistance in g. vermiculophylla against natural enemie  ylla against natural enemies in its new environment are important in order to predict the invas  s. furthermore, i want to elucidate the nature of signals that trigger defence responses in g.
1967	15	food webs are highly complex entities. understanding th  ly complex entities. understanding this complexity and its persistence remains one of the major   a key to the understanding of realised food webs in nature, as opposed to the myriads of theor   understanding of realised food webs in nature, as opposed to the myriads of theoretically poss  o the myriads of theoretically possible food webs. however, the currently used measures of inte  ssumption of equilibrium conditions. in nature, however, equilibrium conditions may be rare, wi  animals can respond to the presence and density of their consumers with a variety of inducible   el persistence and the integrity of the food web. furthermore, inducible defences can temporari  fecting the balance of bottom-up versus top-down control or flows of energy. the project as a w  -up versus top-down control or flows of energy. the project as a whole propose to study the eff  dy the effects of inducible defences on food web dynamics and persistence, with a focus on inte   diversity have a synergistic effect on food web persistence. these predictions will be tested   dent aims at experimentally testing our model predictions for the freshwater system. he or she   r she will study the dynamics of simple food webs where prey species have permanent, inducible,  iversity at different trophic levels on food web persistence will be explored under different s
6740	3	heat genome, which can be used for gene mapping with the help of fluorescence in situ hybridiza  of aegilops biuncialis, and the disease resistance of agropyron glael and the exact origin of t  hromosomes thus these help the physical mapping of the chromosomes. the agronomically useful tr
7489	3	mistry usually requires many times more energy than is contained in the final product. thus, us  final product but also save substantial energy in the processing. of particular interest are se  nes und understanding of lipid cellular metabolism in order for rational designing of vast arra
10430	10	the large-scale and long-term dynamics of benthic communities are  cal and biological processes that cause community dynamics span many scales and elicit scale-de  ty dynamics span many scales and elicit scale-dependent patterns of community structure across    and elicit scale-dependent patterns of community structure across the seascape. we identify th  cal and biological processes affect the distribution of communities. model outputs are compared  affect the distribution of communities. model outputs are compared to natural patterns of commu  uts are compared to natural patterns of community distribution as measured using earth observat  mpared to natural patterns of community distribution as measured using earth observation. causa  ve processes are then inferred from the model which most closely fits field data and observed c  st closely fits field data and observed community patterns.
11788	10	the large-scale and long-term dynamics of benthic communities are  cal and biological processes that cause community dynamics span many scales and elicit scale-de  ty dynamics span many scales and elicit scale-dependent patterns of community structure across    and elicit scale-dependent patterns of community structure across the seascape. we identify th  cal and biological processes affect the distribution of communities. model outputs are compared  affect the distribution of communities. model outputs are compared to natural patterns of commu  uts are compared to natural patterns of community distribution as measured using earth observat  mpared to natural patterns of community distribution as measured using earth observation. causa  ve processes are then inferred from the model which most closely fits field data and observed c  st closely fits field data and observed community patterns.
14657	3	that postulate that selection for male function or for protection of developing reproductive o  veloping reproductive organs drives the evolution of sexual dimorphism. recently two new and al   the effect of phenotypic plasticity of development. the aim of this project is to explore thes
7258	1	lysis will provide original data on the evolution of sexual interactions postcopulatoires
15338	7	nowadays, habitat destruction and fragmentation are major threats  nservation. in agricultural landscapes, habitat diversity loss and complexity, at different spa   landscapes, habitat diversity loss and complexity, at different spatial scales, is also a crit  ting for a major decrease of biological richness. a great amount of european diversity is maint  urgent to evaluate the effects that the habitat structure of agricultural landscapes has on its  e done, through a gradient of landscape heterogeneity. the objective is to ascertain these esse  ion strategies and the proposal of agri-environment schemes.
154	12	and how environmental factors influence population dynamics. such knowledge could help to expla  uch knowledge could help to explain the evolution of life histories and illustrate ecological p  n biology. anthropogenic factors change habitat characteristics and may determine the way and /  es could lead to the changes in spatial distribution and pattern of populations and species dis   and pattern of populations and species distribution in nature.since pattern of plant species d  populations and species distribution in nature.since pattern of plant species distribution is a  n nature.since pattern of plant species distribution is a result of interplay among local abiot  result of interplay among local abiotic environment, in situ biotic interactions, historical pr  tanding of the causal mechanisms behind distribution pattern may only be possible through study  f post dispersal local interactions and habitat physical conditions on the plant populations in  nt populations 2. what is the impact of habitat local conditions - abiotic factors and biotic i  actors and biotic interactions in plant population dynamics 3. what type of land-use could main
13577	22	climate change has been predicted to cause increased ri  her concentrations of dissolved organic carbon , and changed light climate and hydrography. suc  lved organic carbon , and changed light climate and hydrography. such changes may decrease phyt  nges may decrease phytoplankton primary productivity due to poorer light climate, and increase   rimary productivity due to poorer light climate, and increase bacterial productivity due to hig  r light climate, and increase bacterial productivity due to high input of doc and decreased com   due to high input of doc and decreased competition from phytoplankton for inorganic nutrients.  tition from phytoplankton for inorganic nutrients. the aim of this project is to clarify how pr  is to clarify how primary and bacterial productivity will change due to predicted climate relat  oductivity will change due to predicted climate related changes in the baltic sea, and to eluci   sea, and to elucidate how this affects productivity at higher trophic levels, e.g. fish. exper  f doc in the baltic sea. the structure, function and efficiency of marine food webs exposed to   baltic sea. the structure, function and efficiency of marine food webs exposed to varying light  ture, function and efficiency of marine food webs exposed to varying light, hydrological condit  rient concentrations will be studied in mesocosm experiments. the experiments will comprise org  tudies and experiments will be used for development and parameterization of a food web model th  r development and parameterization of a food web model that will be used to estimate productivi  ment and parameterization of a food web model that will be used to estimate productivity change  web model that will be used to estimate productivity changes in the baltic sea. predicted chang  dicted changes in light, doc, inorganic nutrients by oceanographic models will be used to estim  graphic models will be used to estimate productivity in the baltic sea in the next hundred year  ltic sea in the next hundred years. the model will be adapted to hydrographical conditions in t
7102	2	s, and define a method most appropriate evaluation systems for ponds, easy to apply and thus to  ply and thus to transfer build economic development scenarios for the marketing of agricultural
514	2	in order to increase the value of their production and their territory through a geographic ide  tives: - define the methods of ecologic evaluation that are appropriate for ponds, by standardi
10132	3	the study of past climate change, especially that which has occurred sinc   by comparing our records with holocene climate records available from other sites in the north   able to establish the extent of global climate links at times of different climatic regimes, f
10664	3	the study of past climate change, especially that which has occurred sinc   by comparing our records with holocene climate records available from other sites in the north   able to establish the extent of global climate links at times of different climatic regimes, f
15400	6	nthropogenic land use, fragmentation of habitat conservation is the most frequent problem of co  tion, progressive isolation, changes in habitat quality and the increase of their permeability   ed lichen species. 2.1. to characterize population dynamics of lobaria pulmonaria in mediterran  sis of factors that are determining the colonization, growth and reproduction of individuals of   that are determining the colonization, growth and reproduction of individuals of this species.  on of individuals of this species. 2.2. evaluation of the spatial structure and population gene
191	2	t decade, the water dissolved inorganic phosphorus to demonstrate in which scale the measured v  anic phosphorus to demonstrate in which scale the measured variability in phytoplankton biomass
7705	6	re expressed during the grenelle of the environment or under the 2018 plan ecophyto impose rapi  tual elements of favorable agricultural production to an overall reduction of parasitic risk. t  t strategies and handling of fragmented environment at different territorial levels resulting i  his risk, in particular by reducing the colonization potential of crops by pests and amplificat  acteristics involved in the suppressive nature. finally, the project will take advantage of pri  ts to implement experimental devices in production conditions and in consultation with voluntar
15047	4	aid microorganisms represent in natural ecosystems. however, in recent years, contamination mai  nd metals has had a toxic effect on the ecosystems in which cyanobacteria are dominant. such is  distributed all around the world. these ecosystems formed by a strong interaction between the m  eraction between the microorganisms and sediment are distributed in layers of a thickness of a
15437	6	to the degradation and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosystem. the structural complexity o  n and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosystem. the structural complexity of mediterranean f  rients to the ecosystem. the structural complexity of mediterranean forest allows an extraordin  oxylic species associated to the forest environment. these microhabitats live together and inte  versity and structure of the saproxylic community at the microhabitat level, allowing us to pre  lification of the saproxylic assemblage complexity as a powerful tool to understand the biodive
14171	9	ions and severities co-occur in natural environment. however, the majority of experiments in pa  vironmental factors of interest include precipitation, soil water potential, air humidity, air   soil water potential, air humidity, air temperature and nutrients. the emphasis will be given t  tial, air humidity, air temperature and nutrients. the emphasis will be given to include the wi  iven to include the wide range of plant traits spanning from leaf physiology to whole plant arc   to broad-leaved angiosperms. different functional groups pot-experiments in controlled conditi  that plant structural and physiological traits respond to environmental conditions at different  ll receive special attention. as global climate change implies simultaneous modification of mul  ng of how plants can cope with changing climate.
14713	5	ered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen will be used to quantify the rates of nitrific  assimilation and denitrification at the ecosystem level in these streams without altering the a  ject will provide information on stream ecosystem function at the reach scale within the contex   stream ecosystem function at the reach scale within the context of global change.   t the reach scale within the context of global change.
14714	14	ered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen. a consequence of this alteration is the drama  ramatic increase of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in freshwater ecosystems. this constitutes a t  solved inorganic nitrogen in freshwater ecosystems. this constitutes a threat not only for the   eat not only for the integrity of these ecosystems, but also for human health. nitrogen is a ke   ecosystems, but also for human health. nitrogen is a key element for organisms and its availab  s and its availability can either limit ecosystem production or favor eutrophication; this in t  availability can either limit ecosystem production or favor eutrophication; this in turn, may a  in turn, may affect the capacity of the ecosystem to retain and transform this element. neverth  m this element. nevertheless, in stream ecosystems the relationship between nitrogen retention   eam ecosystems the relationship between nitrogen retention and concentration still remains uncl  ins unclear probably due to the complex nature of biofilm communities that basically control n   t basically control n dynamics in these ecosystems. additionally, in humanized catchments the r  ext of n mass balances at the catchment scale as a function of the dominant catchment land uses  ss balances at the catchment scale as a function of the dominant catchment land uses.
224	9	ponents in nutrient dynamics of coastal ecosystem. macroalgae and phytoplankton compete for nut  acroalgae and phytoplankton compete for nutrients in the coastal zone. in order to estimate the  ems in the coastal zone, biogeochemical model based on collected measurement data will be devel  y internal nutrient dynamics of coastal ecosystem. in order to assess the effect that external   of the coastal zone, 3d-ecohydrodynamic model will be constructed, which will include sediment   will be constructed, which will include sediment transport module. this integrated model will a  iment transport module. this integrated model will allow for an integrated analysis of physical  tions in the coastal zone. further, the model can assist in assessment of coastal ecosystem res  del can assist in assessment of coastal ecosystem response to eutrophication.
14138	1	rocesses with investigations of spatial distribution of large-thalli macroalgae regimes, which
11631	7	ve a key role in the global terrestrial carbon cycle. the external mycelium of em fungi is of p  mportance of the external mycelium, its functional diversity in nature is poorly understood. in  l mycelium, its functional diversity in nature is poorly understood. in particular, little is k  r c cycling. using both radioactive and stable isotopes of c, this project will determine the r  his project will be the application and development of recent methods that link microbial diver  hat link microbial diversity with their function to forest ecosystems for the first time. the p  diversity with their function to forest ecosystems for the first time. the project will combine
10962	4	microbes has a significant effect upon ecosystem function and global carbon biogeochemistry. w  fect upon ecosystem function and global carbon biogeochemistry. we propose to investigate the e   and molecular analysis of 13c labelled community 15srrna will identify functional keystone bac  fy functional keystone bacteria and aid model construction of the role of microbes in c budgets
14982	7	one of the richest and more productive ecosystems of the planet because of their great biodive  ds have disappeared in spain pressed by development programmes and high contamination levels. t  and lalbufera lagoon are representative ecosystems of a large number of wetlands and supercial   mation to the contaminantion level. the optimization and development of analytical methods base  taminantion level. the optimization and development of analytical methods based on the sorption  will be applied to water, soil, natural vegetation and crops, will be one of the crucial steps   l points between water, soil and native vegetation and crops. finally, a global and integrate t
15085	6	proposal aims to analyze the effects of habitat alteration and destruction on population struct  tebrates. although many factors causing mortality in larval and adult stages have been already   s known about their effect on amphibian population dynamics due to a lack of basic information   aphic data; and 2 data on the effect of habitat alteration on amphibian demographics. in the ib  n peninsula levels of endemism are high evaluation of landscape fragmentation and its impact on  rns of genetic structure, the degree of connectivity between populations and the adaptive compo
2177	6	ship between spatial extent and species richness independent of history, habitat heterogeneity   pecies richness independent of history, habitat heterogeneity and sampling effort. we will use   dan forest fragments, standardizing for habitat heterogeneity, sampling effort, and history. th  nts links the individual forests into a metacommunity. dispersal depends on the properties of t  rix is conducive for dispersal, species richness will be higher than in regions where the matri  rence will be detectable in the species richness of different forests. if the sar analyses show
15470	19	ed into aquatic systems. the suboptimal growth temperature, the nutrient limitation, the effect   aquatic systems. the suboptimal growth temperature, the nutrient limitation, the effect of bot   the suboptimal growth temperature, the nutrient limitation, the effect of both visible and uv   ct of both visible and uv light and the salinity, inherent conditions in the aquatic systems, a   conditions in the aquatic systems, are stress factors to e. coli, which answers adopting the v   v. cholerae, are able to recover their growth ability and colonize when the environmental cond  proved that, as an answer to suboptimal temperature, this bacterium adopts the vbnc state. when  s bacterium adopts the vbnc state. when temperature increases, in the warm season, vibrio is de  behaviour of this bacterium when facing stress; however, the regulatory mechanisms of the answe  ory mechanisms of the answer to adverse environment are little known and they required a deeper  eversion of the vbnc phenotype when the temperature increase needs an exhaustive study. the aim  l changes that occur in an experimental model, vibrio harveyi, as an answer to environmental st   harveyi, as an answer to environmental stress, basically the decrease in temperature, and to k  ental stress, basically the decrease in temperature, and to know the molecular aspects responsi  hanges that also regulate the answer to stress. we will use epifluorescence microscopy, flow cy  at are shown as an answer to an adverse environment. the knowledge, derived from the use of pro  molecular control of vibrio response to stress, the results of this project can have implicatio  s in the biomedicine area promoting the development of new strategies of detection and control   hogen survival and dissemination in the environment. the results can be of interest in the desi
14650	1	us are two grasshopper subspecies whose distribution overlaps in the pyrenees, where they form
13500	4	s in its pathogenic form can cause high mortality in wild birds. raptors may be at risk, partic  y implanting transponders to study body temperature, heart function and blood pressure as param  onders to study body temperature, heart function and blood pressure as parameters in mallards i  ity by its potential effects in complex ecosystems.
13924	4	flowering plant group sileneae serve as model group for a database project which integrates tax  ve, more general questions, such as the evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy, colonization of iso  the evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy, colonization of isolated island groups and the arctic,   ic, as well as comparive studies of the evolution of reproductive characters can be studied. ou
12219	4	r grazed habitats through informing the development of policy with respect to farming systems a  ce is a major policy driver behind this production orientated research. in addition to work on   mes should be supported by this type of production research in the future. this study is being   sioned on the advice of the cross-defra environment and landscape r&d working group, informed b
14443	4	estris for the interspecific diversity, distribution, economically valuable genotypes and their  hysiological state, regulation of plant metabolism and gene expression, improving the qualities   mineral nutrition, regulation of plant metabolism and gene expression to improve the qualities  improve the qualities of herb material, development technology and attempt to introduce the spe
6854	1	disease will be responsible for patient recruitment. a group of 700-1000 patients with ibd will
7483	13	important sector of eu agriculture, but intensification has been accompanied by an increase in   ate measures that improve management of nutrients, waste and water as a start to move to manage  t approaches for dairy cows that reduce nitrogen excretion into the environment through the opt  that reduce nitrogen excretion into the environment through the optimization of rumen function,  retion into the environment through the optimization of rumen function, an improved understandi  nment through the optimization of rumen function, an improved understanding and prediction of d  understanding and prediction of dietary nitrogen utilization for milk production and excretion   f dietary nitrogen utilization for milk production and excretion in urine and faeces. novel too   the project is a detailed mathematical model of n utilization by the cow which will act to int  -intestinal tract will further underpin model development and indicate strategies to reduce n l  tinal tract will further underpin model development and indicate strategies to reduce n losses.   on profitability, a harmonised applied model will be derived from the mechanistic model and wi  el will be derived from the mechanistic model and will be supported by tools to better describe
13475	4	pendent systems adapt to changes in the environment environmental changes can be short or long   n insect chemical ecology, ethology and evolution, from single molecules to whole animals, from  als, from sensitisation and learning to evolution. examples of short-term modulation are the sh  em also adapts over generations through evolution. it can be pre-adapted for e.g. host shifts,
12554	12	plants. they play a crucial role in the production of agricultural crops such as oilseed rape,   ial to maintain biodiversity in natural ecosystems. pollinating insects are vulnerable to pests  s are vulnerable to pests, diseases and environmental change - threats that have increased over  to insect pollinators and to inform the development of appropriate mitigation strategies. it is  o inform the development of appropriate mitigation strategies. it is a joint initiative from th  es research council, the department for environment, food and rural affairs, the natural enviro  nt, food and rural affairs, the natural environment research council, the scottish government a  d under the auspices of the living with environmental change programme. each of the partners ha  e interactions between pollinators, the environment and the pests and diseases that affect thes  aches will play a key role. the diverse nature of the funding partners helps to bring together   iques in epidemiological and ecological modelling, alongside existing expertise in the pollinat  ng expertise in the pollinator research community.
13728	8	insect resistance and life history evolution in wild and feral                    insect resistance and life history evolution in wild and feral brassicas: int       insect resistance and life history evolution in wild and feral brassicas: integrating key   is project is to investigate how insect herbivory and seed dormancy affect fitness and populati   fitness in the wild, in terms of plant abundance and altered species distributions. i will qua  stributions. i will quantify how insect herbivory affects plant fitness in brassica rapa ssp. s  e used to predict to what extent insect herbivory affects fitness and species distribution. i w  t herbivory affects fitness and species distribution. i will also investigate if s. arvensis, b
7557	1	roplasmies. the rabbit is proposed as a model species to determine the possibility of using clo
1087	2	ter understanding of those processes of evolution and speciation that have generated, and still   and hybridisation have acted either in succession or in parallel to determine the present taxo
454	3	onstraints that are limiting the cereal production in madagascar, a hemi-parasitic weed of type  onsible for both the strong decrease in production and the bad quality of the grains of rain-fe  e actors of the madagascan agricultural community. the full term objective of this project is t
7214	2	ytosanitary constraints limiting cereal production in madagascar, a scrophulariacée hemiparasit  sponsible for both the sharp decline in production and the poor quality of upland rice and corn
6943	6	studies in hungarys oldest and largest habitat restoration to provide novel information on the  proach leads to a new interpretation of community assembly and the ecological processes operati  ch can be applied directly in practical nature conservation and indirectly in the foundation of  rectly in the foundation of sustainable development. we work by international scientific standa  r spatial scales using observations and modelling, rather than experiments and monitoring as pr  s. the project involves infrastructural development, which establishes the conditions for the f
2099	3	umber of species and individuals to the distribution of genotypes in individuals and population  ssary in order to predict the effect of environmental change or human encroachments. mechanisms  ss, relatedness among individuals, fine-scale genetic structure, and estimate effective populat
14444	5	legumes to sustainable agriculture and nitrogen cycle is their ability to fix atmospheric nitr  cle is their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in most agricultural ecosystems. they are able  mospheric nitrogen in most agricultural ecosystems. they are able to form specialized organs, r   rhizobial bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen. over the past decade, two model legumes, l. j  ric nitrogen. over the past decade, two model legumes, l. japonicus and m. truncatula, have bee
7600	1	on and sustainable management of forest ecosystems of the congo basin, the interactions between
7201	3	after the grenelle of the environment, france has decided to reduce by 50% the us  e of pesticides by 2018, subject to the development of alternative methods. in the case of vege  ative methods. in the case of vegetable production, the challenge of these developed is reinfor
7196	2	integrated coastal zone management and mapping standard. the results will be made at the end o  nt of an activity affecting the coastal environment. media work both locally and nationally are
7616	2	ctivities may influence the structure / function relationships in the aquatic communities. more  analysis as a tool for investigation of food webs in an ecological engineering context
1104	21	terranean and continental area. task 4. climate simulations. wp2. climate changes and evolution  area. task 4. climate simulations. wp2. climate changes and evolution of natural systems in the  e simulations. wp2. climate changes and evolution of natural systems in the mediterranean area.  tems in the mediterranean area. task 1. climate changes and their impact on genetic structure a  d their impact on genetic structure and development patterns of some freshwater ichthyic specie  some freshwater ichthyic species and on distribution of the ichthyic species in some southern m  diterranean areas. task 2. study of the climate and environmental changes effects on distributi  te and environmental changes effects on distribution, adaptation and biodiversity of water plan  ability of river, lake and agricultural ecosystems and hydrological stress. task 4. climate and  gricultural ecosystems and hydrological stress. task 4. climate and environmental changes effec  ystems and hydrological stress. task 4. climate and environmental changes effects on target org   task 6. georeferenced map design. wp3. climate changes and evolution of agricultural systems i  ed map design. wp3. climate changes and evolution of agricultural systems in the mediterranean   tems in the mediterranean area. task 1. climate effects on the sustainability and the dynamic o  nges of the main environmental pressure indicators. task 4. analysis of hydrological samples. t  cal samples. task 5. aeropalynology and climate changes. wp4. strategies for sustainable manage  management in future scenarios. task 1. development of climate curves for understanding and mod  uture scenarios. task 1. development of climate curves for understanding and modelling future s  of climate curves for understanding and modelling future scenarios and their effects on coastal   3. plans of sustainable management and climate changes. task 4. exploitation of territorial an  itorial and environmental resources and climate changes. task 5. hydrological resources managem
403	5	cropping for a long-term increased food production in the mekong delta. the underlying hypothes  mer takes full advantage of the natural production capacity of the rice field ecosystem. an unw  l production capacity of the rice field ecosystem. an unwise use of pesticides, however, increa  e of pesticides, however, increases the production cost and decreases the yield of both rice an  ersity and fish yield in the rice field ecosystem.
11776	13	ncern is to a large extent derived from model-based predictions on how future climate change wi  m model-based predictions on how future climate change will affect european biodiversity. curre   european biodiversity. current species distribution models suggest that climate change will ca  pecies distribution models suggest that climate change will cause habitats to shift or contract  es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha  ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati   populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac  determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w  obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r  ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati  o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr  vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year  empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and empl
472	13	ncern is to a large extent derived from model-based predictions on how future climate change wi  m model-based predictions on how future climate change will affect european biodiversity. curre   european biodiversity. current species distribution models suggest that climate change will ca  pecies distribution models suggest that climate change will cause habitats to shift or contract  es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha  ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati   populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac  determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w  obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r  ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati  o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr  vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year  empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and empl
1946	9	in this proposal we use the concept of ecosystem networks in a region as a tool for planning c  r integrating ecological and economical indicators in decision making on the spatial developmen  ators in decision making on the spatial development of nature in multifunctional landscapes. wi  on making on the spatial development of nature in multifunctional landscapes. with this informa  , regional decision-makers can consider ecosystem networks as a potential regional investment i  compare alternative design options. the scale level we focus on is the regional level , and on   onal level , and on costs of developing nature. an attempt will be made to relate the economic   area, type and spatial configuration of ecosystems in a region. we then will develop a simple t  etween variable regional investments in ecosystem networks and the expected economic and conser
13810	5	eational fisheries use of lake fish and ecosystem functions. the management methods are catch a  nd release can affect fish foraging and growth, and thereby the fish stock and trophic effects    implemented and allow for a productive development of the economically, socially and ecologica  ainable use, biodiversity and values of ecosystem functions also have to be surveyed. we theref  behaviours and attitudes to enhance the development of sustainable-use programmes where resourc
13727	4	oach uses quantitative data to generate habitat suitability, potential reserves and areas of co  ical research. we first assess critical habitat factors in the core distribution areas, along t  ss critical habitat factors in the core distribution areas, along the perimeter and in predicte  titude towards the carnivores along the distribution gradient. third, we overlay the attitude,
14768	3	as consequence, can be regarded as bio-indicator of habitat quality at larger scale.   ce, can be regarded as bio-indicator of habitat quality at larger scale.   -indicator of habitat quality at larger scale.
12542	5	lineages. fungi are found in almost all ecosystems and are spread throughout the globe exhibiti  e exhibiting huge diversity in form and function. the global mycological community faces a daun  rm and function. the global mycological community faces a daunting task in morphology-based spe  h the basal rot of onion in the uk as a model to develop the methodologies. the generic approac  s as well as the international fusarium community will be ensured through various dissemination
10536	10	predicting how species will respond to climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing  es are already moving northwards as the climate warms, while others appear not to be responding  t make predictions regarding the future distribution of species. most models that make predicti  ider one species in isolation and use a climate envelope approach - essentially they establish   at the species will occur wherever that climate is found in the future. this method provides a    to alter their range as rapidly as the climate change. there are likely to be interactions bet  ill investigate. an existing ecological model will be extended so that incorporates genetic and  a population changes during a period of climate change due to species changing their distributi  hwards through britain. we will use our model framework to investigate how other characteristic  e expected to evolve during a period of climate change.
9825	10	predicting how species will respond to climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing  es are already moving northwards as the climate warms, while others appear not to be responding  t make predictions regarding the future distribution of species. most models that make predicti  ider one species in isolation and use a climate envelope approach - essentially they establish   at the species will occur wherever that climate is found in the future. this method provides a    to alter their range as rapidly as the climate change. there are likely to be interactions bet  ill investigate. an existing ecological model will be extended so that incorporates genetic and  a population changes during a period of climate change due to species changing their distributi  hwards through britain. we will use our model framework to investigate how other characteristic  e expected to evolve during a period of climate change.
15304	10	line inland waters, a largely neglected environment despite its widely acknowledged conservatio  ties that induce changes in the natural hydrology and salinity levels, with a corresponding los  ce changes in the natural hydrology and salinity levels, with a corresponding loss of biodivers  tionary processes by which tolerance to salinity appears in beetles are unknown, though the mos   and to predict organismal responses to global change by following the new, integrated, researc  hes to broaden our understanding of the evolution of saline water specialists in different line  f populations and species to a changing environment. the specific goals of the project are: 1.   nformers 2. to determine differences in salinity and ionic tolerance of congeneric species. do    the field 3. to examine the effects of salinity on acclimation capacity and thermal limits. do  he relationships between physiology and habitat occupancy. how well does physiology predict fie
10252	8	d policy discussions on tropical forest ecosystem services are currently happening in two disjo  d models for quantifying and monetising ecosystem services. on the other hand, political ecolog  st condition, market prices and benefit distribution, whilst rights- and justice-focussed resea  searchers may neglect the full range of ecological services and their importance to non-local s  nable and pro-poor governance of forest ecosystems and their services is to be achieved. we pro  l attempt to consider the full range of ecosystem services, including forest products, hydrolog  st products, hydrological services, and carbon sequestration and biodiversity. we will seek to   saggregate the fes value chains and the distribution of benefits to different users along the v
10425	2	d the threat of global changes, such as climate change. until now, conservationists have been m  ion under environmental changes such as climate change. secondly, small or isolated populations
10990	2	d the threat of global changes, such as climate change. until now, conservationists have been m  ion under environmental changes such as climate change. secondly, small or isolated populations
11173	2	d the threat of global changes, such as climate change. until now, conservationists have been m  ion under environmental changes such as climate change. secondly, small or isolated populations
11167	4	the role of chemistry in atmospheric modelling is central to research into climate change an  c modelling is central to research into climate change and air quality. the description of chem  ntly speed up the process of updating a model s chemical mechanism. this project will begin dev  ical mechanism. this project will begin development of software to show this concept is viable.
14830	7	us knowledge on genetic variability and population dynamics showed by the two endemic lacertid   patterns of molecular and morphological evolution of podarcis filfolensis as a replication of t  sponses in terms of behavioural ecology traits and their phylogeographical patterns. we will co  aphical patterns. we will compare these traits using phylogenetic contrasts within each species  genetical, morphological and ecological traits to explain the particular relation between pheon  e species and to construct a predictive model integrating the evolution of populations and thei  ruct a predictive model integrating the evolution of populations and their ecological character
14831	7	us knowledge on genetic variability and population dynamics of the two endemic lacertid lizards  patterns of molecular and morphological evolution of podarcis filfolensis as a replication of t  sponses in terms of behavioural ecology traits and their phylogeographical patterns. we will co  aphical patterns. we will compare these traits using phylogenetic contrasts within each species  s genetic, morphological and ecological traits to explain the particular relation between pheon  e species and to construct a predictive model integrating the evolution of populations and thei  ruct a predictive model integrating the evolution of populations and their ecological character
10649	14	techniques that quantify the soil micro-environment. it has become increasingly apparent that w  that are too coarse. at the microscopic scale in a soil, bacteria and their food source or oxyg  soil, bacteria and their food source or oxygen supply, for example, are spatially separated, ev   the physical, chemical, and biological heterogeneity of soils, which combined with modelling t  rogeneity of soils, which combined with modelling techniques, enables us to make sense of the c  niques, enables us to make sense of the complexity of soil systems. soil physics and soil chemi  highly interdependent, with the spatial distribution of chemical species often heterogeneously   te, our understanding of the soil micro-environment relies heavily on the concept of soil aggre  tions to obtain 2-d spatial maps of the distribution of elements in the same soil samples using  ised with x-ray ct, and use statistical modelling to integrate in between the 2-d planes. we wi   techniques to soils amended with black carbon and kaolinte, keeping selected applications in m  elected applications in mind during the development. the combination of these two techniques wi  o- and micro-aggregates in soil and the stability of biochar. this will be important for studie   soils and how this will be affected by climate change and soil management.
533	1	ipally approached from the viewpoint of nature protection policy
1942	2	tland biodiversity is necessary for the development and eva1uation of alternative management st   the economic and ecological models and indicators, specifica1ly ensuring their compatible and
192	5	tic variation linked to fitness related traits during early life stages in atlantic salmon. the  xperiments and utilizes genetic linkage mapping methodologies to identify and characterize geno  ns associated with viability, embryonic development rate, time of emergence, length and weight   veloped viability and ‘traditional’ qtl mapping methodologies both in experimental and natural   sis of ecologically relevant phenotypic traits would be of great significance for genetic diver
14513	12	order to ensure the conservation of the environment and sustainable use of the natural resource  velop methodologies oriented to monitor ecosystem dynamics and sources of disturbances. it is c  al that these methodologies incorporate remote sensing as a source of synoptic and spatially ex  tect change. however, the diversity and complexity of the landscape processes at variable spati  maging spectroscopy combined with other remote sensing information at several temporal, spatial  o slow changes derived from the natural ecosystem dynamics.the accomplishment of this project w  bute to improve the conservation of the ecosystem by increasing the knowledge about the process  in the arid areas and developing change indicators related to the natural ecosystems dynamics a  hange indicators related to the natural ecosystems dynamics and to anthropogenic disturbances.   ical tools based on the exploitation of remote sensing data and their integration in geographic  s, and therefore, a high sensitivity to global change. the development of this project will con   high sensitivity to global change. the development of this project will contribute to improve
15115	15	global change is likely to have its most critical impac  ly to have its most critical impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning through the interac  ean. fire regime is highly sensitive to climate change, land use and forest management. in medi  expected to produce important shifts in community structure and composition. in this context, t  ese responses such as shifts in species distribution patterns is not an easy task as many inter  e. the integration of these elements in modelling platforms and methodological approaches to re  hat allow the robust prediction of bird distribution changes at a landscape scale in a dynamic   ird distribution changes at a landscape scale in a dynamic context dominated by perturbations.   ject we will develop sound biodiversity modelling systems that integrate current ecological the  ire regime in dynamic landscapes. these modelling systems should allow assessing quantitatively  e effects of changes in fire regime and climate derived from the interactions of the different   ractions of the different components of global change on bird distribution patterns. our study   ent components of global change on bird distribution patterns. our study model will be mediterr  n bird distribution patterns. our study model will be mediterranean landscapes heavily affected  ge wildfires. objective 2. developing a modelling system for the overall analysis at the landsc
14147	3	eographical information systems, forest growth models, remote sensing and field inspection. the  ormation systems, forest growth models, remote sensing and field inspection. the methodology mu  ecords. thus, the basic components of a remote sensing supported continuous forest inventory sy
15200	1	ity, allowing predicting the effects of climate change on biotic communities.
7209	2	opose to take the nematodes as a unique model for biological research integrated ecological man   better understanding of population- or community effects of anthropogenic pressures and on the
15082	3	diversity crisis and the threats of the global change, it is urgent to properly inventory and d  , the growing gap between phylogeny and classification, the apparent mismatch of new phylogenie  tter understanding of the diversity and evolution of andean amphibians and reptiles, which will
9882	6	ce has emerged that dramatic changes in ecosystem processes and functioning are taking place ac  across europe under the joint impact of climate change and human-induced shift in land use. one  s tested that pertain to the impacts of climate and land use changes on biodiversity and to the  on management of exploited and pristine ecosystems in the face of global change. these include    and pristine ecosystems in the face of global change. these include the scope for mitigating a  s and stakeholders, we will explore the ecosystem-level consequences of our findings, alternati
480	3	ce has emerged that dramatic changes in ecosystem processes and functioning are taking place ac  across europe under the joint impact of climate change and human-induced shift in land use. one  0s impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exploit cyclically fluctuating herbivore
14623	8	in the actual global change scenario there is an increasing demand of  yse the interacting effects of multiple stress factors on the diversity and production of ecosy  ple stress factors on the diversity and production of ecosystems. predicting the outcome of a g  tors on the diversity and production of ecosystems. predicting the outcome of a global perturba  outcome of a global perturbation on the ecosystem is a difficult if not hazardous task, because  mplex antagonic and synergic effects of multiple stressors. it is the main objective of this pr   objective of this project to study the nature of the interactive effects of ultraviolet radiat   at a chosen lake over a large temporal scale, and short experimental in situ experiments versu
2494	10	there are two main factors driving environmental change in arid lands, climate variability  ing environmental change in arid lands, climate variability and human interference. acacia will  focus on the arid core, i.e. the desert environment, and interactions with the nomadic populati  both valuable and vulnerable. increased stress, caused by change in land-use and/or climate, ca  ss, caused by change in land-use and/or climate, can reduce their viability. at the same time t  alue for conservation in a more extreme climate. acacia will therefore study the genetic divers  ions. further, acacia will apply stable carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis combined with 14c d  er, acacia will apply stable carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis combined with 14c dating from   o achieve a better understanding of the climate variability in this extreme environment, and th  the climate variability in this extreme environment, and thereby of ecological and socio-econom
15051	6	ailability and the thermal state of the environment as determinants of the distribution, abunda   the environment as determinants of the distribution, abundance and body condition of birds win  nt as determinants of the distribution, abundance and body condition of birds wintering in the   ible effect of the thermal state of the environment on the winter biology of birds, considering  inter biology of birds, considering the energy budget of birds and territory occupancy. the mod  t of birds and territory occupancy. the model organisms are frugivorous and insectivorous woodl
10105	12	and temporal variability in settlement/recruitment which may have important implications for l  y have important implications for local population dynamics. however, the way in which recruitm  ion dynamics. however, the way in which recruitment variability interacts with post recruitment  uitment variability interacts with post recruitment processes such as predation and competition  with post recruitment processes such as predation and competition is not understood. this proje  uitment processes such as predation and competition is not understood. this project uses manipu  tood. this project uses manipulation of recruitment and post recruitment processes in a typical  es manipulation of recruitment and post recruitment processes in a typical and easily studied b  hic invertebrate to examine the role of density dependence in controlling adult population dyna  density dependence in controlling adult population dynamics under differing physical conditions  . simultaneous hierarchical sampling of recruitment variability places small scale experiments   of recruitment variability places small scale experiments into context.
13865	4	ject will answer the questions: how can ecosystem functioning and biodiversity be optimised in   differing in age and plant composition. development of plant species composition and biodiversi  e followed in 18 experimental wetlands. ecosystem functioning and underlying biogeochemical pro  een biodiversity, plant composition and ecosystem functioning. guidelines for wetland construct
2141	1	istinctiveness, genetic composition and evolution; and 2 possible factors explaining the patter
14153	17	blem of environmental impacts on forest growth is important in both global and regional scales.  icant regional differences in trends of temperature and precipitation are predicted for differe  ifferences in trends of temperature and precipitation are predicted for different regions of th  ferent regions of the world. in estonia temperature probably rises mainly during winter, but su   can not be higher, than allowed by net carbon uptake by the tree. decrease in tree photosynthe  ynthesis in conditions of environmental stress can limit tree growth, but the dectrease in phot   of environmental stress can limit tree growth, but the dectrease in photosynthesis rate can be  so the result, not the primary cause of growth inhibition. in the case, when environmental stre  bition. in the case, when environmental stress affects directly cell division, there will be pr  mediated environmental impacts on plant growth can be separated by changes in relationships bet  s betweeh tree level photosynthesis and growth. previous year environmental impacts via bud for  oliage from buds and some mechanisms of growth regulation will be also investigated in this pro  hm and also in controlled conditions of growth chambers. experiments in growth chambers help to  ions of growth chambers. experiments in growth chambers help to make difference between environ  eriment. air humidity, leaf wetness and temperature will be manipulated and changes in xylem fl   changes in xylem flux, photosynthesis, growth rate , carbohydrate accumulation and other physi   environmental impacts during predicted climate change.
13826	10	able trees for biodiversity and how its recruitment is affected by ungulates in relation to tre  nd fire. we aim at quantifying critical thresholds for co-existence of both aspen and large her  tanding of how ungulate browsing affect abundance and distribution of aspen and species associa   ungulate browsing affect abundance and distribution of aspen and species associated with this   ce of disturbance and browsing on aspen recruitment. a novel approach is that we assess tempora  deterministic and stochastic population modeling to forecast changes in aspen abundance. we als  n modeling to forecast changes in aspen abundance. we also address the impact of environmental   lso address the impact of environmental heterogeneity on ungulate habitat use, ranging behavior  environmental heterogeneity on ungulate habitat use, ranging behavior and utilization of aspen   eneity on ungulate habitat use, ranging behavior and utilization of aspen in a sequential serie
430	2	d to cretaceous european flora led to a model of spatio-temporal replacement of gymnosperms by   tal marine environments. the changes in vegetation during the middle cretaceous are correlated
9849	12	at warwick has demonstrated that river sediment bed-form, such as particle courseness and ripp  els of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand. however the implications of direct disch   communities inhabiting biofilms at the sediment surface, and the way in which direct discharge  s affect interactions between bed-form, microbial community composition and pollutant biodegrad  nteractions between bed-form, microbial community composition and pollutant biodegradation rate  s will be tested: 1. chemical pollutant distribution patterns within river sediment are determi  tant distribution patterns within river sediment are determined by bed-form 2. bed-form control  rmined by bed-form 2. bed-form controls microbial community structure and diversity 3. bed-form  e and diversity 3. bed-form affects the development of catabolic communities and biodegradation  orate the results into general exposure modelling frameworks for developed and developing count  r biology, environmental hydraulics and modelling. the industrial partner will provide funding   hs at unilever for training in exposure modelling and environmental risk assessment.
7696	3	ring of road and agricultural plots for vegetation and wildlife including the collection and an  en spaces solssupports: maintenance and development of functions and services. example of the t  titutional arrangements for sustainable development of rural areas or' engineering and environm
13800	2	then along with a stimulation of plant resistance to herbivory. the hypotheses will be tested   th a stimulation of plant resistance to herbivory. the hypotheses will be tested by means of on
14852	4	d autoecological studies in its natural habitat. besides, we have started the study of the halo   the halophage comunity that shares the habitat with salinibacter and haloarcahea and most like  environmental conditions. the halophage community will also be characterized with a metagenomic  y, besides getting a description of our model system, we aim at obtaining information that coul
7204	6	management modes and different societal perceptions. the project aims to better understand the   t to a conservation program. . - on the scale of the plot will be related special constructions  ill be related special constructions of resistance in the host plant, emergence of new virulenc  t plant, emergence of new virulence and evolution of the aggressiveness of the pathogen populat  aluable to build and deploy sustainable resistance in cultivated poplar. - at the landscape sca  n cultivated poplar. - at the landscape scale, will be specified the role of different evolutio
15194	4	de on inorganic processes affecting the migration of actinides in these repositories but it is   erent mechanisms including biosorption, precipitation, etc. these microbial processes play a cr  lay a crucial role on the transport and migration of these inorganic contaminants in the enviro   of these inorganic contaminants in the environment. microbial occurrence and -processes in gra
13940	17	ip between the number of species and/or functional groups of wood decay fungi and the species p  d the species persistence, efficency of decomposition and metabolic efficiency will be tested a  fficency of decomposition and metabolic efficiency will be tested as well as competition under   ic efficiency will be tested as well as competition under stable and variable abiotic regimes.   nd the results from previous studies on productivity and biodiversity in terrestrial and aquati  biodiversity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to establish general principles for function  ems to establish general principles for functional diversity across different ecological proces  nt ecological processes such as primary production and decomposition. functional biodiversity w  rocesses such as primary production and decomposition. functional biodiversity will be studied   biodiversity under perturbations of the ecosystem by means of changes in temperature, gaseous r  of the ecosystem by means of changes in temperature, gaseous regime and other abiotic factors.    factors. preliminary results show that decomposition decrease with increased biodiversity unde  h increased biodiversity under constant temperature but increase under a variable temperature r  mperature but increase under a variable temperature regime. re-isolation of species after the p  s significantly higher under a variable temperature regime indicating less competition in this   able temperature regime indicating less competition in this environment.   ime indicating less competition in this environment.
7492	3	. in this second part, the selected model is an endophytic bacteria, beneficial for the gro  endophytic bacteria, beneficial for the growth of potatoes, whose clonal population will be pro  ated by cuttings of the host plant. the evolution of these populations will be monitored by the
15500	3	causes that have originated the present distribution ranges of bryophytes. the genus orthotrich  are the cases of parallel of convergent evolution common in this group the studies carried out   e mechanisms involved in the origin and evolution of current bryophyte areas.
11527	2	to maintain the crucial services of the environment is the need to have accurate information re  services provided by natural resources, ecosystems and biodiversity. this is problematic both b
1949	8	hes of different quality. the predicted distribution, however, strongly depends on the generali  nship between intake rate and both prey density and competitor density. the notion that competi  te and both prey density and competitor density. the notion that competitors are not all alike    at reliable predictions of the spatial distribution of foraging animals. yet, empirical studie  vailability can be characterised by the density of the standing crop in a patch, are extremely   proposed project aims to study a single predator, the shore crab carcinus meanas in detail to e  rences in competitive ability among the predators. subsequently, ideal free predictions on patc  eliable generalised functional response model, will be experimentally tested.
11211	3	ections between living things and their environment. we are increasingly aware that not only do  ugh the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, plants and microbes more and better data,   s while learning from the international community, to make it a more complete player and leader
11561	2	ty in potentially the largest bacterial habitat on earth and also has implications for similar   lar determinations in other terrestrial sediment and soil environments, as well as subsurface e
10707	6	tation of complex physical processes in climate system models but coupling biogeochemistry, che  chemistry and the human management with climate. additionally, the global research community wi  mate. additionally, the global research community will require components that allow interactio   decision making with environmental and climate considerations. as a step towards a full earth    serve as a mechanism for promoting the development of the next generation of scientists to be    required by the future of earth system modeling. an important element will be including partic
7378	1	omy, research in plant breeding, on the evolution of farming systems, and whether local governa
12614	3	lude resolving the role of number-based thresholds and the basis on which such thresholds opera   thresholds and the basis on which such thresholds operate and the role of devolving case-by-ca  determine each countrys estimate of the scale of the task facing it. this will include estimate
11468	1	tious epidemiology, ecology, stochastic modelling, mathematical biology and statistics with an
6956	3	us may have a significant impact on the evolution of species. the saccharomyces sensu stricto g  icto group is an excellent experimental model system for studying the hybridisation process and  isation process taking place in natural environment. the investigation of the mitotic and meiot
15089	13	is one of the most singular and diverse ecosystems of europe and its conservation is top priori  nsects, the most diverse in terrestrial ecosystems, acting in the degradation and incorporation  in the degradation and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosystem. these insects are a diverse  n and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosystem. these insects are a diverse functional group   ecosystem. these insects are a diverse functional group and are sensitive to any alteration of  re sensitive to any alteration of their habitat. previous studies show that the factors that co  ction and the functionality of these in ecosystems. understanding such properties is essential   is essential in order to understand the evolution of ecosystems and for the development of viab  in order to understand the evolution of ecosystems and for the development of viable conservati  the evolution of ecosystems and for the development of viable conservation measures. bearing th  specific interactions in the saproxylic community that will allow us to apply the results for c  auna, using diptera syrphidae larvae as indicators. what is new and original in this proposal r  lic species and the management of their habitat from the point of view of the functionality of
10938	3	ican lobsters into european waters as a model to study the mechanisms of species competition/di  odel to study the mechanisms of species competition/displacement and the role of interspecific    in a large tank simulating the natural habitat to investigate if h. gammarus females are attra
10777	2	rm humans, animals or beneficial insect predators and is licensed as an organic spray. while bt  my laboratory suggests that cooperative traits are vital for efficient transmission between hos
11165	2	rm humans, animals or beneficial insect predators and is licensed as an organic spray. while bt  my laboratory suggests that cooperative traits are vital for efficient transmission between hos
14502	7	the main interpopulation variations in life history characteristics of the spur-thighed tortoi  n environmental gradients that rule its distribution on a large scale: rainfall, minimum extrem  s that rule its distribution on a large scale: rainfall, minimum extremes temperatures and succ   dynamics. we will develop a population model for the species where we will explore the effects  ts of such interpopulation variation in life history. the framewok of this project are the stud  he species in which we have studies the distribution and the species-habitat relationships.   tudies the distribution and the species-habitat relationships.
10623	7	hanges in the prevalence of intra guild predation in relation to prey abundance and to start ex  tra guild predation in relation to prey abundance and to start exploring its dynamic implicatio  in dietary reconstruction in a guild of predators in an ecosystem dominated by the cyclic fluct  struction in a guild of predators in an ecosystem dominated by the cyclic fluctuations of field  n most vertebrate members of the forest ecosystem and start testing specific hypotheses on the   igp to modify the amplitude and delayed nature of the numerical responses of vole predators , w  ture of the numerical responses of vole predators , which are likely to influence vole dynamics
11094	4	to explain the evolution of cooperative vertebrate societies and the d   to be unusually large and reproductive competition among females may be more intense than amon  ntense than among males, leading to the evolution of females that are larger and more aggressiv  perative mongoose determine whether the development and behaviour of the two sexes is adapted t
15067	1	ifferences, including the detection and distribution of the most important pathogenicity factor
6874	1	otic bacteria. the demonstration of the participation of prokaryotic symbionts in the generatio
2512	16	the rate of energy expenditure integrates nearly all aspects of the  , and knowledge of the factors limiting energy expenditure is of paramount importance for a bet  tance for a better understanding of the evolution of life-history traits in free-living species  anding of the evolution of life-history traits in free-living species. one factor which may exe  rt a powerful constraint on the rate of energy expenditure, and which currently receives consid  ves considerable interest, is oxidative stress. it has been suggested that increased energy exp  s. it has been suggested that increased energy expenditure leads to an elevated generation of r  s to an elevated generation of reactive oxygen species which in turn may lead to increased soma  erated aging and death. hence oxidative stress may be a universal physiological mechanism under  h to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress constraints the field metabolic rate and mediate   reproduction, using the kittiwake as a model species. in two experiments we will manipulate br  espectively, and simultaneously measure energy expenditure, oxidative damage, antioxidant capac  ionship of metabolic rate and oxidative stress, and fitness consequences associated with increa   consequences associated with increased metabolism. utilization of a study population with indi  story will allow us to separate age and stress related effects from effects of metabolic rate o  nding of the physiological basis of the evolution of life-history trade-offs.
7280	2	lutionary history of the region and the life history traits of taxa that inhabit   tory of the region and the life history traits of taxa that inhabit
15322	3	lish in the face of novel environmental habitat conditions after their introduction. the ongoin  g spread of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems calls for an urgent and detailed study of th  taceans has negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. the american brine shrimp artemia francisca
2040	5	to develop and test a simple conceptual model of invasions of marine exotic species. this model  nvasions of marine exotic species. this model considers only one donor region, one vector, and    of species by the donor region; 2..the nature and the magnitude of the vector responsible for   or responsible for the transport; 3.the nature of the recipient region, in particular the numbe  lready established in that region. this model predicts that the introduction rate will be high
7602	2	models are based on the study of socio- ecosystem dynamics to check that the proposed managemen  gration of formal models of sustainable development, such as sustainability models, was still l
15578	1	to explore scenarios of impacts on the environment resulting from policies integrating mbis an
15254	2	ental issue, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecological and ec  y in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecological and economical impacts are for
12151	7	unction zone of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is forming a specific habitat complex, which  strial ecosystems is forming a specific habitat complex, which has a large variety of environme  d be very susceptible to invasions. the distribution, ecological niche, the impact on the biota  , the impact on the biota, habitats and ecosystems of three major invasive mammal species in li   the impact of beaver on the spread and abundance of alien mammal species and habitat use will   d abundance of alien mammal species and habitat use will be investigated using field, automatic  he possible invasion of this species in ecosystems of lithuania will be evaluated.
14279	1	own. also the way changes in the global climate will affect invasions is not well understood. t
7176	2	ssesses the impacts of this invasion an ecosystem scale   e impacts of this invasion an ecosystem scale
7185	5	e tick rhipicephalus. together with the evolution of resistance, this reflects a dramatic adapt  ephalus. together with the evolution of resistance, this reflects a dramatic adaptive dynamics   ed crucial for future management of the distribution of acaricide resistance in the island lies  gement of the distribution of acaricide resistance in the island lies in the detection and char   appearance of the first new caledonian resistance to amitraz
7180	2	. Moreover, our study suggests a strong growth rate of the population and an effective long-ran  iews. interviews with growers show that production of a species is closely linked to changes in
15316	3	o the biotic diversity and integrity of ecosystems. the mechanisms that permit the initial esta  e study of this issue are to: to assess habitat use of the native and introduced populations of  h the prediction of the potential range distribution.
10497	3	sembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core  uence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core will moni  natural enemies that differ markedly in life history strategies. using mathematical and statist
10580	3	sembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core  uence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core will moni  natural enemies that differ markedly in life history strategies. using mathematical and statist
10996	3	sembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core  uence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core will moni  natural enemies that differ markedly in life history strategies. using mathematical and statist
7169	2	rs of the tropics, where they settle in density and become the dominant elements of the benthic  pondents also know badly enough in what environment live molluscs vectors and thiaridés, do not
7165	2	oposed a multidisciplinary study of the evolution of invasive populations and mechanisms determ  isms determining their installation and distribution, in two species of freshwater crustaceans
7243	2	ive species, altering the structure and community composition and therefore the deterioration o  tion and therefore the deterioration of ecosystem functions. socio -economic impacts are as var
15331	6	ons of affected aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. particularly, we aim to analyse the impact    we aim to analyse the impact of exotic leaf litter, whose physical-chemical properties may dif  l properties may differ from the native leaf litter, on the structure and function of the edaph  ative leaf litter, on the structure and function of the edaphic and freshwater communities of i   communities play a crucial role on the ecosystem nutrient cycle. by merging the results of the   floodplains to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
7162	1	corollary of endemism. tags: drosophila model, invasive species, ecological intraspecific diver
10011	2	rial college. as part of their personal development plan, the student will also be required to   alysis, science communication, personal development and other generic and transferable skills.
14841	2	ely unexplored, even though the genetic traits of nonindegenous species is regarded as fundamen  eographical differences in life-history traits among iberian gambusia populations, but informat
14840	4	re the second threat to diversity after habitat loss and a leading mechanism of global change,   habitat loss and a leading mechanism of global change, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. m  obal change, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. mosquitofish to understand the effects of r   river zonation and water regime on the life history and the population ecology of mosquitofish
7018	2	nvolve enzymology and antibiotic and/or growth promoting traits of the isolates prepared in the   and antibiotic and/or growth promoting traits of the isolates prepared in the project.
12477	26	the overall aim of the project is to review the social and economic quantitative and qualita  sing the state of england’s terrestrial ecosystems using an ecosystem approach. the ‘evidence b  gland’s terrestrial ecosystems using an ecosystem approach. the ‘evidence base refers to data,   l complement and build upon the natural environment evidence base specified in phase 1 of nep.   ng an inventory of data for the natural environment - provide recommendations on the potential    for assessing the state of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to p  tate of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to people - highlight an  ctive delivery and communication of the ecosystem service approach to meet the aims of the proj  nomic ‘evidence relevant to the natural environment in england. - objective 2: compile a list o  acteristics, which could be used in the ecosystem services approach - objective 3: indicate the  economic roles of england’s terrestrial environment and the ecosystem services it provides. - o  gland’s terrestrial environment and the ecosystem services it provides. - objective 4: compare    using the economic, social and natural environment evidence base can be used to assess the sta  used to assess the state of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to p  tate of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to people - objective 6:  is project will provide defra with: 1 a review of the social and economic quantitative and qual  sing the state of england’s terrestrial ecosystems using an ecosystem approach 2 recommendation  gland’s terrestrial ecosystems using an ecosystem approach 2 recommendations on which sources o  ng an inventory of data for the natural environment 3 recommendations on the potential use of t   for assessing the state of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to p  tate of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to people 4 information   ctive delivery and communication of the ecosystem service approach 6 metadata relating to the s  mic datasets that can contribute to the ecosystem approach the outputs of the project will prov   using the economic, social and natural environment evidence base can be used to assess the sta  used to assess the state of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to p  tate of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to people.
6764	2	ert the quantitative data into mass and energy. the wild aquatic birds’ daily and seasonal acti  strated. the whole data, the direct and indirect effects of aquatic birds will be discussed tog
2199	2	and brackish or brackish and freshwater ecosystems. if organisms with a pelagic life strategy a   important as a dispersing phase in the life history of the species in question, though the fin
10024	3	peppered moths after industrialization, resistance to insecticides after spraying with ddt, ant  des after spraying with ddt, antibiotic resistance in bacteria. natural selection, of course, h   course, happens in response to natural environmental change as well, although the tempo of the
11314	3	peppered moths after industrialization, resistance to insecticides after spraying with ddt, ant  des after spraying with ddt, antibiotic resistance in bacteria. natural selection, of course, h   course, happens in response to natural environmental change as well, although the tempo of the
2481	6	northern coastal ecosystems are experiencing environmental perturbations  ronmental perturbations due to changing climate and human activities like harvesting and aquacu  re. the project is aimed to investigate ecosystem structure and dynamics using ecosystem models   ecosystem structure and dynamics using ecosystem models . the model output will be compared to  d dynamics using ecosystem models . the model output will be compared to fishermens knowledge w  ial and temporal variability in coastal ecosystems.
11624	2	hether the dna relates to the layers of sediment it is found in, or whether water movement may    each site, to determine the effects of climate change during the height of the last glaciation
10491	4	plants, or phytoplankton, use the sun s energy to combine atmospheric carbon dioxide habitats a  the sun s energy to combine atmospheric carbon dioxide habitats as these are considered to be t   will be used to produce a mathematical model that is capable of predicting the quantities of c   the role of marine sediments in global climate models.
12552	4	tellite markers and european foul brood resistance this module proposes to catalogue honey bee   ne which honey bees exhibit efb disease resistance. initially, genetic stock will be sourced to  netic diversity present. to investigate resistance, candidate apiaries will be identified by ha  indicate a possible genetic link to efb resistance. 2. alternative non-chemical approaches for
10605	9	the availability of suitable breeding habitat is crucial to whether or not species have been   eir distributions in response to recent climate warming. thus, any changes in species host plan  ributions in response to recent climate warming. thus, any changes in species host plant prefer  s host plant preferences which increase habitat availability would also increase species abilit   also increase species ability to track climate change. however, such changes have rarely been   ential interactive effects on butterfly life history traits. it will determine whether such eff  ctive effects on butterfly life history traits. it will determine whether such effects may cont   observed in some species during recent climate warming.   d in some species during recent climate warming.
11542	6	tionary changes or relatively few large-scale ones. in theory we can study the fossilized remai  t effective means of deciphering animal evolution. selected fossil echinoderms will be studied   e of life of these extinct animals. the development of living echinoderms from embryo to adult   is manner it will be established if the model for determining fundamental homologies in echinod  d the novelties that arose during their evolution into modern forms. it may also help to infer    an optimal understanding of organismal evolution.
12563	8	e the population structure and relative production of eels from different habitats across river  sins; investigate relationships between habitat and eel production in order to inform the trans  e relationships between habitat and eel production in order to inform the transport of models f  derstanding of the relationship between habitat and eel production in england and wales, to sup  he relationship between habitat and eel production in england and wales, to support defras resp  populations by improving our ability to model eel production across river basins and transporti  s by improving our ability to model eel production across river basins and transporting the mod  cross river basins and transporting the model application from data-rich to data-poor basins.
13876	12	des on the relationship between species richness and ecosystem function, large-scale studies th  lationship between species richness and ecosystem function, large-scale studies than span long    richness and ecosystem function, large-scale studies than span long successional gradients are  es on islands with different decomposer richness the effect of 1 litter species richness, 2 dec  richness the effect of 1 litter species richness, 2 decomposer species richness, and 3 interact   species richness, 2 decomposer species richness, and 3 interactions between litter species ric  d 3 interactions between litter species richness and the decomposer community, on decomposition  ter species richness and the decomposer community, on decomposition rates, can be investigated.  chness and the decomposer community, on decomposition rates, can be investigated. the project w  s into how changed diversity may affect ecosystem functioning in natural systems. such informat  evious and future short-term and small- scale studies are consistent with what happens in the f   with what happens in the field in real ecosystems over large spatial scales.
11349	4	ation, water-column denitrification and productivity are linked on upwelling margins and to ass  ave contributed to glacial-interglacial climate change by modulating oceanic nutrient inventori  eochemical processes control biological production in the ocean, and on what time scales . the   on and phosphorite-based u/th dates, in sediment cores collected from the eastern tropical nort
10860	2	ised as having an important role in the evolution of new species and even groups of species. it   species. it has been implicated in the evolution of the hawaiian crickets, the lake baikal scu
11189	2	ised as having an important role in the evolution of new species and even groups of species. it   species. it has been implicated in the evolution of the hawaiian crickets, the lake baikal scu
12344	1	opulation . results will be provided to nature conservation agencies to inform the designation
6965	2	ans , and the markers by increasing the efficiency of the selection process can help in the bre  in the breeding of new varieties having resistance to late blight.
6814	5	community studies of small mammals have revealed that t  s have revealed that the diversity of a community is positively correlated with habitat structu  community is positively correlated with habitat structure, and it is the habitat selection that  d with habitat structure, and it is the habitat selection that separates small mammal populatio  al periods presenting the most southern distribution of this holarctic species. there are three
14445	7	develop their practical application as indicator groups for long term monitoring of the biodiv   the biodiversity for assessment of the ecosystems in bulgaria and turkey to gather the necessa  al material, transformed to protect the environment. for example live traps, fixatives like pro  ained on work in a team in real working environment. they will acquire basic skills in analysis  udents from the local schools about the nature environment and the need of its conservation wil  from the local schools about the nature environment and the need of its conservation will be in  mployees of the directorate of strandja nature park, students, officials and other will be skil
12622	7	peatlands are large stores of carbon to see which restoration measures are best at re  tablished by the centre for ecology and hydrology for their carbon catchments programme. the ri  tre for ecology and hydrology for their carbon catchments programme. the rigorously designed fi  on, meteorological variables, dissolved carbon fluxes and detailed identification of the mechan  its in terms of conserving the peatland carbon store and minimising ghg emissions. we will also   we will also evaluate the potential of mitigation options, including vegetation management and  ential of mitigation options, including vegetation management and sulphur amendment, to reduce
11451	3	been investigated in this way. skeletal indicators of vitamin d deficiency offer an invaluable   ged in the study of past societies. the metabolism of vitamin d means that deficiency is linked  tus of individuals and pollution so the development of the disease can be used to interpret cha
11197	1	o investigate the expression and tissue distribution of na, k-atpase alpha and beta subunits.
6864	2	anifestation. for the prevention of the development of asthma, for the treatment of the develop  ts will be tested in our in vivo animal model of asthma.
2505	1	p stock structure in the species' whole distribution range in the north atlantic. the former pa
12749	1	nce-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services
168	2	not been considered in common models of population dynamics. in addition to this general biolog  e plants would be of importance also in nature concervation, and in improving methods of plant
12633	1	l properties or soil biological quality indicators distributed across gb in stratified random a
10126	2	production of nitrous oxide soil inoculated with aob an  from objective 1, and in a natural soil community adopting a combination of 15n-isotopomer and
217	5	about the function of avian eggshell-pigmentation has been discus  of 19th century. the proposed signaling function of pigmentation in heterogeneous habitat compl  nction of pigmentation in heterogeneous habitat complex. our main working hypothesis is that ca  that calcium deficiency in the breeding environment will result in thinner, but more densely pi   properties of the eggs or the breeding environment of birds, and so would contribute to the im
10715	5	t are vital to the functioning of every ecosystem on earth. despite this, very little is known   ple, we know neither the number nor the distribution of species. it was recently suggested in t  oalgae, though they provide half of the oxygen we breathe, play a vital role in controlling cli  eathe, play a vital role in controlling climate, and are very important as indicators in enviro  ling climate, and are very important as indicators in environmental monitoring, are currently u
10396	4	sea ice. these brine channels provide a habitat for a host of organisms, particularly single ce  ty results in high amounts of dissolved organic matter being produced in the brine channels, an  e important because they can modify the environment surrounding a cell. it is throught that sea   composition of eps does changes as the salinity increases, and what those chemical changes are
10798	5	es and rates of denitrifier-n2o and -n2 production. however, the significance of this dynamic c  otope techniques to quantify n2o and n2 production during denitrification and relate this to c   and relate this to c utilisation by the microbial community, the activity of denitrifying bacte   up-regulation of genes involved in n2o production and reduction. information obtained will be   tion obtained will be essential for the development of strategies to mitigate n2o emissions thr
11499	4	to the next generation as possible. the evolution of social behaviour is a paradox because it r  the offspring of others. explaining the evolution of helping behaviour in animal societies has   g. for example, if drifting incurs high mortality, then the costs may often outweigh the benefi  erstanding of helping behaviour and the evolution of sociality in a theoretical context.
11127	5	increased emissions of nitrogen , this programme of research will be the first   change. it will also determine whether vegetation can recover from these impacts on p supply w  hose concerned with the conservation of ecosystems and preservation of biodiversity. it will in  to better predict pollutant n impact on ecosystems and better establish critical loads . the me  t important factor in determining plant growth.
11341	2	this project will address the evolution of virulence and host range in insect-specifi  ism whereby these pathogens may acquire traits beneficial to their ecological fitness. the theo
10448	3	potential to play a significant role in community organisation by coupling water column and ben  thereby coupling planktonic and benthic food webs. here, we specifically address the hypothesis  ction in water clarity and depletion of organic matter in sediments in line with the reported e
15080	2	the adaptations to the environment that we humans have endured along our evolu  etic architecture of complex phenotypic traits, and reveal how despite our general similarity a
13522	2	ern sweden, and the surrounding ‘normal production forest . we will combine fossil beetle analy  matrix and in the hotspots before large scale anthropogenic induced changes began 200-500 years
14618	1	determining the degree of intraspecific competition for food in several breeding colonies of th
10170	3	ss-of-fit between colour vision and the environment might depend on population size and stabili  ent might depend on population size and stability. there is preliminary evidence that some isla  hance processes might contribute to the evolution of colour vision. this population biological
10805	9	scientists to collect information about climate change, in response to growing public concerns   ic concerns about issues such as global warming and the hole in earth s ozone layer. since then  are a likely factor. earths present-day climate changes are closely related to the ice frozen i  s including london. some of the fastest climate changes on earth have taken place at the antarc  xplorations in the 19th century, show a warming of more than 5 degrees c during the past 100 ye  st 100 years. perhaps the most dramatic climate changes ever witnessed have occurred during the  em and how they might affect our future climate. in the wake of each collapse, new embayments h  ce, which, like tree rings, tell us how climate has changed over the past century. when combine  en identified, we will build a computer model of the ice shelf to investigate how it might frac
10406	2	producers, i.e. they convert inorganic carbon on the most likely predators of these cyanobacte  ert inorganic carbon on the most likely predators of these cyanobacteria in situ.
10330	1	new developments in 2d micron-scale measurements in sediments of trace metals and sul
11511	1	new developments in 2d micron-scale measurements in sediments of trace metals and sul
6941	1	soil mesofauna family with a worldwide distribution. due to their difficult identification onl
15496	1	stage of the volume which includes the development of an identification key for the whole fami
10879	3	t from the site prior to its commercial development, and during the initial phase of developmen  opment, and during the initial phase of development. this project is essentially a rescue dig.   xcavation prior to the sites commercial development, and grab collecting during the initial exc
10568	1	the microbial processes controlling the production and consumption of atmospheric trace gases i
11325	1	the microbial processes controlling the production and consumption of atmospheric trace gases i
11856	1	the microbial processes controlling the production and consumption of atmospheric trace gases i
11695	32	the ecosystem services approach emphasises the many ways na  vices approach emphasises the many ways nature sustains and enriches people s lives. valuation   d enriches people s lives. valuation of ecosystem services can contribute to ecosystem conserva  of ecosystem services can contribute to ecosystem conservation and human wellbeing. for these e  ts must tackle the relationship between ecosystem services and wellbeing with reference to envi  ith reference to environmental justice. ecosystem services tend to benefit some stakeholders mo  rs more than others. decision making in ecosystem management is likely to involve some more tha   ecological tradeoffs between competing environmental services, to support ecosystem conservati  ting environmental services, to support ecosystem conservation and poverty alleviation recognit  offs is a crucial precondition for just ecosystem management, i.e. ecosystem management that di  ion for just ecosystem management, i.e. ecosystem management that distributes ecosystem service  . ecosystem management that distributes ecosystem services fairly and includes all stakeholders  es the overarching goal to promote just ecosystem management as a new and innovative concept. t  ent of selected coastal and terrestrial ecosystems in china, india and central africa. the proj  cademic fields on the feedbacks between ecosystem services and human wellbeing. the conceptual   s into their analyses by looking at the distribution of ecosystem services among stakeholders,   lyses by looking at the distribution of ecosystem services among stakeholders, and by attending  g stakeholders, and by attending to the participation of different stakeholders in decisions ov  ifferent stakeholders in decisions over ecosystems. political economists will benefit from the    from the system-based understanding of nature and the attention to ecological tradeoffs. ecolo  ts will gain important insights for the development of new valuation methods which respond to u  ill make a critical contribution to the development of new interdisciplinary understanding of t  derstanding of the relationship between ecosystems and human wellbeing that acknowledges the si  ocio-ecological tradeoffs equally. just ecosystem management will directly benefit poor and soc  socially excluded people dependent upon ecosystem services living in developing countries. equi  ving in developing countries. equitable distribution will strengthen the contributions of ecosy  on will strengthen the contributions of ecosystem services to poverty alleviation, with particu   services. inclusive decision making in ecosystem management will allow participation by stakeh  king in ecosystem management will allow participation by stakeholders typically excluded due to  nces in wealth, race, gender, etc. just ecosystem management will facilitate stakeholders to re  together. the project will promote just ecosystem management by engaging uk and international p  nisations implementing conservation and development projects in the three sites of yunnan, oris
2173	1	wling, grazing by sea urchins, changing climate interactions and develop predictive models for
14907	9	l resource availability for plants, and herbivory at a medium and long term, b to study plant s  c, trying to identify the most relevant functional traits to explain ecosystem functioning, c t  t relevant functional traits to explain ecosystem functioning, c to apply an ecological-evoluti  n of two main components of the pasture stability: resistance and resilience, e to elaborate an  in components of the pasture stability: resistance and resilience, e to elaborate an integrated  esilience, e to elaborate an integrated model about the functioning and management of iberian m  f these communities and compatible with nature conservation. in order to address these objectiv  llow us to analyse the slow response of ecosystem components with a slow turnover rates. long d  ales. this is crucial when dealing with ecosystem maintained by exploitation .
7395	2	of the diversity of genes digestion and energy metabolism in the animal kingdom, this project a  diversity of genes digestion and energy metabolism in the animal kingdom, this project aims to
11009	6	however, this conventional view of the evolution of ageing is incomplete, because it omits soc  s related group-mates. this affects the evolution of lifespan and ageing through kin selection,  mmon. an example is the case, common in nature, of a parent whose death releases a resource, su  ill gain greater fitness from offspring production than from keeping the queen alive and rearin  e second is that, at or approaching the threshold when the queen is selected to cede control of   we will confirm that genes known to be indicators of ageing in other social insects act likewi
11232	6	however, this conventional view of the evolution of ageing is incomplete, because it omits soc  s related group-mates. this affects the evolution of lifespan and ageing through kin selection,  mmon. an example is the case, common in nature, of a parent whose death releases a resource, su  ill gain greater fitness from offspring production than from keeping the queen alive and rearin  e second is that, at or approaching the threshold when the queen is selected to cede control of   we will confirm that genes known to be indicators of ageing in other social insects act likewi
14666	2	n biogeographical conclusions about the distribution and relationships of the species and other  e benthic communities. in addition, the development of the project will allow the stablishment
13343	4	knowledge about biodiversity and ecosystem services is well advanced in the european sci  ell advanced in the european scientific community, as demonstrated by many excellent projects a  , on the global as well as the european scale, there is a failure to communicate the knowledge   clients of the network and the research community.
12423	5	providing an assessment toolbox for the development and implementation of emerging eu policy, a  rging eu policy, at both a regional sea scale and within member states exclusive economic zones  -economic factors involved in wind farm development. the assessment toolbox - developed through  roject advisory board - will be used to model the economic and social impacts of changes to eco  onomic and social impacts of changes to ecosystem goods and services, and the costs and benefit
7468	6	e analysis to investigate mismatches of scale. knowledge created through the fp6 european lifes   the fp6 european lifestyles and marine ecosystems project, augmented with necessary new studie  augmented with necessary new studies of climate effects, fisheries and maritime industries - in  n causes. new research will examine and model economic and social impacts of changes to ecosyst  onomic and social impacts of changes to ecosystem goods and services and costs and benefits of   nance as well as stakeholder values and perceptions.
459	1	will be sent to local institutions. the gis set up during this project will be handed over to a
10544	2	pharmaceuticals in the environment potentially have wide reaching deleterious   sibly humans, and are at the top of the environment agency s agenda for environmental pollution
7015	33	the microbial food web plays a central role in most aquatic systems,   tic systems, with on average 40% of the carbon fixed through primary production flowing through  40% of the carbon fixed through primary production flowing through bacteria in the photic zone.  arctic, the importance of the microbial food web is greatest during in the fall and winter, whe  ng in the fall and winter, when primary production is minimal and the food web is net heterotro  n primary production is minimal and the food web is net heterotrophic. the central question of   sal is, to what degree is the microbial food web in the antarctic connected to the classic food   the antarctic connected to the classic food web, and what is the role of biodiversity in modul   connection it is well established that predation can alter the diversity of prey communities,   ties, and this can reduce the impact of predators on total prey biomass: less predation-vulnera  f predators on total prey biomass: less predation-vulnerable species increase as the competitiv   proposed that this interaction between predation and biodiversity of the prey is dependant on   versity of the prey is dependant on the productivity of the system. in less productive systems,  m. in less productive systems, moderate predation pressure will have less of a positive impact   on prey biodiversity, while at very low productivity, the same predation pressure may actually   hile at very low productivity, the same predation pressure may actually reduce biodiversity. it  tions between the microbial and classic food webs, with changing biomass in upper trophic level  lagellates or bacteria of the microbial food web. preliminary work by the applicant showed that  ving almost all ciliate biomass through predation by the furcilia larvae of krill had no measur  for this is, that there were changes in abundance of individual species, but not in the communi  e of individual species, but not in the community as a whole. it is proposed to test these hypo  stral summer and early fall, as primary productivity is declining. the applicant will take part  ll allow the grazing rates of the added predators on the entire prey community to be measured.    the added predators on the entire prey community to be measured. moreover, this will allow pre   be measured. moreover, this will allow predator effects on prey diversity to be measured over   ty to be measured over a broad range of predation pressures. biodiversity will be measured with  mid-february to early april, as primary productivity declines. in this way, the interaction of   clines. in this way, the interaction of predation and productivity on biodiversity within the m  s way, the interaction of predation and productivity on biodiversity within the microbial food   ty on biodiversity within the microbial food web can be examined. the proposed experiments will  nsight on how the microbial and classic food webs in the antarctic are connected, on how krill   d sources at times of declining primary productivity, and on how changes in biodiversity affect  d on how changes in biodiversity affect ecosystem functioning.
14599	3	present and futures of the lagoon, its modelling, and the following of the measures arisen fro  lowing of the measures arisen from that model. so that the present project aims to estimate the  he present project aims to estimate the nutrients dynamic in the lagoon, establishing benthos c
10033	5	alth of information, both as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for al  oth as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for all 14c dating. the holo  so produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of the monsoon regions for the last 150  nderstanding past changes in the global carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypot   testing about the causal mechanisms of climate change, especially concerning the relative timi
10783	5	alth of information, both as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for al  oth as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for all 14c dating. the holo  so produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of the monsoon regions for the last 150  nderstanding past changes in the global carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypot   testing about the causal mechanisms of climate change, especially concerning the relative timi
11559	5	alth of information, both as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for al  oth as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for all 14c dating. the holo  so produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of the monsoon regions for the last 150  nderstanding past changes in the global carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypot   testing about the causal mechanisms of climate change, especially concerning the relative timi
10751	7	ase family as a marker for defining the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements,   te on lytic phages and their effects on population dynamics. however, temperate phages, where l   equivalent, if not greater role in the evolution and adaptation of bacterial populations: this  plasticity, allowing rapid responses to environmental change, notably where they promote genome   as markers for monitoring transfer and evolution of mobile genetic elements. we will ask the f  nt and role of temperate phages in this environment; what is the relationship between such phag  site, since it is a relatively enclosed environment and we already have extensive data, stored
11475	7	ase family as a marker for defining the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements,   te on lytic phages and their effects on population dynamics. however, temperate phages, where l   equivalent, if not greater role in the evolution and adaptation of bacterial populations: this  plasticity, allowing rapid responses to environmental change, notably where they promote genome   as markers for monitoring transfer and evolution of mobile genetic elements. we will ask the f  nt and role of temperate phages in this environment; what is the relationship between such phag  site, since it is a relatively enclosed environment and we already have extensive data, stored
2171	9	we will use the framework of current food web theory for elucidating two likely cascading ec  ry for elucidating two likely cascading ecosystem impacts of reindeer overabundance in finnmark  n turn lead to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. the other cascade we predict to be  bsidy of reindeer carrion to generalist predators in winter. this predator subsidy effects, lik  to generalist predators in winter. this predator subsidy effects, likely to result from reindee  de, working though increased generalist predation on vulnerable wildlife as well as a negative   well as a negative feedback on reindeer productivity though calf predation. the two cascades ar  ck on reindeer productivity though calf predation. the two cascades are likely to be coupled an  ical project design consisting of large-scale hypothesis-targeted surveys, combined with in dep
7259	4	the first results obtained on aquatic food web freshwater antilles to show that it is based a  to sales, in a rich and diverse aquatic environment, the role played by carbon from terrestrial  aquatic environment, the role played by carbon from terrestrial sources in the diet of species   tions and the first results obtained on carbon sources used by the species in the course of a w
13984	7	ecosystems are intimately linked with other ecosystems   ystems are intimately linked with other ecosystems through exchanges of nutrients and organisms  h other ecosystems through exchanges of nutrients and organisms. seas impact land systems and f  this project blackflies will be used as model organisms. they develop in running waters and adu  ovides a unique opportunity, as a large-scale experiment, to asses the importance of mass-occur  ed including direct effects as food for predators and indirect effects on terrestrial herbivore  irect effects as food for predators and indirect effects on terrestrial herbivores and their ho
2471	7	this project is to produce knowledge on perceptions and attitudes related to the commercializat   in a broader trend toward expansion of nature-based tourism, and to describe and analyse manif  striction of access will threaten local participation and control over nature resources and the  en local participation and control over nature resources and the landscape one identifies with.  oblems may exist mostly at the level of perceptions that is not shared by everyone within a com  that is not shared by everyone within a community. axes of controversy are probably several, li  ject relates to questions of changes in participation in outdoor recreation. the question of ho
2525	7	s threatening the tree on a continental scale. norway represents the currently expanding fronti  ve agent, genetic structure and disease resistance of norwegian ash populations. no prior infor  forts. by sampling primarily within the nature reserves present in norway, the survey will yiel  the survey will yield valuable data for evaluation of migration and gene flow among these popul  l yield valuable data for evaluation of migration and gene flow among these populations, as wel   implicated a genetic component in host resistance towards ash dieback. as there is clustering   sustainable management plans for ash in nature reserves in norway. in conclusion, the project w
2543	8	ortant the grazing factor it is for the development of patterns and processes in norwegian land   and processes in norwegian landscapes. nature conservationists have raised concerns that the g   to connect grazing effects to indirect density measures of deer that cannot be attained by exp  mental data alone. detailed sampling of vegetation has been performed in permanent plots since   will broaden the generated knowledge to indirect effects of deer grazing. this will include ana   grazing. this will include analysis of population dynamics of a dominant and ecological import  n relation to grazing and resources and indirect effects on the invertebrate community by a net  nd indirect effects on the invertebrate community by a network approach and by testing edibilit
2519	8	nature resource management is often characterised with   iciaption means. however, neither local participation nor sustainable development are clearly a  her local participation nor sustainable development are clearly and well defined terms. this pr  tainable balance between protection and development how can new and dynamic models based on ada  t improve local management, sustainable development and participation the research is interdisi  management, sustainable development and participation the research is interdisiplinary and incl  anagement models as in alaksa and local participation in state management as in sweden and regi  rn from adaptive models in switzerland; development of adaptive management models. the project
2155	1	erimental studies in contrasting alpine ecosystems grazing management.
2544	1	s address the current status and future development of norwegian management regimes for protect
2520	15	the functional significance of red deer migration for an invasive species, the tick, and vice v  tick, and vice versa at the altitudinal colonization border. the red deer are currently regarde  norway. alongside this increase in deer density, it is a common perception that the ticks incre  n perception that the ticks increase in abundance and distribution. the role of animal space us  hat the ticks increase in abundance and distribution. the role of animal space use for tick dis  . the role of animal space use for tick distribution are less well understood. seasonal migrati  tion are less well understood. seasonal migration by red deer may potentially play a key role f  ay potentially play a key role for tick distribution. equally true, the role of parasites for p  true, the role of parasites for partial migration pattern in large herbivores have been largely   can carry and transmit agents of human colonization of higher altitude areas, for which ticks   m ears of gps-marked animals with known migration tactics and body mass, enabling a study of th  ionship between tick load and migratory behavior and performance. in wp3, we link disease in ti  , we link disease in ticks to migratory behavior and performance of red deer. this will give im  . this will give important insight into distribution of ticks and a potential role of red deer   of ticks and their diseases by seasonal migration.
2521	6	tect wild reindeer lands against future habitat loss to piecemeal development. reindeer is a vu  gainst future habitat loss to piecemeal development. reindeer is a vulnerable high value resour  ue resources increasingly threatened by development. the current species management is no longe  face challenges related to land use and development. the project focuses on and regional land p  legally binding regional plans for land development. this is a large scale experiment where we   s for land development. this is a large scale experiment where we can examine how such national
2545	3	ical rainforest plays a key role in our climate and needs to be protected. norway contributes f   to develop new detection methods using change detection, feature detection and classification   change detection, feature detection and classification techniques that will be included in noru
2540	4	various management tools and economic incentives have been used to reduce the increa   furthermore, there has been no overall evaluation of the effectiveness of management and lesso  countable and rigorous experimental and modelling tools, including species distribution, and re   and modelling tools, including species distribution, and resource depletion models as well as
2524	7	erstood. forests are the most important habitat for red-listed species, and the effects of fore  ment and fragmentation. the ecology and distribution of many dead-wood dependent fungal species  ular focus on how species' life-history traits are linked with their vulnerability to the effec  ormation is critical for the design and development of scientifically informed and cost-effecti  tematic and unbiased information on the distribution and abundance of the entire fungal communi  sed information on the distribution and abundance of the entire fungal community, including a l  tion and abundance of the entire fungal community, including a large number of threatened and d
2523	9	ure biodiversity changes in response to global change. long-term ecological data such as pollen  ve estimates for the last 8000 years of richness, evenness, composition, and turnover, the majo  es for the last 8000 years of richness, evenness, composition, and turnover, the major componen  ents of biodiversity that determine the functional traits of ecosystems. such estimates are bia  that determine the functional traits of ecosystems. such estimates are biased, and this project  iversity at sites situated in the major vegetation zones in fennoscandia. it also attempts to c  a. it also attempts to calibrate pollen richness and plant-species richness and to synthesise,   brate pollen richness and plant-species richness and to synthesise, interpret, and model the bi  hness and to synthesise, interpret, and model the biodiversity patterns in space and time.
13571	4	ing genetic variation in morphology and life history, and how genetic composition influences th  ts the risk of grazing damage, but also seed predation and pollination intensity. we will condu  dies to explore the effects of physical environment and land use on intensity of biotic interac  differentiation in plant morphology and life history. the effects of genetic composition and bi
2074	11	ps between human use of forest, natural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, a  tural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and long-term change of forest ecos  unction, and long-term change of forest ecosystems are complex and occur at different spatial-   the approach entails multi-disciplinary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, arch  and experimentally assessed measures of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processe  of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes will provide information on present  will provide information on present-day ecosystem and landscape properties. combinations of sev  . combinations of several retrospective vegetation history and archaeological methods will prov  gging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-being. the project will thereby be able to a  to analyze patterns in biodiversity and ecosystem processes in relation to human land-use and l  management, and use of the forests. the modeling approach enables us to produce decision releva
2087	11	ps between human use of forest, natural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, a  tural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and long-term change of forest ecos  unction, and long-term change of forest ecosystems are complex and occur at different spatial-   the approach entails multi-disciplinary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, arch  and experimentally assessed measures of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processe  of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes will provide information on present  will provide information on present-day ecosystem and landscape properties. combinations of sev  . combinations of several retrospective vegetation history and archaeological methods will prov  gging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-being. the project will thereby be able to a  to analyze patterns in biodiversity and ecosystem processes in relation to human land-use and l  management, and use of the forests. the modeling approach enables us to produce decision releva
13986	4	past land use and spatial pattern affect present plant biodiversity patte  scapes with a high human impact, and to model effects of functional and spatial connectivity at  model effects of functional and spatial connectivity at local . the results will provide a deep  nd livestock have, and are, influencing vegetation patterns and dynamics in order to understand
15458	3	he maintenance of appropriate levels of herbivory to ensure highly diverse systems that can res  lting in communities with low levels of herbivory. this worldwide process is particularly appli  ty and the functioning of mediterranean ecosystems. to this end, we propose a multiscale approa
12610	4	tion will enable the identification and evaluation of the drivers for technology selection and   reas for potential further research and development, which may also attract investment, both of  aminated land contractor and consultant community through the planned questionnaires, it will b  the whole contaminated land stakeholder community.
12638	2	rategic issues relating to soil and the environment. this includes information concerning the d  his includes information concerning the distribution, properties, quality and potential use of
13723	3	trol biodiversity. theory predicts that habitat fragmentation will be followed by loss of speci  imate levels of plant species diversity/richness and gene diversity/allelic richness; investiga  ity/richness and gene diversity/allelic richness; investigate relationships between levels of g
15032	13	ause of biodiversity losses at a global scale. however, fragmentation science is still ambiguou  to provide general rules explaining how ecosystems response to landscape degradation. despite t  n of many ecological processes, such as plant-animal interactions, the mechanistic links betwee  chanistic links between the patterns of habitat structural modification and the demographic res  graphic responses of plants mediated by plant-animal interactions. our study system will involv  n range. by studying seed dispersal and recruitment of bird-dispersed trees at a fine scale, we  tment of bird-dispersed trees at a fine scale, we seek to demonstrate that the spatial position  mography of a perennial herb at a wider scale, we predict that the landscape configurations tha  ld affect negatively the functioning of plant-animal interactions and generate negative trends   actions and generate negative trends in population dynamics. the projected research involves tw   fragmented landscape under a continuum model that represents the continuous gradients of habit   represents the continuous gradients of habitat quantity and spatial configuration; and 2 it pr  e use of mechanistic approaches to link habitat spatial configuration to plant demographic resp
439	12	ing awareness of the adverse effects of habitat fragmentation on natural systems has resulted i  uate the effect of changes on landscape connectivity in natural ecosystems. recent studies used  es on landscape connectivity in natural ecosystems. recent studies used cost distance modelling  tems. recent studies used cost distance modelling value for each land use type, we calibrated t  r each land use type, we calibrated the model by confronting migration areas calculated with di   we calibrated the model by confronting migration areas calculated with different sets of resis  areas calculated with different sets of resistance values and occurrence data on a first data s  , we tested the predictive power of the migration area on the occurrence data of a second data   et. our results allow us to select high resistance values for crops and a low resistance value   h resistance values for crops and a low resistance value for meadows but no value was selected   ea. the validation stage shows that the migration area has a good predictive power on occurrenc  ccurrence data : it explains 20% of the model’s deviance. moreover, our integrative variable ha
10411	21	agriculture refers to a category of ecosystems that humans purposefully manage to obtain pr  posefully manage to obtain provisioning ecosystem services , such as food, fiber, and biofuel.   ng biophysical capacity of agricultural ecosystems. this research focuses on a critical set of    that are important for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosyst  vity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. these es are often provided by insects that  ws of these es rely on how agricultural ecosystems are managed at the site scale and on the str  ural ecosystems are managed at the site scale and on the structure, composition, and functionin  al approach to sustainable agricultural growth and has the potential to point to new pathways o  studies highlight the need to shift the scale of es investigations and management strategies fr  needs to be put into socio-economic and development perspectives in terms of links of es to the  gies. evidence shows that environmental stress and ecosystem degradation is among the main driv  nce shows that environmental stress and ecosystem degradation is among the main drivers of the   e main drivers of the slowdown in yield growth in china. with rising population and income, agr  ing population and income, agricultural productivity will have to continue growing. but continu  have to continue growing. but continued growth based on intensification and unsustainable land    growing. but continued growth based on intensification and unsustainable land use practices wo   the resource base, such as the natural ecosystems that provide vital habitats and alternative   ion on poverty reduction. the landscape-scale land use perspective to es management is of parti  s rural population and the agricultural ecosystems face the challenge of improving productivity  systems face the challenge of improving productivity and sustainability while decreasing their   creasing their environmental impact and ecosystem degradation.
10123	15	e relationship between humans and their environment is now recognised as crucial to understandi  rly to predict the interactions between environmental change and human well-being in a highly d  ctions between environmental change and human well-being in a highly dynamic system, and manage  h is an understanding of the effects of climate change on landscape dynamics and the population  te change on landscape dynamics and the population dynamics and movement of the flagship specie  patterns to examine mechanisms by which climate warming and landscape change could influence sa   to examine mechanisms by which climate warming and landscape change could influence saiga move  mechanisms by which climate warming and landscape change could influence saiga movement pattern   these models to predict the effects of climate change and gas exploration on rangeland conditi  ration on rangeland condition and saiga distribution and to explore the impacts of potential bi  en humans, animal populations and their environment at a time of environmental change; and is r  ions and their environment at a time of environmental change; and is relevant both to the clima  tal change; and is relevant both to the climate systems and biodiversity themes of nerc, as wel  c programme. it examines the effects of climate change and human activities on a migratory spec  ample of the interrelationships between environmental change, species conservation and landscap
11390	2	drial dna for georeferenced samples and gis to carry out the first major landscape genetics ana  out the species range in the drc. large-scale population structure and past demographic process
10314	14	are accelerating the rate at which our environment is changing. in particular, temperature and  environment is changing. in particular, temperature and rainfall patterns are being altered at   ul environments, for example, increased temperature. there are limited options for how an organ  w an organism can respond to a changing environment, but of particular importance will be evolu  ions occur at the genetic level but the nature of the genetic alterations in response to climat   the genetic alterations in response to climate change is unclear. moreover, much understanding  y adaptive genetic responses to natural temperature changes in wild populations of the fruit fl  ish outdoor enclosures of flies along a temperature gradient at six sites from valencia, spain   are changed in response to hot and cold stress will be different. because we will measure these  netic changes that occur in response to temperature in natural populations. since the work asks   that have particular interests in land development and species management strategies. moreover  nk between two divisive public issues - climate change and evolution - that can be used to addr  sive public issues - climate change and evolution - that can be used to address the nature of s  ution - that can be used to address the nature of science and scientific evidence.
14121	5	has been viewed on the level of species richness. however, with the measures of species richnes  . however, with the measures of species richness we fail to assess true biodiversity on the lev  logenetic relations of the species in a community gives us this information. species richness r  nity gives us this information. species richness remaining the same, a community can be phyloge   species richness remaining the same, a community can be phylogenetically rich or over-disperse
7530	1	ctions can contribute to validate their function and lead to the identification of alleles of i
10468	5	lecular markers, and role in phenotypic evolution, microsatellites remain a largely unexplored   identifying factors that control repeat evolution. we will also collect population-level data o   known to mediate interactions with the environment. our work should provide new perspectives o  es on comparative genomic architecture, stability, and the molecular mechanisms underlying phen  ecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic evolution.
2036	7	developing and maintaining a fisheries/nature protection management strategy in the wadden sea  orly known. from the differences in the life history of the shellfish eating birds and their sh  ge experiments, field studies and large-scale surveys to further develop and calibrate two coup  coupled models for the eider. the first model, to which we will refer as deplete, describes for  ete, describes for a given initial prey distribution and eider population how these prey will b  ate of the birds is input to the second model, to which we will refer as largepop, which yields  elds the long-term changes in the large-scale population of the birds from the assembled demogr
10725	10	en estuaries and the ocean across which carbon, nutrients, sediments and contaminants are excha  ries and the ocean across which carbon, nutrients, sediments and contaminants are exchanged. wh  ignificant levels of biological primary production occurs in regions that stratify during the s  ring the summer months. the exchange of nutrients and carbon across these critical interfaces o  r months. the exchange of nutrients and carbon across these critical interfaces of stratified f  ms to exploit state-of-the-art computer modelling and analysis tools in the investigation and q  lations in the tidally-strong shelf sea environment. the hypothesis is that these interactions   hermocline will exceed a critical shear threshold leading to catastrophic loss of stability and  reshold leading to catastrophic loss of stability and episodic mixing. parameterisations for th  . the potential impact on the shelf sea ecosystem will then be investigated by looking at the n
12743	10	d financial benefits of trees and other green infrastructure in the built environment. it will   other green infrastructure in the built environment. it will also provide practical guidance fo   the planning, planting and maintaining green infrastructure, particularly large landscape tree   of the impact of roots on foundations •review and demonstrate the benefits trees in the built   nstrate the benefits trees in the built environment can have in adapting to climate change. •si  ilt environment can have in adapting to climate change. •sign post all relevant guidance on the  he funding sector about the benefits of green infrastructure, particularly large landscape tree  rly large landscape trees for the built environment; encourage the inclusion of large trees in   e inclusion of large trees in the built environment; help the technical sector understand the d  sionals dealing with trees in the built environment.
13935	4	hypotheses of this study is that larval behavior plays a critical role for the dispersal and re  s a critical role for the dispersal and recruitment success in marine animals, and that differe   of the project is ontogenetic vertical migration in estuarine circulation. these hypotheses wi  lyses, field surveys, and oceanographic modeling studies.
10326	2	ent processes driving marine intertidal community structure have been hindered by the lack of a  alanoides and balanus crenatus to small-scale variations in hydrodynamic regime will be underta
11084	1	restoration in relation to land use and climate change. the project develops a pilot study has
6865	13	gical research is the floral and faunal development of the late miocene as well as the indicate  well as the indicated environmental and climate pattern. this is nicely represented by two euro  two european projects, i.e. eeden , for climate and vegetation reconstructions the coexistence    projects, i.e. eeden , for climate and vegetation reconstructions the coexistence approach and  nonian basin, in order to have a proper evaluation of vegetation dynamics. both temporal and sp  in order to have a proper evaluation of vegetation dynamics. both temporal and spatial aspects   poral and spatial aspects of changes in vegetation, climate and environment are going to be fol  atial aspects of changes in vegetation, climate and environment are going to be followed. the r  s of changes in vegetation, climate and environment are going to be followed. the results of th  se the taxonomical data and the complex evaluation of vegetation, environment and climate.   ical data and the complex evaluation of vegetation, environment and climate.   d the complex evaluation of vegetation, environment and climate.   aluation of vegetation, environment and climate.
11489	14	aused by disruption of africa s monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater from north america   to test these hypotheses by drilling a sediment core, up to 100m in length, from the northern   will allow inferences about the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can   the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can also be used to test clima  ange. the data can also be used to test climate models, and thus to help judge the accuracy of    and thus to help judge the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. a    the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. a long core record of pas   the future. a long core record of past climate and environment from this part of africa would    a long core record of past climate and environment from this part of africa would have major s  ficance for understanding both regional environmental change, because of the influence of the n  d the eastern mediterranean, and global climate. it will contribute to understanding how future  derstanding how future changes in ocean temperature and circulation will affect global climate,  ture and circulation will affect global climate, especially in the heavily populated monsoon re  understanding the later stages of human evolution in and dispersal out of africa, by providing
11518	14	aused by disruption of africa s monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater from north america   to test these hypotheses by drilling a sediment core, up to 100m in length, from the northern   will allow inferences about the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can   the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can also be used to test clima  ange. the data can also be used to test climate models, and thus to help judge the accuracy of    and thus to help judge the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. a    the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. a long core record of pas   the future. a long core record of past climate and environment from this part of africa would    a long core record of past climate and environment from this part of africa would have major s  ficance for understanding both regional environmental change, because of the influence of the n  d the eastern mediterranean, and global climate. it will contribute to understanding how future  derstanding how future changes in ocean temperature and circulation will affect global climate,  ture and circulation will affect global climate, especially in the heavily populated monsoon re  understanding the later stages of human evolution in and dispersal out of africa, by providing
15481	2	ntribution to the knowledge of the past evolution of climate in north-central iberia.    the knowledge of the past evolution of climate in north-central iberia.
7225	3	torical mechanisms responsible for this richness by focusing on a little studied group: bryophy  . ecological study of the diversity and distribution of this group in the three islands, along   ogical factors underlying diversity and community structure, and operate at local and regional
466	1	mechanisms responsible for the specific richness, by focusing on a group that has not been the
15361	4	food webs are representations of who eats whom in natur  esentations of who eats whom in natural ecosystems. unlike aquatic food webs, we currently lack  m in natural ecosystems. unlike aquatic food webs, we currently lack accurate quantitative data  ive data describing complex terrestrial food webs or low
15092	3	ly focused on objective 2 synthesis and development of predictive models on ecosystem functioni  and development of predictive models on ecosystem functioning and on global change effects.    models on ecosystem functioning and on global change effects.
7654	4	nnovative and emblematic of sustainable development approach. this approach to learning process  d make it possible to classify consumer behavior and help businesses define the best technologi  tions in waste management options. such mapping consumer behavior with an anticipatory approach  nagement options. such mapping consumer behavior with an anticipatory approach allows to define
2474	3	maintenance of biodiversity and other ecosystems services essential for human well-being requ  other ecosystems services essential for human well-being requires an effective legal framework    and property structure are influencing ecosystem services, including biodiversity, and that di
14797	5	r these compounds are involved in plant growth promotion or as biocontrol agents still remains   ins isolated from lupinus anugstifolius nitrogen fixing nodules, in our laboratory, indicates t   the life of l. angustifolius by fixing nitrogen, by producing compounds that facilitate plant   oducing compounds that facilitate plant growth or by competing with pathogenic bacteria or fung  e phylum actinobacteria is known to fix nitrogen, it may be that a select group of actinobacter
14809	10	earth climate is changing at a global scale as a result of hu    earth climate is changing at a global scale as a result of human activity. such changes have   nd by causing profound modifications on ecosystems that are essential for human survival. from   logical conservation standpoint, global climate change has come to accelerate the rate of destr   solar system have shaped mediterranean ecosystems and have converted this region in one of the  de light on the future impact of global warming on current ecosystems and can help to predict t  ure impact of global warming on current ecosystems and can help to predict the sensitivity of p  ates and parachtes provide an excellent model for the study of the effect of past climatic chan  gion. we suggest that the diversity and distribution ranges of these genera are mostly the resu  oreover, we will provide the scientific community with information to calibrate molecular clock
7040	2	in an area, the number of species in a habitat, or the genotypic variation of a species. in ad  europe, with varied topography and high density of varying habitats. our preliminary data sugge
14857	9	g the lichen photobionts response under stress conditions, including their dehydration toleranc  e study in both organisms. in addition, stress conditions increase active oxygen levels which p  tion, stress conditions increase active oxygen levels which provoke cellular damage, especially   addition, we will study the effects of stress conditions on the photosynthetic metabolism by a  stress conditions on the photosynthetic metabolism by analysing the amount and activity of the   ces indicate clear differences in their stress responses with respect to those of mesophyll c4   ally, to identify the highest amount of stress-related proteins , we will compare the isolated   jected to dehydration and other abiotic stress. these results will allow us to infer possibly n   metabolic changes occurring during the stress response, including those specifics of the symbi
14856	5	ledge on the morphological, genetic and functional diversity of lichen photobionts, either isol  chen photobionts, either isolated or in symbiosis. there are few studies dealing with the diver  ll determine: 1. changes in the amount, nature or distribution of photobionts within the lichen  ne: 1. changes in the amount, nature or distribution of photobionts within the lichen thalli; 2  lso will afford us to make a predictive evaluation on the impact of anthropogenic environmental
15040	3	nt and not easy to place in the overall classification of fungi. investigations into the biolog  eveloping methods for the isolation and growth of these fungi in pure culture, using freshly co  parallel, the project will focus on the development and adaptation of molecular methods for dir
14155	12	on, but only few in natural conditions. heterogeneity is recognized as a fundamental aspect of   s recognized as a fundamental aspect of ecosystems and plays a central role in shaping communit  ems and plays a central role in shaping community structure and species coexistence. however, t  ies coexistence. however, the effect of heterogeneity on plant growth has also been rarely addr  r, the effect of heterogeneity on plant growth has also been rarely addressed in natural condit  is a remarkable example of heterogenous ecosystem with extremely high species richness. wide-sp  s ecosystem with extremely high species richness. wide-spread abandonment of these habitats has  habitats has caused serious concerns in nature conservation as it is associated with species lo  reproductive behaviour and life-history traits of clonal plants depend on environmental conditi   between sexual reproduction and clonal growth in natural heterogenous habitats and evaluate th  advantage of plasticity. the effects of habitat heterogeneity, habitat management , and nutrien  . the effects of habitat heterogeneity, habitat management , and nutrient availability on trade
14159	10	by environmental conditions and clonal growth form of a plant, although the effect of the latt  lored yet. one could expect that larger nutrient limitation inhibits growth responses of plants  hat larger nutrient limitation inhibits growth responses of plants to environmental change; tha   inhibits growth responses of plants to environmental change; that in disturbed conditions numb   reproduction would be favored; that in competition larger offspring would be favored; and that   conditions species with plastic clonal growth would be favored. however, all these relationshi  lationships could be modified by clonal growth form of species and its plasticity. regulation o  nd its plasticity. regulation of clonal growth in plants must affect the fate of a populations   provide new insights into regulation of population dynamics of clonal plants, as well as applic  onal plants, as well as applications in nature conservation in management of diversity in grass
10442	5	dy will investigate how demographic and life history traits influence the kin structure of popu  tigate how demographic and life history traits influence the kin structure of populations and w  ulation kin structure; 4. determine how life history and demographic traits influence kin struc  ermine how life history and demographic traits influence kin structure in avian populations. th  profiles and field and lab studies of a model system, the long-tailed tit aegithalos caudatus.
11722	9	uality or quantity experienced in early development, adverse effects may occur later in adult l  ls, and have important consequences for population dynamics. the reasons why such delayed effec   associated with subsequent accelerated growth, could potentially be responsible. these have no  that we understand whether compensatory growth does carry long-term costs, since this has wides  ifications for our understanding of the evolution of growth rate and life history strategies. w  r our understanding of the evolution of growth rate and life history strategies. we will study   ing of the evolution of growth rate and life history strategies. we will study the long-term co  term consequences of variation in early growth trajectories, using the zebra finch as a study s  ts at the levels of dna, cells, overall metabolism and senescence of the whole organism.
150	10	theory of life-history evolution aims at explaining and predicting values of l  g and predicting values of life-history traits. the cornerstone of the theory - optimality mode  cient to explain the observed values of body size in insects; i.e. it does not facilitate optim  optimality approach suitable for insect growth schedules, we need to pay more attention to phys   physiology-based constraints on larval growth curves, as well as we need better knowledge abou  d better knowledge about size-dependent mortality patterns. following the approach outlined abo  h outlined above, we ask what do larval growth curves of ecologically and phylogenetically diff  resent the likely constraints on insect growth curves. these principles should then be incorpor  tain experimental data on size-specific mortality rates. birds and pathogens will be evaluated   . in addition to the analysis of larval growth schedules, an analogous invariant approach will
2010	14	ations: population feedback on realized life history. in particular, the simultaneous action of  ommunities. this means that a theory of life history evolution in an ecological setting with po  his means that a theory of life history evolution in an ecological setting with population feed  urrently lacking, as existing theory of life history evolution, and of the effect of harvesting  ing, as existing theory of life history evolution, and of the effect of harvesting in particula  t for the ecological role of individual life history. the proposed research aims at filling thi  ntly developed ecological theory on the community consequences of size-dependent life histories  stories and extending it to account for evolution. i will develop models of a tri-trophic food    that explicitly account for individual life history and its influence on the ecology of indivi   the implications of harvesting-induced life history evolution for sustainable exploitation of   ions of harvesting-induced life history evolution for sustainable exploitation of fish populati  g questions: 1. does harvesting-induced evolution of exploited fish stocks increase or decrease  lating directional selection, to induce evolution towards ‘catastrophic recovery    induce evolution towards ‘catastrophic recovery
11095	4	rstand why there are differences in the life history patterns of seals using models of annual r  because they have relatively consistent life history patterns which differ in very specific way  supply of different species may vary in seasonality and predictability. we wish to understand h  rivers of seal life histories including predation on the one hand and access to resources on th
2457	5	life-history is an organisms pattern of growth, reproduction and mortality, formed by long-term  sms pattern of growth, reproduction and mortality, formed by long-term evolutionary processes a  esses and by immediate responses to the environment. this project has 3 main objectives: 1 eval  cology, which may be reflected in their life history patterns. comparing life-history patterns   om, but select for certain life-history traits, which again may influence populations. understa
13926	13	life history theory is a fundamental tool for the analy  tions, generalizations and predictions. body size is a central life history trait that connects  and predictions. body size is a central life history trait that connects developmental rates an  pmental rates and reproductive success. life history models typically assume that reproductive   hat this fitness benefit is balanced by mortality costs during juvenile development. however, g  nced by mortality costs during juvenile development. however, growth in holometabolous insects   s during juvenile development. however, growth in holometabolous insects is often exponential w  cy has been largely neglected in insect life history theory. i aim to address this inconsistenc  using on the potential costs of a large body size in a group of butterflies , that contain one   e possible importance of size-dependent predation risk during the larval stage. with a combinat  rovide a well worked out case study for body size evolution in insects that would improve the p  ell worked out case study for body size evolution in insects that would improve the predictive   t would improve the predictive power of life history theory.
10866	10	correlations between body size and fitness have led to a pervasive bigger is  nflicting negative relationship between growth rate and fitness. it is known that the evolution   rate and fitness. it is known that the evolution of life history traits necessitates trade-off  ness. it is known that the evolution of life history traits necessitates trade-offs due to reso  nown that the evolution of life history traits necessitates trade-offs due to resource limitati   whether a key trade-off occurs between growth and immunocompetence. in poikilotherms, this is    living in colder habitats with a short growth season require fast growth, since positive assoc  with a short growth season require fast growth, since positive associations have been shown bet  genotypes that are adapted to localised habitat temperature.   s that are adapted to localised habitat temperature.
15396	32	actually, climate change and habitat fragmentation are considered             actually, climate change and habitat fragmentation are considered the most important  sity. under different scenarios, global temperature is predicted to increase between 1.8 and 4   in temperatures is promoting changes in species traits, as density and distribution ranges, phe  promoting changes in species traits, as density and distribution ranges, phenology, behaviour a  anges in species traits, as density and distribution ranges, phenology, behaviour and genetic f  ts, as density and distribution ranges, phenology, behaviour and genetic frequencies. moreover,  he potential synergetic effects between climate change and habitat fragmentation. at the southe  etic effects between climate change and habitat fragmentation. at the southern edge of the spec  at the southern edge of the species the habitat quality is dropping below the lower limit, and   shift that is necessary to follow their habitat. if the movement of this species poleward or up   poleward or up hill is also limited by habitat fragmentation, extinction rates will increase.   es will increase. do species respond to climate change by genetic or physiological adaptations,  ter place an overall contraction of the distribution range is expected particularly in areas wi  in areas with relatively high levels of habitat fragmentation and low levels of spatial cohesio   spatial cohesion. species responses to climate change will be influenced by the spatial config  luenced by the spatial configuration of habitat in the landscape. the degree of structuring, th   warm range limit, and colonisation and growth of metapopulations within the cold range limit.   e, to understand the potential risks of climate change to a species, we must consider the dynam  the spatial features of the landscapes. habitat fragmentation have negative effects on populati  een loss of genetic variability, due to habitat fragmentation, and reduced mean fitness is stil  t patches in the southern part of their distribution is there a genetic differentiation o struc  pulations is the food chain affected by climate change in synergy with the fragmentation procce  document temporal changes in fecundity, recruitment and survival of insectivorous birds which m  ivorous birds which might be related to climate warming. 2. to determine the effect of habitat   birds which might be related to climate warming. 2. to determine the effect of habitat fragment   warming. 2. to determine the effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity of insectivo  c diversity of insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario. 3. to determine the effect of   scenario. 3. to determine the effect of habitat fragmentation on population genetic differentia  erentiation of insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario. to explore the potential syner  he potential synergetic effects between climate change and habitat fragmentation.   etic effects between climate change and habitat fragmentation.
12228	8	y, often with a significant cost to the environment. in the last 30-40 years, agricultural weed  , regulatory pressures and evolved weed resistance are limiting herbicide options for weed cont  es resulting in negative environmental, ecosystem and human health impacts. cultural weed manag  establishment in crops, maximising crop competition and reducing weed fecundity by, for example  redict and manipulate the timing of key life history events. weed evolution over the course of   timing of key life history events. weed evolution over the course of hundreds of years of crop   sured that the timing of these key weed life history stages and transitions coincides with or a  eed management practices and a changing climate.
14500	2	project is to compare the life-history traits , to measure the effects of such variation on th  s of such variation on the survival and growth rates of hatchlings and juveniles released into
10676	3	the evolution of cellular life on earth must have been prec  oms and a search for the compounds in a sediment core in which the related alkenes are abundant  rtant contribution to the debate on the development of cellular life on earth.
9864	1	biota and how much did it influence the environment through early terrestrial-based biogeochemi
11724	2	the adirondacks where we work. intense density-dependent mortality provides scope for selectio  here we work. intense density-dependent mortality provides scope for selection on viability. if
13344	3	data and observatories will be a large-scale european research infrastructure bringing togethe  irtual laboratories with analytical and modelling tools; -targeted user and training support an  d sustainable management of our natural environment. this preparatory project brings together t
14687	6	f movements of robinia pseudoacacia and nitrate reductase photocontrol of de-etiolated c.sativu  on will be analysed in relation to leaf development and leaflets movements of robinia pseudoaca  light treatments will be evaluated. the production of nitric oxide via nitrate reductase and ni  ted. the production of nitric oxide via nitrate reductase and nitric oxide syntase will be stud  f an external supply of nitric oxide on nitrate reductase activity of etiolated c.sativus cotyl  search on their possible implication on nitrate reductase circadian rhythm of c.sativus and lea
7618	1	native ants and other insects, affects ecosystem services and associated causes them damage an
14720	5	the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are to ev   introduced species response. from that evaluation, simple environmental indicators will be sel  m that evaluation, simple environmental indicators will be selected -which may be used for pred  ical approach lies on the comprehensive evaluation of 66 experimental plots, already establishe   of previous research projects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed
15586	1	has affected species in all biomes and ecosystem types. however, recent reports suggest that f
2485	4	ntaminated drinking water, and mosquito production in household water containers. the project w  ontamination and its effect on mosquito production. results will assist in development of integ  uito production. results will assist in development of integrated disease control strategies ap  mination of drinking water and mosquito production in household storage containers identified a
7194	7	in agro- ecosystems, functioning of biogeochemical cycles. howev   however, despite its major role in the evolution process of mos, microbial component of soil n  lt to transpose to a wide range of agro-ecosystems. in this context, this project is part of a   nage the biogeochemical cycle c in agro-ecosystems. this project should also enable the develop  ms. this project should also enable the development of decision support tools to identify agric  gricultural practices that maintain the productivity of our agriculture while respecting the qu  ure while respecting the quality of our environment; in other words, produce more and pollute l
10118	5	are of almost equal volume on a global scale. climatic effects on saline lakes are disproporti  rid and thus depauperate in terrestrial production but may rely heavily on aquatic subsidies e.   subsidies e.g. emergent insects. thus, climate change impacts on saline lakes via fluctuating   saline lakes via fluctuating volume and salinity may have subsequent, strong effects on the wid   kenyan soda lake with a simple aquatic community dominated by one alga arthrospira and one chi
14692	12	ating detritus based and producer-based food web dynamics. the current knowledge of food web dy   web dynamics. the current knowledge of food web dynamics in terrestrial systems is limited by   omprehensive studies that integrate the herbivory and the detritivory chains. besides the fact    being a central question to understand food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems, there are   rstand food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems, there are currently no field studies that h  sure above- and belowground net primary productivity in an arid ecosystem, estimating the amoun  und net primary productivity in an arid ecosystem, estimating the amount of production that is   rid ecosystem, estimating the amount of production that is incorporated as standing biomass in   by herbivores and detritivores on plant productivity; and the potential role of dung and litter  r deposited by herbivores as islands of productivity. finally, we will analyse the role of spat  riability, two neglected issues in most food web studies, on food web structure and dynamics us  ted issues in most food web studies, on food web structure and dynamics using both empirical da
2026	7	iated organisms and isolated plants. in nature, however, plants are associated with multitrophi  uality and the surrounding multitrophic community. in natural grasslands, i will study abovegro  ity and by the surrounding multitrophic community. i will use genotypes of ragwort that differ   iment to study the relationship between vegetation, soil biodiversity and aboveground invertebr   the diversity of the surrounding plant community, and carry out plant-soil feedback studies to  i will focus on flower-feeding and leaf-mining insect communities and construct quantitative in  is will provide reliable information on abundance of soil microorganisms such as nematodes, bac
13868	7	project is to be able to understand how climate change may affect the timing and duration of th  oth plants and animals, and have a good resistance against increasing nutrient loads and climat  e against increasing nutrient loads and climate change; changes that may otherwise turn the lak  te coastal lakes will respond to global warming has been debated in recent years. i will concen  period in spring, a period during which vegetation may expand. the objectives of my project are  pring dynamics in the edge zone between vegetation and open water, 2 experimentally determine t  al and consumptive interactions through modelling evaluate the ability to predict zooplankton s
15127	4	under climate change scenario, average atmospheric and sea su  io, average atmospheric and sea surface temperature are increasing and more co2 will dissolve i  on. despite it is generally agreed that climate change determine how the interacting effect of   e how the interacting effect of co2 and temperature modify the response of invaded vs. non inva
11404	7	s in the turnover and transformation of nutrients, including carbon and nitrogen, in the enviro   transformation of nutrients, including carbon and nitrogen, in the environment. however, our u  tion of nutrients, including carbon and nitrogen, in the environment. however, our understandin  , including carbon and nitrogen, in the environment. however, our understanding of these microb  oratory culture, and therefore no known ecosystem function, but which are abundant in natural e  role in the oxidation of ammonia in the environment, a key step in the global nitrogen cycle, a  e environment, a key step in the global nitrogen cycle, and an ammonia oxidising crenarchaea ha
14281	1	habitat loss and fragmentation, associated with land co
478	10	c diversity, playing a decisive role in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the effic  aying a decisive role in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitiga  ange mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on the amounts of   n through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on the amounts of adaptive varia   variability available in the different ecosystems of europe and their response to new selectiv  cidate differences in morphological and functional traits in trees growing under different envi  tions. we will also analyse the spatial distribution of phenotypes and genotypes, and their ass  ated spatial ecological variability, in model european forest systems. to better generalise our  e used to evaluate the impact of future environmental change on european forests, using modelli  ental change on european forests, using modelling platforms and statistical inference at the st
14137	5	sed pathogen load as a result of global warming, as several dangerous salmonid parasites, such   r systems that differ markedly in their temperature regimes. the results of the project are exp  . bryosalmonae and genetic basis of pkd resistance in salmonid fishes, giving rare insights int  th of selection in relation to pathogen abundance and temperature. as such, the proposed work h  n in relation to pathogen abundance and temperature. as such, the proposed work has important a
1975	1	early research also concentrated on bi-trophic interactions e.g. interactions involving plant-
10085	7	ossibility is that differences in fruit production between species are minimized by biotic inte  tes for flower number to equalize fruit production among species. we will focus on two potentia  e mother and assessing effects on fruit development and seedling performance. this project will  ntained in an important tropical forest community and has general applicability to any plant co   has general applicability to any plant community where competition for pollinators might under  licability to any plant community where competition for pollinators might underlie the evolutio  tion for pollinators might underlie the evolution of flowering strategies. the work also has re
14739	2	erable experience in the study of these traits in these plant groups from an evolutionary ecolo  in this study is related to neither the traits nor the species involved, but rather to the conc
2023	11	ses and their regulation in the natural environment. we also are beginning to detect the genera  nning to detect the general patterns in microbial community structure in a range of ecosystems.  obial community structure in a range of ecosystems. however, it has been proven difficult to re  roven difficult to relate processes and community structure based on the data available, becaus   interactions with other members of the community remains unknown. filling this gap in our basi  in our basic knowledge on structure and function relationships in microbial communities is a fi  munities is a field that is strongly in development. here i propose to address this gap between  e i propose to address this gap between microbial community structure and the biogeochemical pr  in a range of coastal marine sediments. carbon degradation in sediments covers the most importa  lasses of organic substrates within the complexity of their natural environment. our methods wi   within the complexity of their natural environment. our methods will be predominantly based on
11763	6	microbial diversity with management or land-use change on n2o emissions to increase our abilit  spheric loading and develop appropriate mitigation strategies. this project will determine the   rrent uncertainties associated with n2o production, and will link this n2o production to functi   n2o production, and will link this n2o production to functional diversity and active soil micr  n, and will link this n2o production to functional diversity and active soil microbial populati   with molecular techniques to determine functional diversity and the active microbial populatio
15439	2	etic structure of the adult population. habitat loss and fragmentation may determine the compos  on in the seed rain. 6. assess the fine scale spatial genetic structure of adult populations. 7
10001	4	for predicting the possible effects of environmental change. in most plants and animals larger  now if the observed differences in, say growth, are simply a consequence of size, or if other a   we will use experiments to explore how growth and survival are related to size, so allowing us  , fast growing species suffer increased mortality, and how this varies between habitats. this i
2132	17	traditional coarse-scale analyses of population dynamics assume that indiv     traditional coarse-scale analyses of population dynamics assume that individuals in a cohort  ence identical densities. yet, juvenile density is commonly influenced by the mothers decision   nduce spatial variation in intensity of density dependence, and ultimately the productivity of    density dependence, and ultimately the productivity of populations. furthermore, reproductive    populations. furthermore, reproductive behavior determines the habitat characteristics of emer  e, reproductive behavior determines the habitat characteristics of emerging juveniles and depen  es in our understanding of how maternal behavior may influence population productivity through   ernal behavior may influence population productivity through effects on both abiotic and biotic  ions within a population influences its productivity. more specifically, we will use studies of  dies of natural populations to test how productivity may vary among populations and within popu  ners. furthermore, we will test how the distribution of spawners relates to availability of bre  ity of breeding habitats and population density and if there is selection against spatial aggre  ne how the total amount and the spatial distribution influence productivity. these studies comp   and the spatial distribution influence productivity. these studies complement smaller scale ex  ivity. these studies complement smaller scale experimental work that has focused on causal mech  into how important these issues are for productivity of natural atlantic salmon populations.
2044	4	ecosystem managers frequently need a simple indicator o  ystem managers frequently need a simple indicator of the well-being of ecological systems in or   indices are generally based on species richness as well as on the relative abundance of specie  ies richness as well as on the relative abundance of species. yet, no information is used on th
15105	4	sical processes involved. the numerical modelling of a physical system solves approximately a m  tem solves approximately a mathematical model that formulates the physical laws that govern the  ed in two main categories: research and development of computational models and research and de  f computational models and research and development of suitable laboratory experiments. therefo
15104	2	of global changes extensively across an habitat gradient and intensively in selected wetland ha  itats. the results will be validated at habitat and floodplain scales using these data measured
15457	12	functioning of terrestrial plant-based food webs. this occurs because terrestrial food webs in  d webs. this occurs because terrestrial food webs involved complex interactions between organis  mportant feedback systems that regulate ecosystem processes. indeed, organisms usually associat  rganisms usually associated to detrital food webs also affect trophic interactions between plan  iated to detrital food webs also affect trophic interactions between plants and the organisms a  s well as between producer and detrital food webs would allow to the scientific community to un  food webs would allow to the scientific community to understand the functioning and complexity   unity to understand the functioning and complexity of the food webs. to do so, it is necessary   d the functioning and complexity of the food webs. to do so, it is necessary to identify the in  e the mechanisms are discovered and the nature of the interactions between the organisms discer  n the regulation and functioning of the food web. in this project on the interactions between p  s, and other members of the aboveground community.
14721	10	e determination of different biological indicators are distributed in the landscape is essentia  pecies dispersal and maintenance of all ecosystem functions. the ensemble of ecosystem and land  ll ecosystem functions. the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate   both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is   unction of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiver  sed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will b  he best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will be identified. in pr  grated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribut  ts that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objective is to conserve th  that maintain the multiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and d
14581	12	vity and the structural biodiversity of ecosystems through plant species will be studied. an un  onal and structural biodiversity in the ecosystem will make it possible to establish relationsh  d structure and will help to define new ecological indicators of the state of the ecosystem. mo  ological indicators of the state of the ecosystem. moreover, indices of biodiversity will be ca  es dispersal and maintenance of all the ecosystem functions. this is why the ensemble of ecosys   functions. this is why the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate   both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural systems is exp  sed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will b  he best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will be identified. in pr  grated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribut  ts that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objective is to conserve th  that maintain the multiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and d
14582	12	vity and the structural biodiversity of ecosystems through plant species will be studied. an un  onal and structural biodiversity in the ecosystem will make it possible to establish relationsh  d structure and will help to define new ecological indicators of the state of the ecosystem. mo  ological indicators of the state of the ecosystem. moreover, indices of biodiversity will be ca  es dispersal and maintenance of all the ecosystem functions. this is why the ensemble of ecosys   functions. this is why the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate   both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural systems is exp  sed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will b  he best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will be identified. in pr  grated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribut  ts that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objective is to conserve th  that maintain the multiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and d
14722	10	e determination of different biological indicators are distributed in the landscape is essentia  pecies dispersal and maintenance of all ecosystem functions. the ensemble of ecosystem and land  ll ecosystem functions. the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate   both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is   unction of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiver  sed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will b  he best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will be identified. in pr  grated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribut  ts that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objective is to conserve th  that maintain the multiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and d
15570	10	c diversity, playing a decisive role in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the effic  aying a decisive role in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitiga  ange mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on the amounts of   n through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on the amounts of adaptive varia   variability available in the different ecosystems of europe and their response to new selectiv  cidate differences in morphological and functional traits in trees growing under different envi  tions. we will also analyse the spatial distribution of phenotypes and genotypes, and their ass  ated spatial ecological variability, in model european forest systems. to better generalise our  e used to evaluate the impact of future environmental change on european forests, using modelli  ental change on european forests, using modelling platforms and statistical inference at the st
13345	1	sk, socio economic ability and cultural perceptions to cope with effects of this risk. working
9957	10	ns and people that are working daily in ecosystem contexts of central importance to poor groups  ds, grasslands and wetlands these three ecosystems potentially provide poor people with their l  stitutions have been working to improve ecosystem management practice by poor groups, developin  three areas where they believe northern participation in espa is essential to: improve scientif  improve scientific understanding of the ecosystem services provided by the above; increase the   th particular emphasis on resilience to climate change. we in the south seek a ppd grant to ena  challenges, and african innovations, in ecosystem management; identify priorities for investmen  tural and social sciences for improving ecosystem management; and engage policy stakeholders so  rticular days will be dedicated to peer review among those working on es pa; hearings from repr  s including the running of new regional climate change and land surface models with political s
15229	1	n eighth in size. in spite of the harsh environment, endemic floras and faunas of deserts are o
15268	8	in reptiles, being ectotherms, temperature is one of the primary determinants of life   tories, as well as of survival. because temperature decreases with increasing altitude, it is p  titude, it is presumably that extrinsic mortality in reptiles increases with altitude. as showe  ment of resources in other life-history traits, such as the immune system. according to this re   2000 metres in sierra nevada, using as model species the lizard psammodromus jeaneae. knowledg  xamine the capacity of reptiles to face climate change in mountain systems. the concrete object   with altitude. objective 2: how lizard body size varies with altitude. objective 3: how lizard  m, or maternal effects, on the measured traits. this issue would be analysed by experiments of
14944	2	lysis of the spatial variation in plant traits has provided some of the most convincing evidenc  its reproductive biology, let alone its recruitment in doñana or in any other area.
7406	3	nt to start a reflection face of future climate change, particularly in the context of contrast  nsider the polymorphism of quantitative traits using approaches quite original and new, related  ndidate genes related with phenological traits measured on urban and non-urban populations
14548	2	high proportion of endemic and regional indicator species. spain has one of the temperate zones  determine which is the role in quarries colonization of the species-area relationships, the deg
7038	4	ion and reaction of farmers to soil and climate are in close connection with specific local exp  ce and therefore of the interactive man-environment relation. it is the aim of the research pro   connected, - how does it influence the behavior of local people in their management of natural  gruencies exist between local knowledge/behavior and scientific knowledge. finally, local knowl
7709	5	c, social and local cultural. in such a model, the individual and collective management practic  iation and a more respectful use of the environment by enhancing the local ecological context.    potential of the concept of ecological intensification. it brings together winemakers and agro  earchers in artificial intelligence for modeling valuing diversity at the level of farming syst   the territorial level: what changes in production methods knowledge and what relationships bui
11215	1	errant skeletally, having morphological traits that suggest both aquatic and terrestrial specia
11713	1	errant skeletally, having morphological traits that suggest both aquatic and terrestrial specia
11735	4	s obtained from outside their immediate environment. but how were such foreign foods obtained a  le diet and into the local agricultural production this is one of the key questions in understa   the key questions in understanding the evolution of human diet. excavations at the roman and i  in terms of quality of preservation and abundance of food remains. a detailed analysis of these
10148	13	th and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. these changes are gene  e generally attributed to recent global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in this regi  ity caused by atmospheric deposition of nitrogen . remarkably few measurements of n deposition    of much of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we e  of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish   ake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region h  he arctic which have experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenom   a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a similar and synergist  ced response to even small increases in temperature. possible interactions between nutrient dep  actions between nutrient deposition and carbon cycling are also important for understanding bio   n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in  utrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in lakes, increasing co2 efflux to the atmo  and hence providing a feedback into the climate system.
10418	12	there is now unambiguous evidence that ecosystems in the arctic are changing. this is generall   this is generally attributed to global warming, effects of which are particularly enhanced in   at long-range atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to establish longer-term trends in sw greenlan  rts of the arctic both in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we e  e arctic both in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish   ake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region h  tic which have experienced 20th century warming since long-range n transport is a global phenom   a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a similar and synergist  ced response to even small increases in temperature. possible interactions between nutrient dep   n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in  utrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in lakes, thereby contributing to regional    atmosphere and hence feedback into the climate system.
10908	13	th and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. these changes are gene  e generally attributed to recent global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in this regi  ity caused by atmospheric deposition of nitrogen . remarkably few measurements of n deposition    of much of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we e  of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish   ake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region h  he arctic which have experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenom   a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a similar and synergist  ced response to even small increases in temperature. possible interactions between nutrient dep  actions between nutrient deposition and carbon cycling are also important for understanding bio   n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in  utrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in lakes, increasing co2 efflux to the atmo  and hence providing a feedback into the climate system.
11751	13	th and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. these changes are gene  e generally attributed to recent global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in this regi  ity caused by atmospheric deposition of nitrogen . remarkably few measurements of n deposition    of much of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we e  of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish   ake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region h  he arctic which have experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenom   a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a similar and synergist  ced response to even small increases in temperature. possible interactions between nutrient dep  actions between nutrient deposition and carbon cycling are also important for understanding bio   n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in  utrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in lakes, increasing co2 efflux to the atmo  and hence providing a feedback into the climate system.
11742	5	mine the effect of oil pollution on the population dynamics of the common guillemot uria aalge   on size. secondly, to determine whether density-dependent processes influence the rate of recov  pendent processes influence the rate of recovery of guillemot populations from major mortality   ery of guillemot populations from major mortality incidents. finally, to determine how age, sex  e how age, sex and cohort influence the recruitment, survival and reproductive success of this
12630	1	t three sites maintained in arable crop production.
2120	8	d in studies of fundamental behavioural traits such as species recognition, mate choice and soc  ies recognition, mate choice and social dominance. i propose a project to investigate long term  n the wild in terms of such behavioural traits. since 1995, great tits and blue tits have been   investigate the species recognition and dominance of the offspring of cross-fostered birds, als  w does the song of cross-fostered males function in interactions with heterospecifics and consp  fics and conspecifics. i also propose a review article on early learning. this project may yiel  w insights into the determinants of the development of species recognition and social dominance  pment of species recognition and social dominance. moreover, cross-fostering is used in conserv
2101	4	off-shore oil exploration and production is moving towards arctic regions. a strict r  ronmental spill scenarios on the marine environment from the oil industry are mainly focused on  ed to oil spill events in the course of production, processing or transport and to subsequent r  ntially long term effects on ice margin community of trapped oil. this may occur as oil trapped
12580	3	ts, on soil microorganisms and how they function within the soil. the experiments were carried   he effects of individual metals on soil microbial activity and long term soil fertility. this p  . this project will give an independent evaluation of the findings from phases ii and iii of th
12510	7	and in the uk were converted to organic production. in the short term, this was driven by the d  portunity to integrate hill and lowland production, and address some of the problems of infrast  ivestock. decoupling of eu support from production, through the single farm payment scheme, wil  bility of both organic and conventional production systems. by altering the scale and type of p  nal production systems. by altering the scale and type of production on conventional farms, cap  tems. by altering the scale and type of production on conventional farms, cap reform also has t  impact, directly and indirectly, on the development and long-term prospects for organic farming
11849	9	imal than any other kind of terrestrial environment. they also store vast amounts of greenhouse  ance for protecting earth s species and climate. humid tropical forests do not normally burn, y  forest fragmentation open up the forest habitat and make it more flammable, while agriculture i  0-40 cm, and the fire moves through the leaf litter. although these fires appear relatively inn  ve feedback cycle, where increased tree mortality produces a more open forest and increases the  ations of wildfires for tropical forest vegetation, and many important questions remain. for ex  we cannot yet explain why rates of tree mortality vary from 8 to 40% depending on the region of   be able to test predictions about tree mortality and regeneration after fire in transitional a   potential consequences of land-use and climate change.
14670	10	ctive success of individuals , breeding habitat selection is likely to be under a strong select  exes used by individuals when assessing habitat quality to subsequently choose an habitat. this  bitat quality to subsequently choose an habitat. this is based on the fact that conspecifics sh  ological needs and, thus, they may show habitat suitability. thus, information coming from hete  esis has been called the heterospecific habitat copying hypothesis in a breeding habitat select  abitat copying hypothesis in a breeding habitat selection context and it is valid even for comp  l needs among species, the stronger the competition but also the higher the value of informatio  sis assessing the role of interspecific competition and to investigate which cue is used when a  h species and also manipulations of the competition by exclusion. further we will do behavioura   characters as possible cues indicating habitat quality.
12065	1	iversity crisis context. the successful model is that of molluscs. it has the advantage of bein
226	7	habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are considered t                         habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are considered to be the primary   ape for some period of time, though the environment is not suitable for them anymore and the fu  seminatural communities; to examine the traits and abundances of species forming the debt and t  ty, phylogenetic diversity – respond to habitat loss and fragmentation and how they are related  inally, by comparing the remained area, connectivity and extinction debt in different studies w  s and environmental data. for gathering species traits, genetic and phylogenetic data we will u
13804	1	rbances, but more information about the nature of specialization and its consequences is needed
12468	2	efra funded project . this project will review and analyse the data collected by the 30 vessels  ow-cost vms system to inform the future development or implementation of the vessel monitoring
12282	18	of this scoping study is to explore the carbon components of key production steps within conven  to explore the carbon components of key production steps within conventional growing systems an  techniques that could contribute to low carbon farming. this should identify where reductions i  his should identify where reductions in carbon inputs could be achieved without compromising yi  mising yield and quality and inform the development of low carbon production systems which are   ality and inform the development of low carbon production systems which are resilient and adapt  nd inform the development of low carbon production systems which are resilient and adaptable to  principally from the perspective of its carbon burden. information on current production practi  s carbon burden. information on current production practices will be assimilated to provide a b  ovide a baseline for the assessments of carbon and water use. this will be obtained from standa   consultation with farmers and growers. model crops will be chosen – preferred options are pota  provide a structure for quantifying the carbon inputs at every stage of production and identify  ing the carbon inputs at every stage of production and identifying the main areas where reducti  techniques that could contribute to low carbon farming will be identified and key positive and   s will be achieved through a literature review and use of an expert panel. the role of decision  e pool will be discussed. the impact of climate change and the effects of predicted changes in   and the effects of predicted changes in temperature, rainfall and co2 will also be considered.   recommendations for future research and development will be made.
7046	10	in the marine environment, no other environmental variable has change  ly in recent decades than the dissolved oxygen who will help work up and interpret the samples    and growing, threat to shallow coastal ecosystems. it will put an ecological framework on past  ill put an ecological framework on past hypoxia-tolerance experiments and contribute to the ong  o the ongoing debate on valid tolerance thresholds and indicator organisms. the project will al  ebate on valid tolerance thresholds and indicator organisms. the project will also add concrete  rical context - on the issue-complex of climate change, eutrophication and biodiversity loss. o  id catastrophic mortalities and promote recovery, and provide criteria for determining the loca  ble to better judge the local impact of oxygen crises on their ecosystem, organisms and livelih   local impact of oxygen crises on their ecosystem, organisms and livelihoods.
6770	2	that adaptation as absorbing more solar energy via dorsal discoloration in hostile environment   rgy via dorsal discoloration in hostile environment is one of the possible explanation for the
12332	2	f the mpa, specifically to quantify the recovery of benthic communities using a number of focal  hic communities using a number of focal/indicator species; to quantify and assess any potential
7181	3	ion is weakened particularly due to the development of aphids jacobeae. the distribution and ab  the development of aphids jacobeae. the distribution and abundance make illusory any attempt er  f aphids jacobeae. the distribution and abundance make illusory any attempt eradication, it sho
7522	1	nctions that are naturally transferable ecosystems. conversely, a very low genetic variability
13327	11	macis will review and meta-analyse the existing projections of cli  eta-analyse the existing projections of climate change impacts on biodiversity. it will assess   ive impacts for the eu25 up to 2050 and review the state-of-the-art on methods to assess the pr  o assess the probable future impacts of climate change on biodiversity. this includes the revie  ange on biodiversity. this includes the review of possible climate change adaptation and mitiga  y. this includes the review of possible climate change adaptation and mitigation measures and t   possible climate change adaptation and mitigation measures and their potential effect on futur  er develop a series of biodiversity and habitat models that address biodiversity impacts, and a  vent and minimise negative impacts from climate change and from climate change adaptation and m  ve impacts from climate change and from climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.    and from climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
12445	1	ar-on-year, and the contribution of the environment to such variation. key customer purpose: pr
2197	5	nges of abiotic variables processes and ecosystem impact impact on ecosystem function will be d  rocesses and ecosystem impact impact on ecosystem function will be documented for some areas wh  ermore, processes of importance for the function of the ecosystem will be analyzed by modelling  s of importance for the function of the ecosystem will be analyzed by modelling of resource uti  on of the ecosystem will be analyzed by modelling of resource utilization as a basis for co-occ
183	4	ined scientific branch between ecology, evolution and biogeography, aiming to clarify ecologica  acroecological studies to the practical nature conservation in planning protected areas at the   tected areas at the global and regional scale. we shall use the meta-study approach; ecoinforma   and environmental data at the regional scale.
14470	4	o investigate the constraints that some habitat characteristics impose on the species living in  ving in them, and their effect in large scale macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns. t  onary and macroecological patterns. the model system are species of aquatic coleoptera, which a  rentially occupy one of two contrasting habitat types , to test for predicted differences in ge
10159	2	wer many large questions in ecology and evolution. such questions include how their major distr   such questions include how their major distribution patterns have arisen, what factors make pa
15407	4	e address the geographical variation of traits involved in mutualistic and antagonistic interac  y, the role of population genealogy and climate as determinants of broad-scale patterns in popu  gy and climate as determinants of broad-scale patterns in population performance of the laurelc   integrating improved climatic envelope modeling with rangewide phylogeography.
11059	8	how ecology and environments shape the evolution of biodiversity in a group of organisms over   ediments is to go back in time in foram evolution, and the sheer numbers of fossils make it pos  dented detail the rules governing foram evolution. how have rates of speciation and extinction   lve over time, and is the rate of their evolution tied up with rates of diversification and how  are high, as opposed to normal; or when climate is changing, as opposed to stable some of these   gain a synthetic overview of how large-scale patterns in evolution arise in natural environmen  overview of how large-scale patterns in evolution arise in natural environments. such an overvi  nisms: having a detailed picture of one model system will help researchers working on other gro
11304	8	how ecology and environments shape the evolution of biodiversity in a group of organisms over   ediments is to go back in time in foram evolution, and the sheer numbers of fossils make it pos  dented detail the rules governing foram evolution. how have rates of speciation and extinction   lve over time, and is the rate of their evolution tied up with rates of diversification and how  are high, as opposed to normal; or when climate is changing, as opposed to stable some of these   gain a synthetic overview of how large-scale patterns in evolution arise in natural environmen  overview of how large-scale patterns in evolution arise in natural environments. such an overvi  nisms: having a detailed picture of one model system will help researchers working on other gro
6737	1	e decrease of the number of species and density. this decrease was the greatest in the litrorhe
2194	4	nd threats • describe the precent large-scale distrubution and aboundance of zostera marina and  s and processes at genetic, species and ecosystem levels of macrophyte systems under various co  acrophyte habitats. evaluate the use of habitat forming species such as zostera marina as indic  rming species such as zostera marina as indicators of biodiversity.
11611	5	s. adsorption of individual metals as a function of ph will be used to calculate metal-site sta  n of individual metals as a function of ph will be used to calculate metal-site stability const  ph will be used to calculate metal-site stability constants with each site on the surface of ba  ace of bacteria. the variation in these stability constants with atomic number will provide som  ctionation mechanisms. parallel mineral growth experiments from ree-spiked fluids which have be
7579	1	. this result suggests to integrate the behavior of mate choice in genetic resources management
12204	3	the sustainable development and improvement of uk crops in the face of    the project will support the continued development of the collection through the further chara  al in the field and glasshouses and the distribution of germplasm and related information throu
181	3	mentally testable predictions about the evolution of many biological systems, from biochemical   equence data to work out a phylogenetic classification of the holarctic dolerini. the tribus do  i. the tribus dolerini is selected as a model group of exophagous tenthredinids because this li
10716	7	over the oceans, affecting weather and climate. and, when it rains, these compounds come back    use forms of dms and dmsp in which the carbon atoms have an atomic weight of 13, not the more   igests such a heavy molecule, the heavy carbon is incorporated into its molecules, including dn  s of microbes mean that they affect our environment more than most of us realise. given the env  s of bacteria and fungi that affect its production and destruction and which of the various pot  pathways are involved. this may help us model how environmental changes such as climate change   model how environmental changes such as climate change alter the balance of these processes.
11704	7	over the oceans, affecting weather and climate. and, when it rains, these compounds come back    use forms of dms and dmsp in which the carbon atoms have an atomic weight of 13, not the more   igests such a heavy molecule, the heavy carbon is incorporated into its molecules, including dn  s of microbes mean that they affect our environment more than most of us realise. given the env  s of bacteria and fungi that affect its production and destruction and which of the various pot  pathways are involved. this may help us model how environmental changes such as climate change   model how environmental changes such as climate change alter the balance of these processes.
10854	1	s that may be important in driving host evolution, and could be used in the control of insect v
10586	1	captive female canaries using male song complexity as a measure of attractiveness. the song str
14561	1	l be experimentaly comprobated. data on distribution and relationship with the host will also b
11686	3	ve altered due to human interference or climate change. tetraploids often have different charac  na-based methods to test the tetraploid nature of the animals, to determine relation to other s   into the links between genomes and the environment, and possible contributions to knowledge-ba
15275	8	nd artificial selection of quantitative traits. 2. development of a new method of analysis of a  al selection of quantitative traits. 2. development of a new method of analysis of allelic dive  e context of structured populations and evaluation of its use in combination with gene diversit  gical and molecular information for the recovery of the genetic constitution of a population th   analyses by computer simulation of the efficiency of the different methods for the detection o  ons for different types of quantitative traits. the practical efficiency of methods for detecti  s of quantitative traits. the practical efficiency of methods for detecting of selective genes   ociated with selection for quantitative traits will be investigated.
15276	8	nd artificial selection of quantitative traits. 2. development of a new method of analysis of a  al selection of quantitative traits. 2. development of a new method of analysis of allelic dive  e context of structured populations and evaluation of its use in combination with gene diversit  gical and molecular information for the recovery of the genetic constitution of a population th   analyses by computer simulation of the efficiency of the different methods for the detection o  ons for different types of quantitative traits. the practical efficiency of methods for detecti  s of quantitative traits. the practical efficiency of methods for detecting of selective genes   ociated with selection for quantitative traits will be investigated.
14632	10	will focus on factors affecting present distribution using predictive models, will analyse demo  d will explore possible consequences of habitat fragmentation on population genetics of the spe  e associated with the alteration of its habitat due to the changes occurred in mediterranean we  wetlands. the loss and fragmentation of habitat may affect resource availability, demographic p  : 1- to obtain predictive models of the distribution and abundance of the reed bunting; 2- iden  edictive models of the distribution and abundance of the reed bunting; 2- identify using the pr  nvironmental factors that influence the distribution of the species; 3- simulations of probable  onducted to evaluate its effect on bird distribution and richness; 4- to study the demographic   ate its effect on bird distribution and richness; 4- to study the demographic parameters to ana  vicariance and more recent events, like habitat fragmentation or dispersal to the genetic struc
7487	2	ainable levels of exploitation are low. ecosystems are impacted by fishing due to the removal o   the impact of fishing on the deepwater ecosystem in general is poorly quantified. deepfishman
2049	2	straints and opportunities of different development paths looking at alliances and partners cho  l is important as a basis for norwegian development assistance within this field. the knowledge
7617	8	various hardwoods as i different ground vegetation treatment modalities in older pine forests i  ctly on bare soil but with accompanying vegetation and ii in shrubland up. these experiments al   plant - plant interactions and plant - environment and propose forest restoration methods. med  ances which generated complex mosaic of vegetation with a strong spatial heterogeneity. disrupt  plex mosaic of vegetation with a strong spatial heterogeneity. disruptions that have acted and   omponent to explain the composition and distribution of existing vegetation, the change of land  omposition and distribution of existing vegetation, the change of land use with, in particular   h shore of the mediterranean basin, and climate changes in the sense announced reinforcements o
12526	4	with high plant health risk. the use of temperature sensitive materials and other non-biologica  tive materials and other non-biological indicators will also be investigated for suitability fo  ays for assessment of biowastes. recent evaluation at csl of the recommended eppo method for pr  eppo method for process validation with indicator organisms found this to be laborious, time co
15244	3	ecological significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in gypsophilous plant species; for this proje  mentation of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum production techniques for natural mycorrhization of gyp   physical, chemical and microbiological soil properties. 2. implement methods for reproduction
15243	3	ecological significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in gypsophilous plant species; for this proje  mentation of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum production techniques for natural mycorrhization of gyp   physical, chemical and microbiological soil properties. 2. implement methods for reproduction
12156	26	th the loss and degradation of breeding habitat mainly through changes in agriculture such as d  ges in agriculture such as drainage and intensification of grassland management. whilst there i   that in some situations high levels of predation on wader nests or young may prevent populatio  r nests or young may prevent population recovery even where habitat conditions are good. work u   prevent population recovery even where habitat conditions are good. work undertaken under phas   project showed that the most important predators of wader nests are likely to be mammals such   mammals such as foxes. however, the key predators do not specialise on wader nests and it is li  ht. lapwing nests suffer lower rates of predation when located away from the field edge, in fie  ing lapwing are high and on sites where predator abundance is lower. predator abundance can be   ng are high and on sites where predator abundance is lower. predator abundance can be reduced b  ites where predator abundance is lower. predator abundance can be reduced by lethal predator co  e predator abundance is lower. predator abundance can be reduced by lethal predator control but  ator abundance can be reduced by lethal predator control but this is not a cost-effective long-  d is unlikely to be favoured as an agri-environment option. thus, finding a non-lethal solution  roject will make use of lapwing nesting habitat preferences in an experiment that will attempt   nt that will attempt to manipulate nest distribution and thereby reduce levels of predation. la  stribution and thereby reduce levels of predation. lapwing prefer to nest on bare, disturbed gr   the effect of this manipulation on the distribution and survival rates of nests of redshank. t  vival rates of nests of redshank. three habitat manipulations will be examined, comparing nest   ations will be examined, comparing nest distribution and survival rates with those observed in    the height and reducing the structural complexity of vegetation through lack of mowing the pre  d reducing the structural complexity of vegetation through lack of mowing the previous autumn a  on of fertiliser to promote early grass growth. 2. creation/maintenance of wet features in the   ith management recommendations for agri-environment schemes and therefore an opportunity for la   therefore an opportunity for landscape-scale restoration of wader populations under reduced le  der populations under reduced levels of predation.
2210	1	ct will produce a scientific base for a development of adaptive management systems. our objecti
13715	12	a common argument against reducing its nitrogen load. dense surface accumulations can cover th  c eutrophication by fixing 200-400 kton nitrogen/yr. they are natural to the baltic, and the ni  they are natural to the baltic, and the nitrogen they fix likely supports baltic fish yield. to  ly, and could greatly change the baltic ecosystem and reduce fish yield. studies will be made b  ms, 2. prediction of bloom severity, 3. ecosystem effects of blooms, especially for fish food a  sh food and fish larvae, 4. fate of the nitrogen fixed by blooms where does it go, how quickly   how quickly is it lost by conversion to nitrogen gas 5. cost-benefit analysis for society of bl   the right balance between reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus, and to minimise noxious blooms  lance between reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus, and to minimise noxious blooms, without cha  se noxious blooms, without changing the nature of the baltic ecosystem, or overly reducing its   thout changing the nature of the baltic ecosystem, or overly reducing its fish production.    ecosystem, or overly reducing its fish production.
10902	6	the region will be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understa  ill be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understand how to op  africa are managed now and under future climate change so that the income farmers receive is in  affect each other. by understanding how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can deve  ng how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow better man  systems to help guide farmer at a wider scale.
10986	6	the region will be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understa  ill be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understand how to op  africa are managed now and under future climate change so that the income farmers receive is in  affect each other. by understanding how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can deve  ng how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow better man  systems to help guide farmer at a wider scale.
12187	3	farming systems that provide a range of ecosystem services, including , increases the sequestra  onal benefits for the delivery of other ecosystem services, including nutrient retention and po  k, yorkshire dales, and in a controlled mesocosm study
11231	21	therefore vital in determining how much carbon is stored or released into the atmosphere. payme  nt practices that help to store organic carbon in soils and vegetation are becoming increasingl  lp to store organic carbon in soils and vegetation are becoming increasingly popular. however,   e risks and gains this produces for the environment, particularly in terms of its ability to su  in terms of its ability to support food production, nor how it could affect the livelihoods of   he risks and gains of managing land for carbon is an urgent challenge that requires the coopera  ideas on the topic of managing land for carbon . we will focus on study areas in namibia, botsw   challenge. workshop activities will: a review current understanding of carbon stores and losse  will: a review current understanding of carbon stores and losses and the ways in which they are  ich they are measured for both soil and vegetation; b identify the livelihood activities that t  s associated with managing the land for carbon; c identify the current environmental status of   on to nutrient cycling, water, and food production, with a view to assessing how managing the l   to assessing how managing the land for carbon could alter these wider services; and d evaluate  ting best practices in research for the development of community-based payments for carbon stor  ices in research for the development of community-based payments for carbon storage projects. t  lopment of community-based payments for carbon storage projects. the novelty of our project lie   yet, we extend it by assessing organic carbon in both soil and vegetation and link this with s  sessing organic carbon in both soil and vegetation and link this with social and economic analy  uthern africa while also increasing the carbon stored in the environment. in pursuing these act  lso increasing the carbon stored in the environment. in pursuing these activities, the project    improved research and evidence base on ecosystem services, their dynamics and management and t
13718	12	nsequences of degradation of the marine environment have failed. although we have reduced nutri  t have failed. although we have reduced nutrients to lessen the harmful effects of eutrophicati  rmful effects of eutrophication, marine ecosystems are not responding as predicted. we are atte   we are attempting to manage the marine environment in the face of multiple forcing factors occ  taneously such as changes in fisheries, climate, urbanization, and contaminants. it is no surpr   no surprise that our efforts to reduce nutrients are not being rewarded with a healthier balti  ed understanding of the impact of these multiple stressors will not be achieved unless we engag  and and to ultimately manage the marine environment sustainably. we have assembled a diverse gr  aches, terrestrial biogeochemistry, and modeling to address problems from the past, the present  utrient enrichment, eutrophication, and climate. we will contribute to development of the balti  ion, and climate. we will contribute to development of the baltic sea action plan, and dissemin  he sustainable management of the marine environment and create the multi-disciplinary expertise
13764	5	with the continued human development of coastal areas, resource management will   ty, quality, and spatial arrangement of habitat affecting biota that use these coastal areas. t  erspective it is to increase population density outside of a closed area by the export of indiv   is raised. lobsters are long-lived and migration distances rarely exceed 2 km. however, the pe  effects. setting up an individual-based model i can from a mechanistic angle assess ecological
10276	9	while the contribution of organic matter oxidation to the biogeochemical cycles i  umingly widespread and important in the environment. examples for these novel processes are the  ependent oxidation of ammonium produces nitrogen gas and may be responsible for 90% of the nitr  s and may be responsible for 90% of the nitrogen loss in marine sediments. investigating this p  anding of the biogeochemical cycles. as nitrogen is removed from the system and not available f  he system and not available for primary production, this type of anaerobic ammonium oxidation m  nects the element cycles of sulphur and oxygen in marine sediments and helps solving a major bi   transfer of electrons from sulphide to oxygen spatially separated in different sediment layers  oxygen spatially separated in different sediment layers. as these compounds are present also in
10300	11	, and these are often manifested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well   re often manifested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well characterised  ipulate a well characterised quantified food web for which we have highly resolved data, by alt  me system where we introduced a new top predator. the proposed research will stimulate algal pr   proposed research will stimulate algal production in the steam by ameliorating light limitatio  ortance of autocthonous pathways in the food web. we will explore a range of responses across m  levels of biological organisation, from population dynamics of individual species to ecosystem   ation dynamics of individual species to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. furthe  to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. further we will use these empirical data to  l models that link metabolic theory and ecological stoichiometry in food webs.    theory and ecological stoichiometry in food webs.
11684	11	, and these are often manifested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well   re often manifested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well characterised  ipulate a well characterised quantified food web for which we have highly resolved data, by alt  me system where we introduced a new top predator. the proposed research will stimulate algal pr   proposed research will stimulate algal production in the steam by ameliorating light limitatio  ortance of autocthonous pathways in the food web. we will explore a range of responses across m  levels of biological organisation, from population dynamics of individual species to ecosystem   ation dynamics of individual species to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. furthe  to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. further we will use these empirical data to  l models that link metabolic theory and ecological stoichiometry in food webs.    theory and ecological stoichiometry in food webs.
9997	6	hat life on earth is reliant on primary production i.e. photosynthetic plants driven by energy   on i.e. photosynthetic plants driven by energy from the sun. there was a great deal of interest  hs of the pacific to reveal significant production, indeed whole communities reliant upon chemi  whole communities reliant upon chemical energy are underestimates, and chemosynthetic productio   are underestimates, and chemosynthetic production is even more important to the life in these    a new collaboration to re-appraise how productivity in our rivers is governed.
1923	11	biodiversity of natural ecosystems is strongly affected by ecosystem processes   ural ecosystems is strongly affected by ecosystem processes such as primary production, evapo-t   by ecosystem processes such as primary production, evapo-transpiration and soil nutrient turno   animal species have major impacts upon ecosystem processes. thus, changes in biodiversity can   thus, changes in biodiversity can alter ecosystem processes, which may have important feedback   consequences for restoration of natural ecosystem processes. in the netherlands, an increasing   ural pastures is becoming available for nature restoration. in various restoration experiments   n of above- and below-ground species or functional groups of species, and thus increasing the d  ortant additional measure for restoring ecosystem processes. we will carry out field and garden  razers and decomposers to low diversity ecosystems. we will test the hypotheses that the introd  in pastures withdrawn from agricultural production.
14277	16	tuary and the adjacent coastal sea. for nutrients, there is strong evidence for retention and t  ogeochemical processes in the estuarine environment and much less so on the upper catchments of  ally in the nete basin, is the enhanced development of macrophytes during summer, which is appa  rovement of the water quality. the huge production of biomass can cause water levels to rise, e   factors controlling the appearance and development of macrophytes and to quantify the effect o  d by or in the laboratory. the temporal evolution of growth and biomass of macrophyte communiti  e laboratory. the temporal evolution of growth and biomass of macrophyte communities will be de  nities will be determined over the full growth season. flume experiments under controlled condi  acrophytes and nutrient delivery by the sediment, to assess influence of e.g. stream velocity a   of e.g. stream velocity and macrophyte density. these studies will be complemented with nutrie  th and without macrophyte presence. the decomposition process of macrophytes will be followed a  of macrophyte detritus to the suspended organic matter pool followed. further information on nu  is of and on the subsequent fate of the organic matter will be followed via stable isotope comp  ther to develop a 1d transport-reaction model of the experimental aa river reach in order to ve  ns and rates. in parallel, an available modeling package will be set-up for the kleine nete riv  ement, especially concerning macrophyte development, based on criteria such as flood protection
10732	9	global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical      global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical forests are probably the mos  as an important influence on the global carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure, chang   the global carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure, changing carbon pools and fluxes,  ffecting vegetation structure, changing carbon pools and fluxes, and causing feedbacks to the a  n will be available for calculating the carbon budget of amazonian forests, taking into account   uptake, release and the net balance of carbon in fire-affected forest sites in recent years, t  onent processes that determine this net carbon balance and to understand how climate variation   et carbon balance and to understand how climate variation and human activities through deforest
10810	9	global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical      global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical forests are probably the mos  as an important influence on the global carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure, chang   the global carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure, changing carbon pools and fluxes,  ffecting vegetation structure, changing carbon pools and fluxes, and causing feedbacks to the a  n will be available for calculating the carbon budget of amazonian forests, taking into account   uptake, release and the net balance of carbon in fire-affected forest sites in recent years, t  onent processes that determine this net carbon balance and to understand how climate variation   et carbon balance and to understand how climate variation and human activities through deforest
10987	11	the broad remit of this proposal is the development of tools for managing ecosystem services fo  s the development of tools for managing ecosystem services for health and agricultural improvem   activity, this partnership and project development proposal will draw together a trans-discipl  linary team capable of: quantifying and mapping the links between the ecosystem services and th  fying and mapping the links between the ecosystem services and the health and well-being of the  eing of the people who depend upon them modelling the impacts of changes to the ecosystem upon   modelling the impacts of changes to the ecosystem upon the population dependant upon its servic  n dependant upon its services including climate change developing practical responses to both e  ems, aimed at reducing impacts upon the ecosystem and alleviating poverty and health problems t  p a common vision, while preserving the richness and strength of their respective areas of know  ommon goals, will take place during the development phase, while the research problems are bein
171	3	quantitative analysis of benthic algae habitat allows estimating state of the coastal waters a  itoring program. the studied area is in remote sensing. image archives, going back to 1972, is    1972, is also an advantage of using of remote sensing since it allows studying changes in bent
12673	2	sectors. as a result of the preliminary nature of the work, comments were not sought from indiv  ty within the business and biodiversity community, the information needs updating to include mo
6881	6	production of grape varieties of high quality, at the s   identify plant alleles responsible for resistance against downy and powdery mildew will be tes   be tested to determine linkage between resistance genes and the markers, providing the localis   markers, providing the localisation of resistance qtl-s. for this purpose not only fungus resi   cultivars will be analysed, but hybrid mapping populations, deriving from different intra- and  e from franco-american hybrids carrying resistance against fungal diseases. varieties of middle
2131	5	they are hypothesized to have different migration behavior both within fjords and utilizing dif  ypothesized to have different migration behavior both within fjords and utilizing different are  oject is to estimate early survival and migration behavior of wild post-smolt in for estimating  o estimate early survival and migration behavior of wild post-smolt in for estimating migration  or of wild post-smolt in for estimating migration routes in the open ocean. this approach will
12343	1	a standard database and used to develop gis layers of both spawning grounds and nursey grounds.
12339	2	ion. key customer purpose: the accurate habitat map will provide an accurate evidence base to i  the annex i habitats are prevented. the habitat map would provide greater clarity to all stakeh
13328	3	in particular, to understand how marine ecosystems will adapt to climate change, we need addres  and how marine ecosystems will adapt to climate change, we need addressing especially the long-  sing especially the long-term and large-scale changes in marine biodiversity. this requires an
6933	3	1. palaeo-ecological reconstruction and modelling of lgm ranges of species which have recent ra  y of faunal types with packing edges of distribution. 2. reconstruction of the coalescence time  nstruction of bottleneck vs. population growth periods of these species in connection with the
2518	25	competences in operational multispecies modelling, stock recruitment relationships, population   erational multispecies modelling, stock recruitment relationships, population dynamics of non-t  lling, stock recruitment relationships, population dynamics of non-target fish species and econ  of non-target fish species and economic modelling of fisheries from a wide geographic area rang  ea to the mediterranean. in sustainable ecosystem management, it is crucial to account for the   nt of predatory fish leads to increased predation. the project will use multispecies models to   pecies models to investigate changes in predation induced by differences in distribution and th   in predation induced by differences in distribution and the amount of alternative food. effect  a and for the first time develop such a model for the eastern mediterranean. integrating the kn  ect will identify relevant multispecies indicators and suggest methods for estimating reference  causes of the year to year variation in recruitment, both large scale temporal patterns, variab  ar variation in recruitment, both large scale temporal patterns, variability in the production   e temporal patterns, variability in the production of eggs, sub-stock structure and survival of  dentify the main causes of variation in recruitment patterns between stocks as well as the key   l as the key processes from spawning to recruitment of selected stocks. the consequences of usi  the role of the physical and biological environment. the effects of stock sub-structure and com   stock sub-structure and composition on recruitment will be investigated by using genomic diffe  nditions. the improved understanding of recruitment variability will be used in both individual   be evaluated using management strategy evaluation in order to develop robust management.the pr  ement.the project will develop resource indicators that combine economic, social and biological  combine economic, social and biological indicators and relate directly to the benefit for the s  ther, a stochastic approach to economic indicators will be investigated since variance and unce  e stock dynamics, limits to sustainable ecosystem exploitation and the fishing levels deliverin  ement advice. general properties of the ecosystems will be used to suggest rules of thumb for m   project results to both the scientific community, managers, stakeholders and the general publi
11208	1	llection and enables the wider research community and biotechnology sectors to access these val
10201	6	le for all life. the early earth had no oxygen in the atmosphere but the activity of photosynth  iod of 1.5 billion years resulted in an environment in which other life forms could flourish an  ish and evolve. even today, half of the oxygen released to the atmosphere each year comes from    comes from microbes in the oceans. all nitrogen in living organisms is there as a result of ni  iving organisms is there as a result of nitrogen fixation - a process that is only carried out   her and higher organisms in the natural environment: and the crucial importance of viruses in a
9823	6	the deliberate large-scale alteration of nearshore marine environments occur  uch constructions have to be on a major scale and possess the potential to change significantly  ysical characteristics of the receiving environment. the major physical transformations , will,   turn, effect change on the surrounding ecosystem. industrial investment in a large-scale exper  ystem. industrial investment in a large-scale experimental matrix combined with the collation o  edictive models of the effects of large-scale artificial marine interventions in northern tempe
13573	9	ced by critical abiotic factors such as temperature, salinity and nutrient load. experiments un  al abiotic factors such as temperature, salinity and nutrient load. experiments under carefully  ditions will allow us to understand how community dynamics, population dynamics and community f  s to understand how community dynamics, population dynamics and community functioning can evolv  unity dynamics, population dynamics and community functioning can evolve and be maintained unde   particularly prone to be influenced by climate change because of its close connection with the  terrestrial systems surrounding it. the recovery and resilience of the baltic sea is, of course  teria play a crucial role in the marine environment, especially in systems with a strong influe  ems with a strong influence by input of energy and matter from land and rivers, like the baltic
167	3	ons but rather they are descriptive and model based. however, the links between ecosystem eleme  model based. however, the links between ecosystem elements and processes can only be tested exp  role of these processes in more complex ecosystems.
10128	8	marine coastal ecosystems are among the most productive and diverse co  and geochemical processes within marine ecosystems are important for regulating climate, nutrie  ecosystems are important for regulating climate, nutrient cycling and the food chain. marine ec  ient cycling and the food chain. marine ecosystems provide humans with many resources such as d  ources such as drinking water, food and oxygen, as well as absorbing gases, such as carbon diox  en, as well as absorbing gases, such as carbon dioxide , and therefore to identify those combin  efore to identify those combinations of temperature and co2 for which we can be most and least   cerning the potential impacts of future environmental change.
10245	21	ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -   d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica  y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity  te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa  ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem   - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo  veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat  ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope  . we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with    modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec  we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include:  outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making  ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and   and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev  dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst  ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical    guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable  this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades,  omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the  we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux   estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos
10512	21	ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -   d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica  y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity  te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa  ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem   - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo  veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat  ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope  . we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with    modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec  we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include:  outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making  ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and   and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev  dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst  ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical    guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable  this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades,  omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the  we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux   estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos
11471	21	ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -   d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica  y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity  te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa  ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem   - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo  veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat  ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope  . we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with    modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec  we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include:  outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making  ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and   and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev  dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst  ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical    guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable  this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades,  omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the  we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux   estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos
11520	21	ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -   d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica  y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity  te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa  ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem   - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo  veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat  ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope  . we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with    modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec  we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include:  outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making  ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and   and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev  dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst  ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical    guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable  this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades,  omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the  we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux   estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos
11796	21	ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -   d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica  y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity  te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa  ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem   - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo  veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat  ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope  . we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with    modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec  we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include:  outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making  ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and   and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev  dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst  ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical    guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable  this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades,  omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the  we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux   estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos
9981	21	ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -   d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica  y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity  te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa  ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem   - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo  veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat  ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope  . we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with    modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec  we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include:  outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making  ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and   and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev  dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst  ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical    guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable  this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades,  omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the  we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux   estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos
12437	4	ability and change • module 2: regional ecosystems functioning • module 3: spatial and temporal  ral dynamics • module 4: governance and ecosystem management key customer purpose: there are co  ere are concerns over widespread marine ecosystem change as a result of human activity, especia  is a key time for an initiative of this nature in terms of both research area and funding deliv
2110	16	oposal is to determine the influence of climate variability and change on the energy transfer i  f climate variability and change on the energy transfer in the marine pelagic ecosystem in diff  e energy transfer in the marine pelagic ecosystem in different water masses on the west coast o  n. the project will compare the pelagic food webs in fronts involving arw and aw masses in this  d aw masses in this high arctic region. climate change effects can be studied in kongsfjorden b  flux and dynamics of aw and arw. a cold climate scenario would result from less influx of aw to  mes in west-spitsbergen, whereas a warm climate scenario would occur because of an increased in  ns is the main mechanism regulating the distribution and size structure of the zooplankton comm  n and size structure of the zooplankton community, and that changes in size and energy content   community, and that changes in size and energy content of key zooplankton prey will influence t  key zooplankton prey will influence the energy transfer in the pelagic food web with consequenc  ence the energy transfer in the pelagic food web with consequences for growth and survival of l   pelagic food web with consequences for growth and survival of little auks and kittiwake chicks  seabirds require access to abundant and energy-rich zooplankton and pelagic fish in order to ra  der to raise their chicks successfully. climate related changes in water masses would be expect  anges in their prey base and associated energy flow. cruises and field work will be conducted i
2138	1	of hypoxic water and to what extent the oxygen store in the swim bladder can be used for extend
7459	2	to further our knowledge of how marine ecosystems will respond to combinations of multiple cli  ill respond to combinations of multiple climate change and anthropogenic drivers. with an empha
2178	18	the climate of the north atlantic and arctic oceans will un  go rapid changes over the next century. climate influences many important ecosystem drivers whi  tury. climate influences many important ecosystem drivers which will change marine biogeochemic  iogeochemical and ecological processes, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. merclim will pr  cal new understanding on the impacts of climate change on the structure and functioning of mari  the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems by means of an assessment of the role of dom  f an assessment of the role of dominant ecosystem drivers. merclim will have a specific focus o  iogeochemical cycling, food quality and energy/carbon flow through ecosystems from inorganic ch  emical cycling, food quality and energy/carbon flow through ecosystems from inorganic chemistry   quality and energy/carbon flow through ecosystems from inorganic chemistry through phytoplankt  zooplankton, and bacteria to export and sedimentation, assessing consequences for food availabi  m will assess how decadal to centennial climate change will promote ecosystem modifications due   centennial climate change will promote ecosystem modifications due to changes in marine climat   modifications due to changes in marine climate . these drivers are hypothesised to have a sign  have a significant degree of control on ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. a major focus o  m will be the optimisation, testing and climate-driver-scenario simulations of a predictive pro  rio simulations of a predictive process model. the project has high societal relevance and will  rch and policy efforts to manage marine ecosystems
12381	5	r&d needed long term data on the marine environment are limited, however this data a necessity   ective. the data provided by the marine environmental change network in 2007-2009 will feed int  bill, water framework directive, marine climate change impact partnership, uk marine monitoring   strategy, charting progress 2, natural environment strategy summary objectives the aim of the    aims to; promote and expand the marine environmental change network, seek funding avenues for
10588	5	test theory linking life histories with population dynamics, making use of the large body of da  ity analyses and measures of population stability and resilience to predict the vulnerability a   responses of populations to changes in mortality. theoretical predictions will be tested with   with analyses of temporal trends in the abundance of exploited populations subject to known lev   populations subject to known levels of mortality. phylogenetically based statistics will be us
13329	4	ns related to the functioning of marine ecosystems and to the biology of marine organisms. with  his will involve the dedication and the development of common research infrastructures, both in  s, leading to various microbial, algal, evolution development and diversity, and fish and shell   to various microbial, algal, evolution development and diversity, and fish and shellfish nodes
1994	5	. this rather scarce and unknown marine ecosystem is found in several disconnected island natio  ies for fundamental studies on holocene evolution in marine taxa, which typically lack fossil r  n order to investigate the variation in community composition within and outside of the lakes.   lecular analyses to assess the level of connectivity and divergence between populations of thre  servation measures for these vulnerable ecosystems.
12573	5	ll combine stable isotope analysis with growth data derived from scale increment analysis to as   analysis with growth data derived from scale increment analysis to assess linkages between con  ss linkages between conditions of ocean productivity and growth, and use satellite-based observ  en conditions of ocean productivity and growth, and use satellite-based observation data and oc   stocks will respond and be affected by climate change.
12430	2	ot cause harm to the coastal and marine environment. the descriptor to be researched in this pr   the quantities of litter in the marine environment, the major processes that control the entry
12431	7	at plastic debris is fragmenting in the environment and that microscopic pieces of common polym  re now present on shorelines worldwide. production of plastics has grown exponentially in recen  t cause harm to organisms in the marine environment. the plan of work and the objectives below   sorb contaminants present in the marine environment, which contaminants are of concern, and are  tics persist after ageing in the marine environment and whether they are made bioavailable on i  how microplastics are passed on through food web interactions and what the implications are for  he implications are for populations and ecosystems. 4. research to determine the extent to whic
10099	3	d location accuracy at sea, sub-optimal energy efficiency and high cost. our dual development a  ion accuracy at sea, sub-optimal energy efficiency and high cost. our dual development addresse  ergy efficiency and high cost. our dual development addresses these problems. the phone tag use
11370	1	ct cloud formation and influence global climate. however, only ca. 10% of the dms produced in t
11042	3	otopes. in summary, the analyses of the model organism, and its enzymes and genes of dms degrad  n of these insights to organisms in the environment will greatly enhance our understanding of h   important for the regulation of global climate.
12333	2	ata layers as they become available; to review webgis access systems currently available for ma  nd a detailed scope to take forward the development of the recommended option for mpa planning
12408	13	determine impacts and benefits of large-scale marine renewable energy projects to enable defra   enefits of large-scale marine renewable energy projects to enable defra to demonstrate the bene  o technologically driven science in the energy arena: lead and deliver the environmental scienc  ience needed to inform marine renewable energy deployment in the context of other requirements   utcomes, technical capability and tools development to support the renewable energy sector in g  ls development to support the renewable energy sector in general and the wave energy sector in   e energy sector in general and the wave energy sector in particular. there are critical questio  al questions which must be addressed as development of renewable energy resources from the mari  e addressed as development of renewable energy resources from the marine system progresses: 1 c  rom the marine system progresses: 1 can ecosystems continue to deliver essential life supportin  tial life supporting services when wave energy is extracted from the marine system 2 what is th  t of the consequences / impacts of wave energy extraction on ecosystem services 3 is there a ba   / impacts of wave energy extraction on ecosystem services 3 is there a balance to be struck.
10392	3	cience strategy, particularly in marine ecosystem functioning, the sustainable use of the marin  stainable use of the marine and coastal environment s natural resources, impacts of contaminant   resources, impacts of contaminants and climate change, and, as described above, all with an em
10335	2	ur group, employing a compound-specific carbon isotope approach, revealed a new marine dietary   approach, revealed a new marine dietary indicator, thereby emphasising the potential gains of e
15300	2	fluencing this behaviour are known. the recovery of trout populations requires a detailed under  ng of their biology and, like most fish recovery programs, depends on a hatchery culture period
12664	4	a uk marine trophic index is listed for development in the eu/cbd focal areaecosystem integrity  u/cbd focal areaecosystem integrity and ecosystems goods and services' and the uk biodiversity    agreed to develop and report on marine ecosystem integrity. the work will allow the uk to repo   the uk to report against this headline indicator and will be published in 2008.
2470	4	, the uk and the netherlands to assess, model and further the predictive understanding of chang  nges in the trophodynamic structure and function within the north sea relative to the different  ea relative to the different drivers of ecosystem change. drivers include those acting via clim  hange. drivers include those acting via climate change and variability as well as those acting
2469	17	of marine animal and plant geographical distribution along the shores of western europe and the  raphy of west europe became one where a succession of ranges begin or end along the stretch of   n limits along that same gradient. if a warming process of the north atlantic and the mediterra  antic and the mediterranean occurs on a scale that follows that predicted for the global warmin  t follows that predicted for the global warming, we are to expect local extinctions of the less  ge and local extinction or decreases in abundance in cold temperate species in the south. in ad  uth. in addition, a rise in sea surface temperature will not only affect the occurrence of part  ence of particular species but also the ecosystem as a whole as the complex nature of tropho-dy  the ecosystem as a whole as the complex nature of tropho-dynamic interactions and diversity pat  ine species is therefore constrained by climate, but the effects of climate on population perfo  strained by climate, but the effects of climate on population performance at the limits of thei  daries remain poorly known. the extreme richness of the atlanto-mediterranean area makes it a n  terms, the present situation of decadal-scale climate regime changes provides a unique opportun   the present situation of decadal-scale climate regime changes provides a unique opportunity to  g of the characteristics of the genetic traits that mark expanding marine populations. many stu  ogeographic, historical demographic and food web related tools to compare the patterns detected  et species which may suggest changes in abundance during the study period. in addition, the tro
6946	2	iversity and ability to cope with local environment. in the light of these facts, it is not sur  imals and stocks with rare and valuable traits is increasing throughout europes poultry breedin
7398	2	rsity. the objective of the multi-agent modeling is to formalize mechanisms to better understan  thodology relies on sorghum in mali but model validation based on an iterative process with a r
10140	4	ata, remotely-sensed data and numerical model output. there needs to be greater integration of   ing and minimise errors associated with modelling the earth system. this can take a number of f  this can take a number of forms such as model validation, data assimilation, quality controllin  ces between a set of observations and a model. they may then visualise the results of this eith
11810	4	ata, remotely-sensed data and numerical model output. there needs to be greater integration of   ing and minimise errors associated with modelling the earth system. this can take a number of f  this can take a number of forms such as model validation, data assimilation, quality controllin  ces between a set of observations and a model. they may then visualise the results of this eith
10784	1	ced by selection for reduced ability of predators to detect individuals when older and larger.
10559	1	ced by selection for reduced ability of predators to detect individuals when older and larger.
10941	13	nstantly is unlikely to get caught by a predator, but then such an animal will never feed and s  rve, but may be caught by surprise by a predator. animals therefore spend time both avoiding pr  mals therefore spend time both avoiding predators and feeding, and how much time they spend doi  an individual views both starvation and predation risk is neatly measured by its weight. fat bi  tting fat takes time away from avoiding predators and once fat, a bird s ability to fly quickly  ing is difficult and thinner birds when predation risk is relatively important such as when haw  he relative importance of starvation or predation risk simply from a measure of birds weight an  use measuring either starvation risk or predation risk is complicated involving a lot of detail  ights of birds to assess starvation and predation risk and so draw conclusions about how they m  s that house sparrows are under greater predation risk and this was confirmed because we found   t as insurance because of the danger of predators. thus we have gained an insight into the impo  ained an insight into the importance of predation and starvation risk in determining house spar  ll us what the chance of starvation and predation is for a population of birds on the basis of
7503	3	rences of fluidity and membrane lipids, resistance to osmotic shock, ph, will, where possible,   ne lipids, resistance to osmotic shock, ph, will, where possible, measured in most species of d  eese and guinea fowl. this requires the development of sperm freezing of jars
10366	1	ith broad research training in ecology, evolution and conservation. emphasis is placed on funda
2467	12	we intend to study ecosystem functioning using the match-mismatch hypothes   a framework and three different marine ecosystems with focus on seabirds as examples. the mari  cus on seabirds as examples. the marine ecosystems chosen - the southern ocean, the barents sea  ela upwelling - are highly sensitive to climate variability, and the two latter are important f  , using seabirds, which are among these ecosystems' main top consumers, as indicators. the main  hese ecosystems' main top consumers, as indicators. the main tool will be statistical modelling  tors. the main tool will be statistical modelling of french, south-african and russian seabird   ological, oceanographic and statistical modelling expertise assembled. our project is also part  ue to the major role of these oceans in carbon cycling and the global climate, and because thei  oceans in carbon cycling and the global climate, and because their ecosystems are among those w  d the global climate, and because their ecosystems are among those with the largest production   ystems are among those with the largest production of fish biomass and seabird biodiversity on
11368	9	some of the clearest signs of global climate change are those associated with shifts in the   fish, is at the centre of the north sea food web being a major consumer of plankton and an impo  s may have adversely affected the early development of sandeels. this project aims to bring tog  g together researchers working on ocean climate, plankton, sandeels and seabirds to investigate  h sea have disrupted vital links in the food web that have altered sandeel growth patterns and    the food web that have altered sandeel growth patterns and contributed to long-term changes in  dings will help forecast the impacts of climate change on the north sea ecosystem and also be o  acts of climate change on the north sea ecosystem and also be of use to the sandeel fishery. th  ch areas: earth s life support systems, climate change and sustainable economies.
10629	1	daphnia will be used as a model system to measure the fitness consequences of alt
11608	2	rnal from maternal effects on offspring growth and sex, b investigate the mechanism underlying   s at the mhc on fertility and offspring growth.
10932	1	by determining the ontogeny of disease resistance in the pups. effects on the female s fitness
7307	1	dy of reciprocal influences between the environment and human society is the theme of many nati
11082	2	presents a new methodology for studying evolution in host-parasite systems, combining evolution   role of cost-benefit trade-offs in the evolution of host and parasite populations with both co
11600	2	presents a new methodology for studying evolution in host-parasite systems, combining evolution   role of cost-benefit trade-offs in the evolution of host and parasite populations with both co
11827	4	ch lies at the interface of ecology and evolution and is focused around two key questions in ev  unsolved problems facing the scientific community over the coming decade highlighted in the 125  ersity of bath where i will work on the development of mathematical models for a range of proje  e ecological mechanisms involved in the evolution of diversity and cooperation. the studies wil
11741	1	a queen in mid air. as such, male-male competition for mating has favoured large males, which
10127	5	ke affect their potential to respond to environmental change, as a result of changes in genetic  em occurred in relation to post-glacial colonization to their current distribution area and whe  t-glacial colonization to their current distribution area and whether loss of outcrossing mecha  gmented as a result of human population growth, the study could have implications for predictin  es in population size or restriction of migration between populations as a result of human acti
12607	2	bleaklow plateau of greenhouse gas and carbon fluxes of peat in different conditions. the over  toration on the bleaklow plateau on the carbon balance of the system.
10088	6	one species on the other species in the community. we should be able to predict these changes u   be able to predict these changes using food web theory, which give detailed maps of who eats w   of interactions among the species of a food web or what these interaction strengths represent.  ontents so that we can verify models of food web structure and ecosystem function. in this way   verify models of food web structure and ecosystem function. in this way we will enable more acc  equences of species loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructed.
10224	6	one species on the other species in the community. we should be able to predict these changes u   be able to predict these changes using food web theory, which give detailed maps of who eats w   of interactions among the species of a food web or what these interaction strengths represent.  ontents so that we can verify models of food web structure and ecosystem function. in this way   verify models of food web structure and ecosystem function. in this way we will enable more acc  equences of species loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructed.
2464	4	. we will address effects of population density and sex ratio on mating system measures and the  rther our understanding of the roles of density and spatial structure in the sexual selection p  uences from a recent change in pipefish habitat due to eutrophication and global warming, presu  abitat due to eutrophication and global warming, presumably affecting both population densities
10829	4	it is widely presumed that the need for energy efficiency drives a process of continual optimis  idely presumed that the need for energy efficiency drives a process of continual optimisation i  sure the fitness consequences of wasted energy. sight is extremely metabolically expensive and   re the relationship between fitness and efficiency in terms of selective disadvantage per waste
11291	3	known about the genes underlying social traits. experiments in which researchers subject traits  xperiments in which researchers subject traits to artificial selection, combined with modern ge  p pinpoint and identify genes for these traits. in future, my group seeks to conduct such exper
1974	3	eria may be able to use living fungi as growth substrate i.e. analogous to so-called mycoparasi  consequences for fungi of mycoparasitic growth of collimonas. identification of phenotypic char  al communities and 4. the mycoparasitic growth potential among soil bacteria.
14805	3	n signals body condition, experience or dominance status of individuals. this is why in many bi  proach to the problem of plumage signal evolution, investigating aspects related to behavioural   therefore, allows for the study of the evolution of signals from a new perspective.
10081	2	geochemical models of life s origin and evolution. crystalline surfaces, such as the surfaces o  o a detailed examination of the atomic- scale interactions between organic molecules and minera
10048	9	the sexes use different parts of their environment. ancient greek mythology tells of a nation   o debate, in animals sex differences in habitat use are common and understanding why and how th  o understand why the sexes segregate in habitat use. in the 1900 s charles darwin pondered over  ales are attacked at different rates by predators. males may be larger and be equipped with wea  low them to use habitats with increased predation risk. the second idea suggests that males and  sland of trinidad in the carribean as a model system. guppies form relatively small populations  rent streams that vary in the number of predators they face. furthermore, guppies can easily be   we know that guppies living under high predation risk segregate by sex, with male guppies test   level of sex segregation in a standard environment and test the factors thought to drive sex s
10226	9	the sexes use different parts of their environment. ancient greek mythology tells of a nation   o debate, in animals sex differences in habitat use are common and understanding why and how th  o understand why the sexes segregate in habitat use. in the 1900 s charles darwin pondered over  ales are attacked at different rates by predators. males may be larger and be equipped with wea  low them to use habitats with increased predation risk. the second idea suggests that males and  sland of trinidad in the carribean as a model system. guppies form relatively small populations  rent streams that vary in the number of predators they face. furthermore, guppies can easily be   we know that guppies living under high predation risk segregate by sex, with male guppies test   level of sex segregation in a standard environment and test the factors thought to drive sex s
10896	24	e links between marine biodiversity and ecosystem function indicates that the loss of biodivers  likely to have serious consequences for human well-being. humans derive a variety of important   , and other activities that may destroy habitat, pollute, warm and acidify the ocean. maintaini  warm and acidify the ocean. maintaining human well-being into the future requires finding ways   ure requires finding ways of sustaining ecosystems that are resilient to change, and have the a  l resources are managed, taking a whole ecosystem perspective, understanding the interactions b   that take place between the drivers of environmental change and the broad spatial and temporal  and: 1 the current status of the marine environment; 2 the rate and direction in which it is ch   4 the implications of such changes for environmental goods and services; and 5 the implication  ding of drivers and pressures on marine ecosystems, the collection of observations and data ana  tion of observations and data analysis, model parameterisation and development, and scenario de  ta analysis, model parameterisation and development, and scenario development. to provide alter  erisation and development, and scenario development. to provide alternative pathways for sustai  he implications of various scenarios on growth and poverty will be explored. these scenarios wi  nce local stakeholders understand which ecosystem services are of interest to them and have pre  nagement issues and aspirations for the ecosystems. we envisage having 7 work packages: wp1 dri  otential future pressures in the marine environment. wp2 mechanisms by which drivers and pressu  igate the impacts of the changes on the ecosystem, ecosystem services and their benefits and va  mpacts of the changes on the ecosystem, ecosystem services and their benefits and values, and e  studies in which empirical research and model development will be conducted to underpin the oth  s in which empirical research and model development will be conducted to underpin the other wor  pply established and novel analyses and modelling tools to make projections of ecosystem and ec   modelling tools to make projections of ecosystem and economic futures. these projections will   ctions will examine the implications of mitigation and adaptation. wp7 synthesis - will act as
1981	17	g the effects on biodiversity of global climate change, of which climatic warming is currently   lobal climate change, of which climatic warming is currently the most pressing threat. in addit  he most pressing threat. in addition to habitat-tracking and range shifts, successful adaptatio   phenotypic plasticity for the suite of traits associated with temperature adaptation. we under  for the suite of traits associated with temperature adaptation. we understand how genetic and p  netic and phenotypic correlations among life history traits have been shaped by natural selecti  notypic correlations among life history traits have been shaped by natural selection and how th  aped by natural selection and how these traits relate to fitness. moreover, for the key traits   elate to fitness. moreover, for the key traits underlying the adaptation to the seasonal enviro  rganisms are already adapted over their distribution to differences in climate, this project wi  er their distribution to differences in climate, this project will use existing clines with lat  titude in this butterfly to explore the nature of the genetic and developmental changes that mi  t might occur in response to changes in temperature. by comparing populations that differ exten  ations that differ extensively in their temperature environment and the association with rainfa  differ extensively in their temperature environment and the association with rainfall, we will   tiation between the populations for the traits. application of this fully integrated approach w  es of potential constraints in adaptive evolution and the rates of evolutionary change, especia
2077	16	ect the regulation of the rhytmicity of growth and winter dormancy in forest trees and other pe  nial species of the temperate zone. the growth potential and winter survival of such species ar  arily based on a close co-ordination of growth and dormancy with the temperature climate. the l  ination of growth and dormancy with the temperature climate. the light climate is known to play  rowth and dormancy with the temperature climate. the light climate is known to play an importan  with the temperature climate. the light climate is known to play an important role in regulatin  egulating bud set before the winter and temperature is known to be an important determinant of    of dormancy release and bud break. the temperature appears also to affect the induction and de  ificance of the interaction between the temperature and the light climate in climatic adaptatio  n between the temperature and the light climate in climatic adaptation is scarce, although such  iation in dormancy-related processes in nature. the physiological and molecular mechanisms unde  of trees and other plants to a changing climate and will contribute to an understanding of the   l contribute to an understanding of the evolution of climatic adaptation. the project aims at s  project aims at studying the effects of temperature and the interaction between temperature and  temperature and the interaction between temperature and photoperiod in regulation of dormancy a  otoperiod in regulation of dormancy and growth rhytms in forest trees. the project also aims at
11443	3	es that the prey species preferred by a predator in one environment may not predict straightfor   species preferred by a predator in one environment may not predict straightforwardly the prefe  htforwardly the preferences of the same predator when it is faced with a different range of pre
14129	2	concentration is limiting for bacterial growth and de novo synthesis of ribosomes is energetica  bosome degradation in the mechanisms of growth inhibition of various antibiotics. we will deter
6931	2	utation rate and thereby higher genetic stability. this strain could prove to be advantageous i  erve as their replacement within a time scale of 2-5 years. preliminary experiments conducted i
9846	3	gely supplanted gymnosperms since their evolution in the cretaceous. i will test recent theorie  ow growing as seedlings, by quantifying growth rates along naturally occurring gradients of nut  , using the sortie of forest simulation model.
7124	14	reasingly clear that the current global warming influences ecosystems and, in particular, induc  t the current global warming influences ecosystems and, in particular, induces the movement of   . among lepidoptera, gender colias is a model organism to study adaptation to climate changes.   a model organism to study adaptation to climate changes. in particular, the program partners ha  ct of natural selection related to heat stress and increased thermal stochasticity polymorphism  polymorphism of an enzyme that controls metabolism: phosphoglucose isomerase. previous studies   ed to an overall pattern of interaction environment / individual / thermal stress which selects  tion environment / individual / thermal stress which selects particular genotypic compositions   in space by studying species with broad distribution that is to say, present both in the alps a  y mountains, but also widespread in the evolution of the genre even lepidoptera at large. we be   and in particular to stochasticity and warming, will shed parallel global mechanisms that infl  l mechanisms that influence the current distribution and the evolution of this group, besides c  luence the current distribution and the evolution of this group, besides classical bio- indicat  n of this group, besides classical bio- indicator of many media
15132	2	aim to reveal mechanistic links between life history, ecological, and behavioral develop and te  approaches to incorporate vulnerability traits into population assessment tools. this knowledge
218	3	occur in north-estonia. however, their distribution, location in populations, frequency and mo  d for improving the presently uncertain classification of the complex. distribution of yellow f  ncertain classification of the complex. distribution of yellow flowered hybrids and their morph
10620	3	f the best terrestrial archives of past climate data, inferred from climatically-sensitive indi  a, inferred from climatically-sensitive indicators preserved within. the ioannina basin, nw gre  eece, contains ca. 430 ka of continuous sediment accumulation and offers a rare opportunity to
7707	3	difficult economic situation and strong competition for land, viticulture and olive growing mus  and quantified mobilized in territorial development documents. patermed the project develops it  ality landscapes, guarantee sustainable development and biodiversity for 16 and mediterranean a
14165	20	the health of soils and to identify key soil properties which can serve as indicators of soil h   key soil properties which can serve as indicators of soil health has become a major issue for   erties which can serve as indicators of soil health has become a major issue for food and timbe  es are in operation. opencast oil shale mining is preferred for economics and social reasons an  ost suitable for these areas. oil shale mining has altered vast areas in north-east estonia and  nues. the heavily disturbed habitats or ecosystems which are developing through succession, the  ecosystems which are developing through succession, the assemblage of species may be different   ferent from that of the eventual climax community. the development of ecosystem and their succe  t of the eventual climax community. the development of ecosystem and their successional process  al climax community. the development of ecosystem and their successional processes after mining   and their successional processes after mining or afforestation is a complex matter. a true und  complex matter. a true understanding of ecosystem development must include above- and below-gro  tter. a true understanding of ecosystem development must include above- and below-ground compon   which may be replaced by others as the succession progress. a major target for below-ground re  ation success is the return of the soil microbial biomass. soil fauna cross a range of trophic   s a range of trophic levels and in soil food webs they are often allocated to functional groups  l food webs they are often allocated to functional groups based on their feeding habit. the kno  n their feeding habit. the knowledge of food web in soil of post-mining and reclaimed areas is   e knowledge of food web in soil of post-mining and reclaimed areas is important for improving t  main groups of mesofauna hills and post-mining reclaimed and non-reclaimed landscapes.
11603	1	nd highly precise timescales of coastal environmental change will enable us to identify the ext
13840	11	edator can have on an arctic ecological community. within sefalo we remove red foxes in three e   areas of similar size. we will monitor predator and prey populations during winter and summer   nd control areas. our main question for predators is if there is an effect from a mesopredator   n effect from a mesopredator on smaller predators: the arctic fox, least weasel and stoat. spec   and stoat. specifically, we expect the density of small predators to increase when red foxes a  fically, we expect the density of small predators to increase when red foxes are removed due to  ed foxes are removed due to intra guild predation. for prey populations our main prediction is    removal would result in an increase in density of ptarmigans, ducks, waders and passerines. th  d passerines. there are both direct and indirect effects that could affect the dynamics of smal  dynamics of small rodents. a generalist predator, such as the red fox, can stabilise prey popul  ise prey populations, but if specialist predators are essential in the small rodent population
6935	1	pods around triassic-jurassic boundary; evolution of mesozoic micromorphic forms; eocene microm
2038	3	well-known example of a complex marine ecosystem. the approach can support the design of an ef  pecial attention will be devoted to the development of a framework for a contingent valuation i  e with respect to the effects of marine ecosystems and biodiversity values provided by the dutc
11146	5	the carbon cycle in freshwater lake systems comprises two m  tems comprises two main phases: primary production of cellulose colonised in, and subsequently   n, and subsequently retrieved from, the environment. we will primarily use rna as our template,  ivate the species responsible for their production in the envrionment. it remains inconceivable   the field of second generation biofuel production.
14885	2	ted in the detection of variants of the resistance genes previously identified in the metagenom  matic landscape involved in heavy-metal resistance.another important aspect of this project is
7289	1	k of environmental science and adaptive evolution of cellular life. however, studies mainly con
10554	11	a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge  d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox  n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very sm  uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms,   y lab has demonstrated that the in situ community structure of these organisms is fairly comple  s, the factors that dictate this global community structure are still poorly defined. this is i  icate major domain shifts in planktonic ecosystems and by observing and interpreting their dist   factors controlling picocyanobacterial community composition. certainly, little if anything is  s. thus, we hypothesise that in oceanic ecosystems genetically distinct picocyanobacteria are r  ng elemental quotas as a proxy for what environment a given cell/population of cells is experie  u and which are potentially restricting growth rate and/or yield.
10558	11	a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge  d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox  n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very sm  uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms,   y lab has demonstrated that the in situ community structure of these organisms is fairly comple  s, the factors that dictate this global community structure are still poorly defined. this is i  icate major domain shifts in planktonic ecosystems and by observing and interpreting their dist   factors controlling picocyanobacterial community composition. certainly, little if anything is  s. thus, we hypothesise that in oceanic ecosystems genetically distinct picocyanobacteria are r  ng elemental quotas as a proxy for what environment a given cell/population of cells is experie  u and which are potentially restricting growth rate and/or yield.
11283	3	develop a multi-component thermodynamic model that will allow us to predict the seismic wave ve  predict the seismic wave velocities and density of a wide range of possible core liquids. we wi   core liquids. we will then compare the model with actual observations to deduce the identity o
10309	5	ganic molecules could have attained the complexity observed in even the simplest form of living  living organisms. currently there is no model that can adequately describe a genetic pathway fr  es by directly observing their chemical behavior while at high pressure and temperature. struct  cal behavior while at high pressure and temperature. structural information will be obtained as  ing material of interest. high-pressure-temperature experiments are made in externally heated d
10019	32	habitat loss and climate change together represent a gr                         habitat loss and climate change together represent a great threat to bio  ts of formerly more widespread types of vegetation. new approaches are needed to understand and  n combination. the complication is that climate change itself alters habitat quality and quanti  on is that climate change itself alters habitat quality and quantity, by changing the availabil   the cool northern edge of its european distribution in england. as such, it used to be restric  o exceptionally hot microclimates . the habitat available to the skipper is a shifting mosaic d  w the species to survive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this interaction   ive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this interaction between climate and h  imate changes, this interaction between climate and habitat is likely to complicate the process  s, this interaction between climate and habitat is likely to complicate the process of conserva  he process of conservation planning and habitat management for the many rare species that are n  re now restricted to localised areas of habitat in modern landscapes. to date, the feedback loo  pes. to date, the feedback loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat   loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated  between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in an  and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in any scientific mod  not been incorporated in any scientific modelling framework, but this is required before believ  ble projections of species responses to climate change can be made. we will develop a new appro  velop a new approach using a population model that incorporates variation over time in climate-  hat incorporates variation over time in climate-driven habitat availability. these models will   s variation over time in climate-driven habitat availability. these models will be developed us  se models will be developed using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and pop  d using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and population sizes of the silve  scale data on the british distribution, habitat and population sizes of the silver-spotted skip  s against new information on changes in habitat and distribution for the skipper between 2002 a  w information on changes in habitat and distribution for the skipper between 2002 and 2010. the  pecies distributions as they respond to climate change, and the importance of climate, habitat   o climate change, and the importance of climate, habitat and their interactions in explaining t   change, and the importance of climate, habitat and their interactions in explaining the rates   on actions can alleviate the effects of climate change on biodiversity, and which actions are m  his process of adapting conservation to climate change. we will make the software that we devel
11572	32	habitat loss and climate change together represent a gr                         habitat loss and climate change together represent a great threat to bio  ts of formerly more widespread types of vegetation. new approaches are needed to understand and  n combination. the complication is that climate change itself alters habitat quality and quanti  on is that climate change itself alters habitat quality and quantity, by changing the availabil   the cool northern edge of its european distribution in england. as such, it used to be restric  o exceptionally hot microclimates . the habitat available to the skipper is a shifting mosaic d  w the species to survive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this interaction   ive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this interaction between climate and h  imate changes, this interaction between climate and habitat is likely to complicate the process  s, this interaction between climate and habitat is likely to complicate the process of conserva  he process of conservation planning and habitat management for the many rare species that are n  re now restricted to localised areas of habitat in modern landscapes. to date, the feedback loo  pes. to date, the feedback loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat   loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated  between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in an  and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in any scientific mod  not been incorporated in any scientific modelling framework, but this is required before believ  ble projections of species responses to climate change can be made. we will develop a new appro  velop a new approach using a population model that incorporates variation over time in climate-  hat incorporates variation over time in climate-driven habitat availability. these models will   s variation over time in climate-driven habitat availability. these models will be developed us  se models will be developed using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and pop  d using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and population sizes of the silve  scale data on the british distribution, habitat and population sizes of the silver-spotted skip  s against new information on changes in habitat and distribution for the skipper between 2002 a  w information on changes in habitat and distribution for the skipper between 2002 and 2010. the  pecies distributions as they respond to climate change, and the importance of climate, habitat   o climate change, and the importance of climate, habitat and their interactions in explaining t   change, and the importance of climate, habitat and their interactions in explaining the rates   on actions can alleviate the effects of climate change on biodiversity, and which actions are m  his process of adapting conservation to climate change. we will make the software that we devel
13772	6	wood items of different durability, as habitat patch durability obviously affects the colonisa   parameterise a colonisation-extinction model - the incidence function model - and modification  sation-extinction model - the incidence function model - and modifications of that model, which  tinction model - the incidence function model - and modifications of that model, which all requ  ction model - and modifications of that model, which all require snapshot data on presence/abse  nto consideration the age of individual habitat patches and assume different dispersal function
10887	11	that life on earth is reliant on plant production driven by the sun s energy. there was a grea  on plant production driven by the sun s energy. there was a great deal of interest in 1977 when  hs of the pacific to reveal significant production, indeed whole communities, far below the inf   fuelled, not by light, but by chemical energy from the core of the earth itself. such a mode o  lly be the case. we measured the stable carbon isotope values of common aquatic invertebrates .  identified such alternative fuelling of food webs before in stagnant lakes but not in pristine   ot in pristine chalk rivers. of course, methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and the more we kn  ut how it is produced and cycled in the environment, the better. what could be even more exciti  he prospect that the original source of methane in groundwater fed rivers is both a subsidy to   ate is made up in part by 100+ year old carbon, then this would change our perception of the ec  from queen mary university of london in stable isotopes and biogeochemical cycling, with the ex
11236	6	methane will facilitate communication between these gro   agenda to include the uk international community. this will be done through a series of high p  n of a series of biennial international methane conferences. these broad general meetings will   power of social networking to allow the community to gel. two specialist journal volumes are pl  ly embedded in the uk and international methane community and covers all relevant areas through  ded in the uk and international methane community and covers all relevant areas through 5 work
179	2	ture as well as for commercial inoculum development with applications in agriculture, ornamenta  ations in agriculture, ornamental plant production and landscaping.
7270	2	f synchronic analysis to understand the evolution of the bay willapa two centuries. once develo   once developed, the system's operating model will be confronted and validated through the coll
455	1	sustainable and environmental friendly development. this project links a fofifa team with a te
12020	5	the microbes project studied soil ecosystem services, in particular the decomposition of   l ecosystem services, in particular the decomposition of organic matter showed constraints on a  ces, in particular the decomposition of organic matter showed constraints on adopting new pract   the invisible biological components of production systems should, therefore, be publicized bef  refore, be publicized before taking any development measures aimed at maintaining or improving
7486	5	ed to be systematically removed. at the production level, unpredictable larval survival and lar  llion of years between the host and the microbial community. hence, we need to understand the m  different components of the aquaculture ecosystem. the work packages are directed towards the s  ation in relation to the axis host-host microbial community-system microbial community. it is a  is host-host microbial community-system microbial community. it is anticipated that this novel
13938	2	c findings document that in the natural environment bacterial dispersal is faster and occurs ov  ogical question such as biogeographical distribution of bacteria, but it also poses elements of
15373	7	of extreme habitats in which their high salinity and other factors such as the temperature or p   salinity and other factors such as the temperature or ph, may influence the biodiversity of th  ther factors such as the temperature or ph, may influence the biodiversity of the organisms tha  s focused on their ecology, physiology, metabolism, genetics or biotechnological potential have   biotechnological potential of the true microbial community of these habitats is unknown. the a   metagenomic approach, on a hypersaline environment, a multi-pond solar saltern located on the   quencing, from a pond with intermediate salinity of about 25-28% total salts. the detailed anal
13523	11	ations among microbes, plants, and soil function are complex and poorly understood. studies of   d as much, or more, of the variation in microbial community as ph did. microbial community comp  the variation in microbial community as ph did. microbial community composition and n mineralis  ation in microbial community as ph did. microbial community composition and n mineralisation wa  icrobial community as ph did. microbial community composition and n mineralisation was strongly  terminates this flux, affected a fungal plfa as much as high n-supply did. here, i want to expl  abeled with 13c, with the variations in community structure occurring along a natural forest nu  atural forest nutrient supply and plant productivity gradient. at these sites and experiments,    c from double-labeled amino acids into microbial biomass and specific plfas. in the large-scal  iomass and specific plfas. in the large-scale canopy 13c labeling experiment i will have a uniq  eled photosynthate c into the different functional groups in the soil. molecular methods will p
10633	2	ng global causes of human morbidity and mortality. set within an ecological framework, this cas  this case studentship will focus on the community ecology of microbial infections within the lu
172	7	sediment resuspension is one of the most characteristic  eatly enriched in organic and inorganic nutrients as compared to the surrounding water. therefo  ental cycles of turbid and shallow lake ecosystems. aims of the study are: -to compare of micro  e of microbial communities of the upper sediment layer, community attached to resuspended parti  ommunities of the upper sediment layer, community attached to resuspended particles and free-li  ecological role in nutrient cycling and organic matter turnover. results of the proposed projec  important for understanding the lakes’s productivity, for understanding of elemental cycles in
11761	3	hanges to environmental factors such as temperature and the availability of liquid water. knowi   will be based is responding fastest to climate changes and is an important indicator of change   to climate changes and is an important indicator of change for the rest of the world.
14936	5	ditions, as may derive from a change in climate, could result in the extinction of the microbio  intend to study lithobiontic, microbial ecosystems in extreme environments, such as those found  actors that facilitate the presence and growth of microbial life in such micro-habitats. we wil  ll also provide continuous and detailed climate data in areas very sensitive to global climate    data in areas very sensitive to global climate change, such as deserts. finally, this multidis
10719	12	ove ground, movile cave harbours a rich ecosystem with nearly 50 different species of cave-adap  f pigment, indicating a long history of evolution underground. the cave is fed by thermal sulfi  can enter the cave. therefore this rich ecosystem has to be driven by primary production of org  h ecosystem has to be driven by primary production of organic carbon made by non-photosythetic   driven by primary production of organic carbon made by non-photosythetic bacteria in the cave.   ve and on the cave walls contain active methane and sulfur oxidising bacteria which must be dri  ain by eating other invertebrates. this environment can be considered an extreme environment .   nvironment can be considered an extreme environment . on top of this we can detect in the same   fish-labelled cells the heavy, 13c from methane and carbon dioxide that we fed the cells using   d cells the heavy, 13c from methane and carbon dioxide that we fed the cells using the raman mi  er time we can follow the course of the carbon through the microbial food web in movile cave.   rse of the carbon through the microbial food web in movile cave.
2486	11	ontains large amounts of stored organic carbon which constitute a source for release of climate  hich constitute a source for release of climate gases. degradation of organic carbon involves a  f climate gases. degradation of organic carbon involves a consortium of microbial phyla represe  l phyla representing a huge genetic and functional diversity. the project aims at exploring the  oject aims at exploring the genomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities, wit  obial communities, with emphasis on key functional groups involved in methane production, and s  is on key functional groups involved in methane production, and studies of the communities resp  y functional groups involved in methane production, and studies of the communities responses to  studies of the communities responses to temperature changes. this will be addressed in field an  t to integrate studies on structure and function of microbial communities in high arctic enviro  oil-atmosphere models for high latitude ecosystems and a deeper insight in the unexplored micro
15475	1	rs and other fractions of the microbial food web. the results of this proposal will shed light
15247	2	f the previous three pn projects in the environment in where s. ruber thrives, and in its front  e s. ruber thrives, and in its frontier-ecosystems as a possible pool of transferable dna.
11734	2	analysis will be used to determine the temperature at which different parts of shell of hydrot  ology of vent gastropods in relation to temperature and identify if the larva of vent gastropod
1091	1	morphological, behavioural and genetic traits have been already documented in a large array of
9918	1	fication and concomitant effects on the environment. tem analysis of phytodebris, hitherto not
7019	1	cks should provide a testing ground for development of identification methods, which will be ne
12428	5	s harm from microplastics in the marine environment for the marine strategy framework directive  y framework directive . this literature review can be shaped to fit policy needs to better unde  st effective way an in depth literature review on microplastics in the marine environment and d  e review on microplastics in the marine environment and developing our understanding of ‘harm.   eloping our understanding of ‘harm. the review will set out the bench mark of current scientifi
12559	2	hunters. previous defra-funded projects ph0316 and ph0408 have developed robust micropropagatio  evious defra-funded projects ph0316 and ph0408 have developed robust micropropagation technique
14169	13	disturbance regimes, and how climate change alters these, are of particular importan  , are of particular importance to stand development. comprehension of regeneration patterns in    to predict the long-term structure and production dynamics of a forest stand. the main aim of   ffering substrate and micro-relief, the abundance, composition, population dynamics and growth   cro-relief, the abundance, composition, population dynamics and growth of post-disturbance and   e, composition, population dynamics and growth of post-disturbance and advance natural regenera   of classical morphometrical methods in growth analysis of trees and the assessment of the phot  otosynthesis process, which is a direct indicator of the growth dynamics of young trees, will b  ess, which is a direct indicator of the growth dynamics of young trees, will be used to test th  nd structure. linking establishment and growth rate to wood decomposition, nutrient cycling and  g establishment and growth rate to wood decomposition, nutrient cycling and decay fluxes may he  lti-purpose forestry must be based on a model having reliable predicting capacity with realisti  ecological interactions included in it. development of new regeneration methods for the forestr
10278	10	s, and from the emergence and spread of resistance of the malaria parasites and their mosquito   are effective that emerges. furthermore resistance is generally costly in the sense that it aff  stly in the sense that it affects other traits, e.g. increasing larval resistance could decreas  ts other traits, e.g. increasing larval resistance could decrease biting rate or adult longevit  rate or adult longevity. luckily, these traits are epidemiologically more relevant than larval    response may well reduce transmission. evolution of resistance may well be inevitable, but fai   well reduce transmission. evolution of resistance may well be inevitable, but failure of contr  proach is that it does not try to block evolution, but relies on the difference between epidemi  iologically and evolutionarily relevant traits to use evolution in an epidemiologically positiv  d evolutionarily relevant traits to use evolution in an epidemiologically positive way.
7455	8	objectives and content the use of high efficiency power devices based on silicon or gallium ar  ority research task is to establish the growth of device-quality materials. while the growth of   of device-quality materials. while the growth of gan for blue leds has progressed rapidly in r  yet clear which is the most appropriate growth technique. with bulk gan not yet available, ther   specialist experience in all realistic growth methods and covers all practical choices for sub  th a major objective of the mid-project review being a detailed recommendation on the most appr  combination. the second priority is the development of process technology for these materials,   ificant new aspects due to the chemical stability of gan and the high temperatures at which it
10566	1	o whole plants which were competing for dominance during the transition from non-leafy to leafy
1955	11	climate-change leads to advancement in tree-phonology i   and a subsequent advancement in insect-abundance. most temperate breeding bird species are for  highly dependent on this peak in insect-abundance, and most, but not all, bird-species have adv  dvancement of their laving-dates, since climate changes may not occur on their wintering ground  not have the right cues to start spring migration at the appropriate time when climate changes,   migration at the appropriate time when climate changes, and hence may arrive too late in their   breeding areas to profit from the food-abundance in spring. this is a possible reason why many  viour in adjusting their laving date to climate changes at temperate regions. we aim to study b  utcome of these effects will be used to model population dynamics and hence the likelihood of d   of these effects will be used to model population dynamics and hence the likelihood of decline  ikelihood of decline to extinction. the model species used in this project is the pied flycatch
14738	2	rd. in seabirds, the study of migratory connectivity is crucial to understand the impact of thr  ct of spanish longliners on the seabird community by boarding observers on longliners and colle
12211	1	ses resulting from 91/414 eec pesticide review and customer pressure is reducing selective herb
12520	3	oordination and knowledge transfer wp2: development of principles for animal health and welfare  lication of animal based parameters for evaluation of animal health and welfare in dairy cattle   health and welfare in dairy cattle and development of animal based parameters for calves, and
13607	3	l spectrum of social rationality in the development and subsequent evaluation of public policy.  ality in the development and subsequent evaluation of public policy. nowhere is this challenge   institutional practices associated with participation in the programs.
6742	1	ossil material we give new data for the development of the continental faunas and the change of
7041	3	research project p 13741 miocene ecosystem changes in the e-alps - leaf assemlages johan  modem geodynamic. investigations of the evolution of the eastern alpine region have partly unra  que starting point to study terrestrial ecosystem changes in the context of geodynamic processe
13874	8	t substrate and are therefore sensitive indicators of the environment. we assemble field and li  e therefore sensitive indicators of the environment. we assemble field and literature data on h  e assemble field and literature data on habitat requirements of peatland bryophytes and develop  oring. with these new data and methods, indicators can help to explain the reasons for recent c   reasons for recent changes in peatland vegetation and strengthen the monitoring in the natura   peat stratigraphy. published lists with indicator values are subjective and at best semiquantit  o the european and respond similarly to environment, and n american data can be included. for a  ronmental variables. the application of indicator values is often used with primitive statistic
15510	3	mistletoes how is modified the vegetation diversity, spatial structure and successiona  rs, and may induce different direct and indirect effects on the community, is important to obta  rent direct and indirect effects on the community, is important to obtain results under control
14139	1	st aim of the project is to analyse and review seal-fisheries conflicts in estonian coastal fis
15155	1	ginate from normal cells where cellular respiration has sustained damage is not new, in recent
15356	3	rial environments, and are an excellent model system to study and understand the evolutionary m  hin each group will be characterized by mapping different aspects of their natural history onto  al gene order rearrangements during the evolution of gastropods.
12061	8	global climate change and other human-induced pressures on the  nd other human-induced pressures on the environment have been triggering deep and rapid changes  en triggering deep and rapid changes in habitat structure and quality. in order to survive, liv  ewly colonized areas. understanding how habitat structure affects organisms is a difficult task  consequently, predicting how changes in habitat will affect the presence and distribution of or  in habitat will affect the presence and distribution of organisms over time becomes daunting. h  es from extinction, either by improving habitat quality or by facilitating the colonization of    habitat quality or by facilitating the colonization of newly available habitats. recently, pre
12021	8	or anthropic factors in a heterogeneous environment. better management practices of highly mobi  ing parameters of wildlife mobility and distribution pattern, in a heterogeneous environment, u  istribution pattern, in a heterogeneous environment, using african buffalo and european bear as  of cubs, human disturbance, topography, vegetation. for buffaloes, the pattern of herd movement   coupled with the effects of inter-herd competition for space. contiguous but overlapping, neit  behavioral and functional approaches to habitat selection when the spatio-temporal heterogeneit  itat selection when the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of environments supports, alternately or   se a management tool based upon maps of habitat classified according their importance for bears
2003	25	he analysis of the long-term effects of climate change on bog ecosystems requires a model that   g-term effects of climate change on bog ecosystems requires a model that includes interactions   ate change on bog ecosystems requires a model that includes interactions between plant species   een plant species and feedbacks between vegetation, hydrology and soil. we recently developed a  ecies and feedbacks between vegetation, hydrology and soil. we recently developed a process-bas  . we recently developed a process-based model describing the plant species composition and carb  ibing the plant species composition and carbon accumulation of peat bogs in relation to changes   of peat bogs in relation to changes in climate and environment. this model is the first model   s in relation to changes in climate and environment. this model is the first model for bog ecos  hanges in climate and environment. this model is the first model for bog ecosystems that includ  nd environment. this model is the first model for bog ecosystems that includes vegetation dynam  . this model is the first model for bog ecosystems that includes vegetation dynamics. however,    model for bog ecosystems that includes vegetation dynamics. however, the current version of th  cs. however, the current version of the model has limited possibilities due to large uncertaint   validating and applying this nucom-bog model. data on properties of the sphagnum species, such  f the sphagnum species, such as minimum nitrogen requirements, decomposition rates and evaporat   such as minimum nitrogen requirements, decomposition rates and evaporation characteristics, su   project 2, will be used to improve the model. next, data on the historic species composition a  on the historic species composition and carbon accumulation, supplied by project 1, will be use  , will be used to validate the improved model by comparing model output with data from the peat  alidate the improved model by comparing model output with data from the peat cores for the past   cores for the past 300 years for which climate input data are available. finally, the model wi   input data are available. finally, the model will be applied to analyse the long-term effects   ied to analyse the long-term effects of climate change on plant species composition and carbon   change on plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs, both in the past and in t
438	2	research contract ifb-gicc aimed at the development of bio-economic models for the diagnostic a  the diagnostic and viable management of ecosystems and their usages in a perspective of global
7192	2	increasing agricultural productivity in plants during the last five decades has  c expertise pesticides, agriculture and environment. in conclusion, this project highlights a s
7679	2	s of biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services , statisticians with expertise in de  isticians with expertise in demographic modeling, biologists with expertise in large mammals, e
10408	20	help fill knowledge gaps related to how climate change will impact provisioning and regulatory   will impact provisioning and regulatory ecosystem services; how these changes might affect rura  icy relevant research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rural liveliho  rch on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods. our research   ll be conducted at four sites where the ecosystem services provided by forests and hydrological  nd are at risk of major disruption from climate change. these sites include the great ruaha riv   will develop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in th  elop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in these lands  on of synergies and trade-offs in these ecosystem services under various management regimes. th  hood interactions related to fisheries, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, and to a r  llowing us to conduct both quantitative modeling and qualitative research with the greatest eff  rch with the greatest effectiveness and efficiency. through a series of informal preparatory me  esearch program to assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem services provision and loca   assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem services provision and local livelihoods. thr  rchers with the skills needed to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural   ded to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods for informing   levant research is critical for guiding development decisions that enhance local and national r  l, economic and social shocks linked to climate change. as a result of this proposed program, o  ons will be better prepared to adapt to climate change and to manage ecosystem services for the  o adapt to climate change and to manage ecosystem services for the benefit of the rural poor.
11413	20	help fill knowledge gaps related to how climate change will impact provisioning and regulatory   will impact provisioning and regulatory ecosystem services; how these changes might affect rura  icy relevant research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rural liveliho  rch on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods. our research   ll be conducted at four sites where the ecosystem services provided by forests and hydrological  nd are at risk of major disruption from climate change. these sites include the great ruaha riv   will develop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in th  elop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in these lands  on of synergies and trade-offs in these ecosystem services under various management regimes. th  hood interactions related to fisheries, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, and to a r  llowing us to conduct both quantitative modeling and qualitative research with the greatest eff  rch with the greatest effectiveness and efficiency. through a series of informal preparatory me  esearch program to assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem services provision and loca   assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem services provision and local livelihoods. thr  rchers with the skills needed to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural   ded to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods for informing   levant research is critical for guiding development decisions that enhance local and national r  l, economic and social shocks linked to climate change. as a result of this proposed program, o  ons will be better prepared to adapt to climate change and to manage ecosystem services for the  o adapt to climate change and to manage ecosystem services for the benefit of the rural poor.
10543	15	at the 2002 world summit on sustainable development that exploit commercially-important fish st  tant fish stocks in the north sea. this model will be used to investigate the impacts of differ  nt management options on the individual predators and on the ecosystem. in particular, we will    on the individual predators and on the ecosystem. in particular, we will focus on the implicat  changes in the management of the marine environment that are outlined in the white paper on the  d marine bill. we will use an operating model approach that describes three different sets of p  ent management scenarios. the operating model will be developed in two phases. a set of functio   haddock, whiting and herring and their abundance at a particular spatial location. a set of ag  e responses will be used to predict the distribution of fishing effort and seal foraging over s  ffort and seal foraging over space. the modelling process will be facilitated by similarities b   between the foraging strategies of the predators and the ways in which information on their be  ng it. we will focus on a subset of the predators whose foraging is constrained by the need to   lony in the north sea. finally, we will model the way in which new management regimes for marin  impacts of these regimes on the spatial distribution of fishing fleets and predators, on their   tial distribution of fishing fleets and predators, on their landings and body condition, and on
7277	3	erosion of biodiversity in fish: global warming, invasions of species and overfishing. in paral  ability. in this context, we propose to model the evolution of the mediterranean ichthyological  n this context, we propose to model the evolution of the mediterranean ichthyological biodivers
13586	3	pose before and therefore need testing, evaluation and perhaps modification. hence this project  nce this project will result in both an evaluation of the cost-efficiency of the three types of  esult in both an evaluation of the cost-efficiency of the three types of set-asides, and in a m
13767	10	humanity relies upon ecosystem services, however, the human modification of   ces, however, the human modification of ecosystems to increase the supply of food and fiber has  s resulted in the decline of many other ecosystem services. now individuals, groups and governm  correct this problem by including other ecosystem services in policies and management. however,  ovision of a single or a small group of ecosystem services, for example carbon sequestration, w  roup of ecosystem services, for example carbon sequestration, without consideration of how chan  anagement can alter the supply of other ecosystem services, such as water quality or pollinatio  ynamic models of the interactions among ecosystem services. these models will be closely linked  nked to three empirical case studies of ecosystem service interactions in human dominated lands  sessments that continue the work of the millennium ecosystem assessment.
11838	32	influencing local, regional and global climate and biogeochemical cycles, contributing ~15% to   contributing ~15% to the annual global carbon sink. climate change, particularly altered preci   ~15% to the annual global carbon sink. climate change, particularly altered precipitation regi  k. climate change, particularly altered precipitation regimes, is predicted to be a major threa  my, understanding the impacts of future environmental change on savannas is critical to their e   sustainability or their role as global carbon sinks. despite decades of research, factors regu  sts have tended to emphasize tree-grass competition for water, fire-induced bottlenecks to tree  to tree establishment, and large mammal herbivory as being the key determinants of savanna stru  failed to recreate patterns observed in nature, leading ecologists to seek additional mechanism  een overlooked is the role of tree-tree competition. there is a growing recognition that such i  es. little is currently known about the nature and importance of competitive interactions betwe  impediments imposed by the event-driven nature of their dynamics, where most establishment and    dynamics, where most establishment and growth occurs only following episodic rainfall events,   rovide a convenient way around the time-scale problem. in the proposed study, we will use a com  ation of field work, image analysis and modeling to investigate long-term tree demography in se  -term tree demography in selected large-scale experimental plots in the savannas of kruger nati   for isolating the effects of rainfall, soil properties and disturbance on savanna tree demogra  . specifically, we will investigate how vegetation spatial structure and local neighborhoods in   and local neighborhoods influence tree recruitment, growth and mortality, and how the nature o  ighborhoods influence tree recruitment, growth and mortality, and how the nature of such intera   influence tree recruitment, growth and mortality, and how the nature of such interactions chan  ment, growth and mortality, and how the nature of such interactions changes across gradients of   across gradients of rainfall, fire and geomorphology. we will use these data to develop a spat  se data to develop a spatially explicit model of savannas that integrates the effects of spatia  nce on tree demography. we will use the model to explore how future changes in precipitation, a   model to explore how future changes in precipitation, as is predicted by many climate models,    precipitation, as is predicted by many climate models, might influence the structure and above  nfluence the structure and above-ground carbon sequestration potential of different savannas, a  spatially explicit processes influences model outcomes and predictions. this work will provide   ide new insights into the importance of spatial pattern for savanna ecology, and will help defi  uded in comprehensive models of savanna vegetation dynamics if we are to successfully predict t  fully predict their responses to future environmental change.
15234	12	ain goal of this work is to construct a model to describe the relatioship between flushing and   he relatioship between flushing and the development of the planktonic community in hypertrophic  g and the development of the planktonic community in hypertrophic systems, taking the albufera   ry will be studied in relation with the development of the dominant planktonic species, as well  planktonic species, as well as with the density and diversity of the plankton community. we wil  e density and diversity of the plankton community. we will deepen in the study of the carbon cy  ity. we will deepen in the study of the carbon cycle by analysing the production and decomposit  dy of the carbon cycle by analysing the production and decomposition processes and the importan  n cycle by analysing the production and decomposition processes and the importance of the micro  nges induced by flushing in the trophic food web and specific plankton community composition. w   trophic food web and specific plankton community composition. we will additionaly make a recon  process and to visualize the planctonic community before last century human impact. the modeliz
7680	12	nges in use induce changes in landscape distribution: the gradual disappearance of human activi  ctivities on the site of the biological nature reserve of fontainebleau drives changes in ecosy  erve of fontainebleau drives changes in ecosystems resulting in a gradual disappearance of the   management and maintenance of landscape habitat is under european legislations, the onf is in c   in charge to overcome the loss of this habitat and its iconic species such as heather. to do s   decade, changing the plant communities distribution. efficient management leans upon regular s  nagement leans upon regular surveys and mapping of the plants' dynamics. it has been done manua  undertaken have shown the usefulness of remote sensing to produce typologies on larger surfaces  e particularly promising to monitor and model changes in surface vegetation types and thus the   to monitor and model changes in surface vegetation types and thus the biodiversity associated,    biodiversity associated, including the distribution of heather, caluna and molinia. developing  ne their evolutionary scenarii based on global change and to adapt their methods of landscape m
13330	9	ing interlinked and verified predictive modelling tools as well as state-of-the-art effect-asse  cable to european freshwater and marine ecosystems:1to assess, forecast, and mitigate the risks  ng pollutants on fresh water and marine ecosystems and their biodiversity at a river basin and   ty at a river basin and adjacent marine environment scale, 2to provide early warning strategies  r basin and adjacent marine environment scale, 2to provide early warning strategies on the basi  tion to stakeholders and the scientific community. this goal shall be achieved by combining inn  mbining innovative predictive tools for modelling exposure on a river basin scale including the  for modelling exposure on a river basin scale including the estuary and the coastal zone, for m  g the estuary and the coastal zone, for modelling effects on higher levels of biological organi
7676	1	ersity case study because of their dual nature, causing yield loss and acting as pest reser- vo
13609	7	the assumption that traits have associated costs as well as benefits is ess  s essential to the understanding of the evolution of defences against consumers. however, for s  out a conceptual understanding of algae function it will be difficult to recognize and predict   to recognize and predict the effects of environmental change on algal communities and associate  acroalgae, and, investigate the role of growth, plant size, and environmental conditions in det  ressed through a combined empirical and modelling approach and from this we aim to develop a ne  environmental changes that affect algal growth and reproduction.
10828	8	the project develops two new methods to model influences of climate and habitat variables on uk   two new methods to model influences of climate and habitat variables on uk plant species distr  hods to model influences of climate and habitat variables on uk plant species distributions. th  entre plant distributions using current climate data along with derivatives of elevation models  ives of elevation models, soil maps and land cover data. the comparison of these approaches wil  elation in such datasets on bioclimatic modelling efforts to be investigated. the models will t  oject plant distributions under varying climate and land use change scenarios.   distributions under varying climate and land use change scenarios.
10120	1	transmission of bovine tuberculosis and population dynamics. the woodchester park project was i
13972	8	result in cascadic interactions in the ecosystem that may work synergistically with eutrophica  roalgae. our overall hypothesis is that trophic cascade from decreased occurrence of top predat  ascade from decreased occurrence of top predators in concert with eutrophication results in exc  t with eutrophication results in excess growth of macroalgae in zostera. extensive data sets on  es in these biotopes. we will develop a model that describes an undisturbed system. the results  undisturbed system. the results of this model will be compared with model simulation where we s  lts of this model will be compared with model simulation where we systematically perturb the co   supply. to increase the quality of the model and to be able to do realistic perturbations we s
2183	10	climate profoundly affects ecosystem functioning, as we               climate profoundly affects ecosystem functioning, as well as human populations inh  n populations inhabiting and exploiting ecosystems. hence, climate change is likely to have ser  iting and exploiting ecosystems. hence, climate change is likely to have serious ecological, ec  we propose to develop a complete matrix community model for exploration, quantification and pre   to develop a complete matrix community model for exploration, quantification and prediction of  ation, quantification and prediction of climate effects on lake ecosystems. lakes are particula  d prediction of climate effects on lake ecosystems. lakes are particularly abundant in norway a  the world. to date, the consequences of climate change on lake fish communities are very poorly   strategies for natural resources under climate change.
13771	3	e forestry is to investigate the future development of populations given different forestry sce  ngle survey to develop a metapopulation model for a species with slow dynamics. however, data o  collect data for evaluating whether the model developed is applicable in a managed forest lands
14125	11	the grant project is to promote forest growth modelling in estonia with cooperation cost actio  ant project is to promote forest growth modelling in estonia with cooperation cost action fp060  rest management. the stand level forest growth models used in estonian forestry at the moment w   will be evaluated against the european growth and yield tables , also causes of the trend will  rend will be explored. according to the growth trends, the estonian stand level models which ar   a distance independent individual tree growth model will be elaborated on the estonian network  ance independent individual tree growth model will be elaborated on the estonian network of for  rated on the estonian network of forest growth permanent monitoring plot data. the model will b  wth permanent monitoring plot data. the model will be evaluated on long-term forest research pl  ment data. the new type estonian forest growth model will enable to predict dynamics of tree di  ta. the new type estonian forest growth model will enable to predict dynamics of tree distribut
2119	6	c team on applications and testing of a model of larval cod feeding and growth processes. this   ng of a model of larval cod feeding and growth processes. this model has now reached a stage wh   cod feeding and growth processes. this model has now reached a stage where he is using the mod  w reached a stage where he is using the model with data from ponds and land-locked fjords. the   sen to come to woods hole and apply his model of larval cod on these data. this opens a wide ra   exploring the interplay between larval distribution, foraging abilities, prey characteristics
14227	14	g between autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism type. to build up the conceptual ecosystem m  bolism type. to build up the conceptual ecosystem model, we carry out a critical review of publ  e. to build up the conceptual ecosystem model, we carry out a critical review of published lite  cosystem model, we carry out a critical review of published literature on võrtsjärv and synthes  ase of võrtsjärv are the large range of climate-related water level fluctuations causing up to   e microbial loop. to assess the flow of carbon and nutrients through the ecosystem, we will qua   loop. to assess the flow of carbon and nutrients through the ecosystem, we will quantify their  low of carbon and nutrients through the ecosystem, we will quantify their budgets using the dat  on nutrient loading, gas emissions, and sediment accumulation. to model the ecosystem metabolis  missions, and sediment accumulation. to model the ecosystem metabolism, we use high frequency d  and sediment accumulation. to model the ecosystem metabolism, we use high frequency data of dis  we use high frequency data of dissolved oxygen. the internal carbon cycle of võrtsjärv is model   data of dissolved oxygen. the internal carbon cycle of võrtsjärv is modelled and its climate s   cycle of võrtsjärv is modelled and its climate sensitivity tested by integrating physical, che
11614	6	t so diverse and will it survive global warming to answer these questions we propose using 3 ve  tions we propose using 3 very different vegetation models, biome, sdgvm and triffid to predict   id to predict the structure, extent and productivity of the amazon rainforest for three scenari  narios to provide an analogue to future climate s well as examining the influence of the evolut   well as examining the influence of the evolution of c3 and c4 competition on modern rainforest  influence of the evolution of c3 and c4 competition on modern rainforest diversity.
13722	1	rmation will enable us to predict plant population dynamics in changing environments. we will a
14808	2	he population level and the role of the life history, we pursue to gain a more coherent knowled  ges on individual species as well as on vegetation in general.
13763	6	spersal of plants creating high species-richness in grasslands. recent land-cover and land use   s on plant dispersal. in this project a model platform will be created and plant dispersal will  spersal will be modelled at a landscape scale. plant species field data . species with differen  data . species with different dispersal traits will be selected and used for modelling if dispe  al traits will be selected and used for modelling if dispersal is inhibited or promoted in diff  ies and landscape data will be used for model validation. results will provide a deeper underst
13951	2	pulations, how to optimise the size and distribution of source populations in the landscape, an  ire a desired species composition after habitat restoration.
11273	2	e future it has been predicted that the climate will change somewhat. included in these predict  with relatively short and the source of nutrients to the lake we can study how a lake will resp
12593	27	agricultural production and numerous other key activities are highly   the present day soil conditions. under climate change, the anticipated changes in temperature   mate change, the anticipated changes in temperature and precipitation may influence the structu   anticipated changes in temperature and precipitation may influence the structure and functioni  tioning of soils, making the local soil environment less suitable for some forms of activity an  ocesses typically respond to changes in soil moisture and temperature. of particular interest i  respond to changes in soil moisture and temperature. of particular interest is the possible cha   interest is the possible change in the soil carbon budget, for example by increased rates of n   net loss through enhanced breakdown of organic matter. this has the potential to enhance globa  his has the potential to enhance global warming, so is particularly important. an understanding  ntitative response of soil processes to temperature and water budget changes is known in genera   of the specific changes expected under climate change. our existing knowledge is built into pr   being tested by experiment and survey. temperature and precipitation are frequently factors dr   experiment and survey. temperature and precipitation are frequently factors driving the causal  esses such as mineralisation of organic nitrogen to ammonium. the aim of the project is to iden  ate simulations of changes in important soil properties under the climate change scenarios gene   in important soil properties under the climate change scenarios generated by ukcp09. these sce  vailable at a particular space and time scale, and there may be a need to modify them to suit t   need to modify them to suit the driver scale required by particular models. we will be seeking  s and threats in response to changes in temperature and precipitation: 1. erosion 2. loss of so   response to changes in temperature and precipitation: 1. erosion 2. loss of soil organic matte  nd precipitation: 1. erosion 2. loss of soil organic matter 3. compaction 4. contamination 5. s  mpaction, for example, are likely to be model by scaling up from process representation based o   be empirical and may be statistical in nature. other processes will be represented by models w  nding satisfactorily to past changes in temperature and precipitation. the uncertainty associat  rily to past changes in temperature and precipitation. the uncertainty associated with these mo  nses to other threats for which another model is the main simulator.
7681	1	the modribio project will develop a modelling framework allowing the representation of inte
12359	5	model will be set up by the met office ocean forecastin   from the met office weather prediction model. a tracer dispersion module will be applied to mo  er dispersion module will be applied to model the in-water-column dispersion of marine pollutio  f containers offshore. results from the model will be assessed and a short report prepared. a s  n annex to the iacmst goos action group modeling and monitoring
12378	4	that eutrophication poses to the marine environment. a key ospar objective is to combat eutroph  ea in order to achieve a healthy marine environment where eutrophication does not occur. the ta  nds and germany that riverine inputs of nitrogen from the uk caused a significant contribution    the best available evidence on whether nutrients arising from the uk rivers and estuaries migh
6967	18	potential vegetation models are of great importance as a baseline  re of great importance as a baseline of vegetation ecology. they can form the basis of climate   ion ecology. they can form the basis of climate change modelling and can assist effective natur  ey can form the basis of climate change modelling and can assist effective nature conservation   ange modelling and can assist effective nature conservation and habitat restoration. neverthele  ssist effective nature conservation and habitat restoration. nevertheless, large extent models   ding estimations for the whole range of vegetation types potentially present have not yet been   ased on the unique landscape ecological vegetation database & map of hungary , which allows cou  & map of hungary , which allows country-scale predictions in exceptional detail. recently new p  ch have promising feautre for potential vegetation modelling, but have not been tested on such   mising feautre for potential vegetation modelling, but have not been tested on such subject yet  ill be models and maps of the potential vegetation distribution of occurrence probability of ea  ls and maps of the potential vegetation distribution of occurrence probability of each mature v  f occurrence probability of each mature vegetation type in hungary, as well as an evaluation of  getation type in hungary, as well as an evaluation of the modelling techinques. the primary out  ungary, as well as an evaluation of the modelling techinques. the primary outcome will be furth  n the observed and potential pattern of vegetation types individually as well as in their co-oc  r co-occurrence. this will also provide nature conservation and ecological restoration implicat
12260	3	retaining biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems is a key priority within the uk. the biodive  his project is to develop an integrated model to predict how the decisions made about land-use,  hin agroecosystems, with a focus on how economic incentives could be utilised to optimise biodi
10493	16	he rate at which biologically available nitrogen enters the environment when compared to pre-in  logically available nitrogen enters the environment when compared to pre-industrial levels. thi   and groundwaters causing low dissolved oxygen levels, loss of habitat and freshwater and ripar  ng low dissolved oxygen levels, loss of habitat and freshwater and riparian biodiversity, lower  e is regarded as a hot spot of riverine nitrogen flux and some of the highest nitrate concentra  e nitrogen flux and some of the highest nitrate concentrations are found in uk rivers, particul  r thames. this is due to the population density, the extent of high-input agriculture within th  ry, and the small, relatively unimpeded nature of uk rivers. the potential for human impact on   r human impact on riverine nutrient and carbon fluxes by large-scale land-use and management ch  ine nutrient and carbon fluxes by large-scale land-use and management change has been demonstra  ter quality significance than projected climate change impacts. recent uk work has shown that g  n the importance of long-term catchment function, but alarmingly, in england, there are few dat   time series comprising monthly average nitrate concentrations for the river thames upstream of  se influences with potential impacts of climate change over a sufficiently long period. the pro  will help to identify whether projected climate change impacts will be as big a threat to water   big a threat to water quality as large-scale changes in land use. this will enable freshwater
14595	5	the aim of this project address the ecological functions of the toxins produced by cyanophy  s rivers, studying their effects on the growth and ultrastructure of aquatic fungi, microalgae   d bacteria, the factors affecting their production, their bioaccumulation in trophic webs and t  and their degradation or persistence in environment. the main objectives are: 1. to know the ef   to know the effects of microcystins in growth and ultrastructure of microalgae and aquatic fun
7154	5	. the face of global changes including climate risk, take into account uncertainty and arrival  ation. we must integrate the respective complexity of ecological systems, technical, economic.   gement of biodiversity. uncertainty and climate or global dynamics will be seen initially as im  plication fields: management by grazing habitat protected under the implementation of european   ework of the mathematical and numerical modeling, multidisciplinary approach that we incur aims
14479	3	short-acting tranquilizers, to modulate stress response in three different species of wild ungu  outhern chamois and spanish ibex in our environment. to our knowledge, no data about the use of  sing frequency nowadays, and monitoring stress procuring animal welfare needs to be a paramount
12062	5	ituted of plants . in terms of cultural evolution, the complex issue of the appearance and deve  the complex issue of the appearance and development of the modern human behaviour is directly l  linked with the human adaptation to the environment. was the modern behaviour influenced by cli   was the modern behaviour influenced by climate change and for recent periods, did modern human  n humans have a strong influence on the environment
15423	8	ecology. the tinto river is an extreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrat  xtreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusu  he tinto is one of the most interesting ecosystems for the study of the biological organization  me microbial communities adapted to low ph and high heavy metal conditions. understanding the m  ts possible origin. most of the primary productivity in the river is a direct consequence of th  ently the knowledge regarding the algal community of the tinto river and their role in this eco   the tinto river and their role in this ecosystem is almost nonexistent. the main objective of   the project the study of the acidic pit mining lakes located in the iberian pyritic belt. we wi
11299	2	natural populations. in coastal marine ecosystems, the oomycete eurychasma dicksonii is though  demics on algal populations and coastal ecosystems. however, many unresolved biological questio
11540	2	natural populations. in coastal marine ecosystems, the oomycete eurychasma dicksonii is though  demics on algal populations and coastal ecosystems. however, many unresolved biological questio
11630	6	one the major concerns for the natural environment is the possible effects of polluting chemic  regulate the levels of chemicals in the environment can check to see if disease is caused in fi  versities and organisations such as the environment agency so that both can learn about how thi   the assessment of animal health in the environment and to help companies and the government to  micals, if any, are causing harm in the environment.we will have a workshop where the scientist  cals on fish and other organisms in the environment.
14448	2	of lactic acid bacteria . the original development of specific gene markers for proving the pr  ture applicability of research works in development of probiotic products with scientifically p
10463	1	isers induced by, or which occur during recovery from, n deposition. analyses of amoa genes in
10328	1	their use will permit construction of a classification incorporating all major lineages establi
11385	13	competition for resources, such as food, shelter and ma   between individuals. many animals form dominance hierarchies where a clear pecking order is ap  genes differ between three ranks within dominance hierarchies. individual fish held under growt  hierarchies. individual fish held under growth and stress regimes enabled the identification of  . individual fish held under growth and stress regimes enabled the identification of genes sole  entification of genes solely related to dominance status. three candidate genes have been ident  ase which has previously been linked to stress responses; gaba a which has been implicated in a  osition since it loses weight, has high stress levels in terms of cortisol and stress-related g   stress levels in terms of cortisol and stress-related gene expression so may be unable to cope  nding on the causes and consequences of dominance status. modern technology shall also be adopt  ated with rank position and, if so, can dominance be predicted by analysing blood metabolites f  be used as a diagnostic tool to predict dominance relationships. understanding the mechanisms a  ding the mechanisms and consequences of dominance hierarchies will provide us with new informat
6852	12	several factors influence the spread of resistance. apathogenic organisms become resistant due   ne transfer and thus become part of the resistance gene-pool. furthermore, there is a bi-direct  c of all of these organisms between the environment and the susceptible host. consequently, stu  e host. consequently, studying only the resistance of pathogens recovered from patients will li  incidence and dynamics of the spread of resistance genes. furthermore, environmental microorgan  elective pressure for virulence and for resistance that their counterparts in the host. this pr  he relationship between virulence-, and resistance genes. our goal is to investigate the incide  te the incidence, linkage to multi drug resistance, the molecular background and transferabilit  lity of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance in enteric bacteria collected from some 160   at these results will contribute to the development of more accurate antibiotic resistance moni  development of more accurate antibiotic resistance monitoring systems, as well as to a better u  onship between virulence and antibiotic resistance.
6858	1	deprived ventricular function is a consequence of dilated cardiomyopathy and
11344	13	the carbon cycle in freshwater lake systems comprises two m  tems comprises two main phases: primary production and biodegradation. sediments and the lower   c phytoplankton biomass, principally to carbon dioxide and methane. in the environment, anaerob  mass, principally to carbon dioxide and methane. in the environment, anaerobic microorganisms f  y to carbon dioxide and methane. in the environment, anaerobic microorganisms function as commu  e environment, anaerobic microorganisms function as communities or consortia from which the iso  d a poor representation of the inherent complexity. one alternative is to analyse dna and rna e  re to the cellulose-degrading anaerobic community of freshwater lakes. in addition to the relat  inhabiting anaerobic fungi occur in the environment at large and are keen to determine their co  iversity within the cellulose-degrading community, and this will be followed up with direct pro  ling experiments to assess the relative abundance and contribution of the different members. th  uidance from the centre for ecology and hydrology, windermere, we plan to analyse cellulose bai  olonised in the water column and at the sediment surface of two contrasting lakes located in a
6807	2	ient to draw conclusions concerning the evolution and genetic relationship of myxosporeans and    understand the factors influencing the evolution of myxosporeans and their hosts. furthermore,
14544	7	detection in a large variety of natural ecosystems. most of these bacteria have not been cultur  ip of iron to phosphorous, sulphur, and nitrogen cycles in the studied ecosystem. the monitorin  hur, and nitrogen cycles in the studied ecosystem. the monitoring of the main limnological feat  in limnological features of the aquatic environment and, in particular, of the sediment-water i   environment and, in particular, of the sediment-water interface, will enable us to know the fu  r interface, will enable us to know the function and possible influence of acidobacteria in the  relation to nutrient cycling and system productivity.
7494	2	tion of microbial dna directly from the environment and its cloning in microbial hosts domestic  erons encoding full channels antibiotic production. the project aims to develop molecular scree
6907	9	l for variety identification and/or the development of efficient breeding methods to create new  ew apple cultivars selected for disease resistance, fruit quality or tree growth characteristic  sease resistance, fruit quality or tree growth characteristics etc. the emergence of pcr-based   rs has created the opportunity for fine-scale genetic characterizations of germplasm collection  ly linked molecular markers for disease resistance genes. microsatellite markers are ideal tool  or cultivar differentiation. some plant resistance genes have been already cloned and sequenced  solation of molecular markers linked to resistance genes in apple is planned to achieve using d  on population derived from the cross of resistance and susceptible cultivars is available for m   susceptible cultivars is available for mapping of these markers.
10074	17	otosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmo  he production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmosphere. in the nutrient-poor central   poor central regions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single  egions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled organi  mics of this important photoautotrophic community both horizontally, along several ocean transe  water column, and to assess the primary production contribution of phylogenetically identified   ly identified members of the marine ppe community. knowledge of the ppes occupying specific loc  xation rates. thus, estimates of global productivity using satellite imagery, which utilise onl  rophyll measurements, may underestimate productivity by not accounting for this photosynthesis   ince the species composition of pelagic food webs is intimately coupled with other major biogeo  al functions of the oceans not just the carbon cycle, it is necessary that for models to adequa  ict the flow of elements through marine ecosystems the detailed structure of individual compone  ucture of individual components of this food web be known. thus how organisms like ppes functio   be known. thus how organisms like ppes function and react to short-term change, and ultimately  crucial to understanding how the marine ecosystem responds to and changes the chemical environm  em responds to and changes the chemical environment and so ultimately affects global climate.   onment and so ultimately affects global climate.
7368	3	chromosome xix poplar wears qualitative resistance genes and partial resistance to leaf rust th  ualitative resistance genes and partial resistance to leaf rust the. we wish to study the molec  omal region and phenotypic variation in resistance
9814	4	marine synechococcus have a ubiquitous distribution in oceanic waters, responsible for around   ble for around a quarter of the primary production in some regions. however, much of our knowle   use molecular techniques to assess the distribution of these clades, in several ocean systems,  eral ocean systems, and correlate these distribution patterns with physical and chemical proper
10186	5	ll be developed and used to examine the distribution, diversity and activity of ch3cl -degradin  ity of ch3cl -degrading bacteria in the environment. phylogenetic probes based on 16s rrna gene  y of these bacteria in laboratory based mesocosm studies and in environmental samples. a new st  amples, will be exploited to relate the distribution of phylogenetic and functional markers of   sers to their in situ activities in the environment.
11087	1	n of partners in the legume root-nodule symbiosis is mediated by species-specific chemical sign
11470	1	the potential to analyse the molecular evolution of the genes underlying flowering time variat
7595	3	the project objective is to study the evolution of molecular diversity on resistance to patho  the evolution of molecular diversity on resistance to pathogens. we propose to evaluate the all  wo families of candidates characterized resistance genes in common bean. the sequence polymorph
14926	7	a major factor in the evolution of angiosperms is the adaptation of plants to  ery little is known about the molecular evolution underlying floral diversification as a result  der the control of div. the specialised function of ml1 and its upstream regulator div may have  several other families of lamiales, the function of ml1- and div-like genes could be linked to   d div-like genes could be linked to the evolution of asymmetric specilised flowers in this orde  lised flowers in this order. therefore, mapping the evolutionary history of the ml1 and div gen  iv genes will help us to understand the evolution of molecular and developmental pathways leadi
15045	6	a major factor in the evolution of angiosperms is the adaptation of plants to  ery little is known about the molecular evolution underlying floral diversification as a result  several other families of lamiales, the function of ml1- and div-like genes could be linked to   d div-like genes could be linked to the evolution of asymmetric specialised flowers in this ord  lised flowers in this order. therefore, mapping the evolutionary history of the ml1 and div gen  iv genes will help us to understand the evolution of molecular and developmental pathways leadi
10843	5	enetic analysis of adaptively important traits - suites of characters that are especially impor  ecially important in the face of global climate change. perhaps the biggest impediment to unloc   will yield important insights into the nature of a barrier to gene flow between two ecological   and into the potential of admixture ld mapping as a tool for the genetic analysis of adaptivel  enetic analysis of adaptively important traits in trees.
6811	2	united europe the importance of quality production is growing on and not in the mass production  ction is growing on and not in the mass production. the requirements of meat quality are develo
7004	7	e will estimate which of the identified predators will be potentially key-elements for the regu   project will finally contribute to the development of more efficient and ecological control st  ological control strategies. white grub predators will be identified by specific dna-sequences,  s, which can be found in the gut of the predators after consumption of scarab larvae. we will u  pproach, which will enable us to screen predators simultaneously for several prey species. our   with trophic relationships in different ecosystems. this will provide an important step forward  rtant step forward in applied and basic ecosystem-research.
7304	4	phylogeny of monkeys has shown that the evolution of this taxon primarily involves non- centrom  tures exist, explaining that particular evolution. these studies provide a new perspective on p  es provide a new perspective on primate evolution mechanisms and subsequently will be used for    in a context of fragmentation of their habitat
14101	2	synthetic chemicals, released into the environment may be causing adverse health effects in hu  ugh their ability to interfere with the function of the endocrine system. reproductive toxicity
14210	2	h play a central role in the regulation carbon dioxide uptake at minimal loss of water. this is  ll plasma membrane s-type anion channel function or regulation. it has been shown that guard ce
6777	1	thoma elasticum are responsible for the development of pxe, that is traditionally thought of as
10104	7	organisms nutritionally dependent on a symbiosis with sulphide-oxidising bacteria and bivalve   of these communities. subsequently, the symbiosis has been recognised in a range of shallow-wat  arine bivalve molluscs dependent on the symbiosis, members of the family lucinidae are by far t  the lucinidae in order to interpret the evolution of chemoautotrophic symbiosis within this biv  rpret the evolution of chemoautotrophic symbiosis within this bivalve family. this will enable   ideas concerning the acquisition of the symbiosis, structural accommodations to the bacteria an  s will be relevant to understanding the evolution and diversification of sulphide -dependent co
15007	2	aim it is also needed to have groups of model organisms for which the present day distribution   del organisms for which the present day distribution and characteristic of the species, populat
14590	1	rosatellites or on mitochondrial dna an evaluation of different dna markers will be done. final
14912	3	rial environments, and are an excellent model system to study and understand the evolutionary m  al gene order rearrangements during the evolution of gastropods. in addition, a molecular clock  hin gastropods will be characterized by mapping different aspects of their natural history onto
14535	2	eport of 2002, the committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology, r   definition in bacteriology, recommends evaluation of multilocus gene sequence analysis for its
14811	1	s on the possible trends of chromosomal evolution, and future cladistic analyses focused on mor
15435	5	n and the brasilian atlantic forest. as model organisms we propose a group of platyhelminthes,   ms for phylogeographic studies as their distribution and richness are highly influenced by the   aphic studies as their distribution and richness are highly influenced by the historical habita  are highly influenced by the historical habitat stability. namely, we want to characterize the   ly influenced by the historical habitat stability. namely, we want to characterize the factors
10352	6	plants require sulfur for growth, but most of the sulfur in natural soil is prese   leads to a two-fold stimulation in the growth of tomato seedlings. this project will examine t  on other plants, quantifying both plant growth and increased levels of sulfur and other mineral  ther minerals in the plant tissues. the growth stimulation effect will be correlated with the a  ilize this sulfur. the genetic basis of growth stimulation will be investigated in detail by mo  ability in the soil, and increase plant productivity.
14631	3	coidea. many authors disagree about the classification of the taxa included inside this family   nails, particularly with respect to the evolution of the reproductive stimulatory system and as  licodontidae endemisms, with restricted distribution ranges, and to propose conservation priori
15030	5	ersity. many authors disagree about the classification of the taxa included inside this superfa   groups. to establish the morphological evolution in this group of terrestrial snails, particul  chila species, their phylogeography and evolution. to know the number of the iberian xerocrassa  ships. to study the phylogeography, the evolution, the speciation processes, and the effects of  ms, some of them having very restricted distribution ranges, and to propose conservation priori
12410	4	tor 11 states that the `introduction of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that d  that do not adversely affect the marine environment.` continuous low frequency sound has been i   identified by the eu commission as one indicator for measuring good environmental status and m   the applicability of the ambient noise indicator as set forth by the directive. key customer p
14523	1	ensive use of the technique in regional-scale surveys. we also aim to determine, under laborato
12403	2	for assessing the quality of the marine environment. animal sentinels integrate the effects of   fd. this project will contribute to the development of a more integrated approach for contamina
13708	1	eservation of biodiversity and economic development.
15392	4	sed to continue in the future: the fast evolution of habitats due to changes in traditional lan  n traditional land uses, and the global warming . a thorough exploratory study of the whole flo  lp us to reveal possible ecological and functional traits common for the species with periphera  e changes in biodiversity due to global warming will occur, depending on the responses of diffe
15024	6	ogenic origin, grouped in the so called global change. it is a flora with a high degree of ende  ill obtain microclimatic information of temperature, relative dampness and solar radiation of t   of the soils under the above described vegetation and also bareground, but capable of being co  ground, but capable of being colonized: nutrients, texture, etc. finally, we will carry out dis  exture, etc. finally, we will carry out distribution models of high mountain species, in order    species which colonize such an adverse environment, since the high mountain is. it would help
12741	2	on peoples engagement with the natural environment, including visits to the natural environmen  onment, including visits to the natural environment
15110	2	temporal changes in marine vegetation have been related to episodic natural or ant  periments to elucid the main sources of stress will be carried out.
14967	2	ncluded in the book. their geographical distribution and their most representative morphologica  der to contribute to their more natural classification. restriction maps of the 5.8s, 18s rdna
7031	1	group of ciliates, besides the typical model organisms paramecium and tetrahymena. the present
14451	2	the investigation of taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and economic importance of four taxonomic  strata. 4. new data and analyses of the distribution, ecology, economic importance, and conserv
13814	4	se schemes—in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits to society—has not been rigo  im is to develop an ecological-economic model that is suitable for evaluating the cost-effectiv   the problem into the same mathematical model. in addition to ecological-economic methods, the   mies of crop pests, and to evaluate the ecosystem services provided by the latter two groups, a
7265	3	that man inflicts damage to terrestrial ecosystems. by studying the knowledge and practices of    explore the interrelationships between development, biodiversity and climate change; - mobiliz  s between development, biodiversity and climate change; - mobilize naturalists local knowledge
14497	1	classification of blood cells in reptiles, including th
14732	3	bus arteriosus appeared during chordate evolution much earlier than usually thought. in this re   which concern the anatomy and adaptive evolution of the fish heart and which have been controv  hogenetic processes that operate in the development of the cardiac outflow tracts of both lungf
15365	1	of many small estuaries with different geomorphology and land uses makes of this coastal zone
14552	2	4. to relate seedling morphological and functional traits with provenance, mother tree, and aco  with provenance, mother tree, and acorn production dynamics.
13358	2	almost whole of the country. the large distribution, natural and artificial selections by farm  ssions material collected from possible distribution areas.
7278	1	petals. . the results of this new non- model species, integrated with the data available in ot
15179	6	ject aims to investigate the effects of growth duration on the skeletal morphology in different   modern humans. it aims to develop a 4d model of morphological variation in silico. the charact  lico. the characterisation of different growth periods and their duration . finally, excavation   excavation methods are applied for the recovery of anthropological material in anatomical cont  esearch project is of interdisciplinary nature and its results will contribute to the developme   and its results will contribute to the development and transfer of data to different areas, in
11254	6	a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge  d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox  n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by small p  uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by small photosynthetic plants called ph  eraction between these two processes of mortality, together with the defence mechanisms that th  parts of the oceans there aren t enough nutrients for the cyanobacteria and it is important to
11494	6	a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge  d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox  n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by small p  uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by small photosynthetic plants called ph  eraction between these two processes of mortality, together with the defence mechanisms that th  parts of the oceans there aren t enough nutrients for the cyanobacteria and it is important to
11029	14	llions of floating microbes convert the energy of the sun into living tissue through photosynth  ankton , and their photosynthesis draws carbon dioxide are bringing great advances, but we stil  nnot estimate biological processes like competition and mortality in the ocean and these are im  ological processes like competition and mortality in the ocean and these are important in deter   there is also great variation in form, function and life-history. nevertheless, these essentia  microbes control the processes, such as oxygen production, which sustain all other life on eart  s control the processes, such as oxygen production, which sustain all other life on earth. inde  eed, the phytoplankton made the earth s oxygen atmosphere a billion years ago. in the last 15 y  death of phytoplankton could be for the energy flow of marine ecosystems: in some cases, more t   could be for the energy flow of marine ecosystems: in some cases, more than half of the surfac  detecting chlorophyll is not as good an indicator of primary production as we once thought and    is not as good an indicator of primary production as we once thought and suggests that our ide  ught and suggests that our ideas of how energy flows in the food web may be simplistic. the res  at our ideas of how energy flows in the food web may be simplistic. the research that we propos
7474	3	sed information relevant to sustainable development in mountain regions. mountain.trip will sta  ist in forms recognized by the research community but not easily or quickly assimilated by comm  ion-makers, stakeholders in economy and environment, planners and administrators, non governmen
10871	1	l capacity, agriculture, and population growth, in addition to the hard science of biodiversity
10373	2	e principles, policies and practices of nature conservation, providing them with the skills to   ts of different approaches to achieving nature conservation objectives in the uk and abroad. th
10876	1	h organisations that are engaged in the production or application of environmental information.
11133	1	the msc environmental monitoring, modelling and management provides advanced-level multid
10864	3	anagement, pollution management, global environmental change policy, health risk assessment pol  olicy and management, water management, energy policy, environmental economics and policy, busi   economics and policy, business and the environment. this grant supports 6 full studentships fo
11549	2	aspects; consideration of temporal and spatial scale; the design and application of aquatic mo  c monitoring programmes; and the use of modelling approaches for explanation and prediction pur
11649	2	aspects; consideration of temporal and spatial scale; the design and application of aquatic mo  c monitoring programmes; and the use of modelling approaches for explanation and prediction pur
11648	1	students with the technical aspects of gis software and hardware for capturing, managing, anal
10394	1	ronmental science teaching and business development by offering the only truly internationally-
1082	14	such as methylotrophs, that can utilise methane or other c1 compounds such as methanol and meth  re correlated with marine invertebrates metabolism, and methanogens that produce methane, poten  etabolism, and methanogens that produce methane, potentially increasing the entity of the emiss  ty of the emissions. the study of viral abundance, production, life strategies and decay rates,  missions. the study of viral abundance, production, life strategies and decay rates, will aim t  l aim to assess whether viruses control production and diversity of prokaryotic communities in   ity of prokaryotic communities in these ecosystems. the presence, abundance and diversity of me  ties in these ecosystems. the presence, abundance and diversity of meio- and macrofauna will be  , also in relation to the frequency and abundance of the mv methane emissions. investigation on  o the frequency and abundance of the mv methane emissions. investigation on the presence of mei  rformed to assess whether mud volcanoes ecosystems create environments that favour ecto- / endo  e environments that favour ecto- / endo symbiosis oases. finally, all data will be integrated a   data will be integrated and ecological modelling of bacteria-mediated c transfer to higher tro  low to understand the functioning of mv ecosystems.
536	7	roject is to investigate the effects of global change on the biodiversity of aphid communities   d at 3 levels: total number of species, phenology and reproductive strategy. data was provided   s due to introduced species but also to warming which favours rare species. no general trend of  species. no general trend of increasing density has been detected, but phenological prematurene  cal prematureness of almost all species phenology of aphids is expected to advance and their ab  aphids is expected to advance and their abundance to increase with temperature, and the possibl  ce and their abundance to increase with temperature, and the possible role of natural enemies t
14363	5	in ecosystems where two or more vegetation types or plant           in ecosystems where two or more vegetation types or plant species co-exist, the success   plant species co-exist, the success of remote sensing and multi-temporal image classification   remote sensing and multi-temporal image classification is evaluated. it is anticipated that by    similarity problem in intimately mixed vegetation systems can be addressed effectively. a mult
13974	2	de new insights into fungal ecology and evolution, and contribute to our better understanding a  impact on fungal biodiversity in forest ecosystems.
7698	3	r proposal is to develop a mathematical model adapted to the constraints of multi disciplinarit  raction, implementing computerized data mining and large-scale simulation. it will aim to help   ting computerized data mining and large-scale simulation. it will aim to help the decision on l
1086	3	ism, hunting and fishing, together with habitat fragmentation, that modify both structure and g  ecies with similar characteristics. the evaluation of tourist impact on vertebrate populations   salvelinus alpinus. finally, effects of habitat fragmentation due to human action to achieve ta
12483	7	the ecosystems approach is a strategy for the integrated ma  n an equitable way. the approach places human well-being as the central focus for assessment, w  while recognizing that biodiversity and ecosystems also have intrinsic value and that people ta  d that people take decisions concerning ecosystems based on considerations of well-being as wel   applicability of the principles of the ecosystem approach, as laid out by the ma, against the    policy objectives against the value of ecosystem services and potential impacts that takes dat  d potential impacts that takes data and model uncertainty into account.
15260	1	tension of our previous research on the evolution and systematics of aveneae/poeae, enlarged no
15261	1	tension of our previous research on the evolution and systematics of aveneae/poeae, enlarged no
522	4	o reveals of axis 2/ interdependence of production systems and biodiversity because the ovine f  arming systems of meat or milk, and the production standards might affect the availability of r  ractices. with this target we propose a modelling work relying on the pursuit of investigations   this case it would be a multiple-agent model formalizing all the possible dynamics of scavenge
15130	5	nalis presents an extended geographical distribution across very variable ecological conditions  molecular markers used. such widespread distribution can be explained by a great capacity to re  ariation of vegetative and reproductive traits, as well as the genetic variation in r. officina  the contribution of the extended floral phenology of rosmarinus officinalis to its success and    a plants progeny. 5.- to determine the distribution of r. officinalis in the mediterranean bas
15050	5	the evolution of multiple sexual signals within the same sp  ion. we predict that different types of traits might evolve to signal male condition in differe  rent sensory channels, thus, maximizing efficiency and reliability when multiple signals, with   ions in different populations may drive evolution of signals to maximize efficiency under local   drive evolution of signals to maximize efficiency under local conditions, and eventually lead
13966	6	the aims are to assess the effects of multiple stressors on shallow-water sediments and to st  hallow-water sediments and to study the nature of their interaction will be used as the model t  f their interaction will be used as the model toxicant. focus will be on the microscopic food w  icant. focus will be on the microscopic food webs and key ecosystem processes driven by them. c  be on the microscopic food webs and key ecosystem processes driven by them. complementing small  ses driven by them. complementing small-scale laboratory experiments, using natural sediments,
13735	3	nd heterotrophic micro-organisms in the sediment. we still lack knowledge about how multiple st  ment. we still lack knowledge about how multiple stressors affect the sensitivity and resilienc  cosms, applying theory and methods from community and systems ecology, ecotoxicology and molecu
14527	9	food web relationships are the basis of the ecosystem f   web relationships are the basis of the ecosystem functioning. use of stable isotopes can be us  is of the ecosystem functioning. use of stable isotopes can be used as indicators of the energy  . use of stable isotopes can be used as indicators of the energy flow through an organism in sy  otopes can be used as indicators of the energy flow through an organism in systems where the at   concentrations in the organisms of the food web. this aproximation with multiple tracers to th  th multiple tracers to the study of the food web will be developed in mountain lakes, given the  tion according to gradients of habitats complexity; and the bioaccumulation of pcb as tracers o  ioaccumulation of pcb as tracers of the energy flow in the foodweb.
14712	7	landscape. grazing activity models the vegetation conditioning the community of invertebrates.   models the vegetation conditioning the community of invertebrates. only in some areas wild her  alysis at different levels of landscape scale that provide information on the components of bio  e and conservation of the mediterranean ecosystems, and for that purpose 3 groups of insects wi  es susceptible to be used as biological indicators of possible changes of the environment and t  l indicators of possible changes of the environment and therefore for the monitoring of the sta  ing of the state of conservation of the habitat of communitarian interest.
11278	7	erm trends and driving forces on marine ecosystems in this region, such as for example climate   ems in this region, such as for example climate change impacts. this project will develop novel   multiscale analysis for collections of ecosystem processes, and quantify the different scale e  m processes, and quantify the different scale effects of eutrophication and climate change. the  ent scale effects of eutrophication and climate change. the project will also aim to quantify b  derstanding the complex interactions of climate, eutrophication and plankton abundance. by comb  of climate, eutrophication and plankton abundance. by combining the scientific understanding wi
14362	14	objective the spatial distribution of vector-borne diseases is tied to enviro   vectors will only thrive under certain habitat conditions. these can be defined in terms of ap  bitats are best documented at the local scale, climatic ranges are best described at the region  nges are best described at the regional scale. second, given a certain vector and pathogen dist  nd, given a certain vector and pathogen distribution, for the disease to be transmitted to huma  ere must be an overlap with the spatial distribution of human activities. land use will often r  ll often reflect accurately the spatial distribution of human activities, which both influence   tative explanation remains to be found. climate trends have been widely incriminated, but recen  resolution data have been successful at mapping either vectors or disease cases. however, the k  tal factors dictating vector or disease distribution indicates that factors acting at more than  es that factors acting at more than one scale should be considered. using the example of tick-b  on of the use of multilevel statistical modelling for the analyses of remotely sensed data, and  eases incidence, and, particularly, the scale of action of the environmental factors that are t  rengthening of the belgian expertise in remote sensing and spatial epidemiology ---------------
15355	5	e interactions among the species of the community to understand its trophic structure. second,   cies of the community to understand its trophic structure. second, we want to use the acquired   wledge to improve pest control and crop productivity. the project aims to be a long-term resear  ally, the fourth objective explores the stability of the community composition through the 12 y  objective explores the stability of the community composition through the 12 years of the study
10942	8	colonization of plants by am fungi is known to alter th  lants by am fungi is known to alter the growth and survival of foliar-feeding insects. this pro  hic level, namely insect parasitoids. a model system of leucanthemum vulgare, a leaf mining fly   system of leucanthemum vulgare, a leaf mining fly and its associated parasitoids will be studi   or chemistry or through changes in the growth and abundance of the fly. natural colonization o  ry or through changes in the growth and abundance of the fly. natural colonization of plants wi  rowth and abundance of the fly. natural colonization of plants will be reduced in the field and  plants will be reduced in the field and growth, survival and fitness of fly and parasitoids ass
11745	1	of site parameters, we will construct a model .
10371	2	however, various factors constrain the evolution of perfectly adaptive behaviours, including c  generation, deleterious mutations shift traits away from their perfect value. the importance of
542	10	we are studying the impact of global change on two specific insect-plant mutualisms.   mbines correlative methods . mutualisms function because the partners have contrasting and comp  ners have contrasting and complementary biological traits, so that a service implying only a lo  uced can disrupt the functioning of the mutualism. by comparing two strongly contrasting system  diversity of reactions of mutualisms to global change. by identifying common features, we also    generalizations about the reactions to global change of specific obligate mutualisms, an impor  nt/plant protection mutualisms: species-distribution patterns suggest restriction of the system  ansion of lowland and submontane-forest climate zones led to disruption of ant-plant mutualisms  tualisms, as ants were more affected by climate change than plants. preliminary results of expe  spond to co2 fertilisation by increased growth rate and/or by modified chemical composition of
15371	2	ism selection pressures have driven the evolution of some nest-building behaviours and antipara   behaviours and antiparasitic defensive traits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environme
14672	1	oral thesis. besides this, cataloguing, distribution analysis, identification and publication o
11096	12	ains around 35% of all c in terrestrial ecosystems and is the world s major source of softwood    this is exciting because it means that carbon fixed in photosynthesis by the trees might be us  e it would alter the way we think about carbon and nutrient cycling in boreal forest, affect ou   of how these forests respond to global warming, and influence the way that forest managers vie  t systems. we will then use isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to confirm that carbon   s. we will then use isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to confirm that carbon moves fr  en use isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to confirm that carbon moves from the host t  nitrogen and phosphorus to confirm that carbon moves from the host to the fungus and nutrients   n moves from the host to the fungus and nutrients move from fungus to host. by growing pine and   can investigate how much of the fungus carbon is derived from each host, and how that influenc   host, and how that influences how much nitrogen and phosphorus the fungus transfers to each ho  w that influences how much nitrogen and phosphorus the fungus transfers to each host.
14107	2	isms of functions of plant myosins. the model system is arabidopsis thaliana, the first plant w  ced genome are switched off what is the function of organelles fast movement in physiology of p
6827	10	n our studies maize hybrids differed in efficiency traits and yield when grown in the field wit  es maize hybrids differed in efficiency traits and yield when grown in the field with low and h  s.the assessment of only a few selected traits and their integration with yield is our approach  ith yield is our approach. the measured traits are aboveground total dry matter and grain yield  n taken into the aboveground plant. the traits evaluated are: n uptake efficiency . phase of de  ant. the traits evaluated are: n uptake efficiency . phase of development is important to the i  ted are: n uptake efficiency . phase of development is important to the interpretation of nitro  t is important to the interpretation of nitrogen stress. the analysis of the n fertiliser respo  rtant to the interpretation of nitrogen stress. the analysis of the n fertiliser responses of m  ids is inconceivable without the use of growth analysis. ecophysiological measurements are also
14976	5	tuary and their roots are anchored in a sediment with shows anoxic and alkaline conditions and   ns and where the concentrations of some nutrients, like ammonium and inorganic phosphorous are    inorganic phosphorous are high whereas nitrate and potassium concentrations can be low. the re  . finally, the transport mechanisms for nitrate, phosphate and ammonium will be characterized b  the ion which drives the entry of these nutrients into the cell. this ion could be sodium inste
11579	3	the release of particles of nanometre scale to the environment for the clean up of pollution    of particles of nanometre scale to the environment for the clean up of pollution is an emergin  ing technology. at the forefront is the development of nanoscale zerovalent iron . we will see
15063	2	ry are basic components in invasion and colonization patterns, and in the genetic structure of   g, the natal dispersal costs and on the evolution of natal dispersal patterns in these species.
15489	1	for reproduction and the quality of the habitat
13887	8	the aim is to study how native predators affect species invasions and how this resista  s affect species invasions and how this resistance change over time. initially, invasive specie  one explanation for this is that native predators adapt to changes at the food base and start t  new resource. timing and extent of this predator adaptation may be one of the key factors that    of the key factors that govern spread, population dynamics and the magnitude of negative ecolo   this, little is known about how native predators interact with invasive biota. i will study ho  ifferent time-scales and many different predators are present. the mollusk invaders have well-k  e well-known distributions, which allow predators to be caught that are naive, previously expos
12144	11	of the native species and forest stand productivity in the conditions of biological invasions    conditions of biological invasions and climate change, and offer cost-based measures for fores  ng of the species to the vulnerability, productivity and structure of forest stands. the trends  es of the native tree species and stand productivity, and acting environmental factors will be   ed, then making the economic-ecological evaluation of these changes. the potential effects of c  these changes. the potential effects of climate change on the populations of native tree growth  hange on the populations of native tree growth rhythm, the genetic diversity and condition, the  ity due to the biological invasions and climate change will be assessed. after the completion o  t assessment of the native forest trees growth and changes of stand productivity will be carrie  orest trees growth and changes of stand productivity will be carried out. it will then be devel  nd more sustainable condition stands on climate change and biological invasions conditions.
7112	1	e of the most remarkable aspects of new development policies is the obligation of the social ac
525	1	e of the most remarkable aspects in new development policies is that the actors are under oblig
10282	8	y animal populations change in size and distribution and why individuals behave as they do, it   y do, it is essential to understand how evolution occurs. over the past few decades a real succ   address questions about how particular traits affect reproductive success and hence drive evol  ct reproductive success and hence drive evolution. for instance, studies of darwin s finches ha  s finches have been able to demonstrate evolution occurring because particular beak shapes are   ave thus far been thoroughly studied in nature. we will use a network of digital video cameras   ickets are shared with almost all other model systems: without exception the species that are w  b based estimates of the inheritance of traits match estimates made in the field 8. do related
9932	6	pilot project to test the phylogenetic distribution of secondary metabolite gene clusters in m  ents. functional gene chips to test the distribution of a subset of natural product genes, incl  nal genes, detected in environmental or community surveys, to their host organism, except by in   clusters in which the both the rate of evolution and the potential for lateral gene transfer m   for environmental sampling to test the distribution of secondary metabolite genes across phylo  that biodiversity and the environmental heterogeneity of the biosphere. at a fundamental level
11746	2	el means of controlling biofouling. the growth of animals and plants on ships and marine struct   detrimental effect on the wider marine ecosystems. there is a strong need foor novel ways to c
10934	1	dy investigates if the phenomenon of ag resistance extends to other metals, cu pb, in fish from
14178	8	als can not move away from unfavourable growth conditions. consequently plants have developed s  erstand plant responses to the external environment. a complementary approach is to use natural  proach based on quantitative trait loci mapping to better understand plant adaptation to enviro  stand plant adaptation to environmental stress conditions. the natural genetic diversity in ara  aracterize genes and gene networks that function in determining ozone responses, important anti   antioxidants and adaptation to extreme climate conditions. due to consumer resistance to genet  eme climate conditions. due to consumer resistance to genetically modified organisms this resea  ility to breed for improved agronomical traits.
10096	1	wledge and understanding in the area of remote sensing data calibration and validation . import
10964	1	h local environmental proxies and wider climate data, should permit a better understanding of n
10656	10	the ecosystem services framework offers considerable potent   that simultaneously provide ecological stability and livelihood security, especially in the mo  egrate concerns about the resilience of ecosystems with their broader developmental implication  increasing evidence that the reality of ecosystem management involves making difficult choices   cult choices between different types of ecosystem services . it will use a process of expert-le  s . it will use a process of expert-led modelling of ecological and socio-economic dynamics alo  structured software for systems dynamic modelling to develop expert and participatory models of  ased workshops. the findings from these modelling exercises, and from the stakeholder workshops  how political constraints influence the nature of the process. these observations will be used    develop better strategies for pro-poor ecosystem management.
11839	3	tudy is to use the long-tailed tit as a model system to test predictions of the information mod   to test predictions of the information model. the caring effort of one parent will be increase  ll be monitored. the predictions of the model will be tested by conducting this experiment in s
9940	1	biostratigraphic and palaeoceanographic indicators, and direct comparisons will be made with ne
186	6	pattern of avian growth are highly variable within species and populatio  iety of environmental factors. although growth rate has important consequences on offspring fit  physiological mechanisms underlying the growth processes. in this project, we use a novel appro  y examining the impact of environmental stress on nestling growth patterns through changes in p  act of environmental stress on nestling growth patterns through changes in parent-offspring com  objectives of this study are to examine growth of vital body structures even in stressful condi
15369	2	ism selection pressures have driven the evolution of some nest-building behaviours and antipara   behaviours and antiparasitic defensive traits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environme
13948	4	shoots of birch, secondary metabolites, nutrients and feeding behavior of mountain hare and fie  dary metabolites, nutrients and feeding behavior of mountain hare and field vole. the complex c   with experiments, computational neural modeling and spatial network modeling in a cooperation   nal neural modeling and spatial network modeling in a cooperation with hans liljenström at dep.
10648	5	ize between species and, because of its function in balance, this size variation may relate to    the variation might also relate to the habitat in which a species lives, because flying in enc  rd rather than to its flying ability or habitat preference. this project intends to test these   used to predict flying behaviour and/or habitat, or whether the size of the bird is the control   a tool to test current ideas about the evolution of avian flight, and the transition from dino
13925	4	a pest of stored fruits as well as the model of insect olfaction. despite recent breakthroughs  onses to ‘banana as input, the computer model will compute synthetic blends that generate patte  anana in the fly brain. to increase the model’s power, i will physiologically characterize orns   exclusion of selected orns on the flys behavior. this entirely novel approach bypasses the ted
10929	2	al factors such as day length and water temperature and the increased levels of thyroid hormone  to prepare themselves for their seaward migration. their olfactory systems become temporarily h
13528	6	n geneticists only use molecular marker traits, yet these may not reflect the adaptive potentia   do better reflect variation in fitness traits, but the distribution of quantitative genetic va  ct variation in fitness traits, but the distribution of quantitative genetic variation in natur  how does landscape structure affect the distribution of quantitative and molecular genetic vari  quantitative genetic response of larval life history of the moor frog to environmental acidific   potential in amphibian populations. as environmental change increases rapidly as a result of a
11085	9	there general rules which determine the distribution of species and the richness of biodiversit  ine the distribution of species and the richness of biodiversity in an area can we make any pre  ributions will change with the changing climate a new theory of biodiversity attempts to explai  of biodiversity attempts to explain the distribution of diversity in an amazingly simple way, a  evel of populations, species and entire ecosystems. the main idea of this theory is that specie  l issue in this theory is the degree of migration of individuals between habitats. aquatic beet  n them. due to the differences in their habitat structure and persistence, some groups will rel  tudying entire communities, to test for species interactions over neutral models. because we ar  sting the forces that shape the species richness of the living world.
11457	3	veys are converted to species numerical density using target strength . uncertainty in ts is a   s a major contributor to uncertainty in abundance estimation. measurement of tts is a newly eme  y to identify species acoustically, aid ecosystem studies and assessment and management of comm
14452	4	ys the environmental risk assessment in model insects and small mammalians will be proposed. th  ssors and can be used as early –warning indicators of environmental effect of contaminants. new  ons. the project will create an optimal environment for young scientists as well as the project  joint projects in the field of ecology, environment protection, and the application of new mode
10367	4	hnids are the most diverse and abundant predators on land today. a complete picture of mesozoic  omplete picture of mesozoic terrestrial ecosystem function could not be assembled until now bec  led until now because data on the major predators - the spiders - are missing. the objectives o  data to understand mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and how they survived global extinction even
10287	7	ditionally, the importance of inorganic nitrogen for plant nutrition in terrestrial ecosystems   ogen for plant nutrition in terrestrial ecosystems has taken centre stage. recent studies, howe  t plants can also use dissolved organic nitrogen is high, due to low of rates of microbial turn  chemical forms of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n   s of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n pool. we will  ed and ubiquitous gradient of grassland productivity, coupled with non-destructive stable and r   and fate of components of don in these ecosystems. we believe that our data will provide new i
10298	7	ditionally, the importance of inorganic nitrogen for plant nutrition in terrestrial ecosystems   ogen for plant nutrition in terrestrial ecosystems has taken centre stage. recent studies, howe  t plants can also use dissolved organic nitrogen is high, due to low of rates of microbial turn  chemical forms of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n   s of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n pool. we will  ed and ubiquitous gradient of grassland productivity, coupled with non-destructive stable and r   and fate of components of don in these ecosystems. we believe that our data will provide new i
12242	10	0% of the uks agricultural land and the development of systems of land use and livestock produc  nt of systems of land use and livestock production with reduced environmental footprints is ess  d water quality and their potential for carbon sequestration. their genetic diversity also prov  des a source of genes for adaptation to climate change. forage grasses, especially perennial ry  ial ryegrass, and legumes adaptation to climate change through enhanced water use efficiency. t  imate change through enhanced water use efficiency. this involves selection for morphological a  ion for morphological and physiological traits that affect soil hydrology. genotypes will also   d physiological traits that affect soil hydrology. genotypes will also be selected for increase  lso be selected for increased water use efficiency under times of drought. the exploitation of   es for key environmental sustainability traits and the means for their assembly in elite germpl
11560	6	mportant in sustaining overall plankton growth in the north sea, particularly in summer and thi  articularly in summer and this plankton production may also be important in sustaining fish gro  ay also be important in sustaining fish growth. this proposal seeks support to study these laye  o assess their significance for overall productivity. climate change is likely to increase stra   significance for overall productivity. climate change is likely to increase stratification in   mpacts of such changes on phytoplankton productivity and fisheries.
15468	3	and hypersaline environments. one such environment is rambla salada, a hypersaline area in the   prokaryotic biodiversity found in this habitat has been studied previously by the group applyi  unknown halophilic taxa and study their distribution. finally, given that extreme environments
12019	4	ogical and evolutionary determinants of community structures is a major challenge in order to a   to analyse the consequences of ongoing global change on the functioning of biodiversity. this   is objective, we used the ficus-figwasp model. we have made almost 1000 wasp collections , allo  ly that it is feasible, on a short time scale, using modern techniques of imaging, genetics, ch
15325	1	me first: morphologica/genetic trait or environment-change is an observed change exclusively ge
10560	3	is idea, and other aspects of the early evolution of the biosphere, are few and far between. th   this research program is to develop ni stable isotopes as a marker for ancient life. we see th  early earth through an array of organic-carbon-rich samples available to us via existing and pr
14229	9	also their dependency on trees seasonal growth pattern. finally, we are looking answer to the q  nal water use has a passive or adaptive nature. we have three main hypothesis to prove: 1. the   red trees in deficiency of soil mineral nutrients. 2. the hydraulic conductivity of the root sy  eing highest within the period of rapid growth when the need for mineral nutrients is highest.    rapid growth when the need for mineral nutrients is highest. this research project will improv  dealing with water cycling on stand and ecosystem scale depending on atmospheric and soil condi  th water cycling on stand and ecosystem scale depending on atmospheric and soil conditions. the  riments give valuable information about growth and water use of fast growing economically impor  based economy models depending on trees growth conditions.
14498	3	e mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradiance combined with droug  mperatures. the imbalance between light energy absorption and its use in photosynthesis leads t  esis leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species correlation of biochemical quantificatio
10176	7	leaf respiration plays a vital role in determining global at  lobal c exchange models assume that the temperature coefficient of r exhibited in short-term me   short-term measurements can be used to model future rates of r. however, there is growing evid   r acclimates to longer-term changes in temperature. acclimation can result in plants maintaini  on will require an additional supply of nitrogen. this research project will establish the exte  nt to which thermal acclimation of leaf respiration is dependent on an adequate supply of nitro  n is dependent on an adequate supply of nitrogen. to provide a more mechanistic understanding o
13504	2	nitrogen and effects of o2 and reduced n on their n2-fi  des information about the diversity and distribution of heterotrophic n2-fixing bacteria in the
13613	6	nitrogen is the primary limiting nutrient throughout th  trient availability, driving changes in community composition, reducing productivity, and incre  nges in community composition, reducing productivity, and increasing carbon storage in stable s  , reducing productivity, and increasing carbon storage in stable soil pools. therefore, underst  pe labeling experiments and 15n natural abundance measurements to determine: 1 whether litter i  : 1 whether litter inputs from the most nitrogen-use-efficient ericaceous shrub whether this li
15113	1	ered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen and the environmental consultancy urs-españa s
15114	1	ered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen and the environmental consultancy urs-españa s
10051	10	the element nitrogen is not fixed and appears to be flexible . for   h, we measured a low ratio of n2 to n2o production from no2- and vice versa where water column   helps redefine our understanding of n2o production in oxygen minimum zones / why this ratio sho   our understanding of n2o production in oxygen minimum zones / why this ratio should change is   aters to test if the ratio of n2 to n2o production is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 product  on is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and analyse the ac  e , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and analyse the active bacteria involved  yse the active bacteria involved in the metabolism of these gases by using molecular or genetic   arabian sea should help the scientific community build better predictive climate models.   tific community build better predictive climate models.
11581	10	the element nitrogen is not fixed and appears to be flexible . for   h, we measured a low ratio of n2 to n2o production from no2- and vice versa where water column   helps redefine our understanding of n2o production in oxygen minimum zones / why this ratio sho   our understanding of n2o production in oxygen minimum zones / why this ratio should change is   aters to test if the ratio of n2 to n2o production is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 product  on is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and analyse the ac  e , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and analyse the active bacteria involved  yse the active bacteria involved in the metabolism of these gases by using molecular or genetic   arabian sea should help the scientific community build better predictive climate models.   tific community build better predictive climate models.
13936	11	and economical problems. cyanobacterial growth are estimated to constitute about one fifth of t  t one fifth of the total annual primary production in the baltic sea, and their annual n input   r techniques to analyze the genetics of nitrogen fixation, heterocysts development, toxin produ  etics of nitrogen fixation, heterocysts development, toxin production and the regulation of the  ixation, heterocysts development, toxin production and the regulation of these processes by com  gulation of these processes by combined nitrogen in nodularia spumigena. nodularia is one of th   with major contribution to the primary production of carbon and nitrogen in the baltic sea. th  ntribution to the primary production of carbon and nitrogen in the baltic sea. the results of t  to the primary production of carbon and nitrogen in the baltic sea. the results of this study w   of the effect of eutrophication on the nitrogen-fixation activity and hence the primary produc  fixation activity and hence the primary productivity of n by nodularia, and will be of valuable
2535	1	ng, molecular analysis, and statistical modeling. based on geographic and methodological distin
2071	3	ing a germination experiment in various vegetation types typical for the oceanic parts of norwa  wo different areas, for evaluating what vegetation types that have mainly been used for plantat  persed considerably, and may serve as a model for what genetic changes that follow an introduct
12692	1	to assess changes in the rate, scale and impact of non-native species introductions to
2108	13	of nessas is to quantify the impact of climate variability on the structure and function of th  limate variability on the structure and function of the barents sea marine ecosystem in order t   and function of the barents sea marine ecosystem in order to predict the ecosystem response to  arine ecosystem in order to predict the ecosystem response to possible future climate change an  e ecosystem response to possible future climate change and its possible economic impact. the pr  the gaps in our knowledge regarding the climate forcing of the physical oceanography of the bar  he barents sea and their impacts on the ecosystem. this will include a combination of retrospec  mbination of retrospective analyses and modelling. the information on processes and mechanisms   ion on processes and mechanisms linking climate and ecosystem responses will be used to extend   sses and mechanisms linking climate and ecosystem responses will be used to extend and improve   e making quatitative predictions on the ecosystem response to future climate scenarios. this wi  ons on the ecosystem response to future climate scenarios. this will include changes to the fis  tional globec regional program entitled ecosystem studies of sub-arctic seas .
2156	2	fically sound and objective approach to evaluation of the endangered species status for the new  and efficient management of the natural environment. the new approaches will be implemented in
7464	1	a biotechnology sme specialised in the production of reagents, a major pharmaceutical company
11819	1	why these species failed to survive the climate changes of the last 50,000 years. potentially,
12538	5	ng the quality of response, through the development and adoption of appropriate novel diagnosti  ateral flow devices by inspectors. with development of new assay formats and improved extractio  g pests of current statutory concern as model systems: further development of molecular field-t  utory concern as model systems: further development of molecular field-testing and development   elopment of molecular field-testing and development of novel methods for laboratory use. the re
6924	6	the increase of profitability of wheat production as well as the reduction of environmental ri  ary goal of this proposal is to improve resistance of the breeding material of martonvásár agai  to use rna silencing to develop durable resistance agaist powdery mildew by inactivating the ml  and glass house testing methods for the evaluation of wdv resistance to help virus resistance b  sting methods for the evaluation of wdv resistance to help virus resistance breeding programs.   luation of wdv resistance to help virus resistance breeding programs.
12313	2	ompound has already been registered for predator control in new zealand. if successful there wi  w compounds will enable the safer broad-scale management of rats and other rodents.
173	1	al peer-reviewed journals and books for distribution of results.
10291	30	ur ability to quantify the influence of phosphorus limitation and temperature on plant tissue r   influence of phosphorus limitation and temperature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon bal  itation and temperature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon balance of an organism and of a  rature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon balance of an organism and of an ecosystem is st  carbon balance of an organism and of an ecosystem is strongly dependent on the balance between    the balance between photosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration on land is at presen  otosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration on land is at present very slightly smaller  hotosynthesis, meaning that terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a sink for atmospheric car  re thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon di   dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. about 8  tration in the atmosphere. about 80% of respiration from land is thought to come from trees, so   so understanding what determines plant respiration is central to understanding how the terrest  are available to help us quantify plant respiration over large regions of the world. for exampl  lthough we know that the most important nutrients for plant growth - nitrogen and phosphorus -    the most important nutrients for plant growth - nitrogen and phosphorus - limit plant metaboli   important nutrients for plant growth - nitrogen and phosphorus - limit plant metabolism, we ha  trients for plant growth - nitrogen and phosphorus - limit plant metabolism, we have almost no   - nitrogen and phosphorus - limit plant metabolism, we have almost no information on how phosph  m, we have almost no information on how phosphorus deficiency limits plant respiration, and hen   how phosphorus deficiency limits plant respiration, and hence the carbon balance. we also know  limits plant respiration, and hence the carbon balance. we also know only a little about how pl  also know only a little about how plant respiration responds to temperature: currently our glob  about how plant respiration responds to temperature: currently our global models of terrestrial  rently our global models of terrestrial ecosystems make large assumptions about this that may b  ider that: to quantify the influence of phosphorus deficiency on the temperature dependence of   fluence of phosphorus deficiency on the temperature dependence of plant respiration. we will be   on the temperature dependence of plant respiration. we will be able to link our results to exi  n the relationship between plant tissue metabolism and nitrogen concentration, and to incorpora  hip between plant tissue metabolism and nitrogen concentration, and to incorporate the results   e results into site-specific and global modelling frameworks. the project is highly cost effici
11285	21	ur ability to quantify the influence of phosphorus limitation and temperature on plant tissue r   influence of phosphorus limitation and temperature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon bal  itation and temperature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon balance of an organism and of a  rature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon balance of an organism and of an ecosystem is st  carbon balance of an organism and of an ecosystem is strongly dependent on the balance between    the balance between photosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration on land is at presen  otosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration on land is at present very slightly smaller  hotosynthesis, meaning that terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a sink for atmospheric car  re thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon di   dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. a large  mosphere. a large fraction of the total respiration from land is thought to come from trees, so   so understanding what determines plant respiration is central to understanding how the terrest  are available to help us quantify plant respiration over large regions of the world. for exampl  lthough we know that the most important nutrients for plant growth to quantify the influence of   the most important nutrients for plant growth to quantify the influence of phosphorus deficien  ant growth to quantify the influence of phosphorus deficiency on the temperature dependence of   fluence of phosphorus deficiency on the temperature dependence of plant respiration. we will be   on the temperature dependence of plant respiration. we will be able to link our results to exi  n the relationship between plant tissue metabolism and nitrogen concentration, and to incorpora  hip between plant tissue metabolism and nitrogen concentration, and to incorporate the results   e results into site-specific and global modelling frameworks. the project is highly cost effici
12512	3	this proposal will assist in the development and implementation of policy relating to th  n uk dairy systems, while not affecting productivity, will significantly improve farm-gate nutr  ficantly improve farm-gate nutrient use efficiency and pathogen control. this will provide stra
14876	3	valuate the biomass, necromass, primary production and decomposition to assess the productivity  mass, necromass, primary production and decomposition to assess the productivity of each stand.  duction and decomposition to assess the productivity of each stand.
14658	1	f adaptative processes related to their environment. considering all these aspects, the aim of
10667	3	s, to discover the magnitude of surface ph variations at seasonal-up-to-decadal time scales. we   all the quality data relevant to ocean carbon uptake and ph. estimation of change will be set   ata relevant to ocean carbon uptake and ph. estimation of change will be set against the backgr
10916	3	s, to discover the magnitude of surface ph variations at seasonal-up-to-decadal time scales. we   all the quality data relevant to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived.   to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends
11174	3	s, to discover the magnitude of surface ph variations at seasonal-up-to-decadal time scales. we   all the quality data relevant to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived.   to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends
11403	3	s, to discover the magnitude of surface ph variations at seasonal-up-to-decadal time scales. we   all the quality data relevant to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived.   to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends
146	2	to preserve the quality of environment for the life of the coming generations, it   d margins are promoting parasitoids and predators presence in agrocenosis.results enable us to
12402	6	heir effects on marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems and other components of the earth system, an  ponses to ocean acidification and other climate change related stressors by marine organisms, b  s by marine organisms, biodiversity and ecosystems including an improved understanding of their  ding an improved understanding of their resistance or susceptibility to acidification. key cust  sks of ocean acidification to allow for development of appropriate mitigation and adaptation st  to allow for development of appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies.
13776	12	rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are making the oceans   ars, fossil fuel burning has caused the ph of the oceans to fall by 0.1 units - a seemingly sma  0 it is reliably estimated that oceanic ph will be ~ 0.4 units lower than at present . the impa  ects of these changes on coastal marine ecosystems, and the data that do exist suggest that del  stages such as fertilization and larval development may be particularly susceptible. this proje  will assess the impacts of an up to 0.4 ph unit decrease in ocean ph on the fertilization succe   an up to 0.4 ph unit decrease in ocean ph on the fertilization success and larval development   on the fertilization success and larval development of key ecosystem-structuring species of mar  n success and larval development of key ecosystem-structuring species of marine invertebrate in  namics and integrity of swedish coastal ecosystems. this can, in turn, inform future strategies  nagement and conservation of our marine environment, and the ecosystem services it provides.   tion of our marine environment, and the ecosystem services it provides.
10894	4	s is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the earth s atmosphere. much of this   ere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; co2 entering the sea makes it more acidic, and  istry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and o  eracts with the atmosphere to influence climate. we propose to run a carbonate chemistry facili
10003	6	s is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the earth s atmosphere. much of this   ere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; co2 entering the sea makes it more acidic, and  istry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and o  eracts with the atmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in  f natural environmental variability and complexity that is difficult or impossible to capture i   experiments on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future resp
10153	6	s is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the earth s atmosphere. much of this   ere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; co2 entering the sea makes it more acidic, and  istry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and o  eracts with the atmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in  f natural environmental variability and complexity that is difficult or impossible to capture i   experiments on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future resp
11687	6	s is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the earth s atmosphere. much of this   ere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; co2 entering the sea makes it more acidic, and  istry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and o  eracts with the atmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in  f natural environmental variability and complexity that is difficult or impossible to capture i   experiments on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future resp
11824	2	phere system plays a key role in global climate events such as the el nino-southern oscillation  sing a state-of-the-art numerical ocean model in conjunction with satellite-based observations
14987	3	interest within the framework of global warming given that the changes induced by human activit  s can be affected by the gradual global warming are key tools towards conservation of biologica  ties, to identify potential methods for mitigation of the impacts and to provide elements of ju
7397	1	quality or origin, are accompanied by a complexity of management bodies and decision, a"synchro
11452	2	here, we plan to monitor the olfactory development from weaning to sexual maturity using an in  nd thus contribute to understanding the evolution of sociality.
6768	6	s for the approach of understanding and modelling processes and of the development of terrestri  ding and modelling processes and of the development of terrestrial ecosystems during earth hist  s and of the development of terrestrial ecosystems during earth history is palaeobotany providi  eserved fossil floras suitable for both environment and climate reconstructions are available f  loras suitable for both environment and climate reconstructions are available from the oligocen  nstruction of the palaeoenvironment and ecosystems of the oligocene at the inner carpathian reg
2547	2	investigate the genetic architecture of traits of interest, that is, traits associated with rep  tecture of traits of interest, that is, traits associated with reproductive isolation. finally,
14635	7	eams, water in caves and the anquialine habitat. it is still unknown: - which environmental var  t the time of invading the subterranean environment - which model could offer a good historical  ng the subterranean environment - which model could offer a good historicalo-functional explana  lquivir basin, including the anquialine habitat. - morphologica study beyond the needs of ident  d, based on morphological and molecular traits. - morphological trends with habitat change. - p  lar traits. - morphological trends with habitat change. - pattern of biodiversity and distribut  t change. - pattern of biodiversity and distribution at various taxonomic scales. c.- museistic
15421	5	dicted that, as a consequence of global warming, the distribution area of sandflies and baleari  as a consequence of global warming, the distribution area of sandflies and balearic island. the  codes cytochrome b, thus completing the distribution maps for sandflies in spain. our findings   consolidated through new studies on the density and abundance of these dipterans in different b   through new studies on the density and abundance of these dipterans in different biotopes of t
15176	3	h pursue the analysis of the scientific nature of taxonomic hypothesis and its supporting evide  pective aims to 1 deal in detail on the nature of observation associated with the taxonomic wor  of taxonomic work and 4 the bias in the evaluation of taxonomic activity. from a practical poin
2058	8	fferent climatic regimes drives primary production on the northern svalbard shelf through diffe  rthern svalbard shelf through different carbon sources and in different years. ultimately, the   insight into the energetic pathways and trophic structure of this ecosystem and its stability v   pathways and trophic structure of this ecosystem and its stability versus sensitivity in the f  hic structure of this ecosystem and its stability versus sensitivity in the face of predicted f  itivity in the face of predicted future climate changes. such an ecosystem-based approach is th  edicted future climate changes. such an ecosystem-based approach is the most effective means to  understand the possible consequences of climate change to biotic systems.
12451	13	and to use this data to investigate how climate change and fishing have impacted the distributi  te change and fishing have impacted the distribution of fishing effort, fish abundance and food  he distribution of fishing effort, fish abundance and food-web structure. specially, implicatio  pecially, implications of shifts in the distribution of fish and fisheries and changes in size   d changes in size structure of the fish community, and gathering more information about the str  ion about the structure of the relevant ecosystems when fishing pressure was low and under diff  ng pressure was low and under different climate patterns. key customer purpose utilise existing  ng-term datasets to: map changes in the distribution of catches and effort of the fishing fleet  nfer factors influencing changes in the distribution and abundance of fish; use biological data  uencing changes in the distribution and abundance of fish; use biological data from scientific   size and age of fish and their relative abundance has changed and help infer factors influencin  nfer factors influencing changes in the distribution and abundance of fish.   uencing changes in the distribution and abundance of fish.
15211	3	ms to study the ontogenic variations in energy compounds jointed to the metabolism of polysacch  ions in energy compounds jointed to the metabolism of polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nu  ssessing pollution levels in freshwater ecosystems. in order to do this, we have developed a wo
10227	5	evolution is expected to occur when natural selection a  ival and reproductive success depend on body size, a trait which is known to be determined, at   genetic and environmental influences on evolution. by analysing the way in which the trait, its  its genetic basis of variation, and the nature of natural selection on it may all change with a  ction on it may all change with age and environment, it is expected that this work will provide
14370	3	improve the quality of existing optical remote sensing products for marine and inland waters ba  iffuse attenuation coefficient, primary production, phytoplankton functional groups and partial  ient, primary production, phytoplankton functional groups and partial pressure of co2. 2. multi
10020	21	st all ecologies: namely repellent anti-predator defences. predation is a fundamental process i  amely repellent anti-predator defences. predation is a fundamental process in the structuring o  ing of ecological communities, allowing energy flow from primary producers to higher trophic le  ary producers to higher trophic levels. predation, and the need of potential prey to avoid atta   one of the most pervasive causes of co-evolution in ecological communities. although great str  ing the mechanistic functioning of anti-predator defences, here we take a more ecological view,  d physiological viewpoint. further, the distribution of such defences have been considered both   levels of investment in repellent anti-predator defences, within which such empirically-derive  ical attention that has focussed on the evolution and maintenance of aposematic signals that ca  sematic signals that can warn potential predators of such chemical defences. however, existing   efences in a simplistic manner as fixed traits that are not subject to selection. the small num  lthough chemical defences act to reduce predation in immature life-history stages, the physiolo  acquisition of toxins can slow juvenile growth rates. hence, the key trade-off is ecological: i  increase exposure to attacks by slowing growth rate and so increasing time to maturity. the fac  predictive theory of investment in anti-predator defences, and how this changes with ontogeny,   es, and how this changes with ontogeny, life history and ecology. 2. parameterise this model us  story and ecology. 2. parameterise this model using existing empirical relationships and purpos  rpose designed experiments. 3. use this model to make predictions about how investment in defen  ntogenic colour change this theoretical development will be supported by purposed designed expe   to parameterise, evaluate and validate model assumptions, and by comparative analysis aimed at  y comparative analysis aimed at testing model predictions.
11044	21	st all ecologies: namely repellent anti-predator defences. predation is a fundamental process i  amely repellent anti-predator defences. predation is a fundamental process in the structuring o  ing of ecological communities, allowing energy flow from primary producers to higher trophic le  ary producers to higher trophic levels. predation, and the need of potential prey to avoid atta   one of the most pervasive causes of co-evolution in ecological communities. although great str  ing the mechanistic functioning of anti-predator defences, here we take a more ecological view,  d physiological viewpoint. further, the distribution of such defences have been considered both   levels of investment in repellent anti-predator defences, within which such empirically-derive  ical attention that has focussed on the evolution and maintenance of aposematic signals that ca  sematic signals that can warn potential predators of such chemical defences. however, existing   efences in a simplistic manner as fixed traits that are not subject to selection. the small num  lthough chemical defences act to reduce predation in immature life-history stages, the physiolo  acquisition of toxins can slow juvenile growth rates. hence, the key trade-off is ecological: i  increase exposure to attacks by slowing growth rate and so increasing time to maturity. the fac  predictive theory of investment in anti-predator defences, and how this changes with ontogeny,   es, and how this changes with ontogeny, life history and ecology. 2. parameterise this model us  story and ecology. 2. parameterise this model using existing empirical relationships and purpos  rpose designed experiments. 3. use this model to make predictions about how investment in defen  ntogenic colour change this theoretical development will be supported by purposed designed expe   to parameterise, evaluate and validate model assumptions, and by comparative analysis aimed at  y comparative analysis aimed at testing model predictions.
11334	9	discharges in particular in relation to nutrients, minimising carbon footprint, and at the same  ar in relation to nutrients, minimising carbon footprint, and at the same time, minimising capi  esilience but also to reduce associated carbon and economic costs. therefore, the water industr   this programme examines new biological modelling approaches for a fixed film process and so de  a better understanding of a robust, low energy technology for achieving increasingly tighter de  ience among others, to deliver a biofim model and thus improved rbc operation and design that i  but is also embedding the importance of carbon footprint in waste water treatment process optim  t of this work will be to deliver a new modelling approach for biological fixed film processes   ptimise pollutant removal at the lowest carbon cost.
13601	10	likely need to be re-evaluated to meet ecosystem needs. most flow alteration in swedish rivers  rs and streams is related to hydropower production. present environmental law dictates that mea  ld be implemented to safeguard riverine ecosystems. however, there is no standardized model for  tems. however, there is no standardized model for environmental water allocation, nor is there   inkage between prescribed flows and the ecosystem. flows are kept more or less constant, lackin   variables that work as drivers for the ecosystem and often extreme low flow levels are used. s  al flow regimes for sustaining riverine ecosystems suggests that the static and arbitrary minim  reams and to develop methods that match ecosystem needs by developing flow-ecology response cur  or variables representing structure and function of riparian ecosystems. i will do this by comp  ting structure and function of riparian ecosystems. i will do this by comparing reaches without
15285	4	in the current global change scenario, it is necessary to develop agro  l management strategies which allow the optimization of the goods provided. in the proposed stu  and processes involved in the diversity-function relationship, and its transmission across trop  t performs, such as the mineralization, decomposition and denitrification, associated to the nu
15286	4	in the current global change scenario, it is necessary to develop agro  l management strategies which allow the optimization of the goods provided. in the proposed stu  and processes involved in the diversity-function relationship, and its transmission across trop  t performs, such as the mineralization, decomposition and denitrification, associated to the nu
7544	2	palm in southeast asia, first area of ​​production of palm oil. its causal agent is ganoderma b  particularly important to develop early resistance test, with the inoculation of seedlings with
188	9	e proposed research is aimed to analyse ecosystem changes of large shallow lakes based on the i  tion of long-term dynamics of dissolved organic matter . identification of dissolved organic ma  ic matter . identification of dissolved organic matter in sediments allows to estimate long-ter   lake and cachment area in formation of organic matter. investigation of dom and psp from l. pe  . studies of long- term changes of lake ecosystems via sediment analyses are timely both from t  ng- term changes of lake ecosystems via sediment analyses are timely both from the aspect of eu  h from the aspect of eutrophication and climate change impact analyses. few studies have been d  ill add important information for using sediment investigations for estimation of long-term eco  l changes of such lakes, as well as for modelling and predicting future scenarios.
14872	9	soils can be source and sink of carbon, then soils contribute to carbon cycle regulatio  ink of carbon, then soils contribute to carbon cycle regulation and their consequences on clima  le regulation and their consequences on climate change. land use and soil management influence    land use and soil management influence soil organic carbon content and its flux to the atmosph  d man made, fires which occur in forest ecosystems involve soil degradation that can be reversi   to increase the amount of sequestrated carbon by the soil, its productivity and biodiversity.   of sequestrated carbon by the soil, its productivity and biodiversity. the present project star  n experience of a fire-declined area by vegetation cover establishment and exogenous organic ma  ation cover establishment and exogenous organic matter addition
15057	2	technological applications due to their production of enzymes, compatible solutes and exopolysa  and ecological role of halomonas in the environment as a whole and also the influence of enviro
15138	4	cophylogenetic analysis, specially the colonization or host switching through the food webs. t  onization or host switching through the food webs. this will require the elaboration of a phylo  graphical information about the current distribution of the associations. finally, the specific  gmogaster antarcticus, with a worldwide distribution in several host species, will be determine
10796	2	ntal changes that occurred as the early vegetation evolved and spread, hopefully shedding light   light on issues concerned with current global change.
14977	3	tive, in groups of plants containing no model organisms. the project is focused on morphologica  rticils in three case studies: of known function in model organisms will be explored in selecte  hree case studies: of known function in model organisms will be explored in selected species. p
11465	1	ular phylogenetic approach to track the distribution of methanogenic archaea in guts, faeces an
11557	1	aurs this project will demonstrate that evolution of the air sac system is more complex than cu
11858	2	r several questions about cotton genome evolution and domestication utilizing remarkably preser  dimension to the study of cotton genome evolution to address several hypotheses of genomic chan
10322	5	we plan to investigate the evolution of parasite life cycle complexity for a ubiqu  te the evolution of parasite life cycle complexity for a ubiquitous group of organisms found in  ertebrate data reviewed in the light of evolution, but the proposed combination has far reachin  hat underpin sustainable economies. few ecosystems are free from tapeworms, and almost all spec   pertinent in understanding the natural environment.
10000	10	search aims to develop a new ecological model for crop domestication, integrating the roles of   domestication, integrating the roles of environmental change, plant traits, and human agency, u  he roles of environmental change, plant traits, and human agency, under the constraints of the   interactions between plants, humans and environment during the period preceding fully agricultu  ecessary to develop and refine this new model. our ecological model is formulated within the ar  d refine this new model. our ecological model is formulated within the archaeologically documen   archaeologically visible domestication traits: larger grain size and seed indehiscence, and se  at seed size correlates with a suite of functional traits which, through ecological processes,   s of these crop species. we advance the model through the discussion of four hypothetical phase   assess the feasibility of the proposed model for explaining observed changes. the construction
12394	5	objective: to coordinate and draft the climate change contribution for the ospar qsr in 2010.   e: this project is designed to lead the production of section 3.1 of the ospar qsr `impacts of   ection 3.1 of the ospar qsr `impacts of climate change on the north-east atlantic ecosystem`, l  imate change on the north-east atlantic ecosystem`, link into the production of chapters 2 and   east atlantic ecosystem`, link into the production of chapters 2 and 3.2, and contribute to the
11843	8	live in the area they invaded. invasive predator species able to use a wide range of prey are p   been studying the interactions between predators and their prey. they have learned about the i  ay an important role in the success and mitigation of invasions. they have also devised equatio  ions to predict how the rate at which a predator remove prey from a population varies with the    prey from a population varies with the abundance of a prey population. they have also gained a  ers of wildlife resources that will use predator-prey theory and new empirical data to devise a  al, the water vole that is subjected to predation by the invasive american mink. the project wi  ce. we will find out whether there is a density below which trappers are no longer interested i
11245	24	functioning as vital aquatic floodplain habitat for many threatened species and as important si  ened species and as important sinks for sediment, nutrients, and contaminants. the ability of o  es and as important sinks for sediment, nutrients, and contaminants. the ability of oxbows to p  pends upon their persistence as aquatic habitat, an attribute partly determined by the initial   torage space and may persist as aquatic habitat for centuries. in contrast, oxbows that inherit  ten become completely filled by natural sedimentation processes and converted into terrestrial   rocesses and converted into terrestrial habitat within decades after their formation. the susta  he sustainability of aquatic floodplain habitat in the context of climate-driven environmental   ic floodplain habitat in the context of climate-driven environmental change depends upon a mean  abitat in the context of climate-driven environmental change depends upon a means for reliably   hat newly created oxbows persist in the environment, a means predicated upon an understanding o  bsence of a mechanistic analysis of the sedimentation processes responsible for transforming se  volumes of oxbow lakes, critical to the development of theory explaining the geomorphological a  ing the geomorphological and ecological evolution of the floodplain environment. to achieve thi   ecological evolution of the floodplain environment. to achieve this purpose, the work will: a.  cipal controls on rates and patterns of sedimentation within newly forming oxbows using evidenc  g evidence from the field and numerical modelling results; b. determine the mechanisms that est  arated channel segments using numerical modelling experiments; c. document the influence of ini  volumes on oxbow persistence as aquatic habitat from sedimentological data and numerical modell  rom sedimentological data and numerical modelling; d. develop and validate a model capable of p  al modelling; d. develop and validate a model capable of predicting the initial open-water volu  ls. the results will also allow for the development of a quantitative model capable of predicti  w for the development of a quantitative model capable of predicting oxbow persistence as aquati  predicting oxbow persistence as aquatic habitat and will thus have significant impact on wider
10037	2	reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected   d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.
10039	2	reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected   d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.
10293	2	reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected   d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.
10296	2	reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected   d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.
11055	2	reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected   d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.
11306	2	reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected   d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.
11570	2	reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected   d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.
11834	2	reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected   d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.
15212	8	-offs, particularly in key life-history traits and reproductive strategies in birds. recent stu  tudies emphasized the role of oxidative stress as an important physiological mediator of life-h  rmine the impact of breeding effort and growth on oxidative damage in biomolecules in both germ  the genetic architecture of life-hitory traits and oxidative-related parameters. this subprojec  ge and sexual selection in life-history evolution. moreover, a long-term monitoring program on    ideal species to work during the chick growth. the results from the different tasks will allow  s to know broad aspects in life-history evolution, from a general perspective to proximate and   olve recurrent problems in life-history evolution.
13481	7	project will generate new knowledge on ecosystem functioning. we will build a model of the dyn   ecosystem functioning. we will build a model of the dynamics of a number of key compounds: vit  ins , defense enzymes against oxidative stress and fatty acid cpmposition, at different trophic  e in baltic fish know as m74: oxidative stress, astaxanthin, thiamine and fatty acids. one of o  urbances in fish correlate to a pelagic regime shift caused by large-scale environmental change   a pelagic regime shift caused by large-scale environmental changes, notably eutrophication. in  gned to obtain quantitative measures of ecosystem health for the baltic sea. this is scientific
12531	5	rnoviae in both nurseries and the wider environment. these strategies have largely focussed on   ance maintained on treating/removing re-growth of the host, it has been possible to prevent fur  n that the pathogens can persist in the environment, particularly in soil, pathways and waterco  e. this will allow investigation of the scale of contamination in each situation and give a mor  e new spatial techniques to measure the development of disease on rhododendron plants infected
14414	11	sapes is a research environment combining ecological and socio-economic res  agricultural land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to create state-of-the-art deci  ools to aid adaptive governance of agro-ecosystems. our aim is to understand how land-use and f   affect farmland biodiversity and thus, ecosystem services. we are also interested to learn mor  tion will then be used to generate agri-environment schemes that are better adapted to benefit   ed to benefit farmers, biodiversity and ecosystem services. finally, we will provide decision-m  ort tools that can be used to guide the development towards more applicable and implementable m  table measures and schemes that benefit ecosystem services. sapes is a collaboration between lu  . together we develop a strong research environment working for a sustainable agriculture where  able agriculture where biodiversity and ecosystem services are managed as assets to society. sa   to society. sapes as a strong research environment is financed for the five-year period 2010-2
11447	4	of scales to resolve their lifestyles, community structure and intra-/interregional variation.   will allow reconstruction of ediacaran ecosystems on a scale of cm to 1000 plus minus km. the   nstruction of ediacaran ecosystems on a scale of cm to 1000 plus minus km. the focus will be on  role of organisms in defining the total environment, and understanding their contribution to ev
14757	6	in this project, the production of new palaeoecological sequences will join   vestigate the patterns and processes of vegetation change for iberia during the interval plioce  related biogeographic processes such as migration and populational expansion/retraction. within  g the use of an ecologically contingent model that give to inertia, resilience and vulnerabilit  lience and vulnerability of terrestrial ecosystems an adequate role in interpreting palaeoecolo  gaps in our knowledge of the floras and vegetation of the study period. to achieve part of thes
9939	2	xtra-african dispersion events in human evolution. the number and timing of such events remains  of human dispersion as one facet of the evolution of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of the pli
6885	7	ormant eggs and allozyme analysis along sediment cores. species composition of the subfossil zo  omposition of the subfossil zooplankton community can be reconstructed by its remains. it also   n between recent and ancient crustacean community helps us to establish the ecological status o  ant egg banks integrate spatio-temporal heterogeneity in cladoceran community, thus analysis of  io-temporal heterogeneity in cladoceran community, thus analysis of dormant egg banks support u   an actual diversity of microcrustacean community can be realised. hatching of daphnia ephippia  . hatching of daphnia ephippia from the sediment supplies specimens for the allozyme study to r
7149	3	was to"hang"of the recordings of global climate changes in the tropics. long considered subject  t to degradation indices markers of the environment due to ambient conditions. the choice of th  come this handicap through a geological environment conducive to trapping and conservation biog
432	4	rd of global climatic shift in tropical environment that is said to be neutral to this recordin  rety that erases the smooth shifting of environment. we undertook an archaeological approach of  ording of climatic shifting in tropical environment, the second was to identify these shiftings  o test the impact of volcanic events on climate as it is suggested that the role of volcanism h
10219	3	how climates changed and how plants and ecosystems responded. this work will use new chemical r   stalagmites to help understand how the environment of the indonesian region has changed over t  floresiensis coincided with substantial environmental change. in particular by creating longer
10905	3	how climates changed and how plants and ecosystems responded. this work will use new chemical r   stalagmites to help understand how the environment of the indonesian region has changed over t  floresiensis coincided with substantial environmental change. in particular by creating longer
7450	4	nternational markets. the effect on the ecosystem is little known, and the forests resilience i  the size of the resource by making palm community studies in the different forest formations an  e policies in relation to resilience of ecosystems and use this to propose sustainable policies  scientific publication for the research community. the team behind the proposal represents 10 u
12728	1	of special scientific interest and the environment agency in order to provide the contractor w
13346	4	nternational markets. the effect on the ecosystem is little known, and the forests’ resilience   the size of the resource by making palm community studies in the different forest formations an  e policies in relation to resilience of ecosystems and use this to propose sustainable policies  scientific publication for the research community. the team behind the proposal represents 10 u
10647	6	ming years as a consequence of climatic warming. there may be no summer sea ice in the arctic b  ination causing a rapid increase in the growth of marine plants to quantify how strong and regu   to quantify how strong and regular the migration behaviour is and relate this to the biologica  ove models of how zooplankton transport carbon, through their faecal material, to depth. unders   sea ice might alter changes in the way carbon is captured and stored in the productive arctic   stand the role of zooplankton in arctic ecosystems and this is of particular importance if pred
12070	8	s can lead to severe damages, including oxygen depletion, decrease of light penetration, losses  habitats, and services , and the global warming. the fact that a lot of coastal dinoflagellates  nt cysts that accumulate locally in the sediment is an inflating parameter: an invasive species  rrent problem in the newly contaminated ecosystem. if a lot of works has been done to understan  ence of the contaminated marine coastal ecosystems over time. long term surveys suggested that   hese parasites in recently contaminated environment by toxic and invasive dinoflagellates in or  nd their role on the resilience and the stability of marine coastal ecosystems.   nce and the stability of marine coastal ecosystems.
15061	2	a central theme in community ecology is the search for principles accounti  project can contribute substantially to community ecology, fisheries, biology conservation, evo
15145	1	contamination as well as in the case of ecosystems perturbed by fire, constitute the main objec
14519	3	eir health status, as it can affect the production and the reproductive capacity of their hosts  h. the final goal of the project is the development of specific control measures for each paras  l measures for each parasitoses in each ecosystem, including hygienic and management measures f
14521	3	eir health status, as it can affect the production and the reproductive capacity of their hosts  h. the final goal of the project is the development of specific control measures for each paras  l measures for each parasitoses in each ecosystem, including hygienic and management measures f
14520	1	nimals setting-up of an epidemiological model and establishment of control measures
11339	1	ling begging reflects increased sibling competition arising from polyandrous mating.
7271	3	l look in the 1,200 identified species, indicators of overall biodiversity and ecosystem servic   indicators of overall biodiversity and ecosystem services productions. indicator species class  ity and ecosystem services productions. indicator species classes value of these attributes wil
10985	17	explicitly identify trade-offs between ecosystem services and between the wellbeing of differe   stakeholders resulting from policy and development scenarios and environmental change. we will  om policy and development scenarios and environmental change. we will achieve this by combining  ange. we will achieve this by combining modelling and participatory processes to represent inte   the developed framework to the coastal environment of kenya through a series of expert and sta  es of expert and stakeholder workshops. ecosystem services have become popular for understandin  anding linkages between human needs and ecosystems, yet their use in practical application to p  in practical application to problems of development and sustainability, and poverty alleviation  or es frameworks to take account of the complexity and interactions inherent in social-ecologic  s that account for trade-offs under the complexity of social-ecological systems with explicitly  ll develop a novel framework to combine modelling and participatory processes to understand, do  he framework in a case study of coastal environment of kenya. we will develop quantitative and   cological components. interspersed with model development and data collation, we propose to con  cal components. interspersed with model development and data collation, we propose to conduct f  dological tools, plan scenarios, obtain model parameters, conduct multi-criteria analysis, and   vide a framework to study trade-offs in ecosystem services and facilitate the discussion of sha  r-group in policy discussion related to ecosystem services, and thus contribute to developing p
10782	4	iologically important elements, such as carbon situations. data describing changes in growth an   situations. data describing changes in growth and activity of the organisms will support the c  esults will thence be incorporated into ecosystem models that will examine the implications for  ill examine the implications for marine productivity and biogeochemistry of the improved descri
11318	4	iologically important elements, such as carbon situations. data describing changes in growth an   situations. data describing changes in growth and activity of the organisms will support the c  esults will thence be incorporated into ecosystem models that will examine the implications for  ill examine the implications for marine productivity and biogeochemistry of the improved descri
13841	6	tterns are analysed with regard to past land-use change as well as physical properties of the l  uthestern sweden representing different landscape change in the past, such as afforestation, ab  t or intesification. historical data on land-use change is interpreted from old cadastral maps    the 17th and 18th century. present-day vegetation is interpreted from aerial photographs and f  ty of fragmentation, landuse change and habitat loss in grassland and small grassland habitats.  ndcape scenarios is going to be used to model plant spieces survival and pattern depending on l
10265	12	since the discovery of fire and the development of agriculture, humans have been releasing   agriculture, humans have been releasing carbon dioxide . atmospheric co2 is predicted to steadi   will dissolve in seawater, forcing the ph of the surface ocean lower and lower. it is likely t  ower and lower. it is likely that ocean ph will reach values seen only rarely since the time of   to control co2 emissions to keep ocean ph change within the limits calcifying organisms can co  see dissolution of their shells, slower growth, failure to reproduce, dwarfism, or reduced acti  uced activity, with impacts further the ecosystem. unrestricted industrial activities may even    adapt and evolve in response to global environmental change. although the global environmental  vironmental change. although the global environmental change we are causing now is many hundred   the numbers. this will tell us how the ph of the ocean changed in the past. by linking this in  g this information with observations of ecosystem changes and species extinctions will provide   e vital clues to what changes in marine ecosystems we might expect in the future if we do not m
10791	12	since the discovery of fire and the development of agriculture, humans have been releasing   agriculture, humans have been releasing carbon dioxide . atmospheric co2 is predicted to steadi   will dissolve in seawater, forcing the ph of the surface ocean lower and lower. it is likely t  ower and lower. it is likely that ocean ph will reach values seen only rarely since the time of   to control co2 emissions to keep ocean ph change within the limits calcifying organisms can co  see dissolution of their shells, slower growth, failure to reproduce, dwarfism, or reduced acti  uced activity, with impacts further the ecosystem. unrestricted industrial activities may even    adapt and evolve in response to global environmental change. although the global environmental  vironmental change. although the global environmental change we are causing now is many hundred   the numbers. this will tell us how the ph of the ocean changed in the past. by linking this in  g this information with observations of ecosystem changes and species extinctions will provide   e vital clues to what changes in marine ecosystems we might expect in the future if we do not m
2534	2	onmental conditions, such as population density and influence individual production strategies   lation density and influence individual production strategies in the reindeer husbandry in norw
2187	3	nvestigate the occurrence of extinction thresholds, i.e. abrupt declines in patch occupancy acr  ivated pastures and uncultivated linear habitat elements. fourth, we evaluate consequences of d  project will give insight into how both habitat quality and landscape structure affect viabilit
15122	5	se to study the pathways of river water distribution in stratified reservoirs and to evaluate t  evaluate the influence that river-borne nutrients have on the nutrient dynamics of the surface   e processes determining the pathways of distribution of nutrients in stratified reservoirs and   rmining the pathways of distribution of nutrients in stratified reservoirs and the changes of t   smallest fraction of the phytoplankton community are triggered in response to changes in nutri
11448	6	ent theoretical work into the effect of spatial pattern on population dynamics and the pattern-  k into the effect of spatial pattern on population dynamics and the pattern-generating processe  and the pattern-generating processes of population dynamics suggests that local competition and  population dynamics suggests that local competition and limited dispersal could prevent competi  ive exclusion and hence promote species richness. we propose to use a model system of annual pl  e species richness. we propose to use a model system of annual plants to test this prediction u
2048	9	transparency, but above all stakeholder participation. this implies informed participation of f  er participation. this implies informed participation of fishermens organisations and of enviro  ions and of environmentalists, but such participation warrants a far better information managem  dly accessible. this leads to divergent perceptions amongst stakeholders on simple issues even,  ers on simple issues even, like spatial distribution patterns of the fish, stock dynamics and t  fishery relative to that of the natural environment. the three objectives of this study therefo  cientists, and explaining the different perceptions from the type, content, availability and ac  fic traditions and from the information environment, and 3. drafting an information management   ent plan in support of a more equitable participation of all stakeholders
2100	4	causes for this difference include slow growth and low productivity of deep-sea fishes, and pos   difference include slow growth and low productivity of deep-sea fishes, and possibly that popo  eographically beacause of the sedentary nature of most species and restrictions on movement imp  ons on movement imposed by the physical environment. because little if anything is known on pop
2091	6	e interaction between organisms and the environment properties in the lower part of the pelagic  erties in the lower part of the pelagic food web. experimental work in laboratory and mesocosms  nalysis in an attempt to understand how population dynamics, biodiversity and biogeochemical el  inked complementary aspects of the same ecosystem. particular interest is directed to the relat  diversity and which directs the flow of energy and material in the food web. stable coexistence   the flow of energy and material in the food web. stable coexistence, as opposed to unstable fl
14164	16	primary productivity enables life on the earth. the possible im  he earth. the possible impact of global climate change on oceanographic conditions brings atten  n to the biological importance of large-scale hydrological processes. the regulation of primary  al processes. the regulation of primary production of communities is still not fully understood  a few recent studies in oceanic coastal ecosystems, while there is no available data from estua  ilable data from estuarine or non-tidal ecosystems. the topography-related exposure of marine a  f exposure on the regulation of primary production is very poorly known to date. the project is  neous regulation of benthic and pelagic production in the coastal sea. field experiments will b  mbined with observations, sampling, and remote sensing techniques. spatially large-scaled inves  l cover the benthic and pelagic primary production, the impact of herbivory, detrivory, and car  lagic primary production, the impact of herbivory, detrivory, and carnivory on primary producti  ry, detrivory, and carnivory on primary production, and the impact of eutrophication or consume   of eutrophication or consumer-mediated facilitation on primary production and higher trophic l  nsumer-mediated facilitation on primary production and higher trophic levels, as well as the sp  d higher trophic levels, as well as the spatial variability of benthic and pelagic communities   t the consequences of eutrophication or community changes at different hydrological conditions
15387	6	hind the striking difference in species richness between temperate and tropical regions. howeve  luencing diversification and phenotypic evolution in tropical taxa. in this project we will exa  ivers of diversification and phenotypic evolution in tropical regions at both a micro- and macr  at both a micro- and macro-evolutionary scale, providing an essential step forward in the under   and central american amphibians as our model. amphibians represent nearly 15% of known vertebr  e will test whether rates of phenotypic evolution increase with rates of speciation, as would b
15390	3	better understanding of the origin and evolution of one of the major and most threatened biodi  ndscapes are impacting wildlife and how climate changes affected in the past. this could provid  hanges could be expected to have on the evolution of the diversity in this region and others.
14938	7	ternational priorities for research and development. in this framework, the study of the geneti  actors and processes that determine its distribution, contributes to the design of sound manage  end, we aim at assessing the levels and distribution of genetic variability for t. baccata usin  ned at two spatial scales: 1 across its distribution range in the iberian peninsula and baleari  performed on a national-wide geographic scale, has the following objectives: and genetic dynami  the species ecological and life-history traits in maintaining its evolutionary potential for co  ionary potential for coping with global climate change, and to help in designing appropriate ma
11111	5	of all plants and animals vary in many traits that are controlled by genetic variation. findin  enes involved in economically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insectici  ically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance in pests   ease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance in pests and their relatives. here we will s  n for convergence within the local prey community. mimicry alleles vary between and within popu
9837	5	of all plants and animals vary in many traits that are controlled by genetic variation. findin  enes involved in economically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insectici  ically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance in pests   ease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance in pests and their relatives. here we will s  n for convergence within the local prey community. mimicry alleles vary between and within popu
15492	1	in our knowledge about the ecology and evolution of allopatry identification of common pattern
10899	3	ry objective. 2. calcareous nannofossil evolution through eocene hyperthermals and the eocene c  shifts played a significant role in the evolution of the oceanic plankton at this time. if earl  tion to test for the forcing effects of temperature and/or ocean chemistry changes . this is an
2533	2	ated methodology to address gaps in the evaluation of payments for environmental services deter   gaps in the evaluation of payments for environmental services determination of policy benchmar
7719	2	payments for environmental services programs are expanding rapidly a  an instrument for preserving endangered ecosystems, especially in developing countries where ps
10409	50	to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impa  peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and secondly, to   are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and secondly, to develop meaningful ind  ge, and secondly, to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of n  thern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. clima   carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, t   support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the  on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac  ten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and   osystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and other pollutants has already caused a sign   of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydrology, through  at climate change will disturb peatland hydrology, through widespread summer drying, thus reduc  spread summer drying, thus reducing net carbon sequestration. this project aims to understand h  understand how the combined stresses of nitrogen pollution and changing climate will affect bio  sses of nitrogen pollution and changing climate will affect biodiversity and ecosystem properti  ng climate will affect biodiversity and ecosystem properties of peatlands. we hypothesize that   nds. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition, there will be reduct  esize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition, there will be reductions in the di  ypes, there will be replacement by more nitrogen-loving species and both these changes will con  will contribute to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increa  te to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increased losses of  this will result in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principall  ult in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated  ed losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated levels of nit   seen principally as elevated levels of nitrogen in stream-water and rising concentrations of g  cipate that these negative responses to nitrogen pollution will worsen under climate change due  to nitrogen pollution will worsen under climate change due to increased microbial activity seen  n under climate change due to increased microbial activity seen particularly in warm summer con  e relationship between peatland species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe  p between peatland species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field   manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interact  le and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interaction between nitrogen pollution an  e the nature of the interaction between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity  eraction between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. t  the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will be assessed within cont   also identify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and h  ify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these ar  iversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased unders   are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding will help us de   understanding will help us develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional i  functional integrity caused by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. for example, we  sed by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. for example, we will be able to better   , we will be able to better account for climate change in the setting of nitrogen critical load  nt for climate change in the setting of nitrogen critical loads thresholds, and conversely, ass   the setting of nitrogen critical loads thresholds, and conversely, assess more accurately how    conversely, assess more accurately how nitrogen pollution affects the vulnerability of peatlan  ity of peatlands to specific degrees of warming and summer drought. this is the first study inv  interactive effects of n deposition and climate on bog biodiversity, linking plant diversity wi  roach in using relational databases and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communic  sults with the stakeholder and end-user community.
13611	48	to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impa  peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop m   are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of  imate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of n  thern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. clima   carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, t   support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the  on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac  ten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and   osystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and other pollutants has already caused a sign   of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through   at climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through widespread summer drying, thus reduci  spread summer drying, thus reducing net carbon sequestration. this project aims to understand t  lly. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reducti  esize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the div  being particularly sensitive. sensitive vegetation will be replaced by more nitrophilic species  anges, together with enhanced microbial decomposition, will contribute to accelerated rates of   will contribute to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increa  te to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increased losses of  this will result in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principall  ult in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated  ed losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated levels of nit   seen principally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of   . we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climat  pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, and under extreme conditions may lead t  nditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address  o a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we  wn in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we will deter  eatland above- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe  - and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field   manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interact  le and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution a   the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity  ractions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. t  the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will be assessed within cont   also identify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and h  ify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these ar  iversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased unders   are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding will help us to  derstanding will help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional i  functional integrity caused by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national a  sed by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national and european scale, this   mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab  e current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the first study investigating the i  interactive effects of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity i  cts of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. fur  roach in using relational databases and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communic  sults with the stakeholder and end-user community.
15571	48	to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impa  peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop m   are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of  imate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of n  thern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. clima   carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, t   support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the  on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac  ten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and   osystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and other pollutants has already caused a sign   of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through   at climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through widespread summer drying, thus reduci  spread summer drying, thus reducing net carbon sequestration. this project aims to understand t  lly. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reducti  esize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the div  being particularly sensitive. sensitive vegetation will be replaced by more nitrophilic species  anges, together with enhanced microbial decomposition, will contribute to accelerated rates of   will contribute to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increa  te to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increased losses of  this will result in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principall  ult in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated  ed losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated levels of nit   seen principally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of   . we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climat  pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, and under extreme conditions may lead t  nditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address  o a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we  wn in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we will deter  eatland above- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe  - and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field   manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interact  le and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution a   the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity  ractions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. t  the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will be assessed within cont   also identify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and h  ify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these ar  iversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased unders   are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding will help us to  derstanding will help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional i  functional integrity caused by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national a  sed by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national and european scale, this   mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab  e current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the first study investigating the i  interactive effects of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity i  cts of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. fur  roach in using relational databases and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communic  sults with the stakeholder and end-user community.
12376	2	uk marine nutrient inputs to facilitate modelling of the most significant nutrient fluxes and t  trient loads. if the contribution of uk nutrients towards eutrophication in remote areas cannot
11804	2	important opportunity to determine what habitat and energy sources archean rocks provide to lif  portunity to determine what habitat and energy sources archean rocks provide to life today and
15220	5	es are having a strong impact of marine ecosystems. pelagic seabirds are one of the most pertur  the characterization of the biophysical traits of the marine habitat can help us to locate feed  of the biophysical traits of the marine habitat can help us to locate feeding areas, build habi   help us to locate feeding areas, build habitat suitability models and identify important bird   ith this information we will also built habitat suitability models and will propose the protect
7173	1	l. the application of toxic products in nature is increasingly contested today. this has led us
7199	5	ecological intensification of agricultural systems requires greate  f agricultural systems requires greater efficiency in use of resources and n p soil. . the comp  ntary concepts of ecological niches and facilitation applied to agricultural systems encourage   and installation of stands with greater functional diversity, allowing species and / or varieti  tal - in terms of the n in resource use efficiency and p soil. this assessment combines bio- te
12688	1	to review the individual status of five biosphere reserves
15358	4	namics of species in response to modern climate change are likely to be determined largely by p  ercus robur hybridisation with the more stress-tolerant q. pyrenaica results in better performa  valuable background information for the development of appropriate strategies for their conserv  nt in a changing, and presumably drier, climate.
11395	9	hat species coexist by exploiting their environment in different ways, and patterns of abundanc  ment in different ways, and patterns of abundance and rarity reflect the distinct roles played   oles played by different species in the community. this view was supported by charles darwin, w  t describing the patterns of rarity and abundance in many natural systems. however, not even hu  re them to data. by contrast, hubbell s model is relatively simple, and its properties can be s  can use the exact solution to hubbell s model to calculate how the predictions of our models di  of piggy-backing on an exactly solvable model to study an unsolvable one is a well-established   nd in species preferences for different habitat contribute to patterns of biodiversity. this wi  ly different predictions from hubbell s model. we shall use our models to analyse data for high
13347	1	and nomenclators . pesi contributes the development of a unified cross-reference system and pro
457	3	enefit from a fundamental and assiduous development of research activities, with strong needs f   nonetheless the phanerogam meadows are ecosystems that are barely studied on these islands, ev  t in eastern africa show a multitude of ecosystem services, which make these plants an importan
7208	10	. phenological development is a trait common to the species life histo  opment is a trait common to the species life history and own biological rhythm: the apical bud   nd shrubs of undergrowth, resumption of development among herbivorous insects, production of pr   development among herbivorous insects, production of primary inoculum in parasitic fungi. gene  ty of this feature allows you to set at community level, a character called phenological timing  n the pyrenees, for the construction of growth curves of three species categories component com  s. finally, the close dependence of the phenology of species to temperature suggests breaks phe  pendence of the phenology of species to temperature suggests breaks phenological timing in resp  eaks phenological timing in response to climate change. the experimental device used, as well a  he experimental device used, as well as modeling, provide answers about the extent of these bre
2083	10	mediate and observable effect of global warming in norway is a transition in the seasonal veget   norway is a transition in the seasonal vegetation cycles. changes in the phenological phases a  n the first indication of transition in ecosystem. a lengthening of the growing season, as obse  n norway, is likely to increase biomass production and accelerated tree growth across the regio  biomass production and accelerated tree growth across the region. changed winter and spring con   due to more snow from increased winter precipitation as observed in the northern continental r  e important climatic variables, this to model and predict changes in future phenological timing   future phenological timing and primary production along the north-south, coastal-inland and al  est. the project will study the role of climate variability as a driving factor for the reindee  lergies in norway, and changes in goose migration patterns.
15426	3	phenology is the study of the timing of recurring seaso  nt of view, variability in reproductive phenology may lead to genetic differentiation within a   eding depression and see the biological efficiency in relation to the degree of overlap of the
7226	1	n the speciation through the drosophila model sechellia / mauritiana / simulans, which played a
467	2	of knowledge on speciation through the model drosophila sechellia/mauritiana/stimulans, which   hese islands constitute an advantageous environment for developing more research on species for
15486	6	rphological structures or physiological function in adult animals in response to environmental   ve period of the day in a thermoneutral environment and post-absorptive state. recent studies h  ns to biotic and abiotic changes in the environment. phenotypic response of bird bmr in respons  on, food restriction, osmoregulation or temperature changes, have received a lot of attention i  rgetic constraints, such as nutritional stress and immunization, osmoregulation and immunizatio  ation and osmoregulation and increasing temperature. our general hypothesis is that phenotypic
6741	3	are often incomplete and inconsistent. evaluation of the native gene resources has become an i  gical reasons of their diversity in its complexity, which information are useful during introdu  ation. we decided the adaptation and/or development of the modem methods of chemical analysis,
14953	9	n biodiversity and functionality of the ecosystems or, in other words, between biogeochemistry   ther words, between biogeochemistry and population dynamics. in lakes much is known on phosphor  ion dynamics. in lakes much is known on phosphorus, particularly after the research effort make  in addition to its central role in lake productivity, his influence on shaping communities as l  an influence and concentrate on natural phosphorus levels, still there is much to study for und  ogical and evolving mechanisms in which phosphorus plays a relevant role. the alpine lake conte  indirectly control the relevance of the phosphorus loading form outside the system to study the  tion and survival mechanisms related to phosphorus availability in distinct phytoplankton organ  d to determine its role in the seasonal succession of alpine lakes. our ultimate goal is to ach
10301	2	been linked to increased rates of plant growth, changes in species composition and proliferatio  ssitating the introduction of expensive mitigation measures. these measures can only succeed if
11290	2	e spent developing a radiative transfer model of the snow and sea-ice to estimate these fluxes   e these fluxes with simple mathematical function for other users.
15454	32	tanding the factors that control litter decomposition is fundamental to our understanding of te  tal to our understanding of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. litter decomposition is the prim  rrestrial ecosystem functioning. litter decomposition is the primary source of soil nutrients a  mposition is the primary source of soil nutrients and it is also a fundamental component of the  o a fundamental component of the global carbon cycle. litter and soil organic matter pools cont   of the global carbon cycle. litter and soil organic matter pools contain important amounts of   tter pools contain important amounts of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and their relative fas  ortant amounts of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and their relative fast turnover rates makes  lative fast turnover rates makes litter decomposition one of the most dynamic components of the  e most dynamic components of the global carbon cycle. litter decomposition is controlled mainly  ents of the global carbon cycle. litter decomposition is controlled mainly by litter quality, t  is controlled mainly by litter quality, temperature and precipitation. however, these factors f  inly by litter quality, temperature and precipitation. however, these factors fail to explain d   however, these factors fail to explain decomposition rates in arid ecosystems. recently, the p   to explain decomposition rates in arid ecosystems. recently, the process of photodegradation h  dentified as the main process of litter decomposition in semiarid ecosystems. it is a process b  ess of litter decomposition in semiarid ecosystems. it is a process by which solar radiation br  ch solar radiation breaks down directly organic matter components releasing co2 and thus, it is  ng co2 and thus, it is a direct loss of carbon from the ecosystem to the atmosphere without bei   it is a direct loss of carbon from the ecosystem to the atmosphere without being incorporated   ere without being incorporated into the soil organic matter pool. however, few studies have qua  his process and its contribution to the ecosystem carbon balance as well as its response to cli  s and its contribution to the ecosystem carbon balance as well as its response to climate chang  rbon balance as well as its response to climate change. the aim of this project is to tackle so  contribution of photodegradation to the ecosystem carbon balance in a mediterranean shrubland s  on of photodegradation to the ecosystem carbon balance in a mediterranean shrubland site where    mediterranean shrubland site where net ecosystem exchange is being measured. moreover, it will  the contribution of photodegradation to soil respiration, standing mass decomposition will be d  tion to soil respiration, standing mass decomposition will be done using a specific uv transpar   contribution of this process to litter decomposition in semiarid ecosytems and to the ecosyste  sition in semiarid ecosytems and to the ecosystem carbon balance. another part of the project w  semiarid ecosytems and to the ecosystem carbon balance. another part of the project will test t
15399	1	. the availability of the genome of the model aphid acyrthosiphon pisum will help in our study.
14767	11	fects of leaf longevity on resource use efficiency in limiting environments constitute a long-d  ducing the instantaneous photosynthetic efficiency, and this could compensate the advantages de  the present project is to calculate the production and the photosynthetic nitrogen and water us  e the production and the photosynthetic nitrogen and water use efficiency integrated along the   e photosynthetic nitrogen and water use efficiency integrated along the whole leaf life in medi   life of the different species and will model the effects of the seasonal climatic variation on  e also useful to predict the impacts of climate change. we hypothesize that in a seasonal clima  ange. we hypothesize that in a seasonal climate the percentage of the total leaf life under unf  s must increase with leaf longevity. if climate change leads to variations in the strength of t  effects on instantaneous photosynthetic efficiency. by contrast, deciduous species may respond   ons in the instantaneous photosynthetic efficiency. these different responses may change the co
11099	8	in the oceanic environment growth constraints, most notably the in sit               in the oceanic environment growth constraints, most notably the in situ light envi  traints, most notably the in situ light environment and nutrient availability, restrict specifi  al physiology which must underlie these growth constraints. the component of cyanobacterial phy  yanobacterial physiology that restricts growth under different light regimes is photosynthesis.  se that photosynthetic performance as a function of growth at different light intensities impli  osynthetic performance as a function of growth at different light intensities implicate specifi  ogy as key determinants in defining the community structure of these organisms. in order to add
148	6	s to continue and extend the studies of evolution and systematics in the grass genus bromus and  genetic systematics, phylogeography and evolution in botany. the main objectives of the project  th traditional taxonomic treatments. 3. evaluation of genetic diversity and breeding system in   s - b. intermedius in relation to their evolution. 4. to assess intraspecific variation of isoz  lation to their evolution. 4. to assess intraspecific variation of isozymes, chromosome numbers  uropean regions in order to study their migration history and to locate areas of high diversity
10811	5	natural ecosystems consist of complex networks of species that   scriptions of these networks are called food webs. just like other networks from an exceptional  rom an exceptionally well characterised food web that has been collected over a period of 10 ye   hypotheses on the organisation of this food web. in the future we can then formulate hypothese  n then formulate hypotheses on how this community will respond to perturbations such as the inv
14744	3	aim of correlating the phylogeographic evolution of both groups and the evolution of the medit  raphic evolution of both groups and the evolution of the mediterranean vegetation.    and the evolution of the mediterranean vegetation.
14930	9	iological adaptations to their peculiar environment. in insects, morphological changes include   es include reduction of eyes and wings, development of long appendages and seta, and a softened  ation, reflecting the needs in a stable habitat characterised by darkness, high humidity, const  ed by darkness, high humidity, constant temperature and limited food resources. this strong sel  st species are known to have a high fat metabolism, extended lifetime and a narrow temperature   abolism, extended lifetime and a narrow temperature tolerance, with some even having modificati  ere we propose the investigation of the evolution of the life cycle of cave beetles of the speo  monal control mechanisms regulating the development. in holometabolous insects the hormones reg  s over the time of embryonic and larval development will be measured. since the profiling of th
216	1	y in europe . the age of the substrate, ph of the bark and light conditions will be measured, a
10087	3	biologists need sophisticated models of evolution. our research will develop mathematical model  rch will develop mathematical models of evolution that can detect when pairs of species differ   hings as viral and pathogenic bacterial evolution, the origin and spread of disease, conservati
2477	8	c stressors are causing changes in many ecosystems. discovery of these changes however, are oft  extend our operations towards sensitive ecosystems that have previously been protected from res  to a particular environmental stressor. ecosystem change caused by anthropogenic stressors is d  climatic change. accurate monitoring of ecosystems therefore requires high resolution, both tem  ted to this. we propose to initiate the development of the worlds most advanced marine environm  valuate microarray technology, using 30 indicator species with several phylogenetic markers for  ew knowledge of human impacts on marine ecosystems particularly the short and long-term effects  ing petroleum resources have on oceanic ecosystems.
14844	4	s proposal will study the phylogeny and evolution of earthworms belonging to the family lumbric  ae phylogeny will allow us to study the evolution of the spermathecae into a phylogenetic frame  first comprehensive study of lumbricids evolution using a phylogenetic approach after more than  nowledge and understanding of earthworm evolution. this proposal is also a landmark study in ea
15014	2	racters as genitalia, we may remark the evolution of the wing pattern, that we pretend to gener  to the whole lepidoptera order, and the evolution of the secondary sexual characters. finally t
14701	2	d, and biogeographical aspects on their distribution will be studied. finally, analyses of popu  e abundant in the iberian salt-marshes, ecosystems dramatically threatened by human activities,
10971	16	l way of distinguishing these models of community assembly. if closely related species are ecol  re ecologically similar, then under the competition model, close relatives are less likely to c  lly similar, then under the competition model, close relatives are less likely to coexist, and   ess likely to coexist, and species in a community should be less closely related, on average, t  d, on average, than expected. under the habitat-filtering model, close relatives should be more  n expected. under the habitat-filtering model, close relatives should be more likely to coexist  ikely to coexist, as they share similar habitat preferences. other predictions about phylogenet  s. other predictions about phylogenetic community structure follow it there is little or no lin  y. i will examine patterns phylogenetic community structure across large numbers of mammal comm  in, and search for any systematic large-scale variation with spatial scale and across geographi  y systematic large-scale variation with spatial scale and across geographical gradients. i will  raphical gradients. i will simulate the evolution of ecological traits and the assembly of comm  ll simulate the evolution of ecological traits and the assembly of communities to fine-tune pre  predictions about expected phylogenetic community patterns under different scenarios. the proje   generality of patterns of phylogenetic community structure and give new insights into the proc  w insights into the processes governing community assembly and local diversity.
14454	4	elaborated phylogeny 5. analysis of the distribution of the parasitic worms from mullets among    parasitological studies at the clge 5. development of the interinstitutional collaboration bet  erts for increasing of their scientific productivity and career development   heir scientific productivity and career development
2066	5	isms, is directly related to geographic migration and isolation of clade members over time. the  so far been produced. barriers to plant migration have been created and lifted alternately thro  oject will form a case study toward the development of a model for mosaic evolution of the nort   case study toward the development of a model for mosaic evolution of the northern hemisphere f  d the development of a model for mosaic evolution of the northern hemisphere flora, and will ad
155	4	ion for floras and keys. newly obtained distribution data will be added to distribution maps.th  ined distribution data will be added to distribution maps.the research proposed will provide an  ion to the understanding of postglacial evolution and distribution of plant taxa in the baltic   erstanding of postglacial evolution and distribution of plant taxa in the baltic sea region. al
15196	2	and its phylogenetic relationships and evolution are the object of study of a number of intern  boeckelereae, never studied before. the evolution of morphological, reproductive, biogeographic
15010	1	his, we will select 100 introns of fast evolution and which, in addition, are single-copy genes
15379	1	iability of the three species and their habitat preference.
15009	1	andiodes will allow us to establish the distribution patterns of m. moricandioides within a his
14648	3	e modelled speciation processes and the distribution of species. the understanding of these pro  s such as the expansion of agriculture, habitat fragmentation or global warming have determined  ulture, habitat fragmentation or global warming have determined the demography and, thus, the c
15329	7	environments not appropriate for their development, the situation can be described as habitat-  ment, the situation can be described as habitat-islands within continental fragments. thus, our  y to evaluate the biological effects of habitat insularity in the continental fragments of the   eliable data that may contribute to the development of such hypotheses, by means of careful stu  ful studies that examine the effects of habitat fragmentation and connectivity. we will check w  he effects of habitat fragmentation and connectivity. we will check whether any consistency can   fragile, especially in relation to the climate changes that may occur in the future.
6940	4	tion in the budai hills, and to map the distribution of the amphibian killing chytrid fungus ba  d the reconstruction of the postglacial colonization of the two species within europe. these re  ion living isolated in a very disturbed environment, and could help successful conservation man  ian amphibian populations could map the distribution of chytridiomycosis in central-europe, and
15512	3	ve clarified some issues concerning the distribution of genetic variation of this species, howe  f 30 populations will be studied in the distribution area of this species, specially in the ibe  agement plans, at both the specific and habitat levels.
14913	5	t the general models of freshwater fish distribution, and the identification of cobitiform biod  pteridae. both families exhibit a broad distribution in the selected areas, low dispersal abili  rical processes during their origin and evolution. phylogeography serves as the theoretical fra  storical scenarios that explain current distribution patterns. therefore, phylogeography place   nd mitochondrial genes with low rate of evolution in a comparative phylogeograhical framework b
14608	2	understanding the present distribution of a group of organisms and the patterns a  ly the timing of those events known the distribution of sexual and asexual populations for each
6886	4	gall wasps are important model systems in many subject areas ranging from ecolog  of specialist inhabitants. however, the stability of these communities is not known. large scal  f these communities is not known. large scale structure of modern populations may be explained   vel of variability may rise simply from life history. for example, among host genetic different
12060	3	as are never fixed over geological time scale, and shift, expand, or shrink. a community is a l   scale, and shift, expand, or shrink. a community is a local assemblage of species, interacting  ies, interacting or not, sharing a same habitat. the response of the assemblage to climatic osc
13453	4	ounder or priority effects refer to the dominance of strains or species that arrive first to a   s or species that arrive first to a new habitat. these are enhanced by short generation time, r  of geographic distance and hydrographic connectivity in the toxic marine alexandrium ostenfeldi  te gonyostomum semen. in laboratory and mesocosm experiments we will test priority effects and
10570	8	river patterns and dynamics have viewed vegetation as having a passive role. however, over the   hly influential in controlling landform development and dynamics along river margins. whilst ri  ing by plants potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this w  igate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. su  oad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. surveys of  nge along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed field and laborat  amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn   temporal dynamics of the biogeomorphic model.
11052	8	river patterns and dynamics have viewed vegetation as having a passive role. however, over the   hly influential in controlling landform development and dynamics along river margins. whilst ri  ing by plants potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this w  igate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. su  oad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. surveys of  nge along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed field and laborat  amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn   temporal dynamics of the biogeomorphic model.
11504	8	river patterns and dynamics have viewed vegetation as having a passive role. however, over the   hly influential in controlling landform development and dynamics along river margins. whilst ri  ing by plants potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this w  igate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. su  oad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. surveys of  nge along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed field and laborat  amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn   temporal dynamics of the biogeomorphic model.
13946	6	essary to be able to understand primary production in the baltic sea. especially, field studies  , in relation to variations in plankton production, are important. the bioavailability of fe to  ratory-based culture studies and marine ecosystem dynamics. there is a urgent need to bridge th  ts and the situation in the real marine ecosystem, i.e. the gap between the physiological respo   responses of single organisms to fe in model systems and that of populations of organisms with  lations of organisms within the natural ecosystem. this project can contribute in bridging this
14503	14	pollution episodes and influencing the climate. the functions of vocs in plants are controvers  t abiotic stresses often exacerbated by global change. in this project, we will carry out a mul  dely represented in spanish terrestrial ecosystems, and to improve the parametrization and mode   and to improve the parametrization and modelling of vocs emissions. in a first approach, we wi  ocused in other abiotic factors such as temperature, irradiation, water availability, co2 and o  e response of diverse species to biotic stress produced by herbivorism and abiotic factors such   will be parametrized and modelled as a function of these biotic and abiotic factors. in this p  introduce the study of emissions at the community level comparing communities with different sp  e idea is, in addition to measuring and modelling the emissions at ecosystemic scale, to obtain   modelling the emissions at ecosystemic scale, to obtain a measure of vocs atmospheric biodiver   biodiversity and its relationship with community biodiversity. we also will focus on the diffe  land uses, one of the big components of global change that can have a more important effect on   onmental factors, land uses and type of ecosystem will be improved with the results obtained in  onmental monitoring in the framework of global change and biodiversity changes. finally, this p
9947	7	on atmospheric chemistry and influence climate through the production of aerosols. dimethylsul  istry and influence climate through the production of aerosols. dimethylsulphide has relatively  ethylsulphide has relatively well known production pathways, so i will examine plankton species  n a molecular path to understanding dms production and investigate linkages between the sulphur  tigate linkages between the sulphur and nitrogen cycles. for biogenic halocarbons and hydrocarb  oader and deeper knowledge of trace gas production at the physiological and molecular level, an   whether this might change under future climate scenarios.
12558	1	rnoviae in the natural and semi-natural environment.
15203	20	ater. however, at present, many aquatic ecosystems do not have the desirable quality status. th   is welcome. the fact that some aquatic ecosystems can show alternative states is well known: a  r system dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation and with much more biodiversity or b a turbi  nkton-dominated system in which aquatic vegetation disappears and all life forms related to it.  that is obtaining the submerged aquatic vegetation fully developed with all its benefits. the i  its benefits. the importance of aquatic vegetation in the achievement and maintenance of transp  ed picture of the phytoplankton-aquatic vegetation interaction that combines all the informatio  information regarding the environmental complexity does not exist yet. it is not known whether    fact influences the success of aquatic vegetation over microalgae. it is necessary to know whe  oalgae. it is necessary to know whether allelopathy is an important interaction between macroph   macrophytes and phytoplankton at field scale and, therefore, to determine what role this inter  is essential to know to what extent the sediment vegetation propapule bank can be useful in the  ial to know to what extent the sediment vegetation propapule bank can be useful in the restorat  effect of uv radiation and pollution by nutrients on the plankton-submerged macrophytes relatio   in the reduction of planktonic primary production and biomass. this project also aims to deal   ms to deal in depth in the knowledge of allelopathy as a control factor in the establishment of  eal weight of this interaction at field scale. finally, this project will determine the natural   determine the natural potential of the sediment propagule bank of aquatic vegetation in these    the sediment propagule bank of aquatic vegetation in these environments. thus, facilitating th  tablishing a less vulnerable macrophyte community in the presence of global changes and more ef
2513	9	in the global biogeochemical cycling of carbon and other key elements . the overall ecological   t also its taxonomic diversity and size distribution, determines the efficiency by which fixed   y and size distribution, determines the efficiency by which fixed carbon is transferred to high  etermines the efficiency by which fixed carbon is transferred to higher trophic levels and into  nd into the deep ocean- and sedimentary carbon reservoirs. concern is growing that rising tempe  f atmospheric co2 and lowering of ocean ph may disrupt primary productivity in the future ocean  owering of ocean ph may disrupt primary productivity in the future oceans. previous culture exp  at are build as time series of adaptive evolution of algal size around an optimal state. the mo  hts into how algae have adapted to past environmental change, and help predict how they may ada
14133	12	the plankton ecosystem of the baltic sea is under the pressure of tw  ropogenic pressures: eutrophication and climate change. the predicted runoff changes in the bal  n the baltic sea catchment area, due to climate change, imply decreasing surface salinities pot  inities potentially favoring increasing dominance of cladocerans over copepods. the basic diffe  over copepods. the basic differences in ecological stoichiometry of these competing mesozooplan  m why we empirically witness consistent nitrogen limitation of primary producers in the coastal  ies is analyzed for trends and possible regime shifts in nutrient limitation and phytoplankton   or trends and possible regime shifts in nutrient limitation and phytoplankton response. an exis  sponse. an existing data set of 6 large-scale mesocosm experiments with contrasting grazer comm  . an existing data set of 6 large-scale mesocosm experiments with contrasting grazer communitie  ill be analysed for association between functional groups of phytoplankton and dominant grazer   rried out with natural coastal plankton community combining varying degree of n and p limitatio
12041	1	ysophyceae and haptophytes. • bacterial community structure seems to be somewhat coupled to tha
9917	4	e decay components corresponding to the development of carotenoid-mediated photoprotection. res  urely optical method of determining the efficiency with which energy derived from absorbed phot  f determining the efficiency with which energy derived from absorbed photons are conveyed to th  factor in formulating models of primary production.
10795	1	nd, at the same time, provides an ideal model to study evolutionary change. despite decades of
9943	1	nd, at the same time, provides an ideal model to study evolutionary change. despite decades of
11342	3	n important selective force driving the evolution of host sex ratios and host sex determining m  ts, srds of crustacea act later in host development by modulating the endocrine control of sexu  tools to monitor androgen gland hormone production in future studies of environmental sex deter
12434	4	summary objectives: to provide full scale, pilot evaluation of the application of genetic e  bjectives: to provide full scale, pilot evaluation of the application of genetic egg identifica   and to provide high-resolution data on distribution of spawning by cod and other species in 20  and other species in 2006 to inform the review of appropriate temporal and spatial boundaries f
10381	7	composition appears to be dominated by nitrogen-loving taxa. the review and assessment of lond   dominated by nitrogen-loving taxa. the review and assessment of london s air quality confirms    the protective standards for sensitive ecosystems and vegetation and human health. this study    standards for sensitive ecosystems and vegetation and human health. this study will for the fi  tistical techniques will be applied and gis maps constructed to examine the relationship betwee  ecessary towards establishing practical indicator scales to monitor the effects of the new poll  onitor the effects of the new pollution climate.
11114	3	ts have been made in the field of large scale protein and chemical identification. furthermore,  ong those, the most widely known is the production of halogenated compounds which are the major  al habitats and to assess their role in ecosystem dynamics.
12258	1	proposals for the revised nitrate vulnerable zone .
10460	5	ton samples collected during the marine productivity cruises in the irminger sea will be analys  n size spectra obtained from the marine productivity samples will be compared with the data obt  c. the results will help understand how energy transfer in the plankton is affected by temperat  transfer in the plankton is affected by temperature and productivity.   plankton is affected by temperature and productivity.
12734	1	ide the evidence needed to underpin the development of biodiversity offsets policy. it will inc
14526	4	habitat fragmentation modifies the outcomes of plant-an   by means of interaction-mediated plant recruitment patterns across secondary succession. we wi  iated plant recruitment patterns across secondary succession. we will use a multiple methodolog  d manipulative, process-oriented, small scale experiments.
14478	3	ctures of the introns, as well as their distribution in the urocystis species and their hosts.   ll as the strategies of penetration and colonization. 6.- to relate the structures and strategi  h the presence, secondary structure and distribution of gi introns 7.- design a web page to spr
7026	2	understanding the effects of plant functional groups on food chains within the soil subsys  hains within the soil subsystem and the density and diversity of soil organisms of different tr
7014	9	ecosystem respiration and c/n ratios on litter decompos                                ecosystem respiration and c/n ratios on litter decomposition and   em respiration and c/n ratios on litter decomposition and related microbial community structure  ios on litter decomposition and related microbial community structure and activity, - an assess  n assessment of microbial diversity and community structure at the grassland sites and their li  sites and their link to c fluxes, - the development of a process-based model linking c assimila  s, - the development of a process-based model linking c assimilation, non-structural carbohydra  l carbohydrates and plant and microbial respiration. by focussing on the processes underlying e  y focussing on the processes underlying ecosystem c fluxes in differently managed grasslands th
12515	3	t policy ambitions for lowering inputs. production of regional varieties does not fit within th  ational listing trialling system on the development of vegetable varieties for sustainable and/  eties for sustainable and/or ‘regional’ production by carrying out a case study of a small ‘reg
14211	3	ith individual-based spatially explicit community models. we shall use most up-to-date methods,  st up-to-date methods, e.g. plant small-scale coexistence will be described both above and belo  ecology and our findings can be used in nature conservation and management.
15008	13	the climate change affects the functional biodiversity caus  y causing changes in the structures and ecosystem functioning. knowledge and analyses of the bi   functional characters that predict the climate change and can be used as ecological indicators  t the climate change and can be used as ecological indicators. the aim of the project is to est  biodiversity changes as a result of the climate change in sierra nevada . sierra nevada is the   in sierra nevada . sierra nevada is the ecosystem of a high mountain with a great floristic div  fect would be carried out by means of a climate altitudinal gradient from 1,600m to 3,300m on t   functional vegetative and regenerative traits measured in c. 100 most characteristic vegetativ  evant characters and their value as key ecological indicators in functional biodiversity. the s  gies which permit the estimation of the migration and survival ability in situ of the species l  ific phenological adaptation. a current model of the distribution of plant functional types can  ical adaptation. a current model of the distribution of plant functional types can be used to p   a current model of the distribution of plant functional types can be used to predict the futur
13367	1	rotect them. to realize those aims, the distribution areas of maps are determined. maps is coll
15506	6	ng alters the decomposer system and its ecosystem services through changing the soil environmen  stem services through changing the soil environment. in this proposal it is intended to survey   e genomes, biogeochemical functions and community structure of ectomycorrhizal to ascertain whe  lects certain phenotypes. understanding community phylogenetic patterns and the molecular basis  gical processes, and to predict how the ecosystem functioning can be altered through the increa  increasing wildfire frequency caused by temperature rise.
12545	3	h international fungal biology research community. close interaction with and benefit to the al  tion with and benefit to the alternaria community will be ensured through various dissemination  ed uk research group to co-ordinate the development of fungal dna barcoding technologies, and t
202	4	even under temperate climate conditions, plants are likely to experience hea  s, plants are likely to experience heat stress during dry and sunny summer periods. the sensiti  ity of photosynthetic reactions to heat stress can differ between species or clones of the same  ially important hybrid aspen clones and indicators for oxidative burst and programmed cell deat
2461	3	or example insects, pathogens and plant nutrients. presence of these myrosin cells is a typical  rogrammed cell death to investigate the function of these defence cells in plant and plant stre   these defence cells in plant and plant stress.
10981	5	opical forests arises because of strong density-dependent seed and seedling mortality. in other  ong density-dependent seed and seedling mortality. in other words, seeds and seedlings are more  ting any one species from reaching high abundance. it is widely suspected that fungus-like plan   pathogens are responsible for seedling density-dependence. however, the evidence for their rol  ss five key outstanding questions: does mortality from pathogens increase diversity we will car
15011	8	responses to different types of abiotic stress is one of the most active research topics in pla  lications in agriculture, since abiotic stress . for this, we will determine the levels of seve  teristic of different pathways of plant stress responses. we will also carry out studies on the  rategy of using wild plants tolerant to stress in their natural environment, may contribute to   nts tolerant to stress in their natural environment, may contribute to the improvement of our k   to the improvement of our knowledge on stress response mechanisms, providing complementary inf  s in this field, which use non-tolerant model species and laboratory or greenhouse artificial c  egies for these fragile and interesting ecosystems, which are highly treathened or, in many cas
11469	7	populations at the margins of a species distribution are of interest for a variety of reasons:   e need to deduce what properties of the environment at a range margin prevent the species from   utions change in response to changes in climate or land use we will examine ecological, physiol  of ongoing evolutionary change in these traits, and for the processes limiting such adaptation:   this species is closely related to the model species arabidopsis thaliana, we have many modern  al and we can test whether well-studied stress responses found in this widespread species corre  rties of a species can help explain its distribution.
9978	7	populations at the margins of a species distribution are of interest for a variety of reasons:   e need to deduce what properties of the environment at a range margin prevent the species from   utions change in response to changes in climate or land use we will examine ecological, physiol  of ongoing evolutionary change in these traits, and for the processes limiting such adaptation:   this species is closely related to the model species arabidopsis thaliana, we have many modern  al and we can test whether well-studied stress responses found in this widespread species corre  rties of a species can help explain its distribution.
14212	10	hbours may be explained by depletion of nutrients by neighbouring roots, the results of several   whose direct inhibitory effect on root growth has been demonstrated in several study systems.   even less is known about the role of co-evolution in determining the nature and specificity of   role of co-evolution in determining the nature and specificity of root interactions. nonetheles  dramatically alter the outcome of plant competition. the root exudates of invasive plant specie   have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of native plants in an invaded range. by contras   little response or even an increase in growth in response to the same exudates. we propose tha  o the same exudates. we propose that co-evolution may lead to exudates that originally had toxi  eighbour recognition and the role of co-evolution in shaping plant interactions cannot be fully  character of root interactions, and the function of root exudates and soil biota as mediators o
10549	2	y expertise: the centre for ecology and hydrology . the hordeivirus can be pollen-borne, while    to reduce the burden of disease in the community.
11047	2	y expertise: the centre for ecology and hydrology . the hordeivirus can be pollen-borne, while    to reduce the burden of disease in the community.
12047	1	at the species and varieties level, its evolution under the social and environmental pressures
7682	7	f grassland biodiversity in the face of global change, and to design good mitigation measures i  ce of global change, and to design good mitigation measures in terms of farming management. thi   biodiversity dynamics based on species functional traits, focusing on two biodiversity layers:   biodiversity dynamics. we will develop model-based scaling techniques to upscale our plot-leve  s in the massif central. with these new modelling tools in hand, we will analyze different scen  rios of change in farming practices and climate in their impact on regional biodiversity. these  ly mitigate the threats associated with global change.
14662	25	future scenarios of global change forecast important changes in the mediter  decrease of the biological diversity of ecosystems as well as changes in some soil properties r  f ecosystems as well as changes in some soil properties relevant to soil resistance to erosion   n some soil properties relevant to soil resistance to erosion processes. these changes lead to   the accelerated rhythm of mediterranean ecosystem degradation, there is an urgent need to know   an urgent need to know the effects that climate change might have on ecosystems and their compo  fects that climate change might have on ecosystems and their components in order to be able to   eraction between erosion and aridity on vegetation cover, floristic composition and community r  tation cover, floristic composition and community richness, plant morphological and functional   er, floristic composition and community richness, plant morphological and functional traits and  unity richness, plant morphological and functional traits and soil characteristics related to p  d soil characteristics related to plant colonization and development in mediterranean ecosystem  stics related to plant colonization and development in mediterranean ecosystems. the specific o  zation and development in mediterranean ecosystems. the specific objectives of the proposal are  degree of patchiness resulting from the intensification of erosion and aridity, and to identify  riations in the plant morphological and functional traits of resistant and colonizing species o  adient, in order to obtain a predictive model of plant functional types that allows the selecti  n order to obtain a predictive model of plant functional types that allows the selection of spe  ical characteristics in relation to the intensification of erosion and aridity and their intera   to identify and validate a set of soil indicators of the state and trend of both processes. an  sses. and moreover to identify critical thresholds of soil properties that might be limiting fo  over to identify critical thresholds of soil properties that might be limiting for the differen  ifferent plant species. 4. to develop a model describing the formation of fertility islands or   to the management of mediterranean-like ecosystems in a scenario of climatic change. the inform   the actions planed to restore degraded ecosystems and fight desertification by providing usefu
10292	3	tracking changes in the composition of vegetation. these uniquely detailed records will then b  natomical information, and from data on vegetation and climate, where megafaunal remains have b  mation, and from data on vegetation and climate, where megafaunal remains have been found relia
11086	3	tracking changes in the composition of vegetation. these uniquely detailed records will then b  natomical information, and from data on vegetation and climate, where megafaunal remains have b  mation, and from data on vegetation and climate, where megafaunal remains have been found relia
7475	5	at the heart of this project lies the development, trialling and operationalisation of a tool  led in seeking to address anthropogenic climate change by attempting to shift patterns of consu  llow these policy-makers to examine the nature and validity of assumptions about human sensibil  d action that are incorporated into the development of policy. the project will yield detailed    activity of policymaking; and into the nature of lay citizens practical reasoning and everyday
2185	6	tal payment systems linked to landscape indicators; b to improve the model for evaluating polic   landscape indicators; b to improve the model for evaluating policy measures for qualities of a  veloping ecological and other landscape indicators that are applicable for value-based policy m   payment schemes that could enhance the efficiency of policies to improve the qualities of agri   of agricultural landscapes in terms of efficiency, fairness and feasibility. a methodology wil  sed payment schemes linked to landscape indicators, in order to promote sustainable and efficie
14887	3	special cold and heat periods in their development. the masculine phenophases will be followed  he dormancy period to activation of the development, maturation and deshiscence. we try to eval  nce. we try to evaluate the effect that temperature exerts in the formation and liberation of p
14849	2	ities object of study beside with their evolution in the atmosphere throughout the pollen seaso  w researches focused in the air quality evaluation regarding to biological particles. even if w
14850	2	ities object of study beside with their evolution in the atmosphere throughout the pollen seaso  w researches focused in the air quality evaluation regarding to biological particles. even if w
14851	2	ities object of study beside with their evolution in the atmosphere throughout the pollen seaso  w researches focused in the air quality evaluation regarding to biological particles. even if w
14886	2	n processes, as well as elucidate their function following pollen capture by the stigma. in add  tion, a deeper knowledge of the origin, function and liberation mechanisms of these soluble pol
15027	3	ome studies have shown that the spatial distribution of populations in fragmented landscapes do  ess in progenies. moreover, the spatial distribution of populations seems to be more influentia  scape structure and population size and density. 5. comprehensively, to evaluate the evidences
15363	2	we would like to assess if its limited distribution and population is related to either the se  oth. a novel aspect in the study of the efficiency of the main seed dispersers, in both systems
2067	9	seed production is one of the most basic and important ecosy   is one of the most basic and important ecosystem processes because it provides the continuous   erefore this interaction is crucial for ecosystem diversity, stability and resilience to distur  ion is crucial for ecosystem diversity, stability and resilience to disturbance. currently, the  ine may have cascading effects on plant population dynamics and ultimately on ecosystem diversi  t population dynamics and ultimately on ecosystem diversity and function. to truly assess any c  d ultimately on ecosystem diversity and function. to truly assess any consequences of a pollina  ces of a pollination crisis for natural ecosystems, there is an urgent need for more substantia  nsequences of such interactions for the population dynamics of plants.
11445	1	ular pollinator type. we found an ideal model system to study this hypothesis. the canary islan
14941	9	nderstand the effect of flower-dwelling predators on the evolution of floral traits. we will fo  ect of flower-dwelling predators on the evolution of floral traits. we will focus on two types   ng predators on the evolution of floral traits. we will focus on two types of traits: nectar se  l traits. we will focus on two types of traits: nectar secretion rate and flower colour and sha  nt because we expect that the effect of predators on the behaviour of pollinators will depend o  ility that pollinators detect ambushing predators and the probability that attacks are successf  evious objectives, the effect of floral predators on the evolution of floral traits.   , the effect of floral predators on the evolution of floral traits.   al predators on the evolution of floral traits.
1931	2	in agricultural landscapes, values for nature conservation are concentrated in habitat fragmen  nature conservation are concentrated in habitat fragments, which are highly dynamic. for many f
475	48	to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impa  peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop m   are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of  imate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of n  thern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. clima   carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, t   support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the  on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac  ten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and   osystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and other pollutants has already caused a sign   of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through   at climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through widespread summer drying, thus reduci  spread summer drying, thus reducing net carbon sequestration. this project aims to understand t  lly. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reducti  esize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the div  being particularly sensitive. sensitive vegetation will be replaced by more nitrophilic species  anges, together with enhanced microbial decomposition, will contribute to accelerated rates of   will contribute to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increa  te to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increased losses of  this will result in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principall  ult in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated  ed losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated levels of nit   seen principally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of   . we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climat  pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, and under extreme conditions may lead t  nditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address  o a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we  wn in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we will deter  eatland above- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe  - and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field   manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interact  le and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution a   the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity  ractions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. t  the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will be assessed within cont   also identify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and h  ify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these ar  iversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased unders   are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding will help us to  derstanding will help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional i  functional integrity caused by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national a  sed by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national and european scale, this   mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab  e current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the first study investigating the i  interactive effects of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity i  cts of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. fur  roach in using relational databases and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communic  sults with the stakeholder and end-user community.
11110	1	p sea is the largest and least explored environment on the planet, covering some 60% of the ear
11130	1	n this respect is whether brood chamber development is induced by the presence of water-borne a
9829	2	tion structure may be important for the evolution and maintenance of this life history. an oppo  r the evolution and maintenance of this life history. an opportunity exists to explore dynamics
212	11	, there are several advantages of large body size, of which the positive correlation between fe  the positive correlation between female body size and fecundity being probably the one that is   e one that is most frequently observed. body size being relatively stable evolutionarily, one w  e able to balance the benefits on large body size. the most commonly expected cost of becoming    becoming large is increased cumulative mortality, which is the consequence of prolonged growin   the positive correlation between final body size and growing period, which is the key assumpti  estigate the relationship between final body size and duration of growing period in insects. in  sect species exhibiting polymorphism in growth schedules as a model objects. in particular, spe  g polymorphism in growth schedules as a model objects. in particular, species displaying intras   maturity and the ecological context of growth . this is because such cases allow one to direct  s and benefits of a decision to prolong growth period. different methods including an across sp
12028	3	and pervasive role in plant speciation, evolution and domestication. polyploidy has profound im  nd impacts on biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem functioning because whole genome duplications  ics, breeding, systematics, ecology and evolution have interacted in order to uncover molecular
14307	1	eeded in all aspects of life has a dual function in pondscape: this partner deals with both the
11149	3	ver one and two generations impacts the development of the testes and ovaries and consequent br  rges on fish populations in the natural environment for the better protection of our aquatic re  st to the government regulatory bodies, environment protection groups, industry and the wider p
11696	3	ver one and two generations impacts the development of the testes and ovaries and consequent br  rges on fish populations in the natural environment for the better protection of our aquatic re  st to the government regulatory bodies, environment protection groups, industry and the wider p
2164	5	of the fish once they enter the marine environment. 2 furthermore, the mortality of atlantic s   marine environment. 2 furthermore, the mortality of atlantic salmon smolts can exceed 60% duri   to coastal waters. 3 additional marine mortality may also occur after departure from coastal w   cycle. 6 increased knowledge about the function and interactions of these mechanisms will sign   of atlantic salmon populations through development of improved mitigating actions and manageme
15156	7	ed landscapes in relation to dispersal, population dynamics and genetic structure. we will use   idual-based spatial-explicit population model. this model will be fine tunned and validated wit  spatial-explicit population model. this model will be fine tunned and validated with genetic pa  ed with genetic patterns at a landscape scale. the obtained model will be applied to assess dis  erns at a landscape scale. the obtained model will be applied to assess dispersal, population v  nt fragmentation levels due to land use intensification. from a theoretical point of view, this   deepen our knowledge on the effects of habitat fragmentation on the viability of populations,
14820	6	studies on population dynamics aim at understanding the ecological   study the spatio-temporal variation in population dynamics, population genetics and local adap  tion performance in the species natural habitat. this project includes three activities to stud   includes three activities to study the population dynamics, population genetics and local adap  liana, respectively. in particular, the population dynamics will be studied by analysing the re  of the soil seed bank and of the yearly production of seeds. these parameters determine the spe
11383	10	their ability to deal with things like temperature, rainfall, predators and parasites. some an  with things like temperature, rainfall, predators and parasites. some animals and plants are ab  ts are able to recognize changes in the habitat that they live in and change accordingly. these   example, when water fleas grow up in a habitat in which fish are present they develop head and  s is not what we generally observe. the distribution of most plants and animals is constrained   t hatch late in the season reduce their body size i can directly compete plastic and non-plasti  he success of a particular clone in any environment can be measured as its ability to replace a   clone. using these sorts of population competition experiments i will examine whether plastic   eplace non-plastic clones in a variable environment and whether non-plastic clones can replace   an replace plastic clones in a constant environment as would be expected if being plastic is co
13835	4	ved species show the fastest decline in abundance in the initial stages of degradation of semi-  nds. how does the dynamics at the patch scale relate to the dynamics at the local and regional    the dynamics at the local and regional scale how synchronised are the dynamics of local popula   of annual plant populations in remnant habitat fragments varying in size and isolation, an exp
2052	1	ood data on environmental changes, food abundance and fishing pressures during the entire perio
10297	23	ironmental conditions influencing their life history decisions, subsequent dispersal patterns a  e performance. these decisions generate heterogeneity in individual quality within and across a  date, consideration of these sources of heterogeneity in predictive models of population dynami  f heterogeneity in predictive models of population dynamics have been restricted to reproductiv  cs have been restricted to reproductive traits, and been based mostly on populations inhabiting  nderstanding how populations respond to environmental change. in this project, we will investig  n in individual quality and its role in population dynamics by simultaneously considering its i  influence on reproductive and dispersal traits. we will achieve this using a unique, large, lon   hence in the potential contribution of life history traits including dispersal to the overall    potential contribution of life history traits including dispersal to the overall dynamics of a  to the overall dynamics of asynchronous predator populations. of all the important demographic   tions. of all the important demographic traits, estimating dispersal poses perhaps the biggest   iled data set of tawny owl strix aluco, abundance and life history traits, together with detail  of tawny owl strix aluco, abundance and life history traits, together with detailed measures of  strix aluco, abundance and life history traits, together with detailed measures of prey abundan  together with detailed measures of prey abundance collected continuously by petty and collabora  to recently developed capture-recapture modelling techniques allowing simultaneous modelling of  elling techniques allowing simultaneous modelling of information from a variety of animal encou  n dispersal behaviour and the resulting density dependence in dispersal, a key determinant of p  poral autocorrelations, coincident with climate change. as such, it serves as a rare model syst  te change. as such, it serves as a rare model system for investigating the response of a predat  tem for investigating the response of a predator to observed and expected environmental change.   of a predator to observed and expected environmental change.
6745	1	the common hamster are very important indicator-species of the agricultural lands. their habi
15328	6	iverse evolutionary histories, cellular traits and metabolic capacities. the main reason for th   and success of each taxa to the marine environment and will serve to start understanding heter  erstanding heterotrophic flagellates in nature. focusing on the population ecology of a few mod  sing on the population ecology of a few model species provides a unique possibility of going on  ther in disentangling the structure and function of microbial assemblages in nature.   nd function of microbial assemblages in nature.
13472	6	ar whether the ecological memory of the ecosystem is sufficient to allow species to locate and   ead trees due to decay and at the stand scale as succession progress. it can thus be hypothesiz   due to decay and at the stand scale as succession progress. it can thus be hypothesized that t  lishment stages is key factors in their life history. the current project is to be viewed as a   ols for efficient planning at landscape scale. it utilizes modern molecular tools to identify s  relation between spore availability and colonization patterns; iv genetic variation among colon
6870	1	the planned purposes of our competition are to find all localisation of native silv
11355	3	m isoforms, and reveals a robust clinal distribution within europe. we will study the functiona  ons. we will investigate the effects of temperature and photoperiod on transgenic flies carryin  m protein isoforms when challenged with environmental change. finally we shall examine the evol
15362	1	actors and the insular isolation on the evolution of the selected taxa; and, if possible, to es
13582	2	dvances in genome sequencing will allow development of new marker types affected by natural sel   systems, the skagerrak-kattegat-baltic salinity transition and skagerrak fjords, we propose to
11392	3	h drive the global cycles of matter and energy, provide nutrients, decompose waste and clean up  al cycles of matter and energy, provide nutrients, decompose waste and clean up pollution. of c   it will be widespread or restricted in distribution.
15256	1	on with the ub, is to relate population traits continental shelf
2039	1	gating population genetic structure and population dynamics of the commercially important flatf
13740	1	s the following issues: 1. the temporal stability of spatially divergent cod populations in ska
11006	2	ing issues of geographical and temporal scale and interaction between virus and host immunity.   f the impact of virus infection on host mortality and direct estimates of rates and routes of v
11206	2	ing issues of geographical and temporal scale and interaction between virus and host immunity.   f the impact of virus infection on host mortality and direct estimates of rates and routes of v
11709	6	llapsed, or are at record low levels of abundance. continuing exploitation and the uncertain im  ploitation and the uncertain impacts of climate change are adding further pressures on fish res  ment and conservation efforts. one such development will be to incorporate the extent and dynam  als that differ in their vital rates of growth, reproduction, migratory tendency and mortality.  h, reproduction, migratory tendency and mortality. it therefore becomes desirable, for example,  otential for adapting to changes in the environment. a critical component of such work involves
10028	6	llapsed, or are at record low levels of abundance. continuing exploitation and the uncertain im  ploitation and the uncertain impacts of climate change are adding further pressures on fish res  ment and conservation efforts. one such development will be to incorporate the extent and dynam  als that differ in their vital rates of growth, reproduction, migratory tendency and mortality.  h, reproduction, migratory tendency and mortality. it therefore becomes desirable, for example,  otential for adapting to changes in the environment. a critical component of such work involves
13969	4	ucing realistic forecasts of population growth and extinction risk in a changing environment. m  rowth and extinction risk in a changing environment. many of the most serious threats to biodiv  ensive field data, experiments, and new modelling techniques to accomplish four main objectives   viability under different scenarios of environmental change. fourth, we will implement methods
15098	2	ideal models to evaluate the effects of environmental change. this environmental change of glob  e effects of environmental change. this environmental change of global reach results for human
6802	4	ed for understanding the functioning of ecosystems. these approaches rarely meet adequately in   equately in ecology. in the analysis of food webs describing interspecific interactions of high  overemphasising either pure topology or population dynamics in no network context represents ex  ions of species having large effects on community dynamics in real webs. it is an interesting q
10095	3	antification of the separate effects of competition, ppis, and the abiotic environment with cha  s of competition, ppis, and the abiotic environment with changing severity, and examination of    interaction in determining the overall nature of the relationship between neighbours.
14799	4	most relevant features of mediterranean ecosystems is the importance of fires, and many species  ferring post-fire persistence. in these ecosystems, the two main persistence mechanisms are: th  s designed for compiling information on life history attributes of the species in the mediterra  under a larger spatial and phylogenetic scale than the experiments, although without the robust
11633	8	in fertilisation success through: sperm competition, the competition between the ejaculates of   success through: sperm competition, the competition between the ejaculates of different males o  erent partners for fertilisation. sperm competition and cryptic female choice interact in a com  damental mechanisms of male fertilising efficiency, and the way genetic interactions between re  llus, a sexually promiscuous bird and a model system of sexual selection. this project constitu  anisms controlling fertility and the co-evolution between males and females. addressing these i  s in turn fundamental to understand the evolution of male and female reproductive strategies, t  and female reproductive strategies, the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation. thi
15502	5	causes affecting biodiversity at global scale. the characterization of the invasive potential o  hesis that exotic species undergo rapid evolution when they invade a new environment has gained   rapid evolution when they invade a new environment has gained support in the scientific commun  nt has gained support in the scientific community. plants may undergo changes in the herbivore   bivore selective pressures in the novel habitat through a release of the herbivores associated
7268	1	mals and biodiversity, will propose new indicators of stock by comparing adults to post-larvae.
10078	5	iations of plant av-ptgs in relation to climate change, because laboratory experiments has demo  atory experiments has demonstrated that temperature affects the strength of plant av-ptgs. this   of av-ptgs in natural conditions. such evaluation will help to assess the potential benefits/r  t the ecological consequences of global warming and the climate changes in the uk.    consequences of global warming and the climate changes in the uk.
14734	9	he potential consequences of the global warming have not been considered yet. the main objectiv  ecies as a consequence of the projected temperature increase for the present century and to pro  cies. the underlying hypothesis is that temperature increase will determine an upward displacem  ill determine an upward displacement of vegetation belts which, owing to the peculiar tabular t  ography of the region, will lead to the habitat loss and/or fragmentation for many species thus  he magnitude of potential extinction by habitat loss, palaeoecological methods such as pollen a  ions of the eventual future altitudinal distribution of involved species using graphical modell  ion of involved species using graphical modelling based on geographical information systems. th  ad, thus providing the bases for impact evaluation and risk analysis, which are needed to class
12243	1	cropping and the provision of specific environmental services, within the uks arable sector. a
11073	23	this project investigates the recovery of arctic tundra from the effects of atmospher   tundra from the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. fossil fuel burning in vehicles, p  s, power stations and industry produces nitrogen oxides. these gases travel long distances in t  ed back to the ground surface where the nitrogen causes changes to the vegetation and soil. the  here the nitrogen causes changes to the vegetation and soil. the arctic tundra receives such ai  h arctic, to investigate the effects of nitrogen deposition on tundra plants. the nitrogen that  trogen deposition on tundra plants. the nitrogen that we watered onto the vegetation affected t  . the nitrogen that we watered onto the vegetation affected the physiology of plants and the ab  fected the physiology of plants and the abundance of different species; some species almost die  t were used to set the critical load of nitrogen for tundra; that is, the internationally agree  ernationally agreed number for how much nitrogen the ecosystem can tolerate before it is damage  agreed number for how much nitrogen the ecosystem can tolerate before it is damaged. critical l  . critical load values for all european ecosystems were taken into account in the development o  osystems were taken into account in the development of international pollution control legislat  ed; after three years we stopped adding nitrogen to some of our experimental plots but after an  other seven years it was clear that the vegetation had not recovered. in this project we will r  n to the experiment to measure how much recovery has occurred over 18 years. this is important   e international legislation has reduced nitrogen oxide emissions across europe and we need to u  to understand what the potential is for ecosystems to recover once the amount of nitrogen being  cosystems to recover once the amount of nitrogen being deposited on them decreases. should the   decreases. should the results show that recovery is very slow, it is possible that the critical  t is possible that the critical load of nitrogen for tundra will be reduced to take into accoun   fact that ecological changes caused by nitrogen deposition are not readily reversible.
12612	1	s it can pose to peoples health and the environment. local authorities are required to identify
14780	5	out to identify the potential impact of climate change upon the biota of montane aquatic system   regarded as particularly threatened by climate change and a change in their degree of permanen  structure and dynamics of populations 3 community composition, 4 impact of exotic species and 5  ticipate the degree of vulnerability to climate change and the corresponding preventive or miti  nge and the corresponding preventive or mitigation measures.
13469	10	ollowing questions which are related to climate change: 1 is there less genetic variation at ra  ns compared to the centre of a species’ distribution 2 are northern species more vulnerable to   are northern species more vulnerable to climate change than southern species 3 how do community  e change than southern species 3 how do community interactions affect the predicted life histor  unity interactions affect the predicted life history response obtained from single species labo  istic laboratory experiments simulating climate change are and if it is possible to extrapolate  it is possible to extrapolate predicted life history responses from laboratory to natural commu  ry responses from laboratory to natural community systems. the project consists of a mixture of  semi-field experiments. the focus is on life history traits in dragonflies, but the results obt  periments. the focus is on life history traits in dragonflies, but the results obtained are gen
11163	12	ao recently commented that the sluggish development of agriculture and the slow increase of far  ingly scientists are arguing that rural development must also proceed alongside proper manageme  ngside proper management of the natural environment. without this, the possible negative conseq  , biodiversity and other aspects of the environment that we all depend upon, so-called ecologic  ment that we all depend upon, so-called ecological services, are severe. there are countless ex   countless examples of how agricultural development has caused signficant and often irreversibl  re consequences of human activities and climate change on key environmental conditons. but ther  e well the possibility that the natural environment can change in unpredictable ways. we know t  ysing how the mixture of human actions, climate and ecology has effectively evolved to the stat   ecosytems can withstand a good deal of stress from human activities, but when they finally giv  isors, and farmers the changes that the environment has already experienced and how it might ch   how the results compare with their own perceptions of change, and what might be the best alter
12537	3	ing consistency, capturing uncertainty, mapping endangered areas and summarising risk work pack  t validation and dissemination with the development of a web-based pra scheme. objective is to   within pratique is provided via project ph0413 by defra plant health division; csl is participa
12572	5	investigate and quantify the extent of predation by specific pisciverous fish and non-native c  pecifically, to determine the potential predation impact of signal crayfish on the eggs and lar  tages of atlantic salmon, determine the habitat use and territory size of wild atlantic salmon   ignal crayfish, determine the potential predation impact by stocked and escapee trout on emigra  mon smolts, and determine the potential predation impact of sea bass on emigrating salmon smolt
14641	20	we aim to quantify the role of predation in explaining the lack of recovery of wild ra   of predation in explaining the lack of recovery of wild rabbit at the end of the 1980s. in oth  oved that certain populations with high density, after being affected by an external factor, ca  an reach a new equilibrium stage at low density. according to the predator pit hypothesis, pred   stage at low density. according to the predator pit hypothesis, predation would have a regulat  cording to the predator pit hypothesis, predation would have a regulatory effect at low rabbit    have a regulatory effect at low rabbit density, preventing a return to the initial, high densi  reventing a return to the initial, high density, equilibrium. in the iberian peninsula, we hypo  ven many rabbit populations to new, low density equilibria where they are regulated by predatio   equilibria where they are regulated by predation. in a former project, we have shown that most  study has assessed whether this lack of recovery in rabbit populations is related to a predatio  y in rabbit populations is related to a predation-mediated equilibrium. in this project our obj  rabbit populations are regulated at low density by predation in the centre-southern iberian pen  lations are regulated at low density by predation in the centre-southern iberian peninsula. 2.    2. to quantify the joint impact of the predator community on rabbits, comparing localities wit  antify the joint impact of the predator community on rabbits, comparing localities with similar  bits, comparing localities with similar habitat characteristics, where rabbits are at different  s functional and numerical responses of predators to changes in the abundance of rabbit populat  esponses of predators to changes in the abundance of rabbit populations. and 4. to propose mana  t strategies which enable the effective recovery of rabbit populations.
1982	12	e. the latter is known for its prolific production of protein-rich silk webs as a defence again  ein-rich silk webs as a defence against predators. we will focus on the key question how the de  y species depends on other life-history traits via an energetic and/or genetic trade-off. the m  n defensive trait in spider mites, silk production for webbing, is known to involve investment   end to assess the relation between silk production and other fitness components, such as egg pr  d other fitness components, such as egg production and detoxification of secondary plant compou  ds, using selection experiments on silk production. these trade-offs will be studied in more de  of essential amino acids in silk or egg production in the various selection lines. in addition,  w differences in silk investment affect predation risk and predator-prey dynamics, as well as h  lk investment affect predation risk and predator-prey dynamics, as well as how these depend on   n population experiments, using natural predator-prey populations in sicily and in turkey, in w  tions in sicily and in turkey, in which predator densities and host plant quality will be manip
11493	30	predation is a key factor in the structuring of ecologi  unities. the behavioural adaptations of predators and prey to each other can have a fundamental   adaptations and counter-adaptations of predator and prey and how these translate into larger s  rey and how these translate into larger scale phenomena at the group and population levels. spe   we consider how the sensory systems of predators can become confused by large groups of prey,   ppearance, how it can be ameliorated by predator behaviour, and how the behaviours investigated  oups at the single-group and population scale. we will use the powerful computational modelling   we will use the powerful computational modelling techniques of artificial neural networks and   ms, fully validated with experiments on predation by sticklebacks and humans. the predatory sen  ork with a static, previously obtained, mapping unit that generates the aforementioned confusio  es prey items in a way that ameliorates predator confusion. this decision-making unit is traine  ess similar to natural selection affect predator success how does complexity of the prey group   ection affect predator success how does complexity of the prey group affect predator success an  oes complexity of the prey group affect predator success and under what circumstances might a p  ss and under what circumstances might a predator choose to specialise on a particular prey type  ed. having validated the neural network model, and investigated the influence of prey group beh  he influence of prey group behaviour on predator success, we will consider the counter case of   e will consider the counter case of how predator prey choice may effect group formation of prey   in form and composition in response to predation by the neural network predator. the predator   onse to predation by the neural network predator. the predator will remove individuals from the  ion by the neural network predator. the predator will remove individuals from the prey group, a  ve individuals from the prey group, and evolution of prey group form examined. how does the opt  oup form examined. how does the optimal predator strike strategy affect the ultimate form and c  rey groups be explained by variation in predator characteristic and/or initial form of the grou  ill be addressed. ultimately, the whole predator-prey modelling framework will be integrated in  ed. ultimately, the whole predator-prey modelling framework will be integrated into a full coev  o a full coevolutionary system in which predator and prey evolve simultaneously. these sophisti  in form and composition be explained by predation what types of predator might be associated wi  be explained by predation what types of predator might be associated with different types of pr  ucture in natural populations how might predator strategy and prey group form change through ev
11795	30	predation is a key factor in the structuring of ecologi  unities. the behavioural adaptations of predators and prey to each other can have a fundamental   adaptations and counter-adaptations of predator and prey and how these translate into larger s  rey and how these translate into larger scale phenomena at the group and population levels. spe   we consider how the sensory systems of predators can become confused by large groups of prey,   ppearance, how it can be ameliorated by predator behaviour, and how the behaviours investigated  oups at the single-group and population scale. we will use the powerful computational modelling   we will use the powerful computational modelling techniques of artificial neural networks and   ms, fully validated with experiments on predation by sticklebacks and humans. the predatory sen  ork with a static, previously obtained, mapping unit that generates the aforementioned confusio  es prey items in a way that ameliorates predator confusion. this decision-making unit is traine  ess similar to natural selection affect predator success how does complexity of the prey group   ection affect predator success how does complexity of the prey group affect predator success an  oes complexity of the prey group affect predator success and under what circumstances might a p  ss and under what circumstances might a predator choose to specialise on a particular prey type  ed. having validated the neural network model, and investigated the influence of prey group beh  he influence of prey group behaviour on predator success, we will consider the counter case of   e will consider the counter case of how predator prey choice may effect group formation of prey   in form and composition in response to predation by the neural network predator. the predator   onse to predation by the neural network predator. the predator will remove individuals from the  ion by the neural network predator. the predator will remove individuals from the prey group, a  ve individuals from the prey group, and evolution of prey group form examined. how does the opt  oup form examined. how does the optimal predator strike strategy affect the ultimate form and c  rey groups be explained by variation in predator characteristic and/or initial form of the grou  ill be addressed. ultimately, the whole predator-prey modelling framework will be integrated in  ed. ultimately, the whole predator-prey modelling framework will be integrated into a full coev  o a full coevolutionary system in which predator and prey evolve simultaneously. these sophisti  in form and composition be explained by predation what types of predator might be associated wi  be explained by predation what types of predator might be associated with different types of pr  ucture in natural populations how might predator strategy and prey group form change through ev
13584	13	i propose to examine the predator-prey space use game in a system of treefrog ta  y behaviors that reduce larval feeding, growth and/or developmental rates. accordingly, dozens   t adaptive responses to the presence of predators, typically by reducing larval activity and/or  ese studies, however, either used caged predators, or if they used free-swimming predators did   redators, or if they used free-swimming predators did not analyze behavioral interactions betwe  analyze behavioral interactions between predators and prey. from the predator view, many stuide  ns between predators and prey. from the predator view, many stuides have shown that aquatic inv  es have shown that aquatic invertebrate predators exhibit adaptive responses to their prey, inc  ut how changes in risks and rewards for predators and prey influence the outcomes of predator-p  tors and prey influence the outcomes of predator-prey spatial games. in addition, i will expand   empirical analyses to include multiple predators since multiple predators are clearly the norm  clude multiple predators since multiple predators are clearly the norm in nature.   tiple predators are clearly the norm in nature.
9945	25	global warming is creating an extensively modified world. an e  ying structure of marine and freshwater ecosystems is changing, and potentially most alarmingly  mingly, key global cycles which control climate have been altered. however, how the processes t  he processes that sustain life in these ecosystems will respond to future global warming are un  cosystems will respond to future global warming are unknown. an understanding of these processe  ial if we are to be able to predict how ecosystems will respond to warming in the future and fu   predict how ecosystems will respond to warming in the future and furthermore implement managem  es to protect the fundamentals of these ecosystems. this represents a significant challenge for  ficant challenge for scientists because ecosystems are inherently complex and their response to  nherently complex and their response to environmental change can often be idiosyncratic. we wil  y elements and their relationships with temperature. at the same time we will continue a large    the same time we will continue a large scale experiment which has been running since 2006 whic  n running since 2006 which involves the warming of a series of replicated artificial ponds to s  o simulate the effects of future global warming. the combination of these approaches will allow  hat will govern the response of aquatic ecosystems to the elevated temperatures predicted for t  redictive tools for the study of global warming on ecosystems. while our experimental manipulat  ools for the study of global warming on ecosystems. while our experimental manipulation will al  l manipulation will allow us to test or model predictions and provide direct evidence of the ef  ovide direct evidence of the effects of warming on whole aquatic ecosystems. ecologists typical  the effects of warming on whole aquatic ecosystems. ecologists typically break ecosystems down    ecosystems. ecologists typically break ecosystems down into structural which maintain the inte  l which maintain the integrity of these ecosystems. we will test our ideas by making high resol  igh resolution seasonal measurements of nutrients and the size distribution of plants and anima   measurements of nutrients and the size distribution of plants and animals, along with rates of   along with rates of photosynthesis and decomposition in our experimental systems.
11798	4	heir potential as long-term archives of climate change. this interest is demonstrated by three   e sheet dynamics the study will utilise gis and numerical ice sheet modelling to predict where   ill utilise gis and numerical ice sheet modelling to predict where subglacial lakes may have oc   sheets and then the identification and evaluation of some of these former subglacial lakes usi
10714	6	climate is changing: predictions for the uk and much of  uk and much of europe suggest a rise in temperature of 3-5ºc in the next half century, the warm   over the past 40.000 years. this rapid climate change is likely to have pronounced effects in   nced effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. these effects will appear at different scal  ividual level and other characteristics/traits of species, populations and ecosystems.   tics/traits of species, populations and ecosystems.
2180	18	t is to analyze how expected changes in climate will affect the population dynamics of birds an  cted changes in climate will affect the population dynamics of birds and mammals, and how these  s will cause shifts in the geographical distribution of abundances within the distributional ra  alyze in detail some carefully selected model systems for which long time series of individual-  l as a mechanistic understanding of how climate influences the demography are available. this w   can be used to quantitatively evaluate climate influences on the population dynamics. by compa  vely evaluate climate influences on the population dynamics. by comparing systems with differen  ical for strong responses to changes in climate than others. we will then develop theoretical m  er which conditions temporal changes in climate are most likely to cause shift in the geographi  kely to cause shift in the geographical distribution of abundance within a species' distributio  ift in the geographical distribution of abundance within a species' distributional range. we wi  pulation fluctuations are influenced by climate variation. by combining stochastic population m  ional scenarios for expected changes in climate as well as in environmental phenology, we can c   in climate as well as in environmental phenology, we can calculate how changes in climate will  nology, we can calculate how changes in climate will affect the spatial synchrony of the popula   how this will cause differences in the distribution of the abundance of the species within the   differences in the distribution of the abundance of the species within their distributional ra  herefore examine whether the effects of climate changes can be modified by altering the harvest
9851	10	rapid climate change and habitat fragmentation are expected t                 rapid climate change and habitat fragmentation are expected to disrupt ecologica  inctions due to direct loss of suitable habitat occur. such disruptions are likely to have seri  ious implications for the services that ecosystems provide for human health and agriculture. in  d substantially reduce both the spatial connectivity of populations, and the ecological resilie  pts to predict such effects assume that traits such as flowering times and flower morphology ch  cies. however, recent studies of flower traits and emergence time within and between population   ecological interactions in the face of global change is a key nerc priority. this will be the   nd ecological variation in life-history traits in a single species, and assess how maintaining   aintaining a given networks of distinct habitat reserves is likely to maximise ecological resil
13884	9	posed project is to integrate landscape modelling with metapopulation modelling to i provide a   landscape modelling with metapopulation modelling to i provide a deeper understanding of how to  tterns reflect the historical amount of habitat, iii initiate an integration of landscape, meta   landscape, metapopulation and economic modelling to provide a tool for finding landscape manag  diversity in a cost-effective way. as a model system i will mainly work with old trees in agric  he beetle osmoderma eremita is the main model species. i studied o. eremita empirically as a ph  . i studied o. eremita empirically as a ph.d. student. i simulate the metapopulation dynamics t  he creation and destruction of suitable habitat patches. for that reason i model the dynamics o  able habitat patches. for that reason i model the dynamics of the trees. to make that possible
1938	2	predicting the effects of nature restoration requires the setting of targets. rec  etting of targets. recently a system of nature target types' to spatio-temporal dynamics.
1939	15	the effects of nature restoration practices are often predicted from a  om abiotic environmental factor such as soil moisture, ph and nutrients. indeed these factors c  ronmental factor such as soil moisture, ph and nutrients. indeed these factors can be affected   al factor such as soil moisture, ph and nutrients. indeed these factors can be affected by rewe  ional series, including the established vegetation and the soil seed bank. moreover, lists of t  died. it further estimates life-history traits such as seed longevity, dispersal and adult long  doc-project will built up a database on life history traits for the evaluation of common life h  ill built up a database on life history traits for the evaluation of common life history traits  database on life history traits for the evaluation of common life history traits of declined an  ory traits for the evaluation of common life history traits of declined and increased species i  r the evaluation of common life history traits of declined and increased species in order to im  prove predictions on the probability of colonization by target species. these predictions will   he case-studies, the results of various nature restoration projects in the netherlands will be   eloped by the institute of forestry and nature research. this expert system aims at improved pr   improved predictions of the effects of nature restoration.
10108	5	ologist is to explain the diversity and abundance of organisms. however, novel challenges and r  ver, novel challenges and risks such as climate change, genetic modification, invasive species   properties of the whole population like growth rate and stability. but do we need this new math  e whole population like growth rate and stability. but do we need this new maths this project w  lysing the effect of this change on the growth rate of the population. the project will also us
13596	5	communities at the field and landscape scale, and how this relates to nitrification and nitrat  d how this relates to nitrification and nitrate leaching in different crop production systems.    and nitrate leaching in different crop production systems. nitrification is a two-step process   the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria spatial modelling of the phylogenetic structure of nitrifier co  e of nitrifier communities at the field scale to address the relative importance of different u
11454	5	th atlantic oscillation and sea surface temperature influence both reproductive performance and  uence both reproductive performance and recruitment in this species. this proposal builds upon    interest in the consequences of abrupt climate change, and uses these data to parameterise age  of recent and predicted trends in ocean climate on changes in colony size, and focus future res   between variations in these indices of climate change and key population parameters.
2069	1	ders explicitly the issues of transgene population dynamics. the methodological framework estab
12167	3	ational level chnage through the impact model. objective 7 to make recommendations for future r  nly for biodiversity but also for wider ecosystem services and within the context of climate ch  stem services and within the context of climate change. to update the evidence base and identif
12562	4	summary objective: model the response of native and non-native fish specie  native fish species under conditions of climate change; refine the hazard identification and as  ve species on native species and stream ecosystem function so as to inform the risk assessment   itiatives, and the species’ response to environmental change, to combat the spread of non-nativ
14927	1	european water framework directive, the evaluation of the ecological status is determined by th
2190	9	is to develop knowledge and methods for nature conservation and biodiversity considerations in   ack of effective tools dealing with the evaluation of impacts on biodiversity. the development   luation of impacts on biodiversity. the development of ecological prediction tools will increas   there is an increasing pressure on the environment due the ongoing urbanisation. new developme   processes and that represent different habitat types and scales in the landscape. from environ  tem together with empirical data on the distribution of selected focal species, predictive mode  it will be possible to find patterns of connectivity and dispersal, thresholds, opportunities f  patterns of connectivity and dispersal, thresholds, opportunities for mitigation measures and t  ispersal, thresholds, opportunities for mitigation measures and to identify effects and consequ
13982	2	theses about patterns of variability is scale-dependent and that the importance of ecological p  e study of spatial patterns and for the development of mechanistic as well as purely predictive
13883	5	are confined to trees which are dynamic habitat patches. the first method is for modelling dyna  abitat patches. the first method is for modelling dynamics between single trees. i will use bay   trees. i will use bayesian statistical modelling, and apply the so called back-calculation tec  ed in ecology. the second method is for modelling dynamics between stands in a landscape. the m  mics between stands in a landscape. the model is fitted based on simulations of epiphyte dynami
1956	1	e further research into the ecology and evolution of specialists and generalists and the mainte
14518	5	me management systems, and identity and abundance of agrochemicals released. the risk of exposu  integrating the information about avian community structure, ecology of two key species, habita   structure, ecology of two key species, habitat structure, phenology of cultivation, toxicology   of two key species, habitat structure, phenology of cultivation, toxicology, and hunting and f  imise the relationships between farming productivity, game management and biodiversity conserva
12424	2	programme has two key elements: 1, the development of expert guidelines to set out sampling an  he short, medium and long-terms; 2. the development of a network of national and regional exper
2211	1	are able to respond to the dynamics of ecosystems, in the case, fish and wildlife populations.
461	5	or used. egg collecting, hunting, guano mining, localization of fish schools are all ecosystem   g, localization of fish schools are all ecosystem services provided by seabird colonies. more r  mine the status of preservation and the ecosystem services provided by seabirds in three countr  tent incomes and job opportunities. our evaluation by country and by island or group of islands   preservation of seabirds on a regional scale. eventually we hope to stop the erosion of biodiv
13837	6	fluence on low productive boreal forest ecosystems affect ecosystem productivity and resilience  ductive boreal forest ecosystems affect ecosystem productivity and resilience, resulting in slo  real forest ecosystems affect ecosystem productivity and resilience, resulting in slow but majo  resilience, resulting in slow but major ecosystem transformations over time. the study sites co  on disturbance and resilience in forest ecosystems and to provide tools for preservation of the  he cultural heritage in northern forest ecosystems.
13331	4	in terms of business patterns and major ecosystems will be as comprehensive as possible. experi  bute to the eu strategy for sustainable development through their commercial actvities. 2.demon  egy and the eu strategy for sustainable development. 3.awareness raised amongst the applied res  ess raised amongst the applied research community about the potential contribution of smes to c
14123	2	volatile compound on air quality under climate change and provides relevant information on the  levant information on the dependence of productivity on emission rate under different stresses
2105	14	conomic sectors, and provides important environmental services, like recreation, conservation o  logical diversity, and sequestration of climate gases. future climate change is of vital intere   sequestration of climate gases. future climate change is of vital interest for forestry and en  t is important to analyze which impacts climate changes may have on forests, forestry and fores   it is a strong advantage to use forest ecosystem process models and combine their results with   combine their results with bioeconomic modeling. the principle objectives of the project is to  e project is to develop suitable forest ecosystem process models for norway and use them as bas  edge on how and to what degree expected climate changes are likely to influence together with p   prognosis from regclim to estimate the climate change impacts on main forest ecosystem functio  e climate change impacts on main forest ecosystem functions. s3: integrate the results from s2   ting bio-economic models to analyze the climate change impacts on forest management, carbon seq  te change impacts on forest management, carbon sequestration, and income/employment in the fore  stitutes in the field of forest process modeling, and be based on climate change data provided   orest process modeling, and be based on climate change data provided by regclim.
13862	5	xplore processes delaying or preventing vegetation recovery following decreased nitrogen than t  esses delaying or preventing vegetation recovery following decreased nitrogen than the effects   vegetation recovery following decreased nitrogen than the effects on chemical parameters. this   repancy between chemical and biological recovery will be explored in the proposed research by s  e by pathogens/insect herbivores, plant community species composition and soil n turnover.
14617	4	the re-colonization of alpine grassland with woody species as   sland with woody species as a result of vegetation succession and land use change is one of the  woody species as a result of vegetation succession and land use change is one of the most impor  s a result of vegetation succession and land use change is one of the most important threats to
10056	5	of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community.   nique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community. during ice formation in autumn, mi  ed to hypersaline brine channels, where salinity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to   enting a major component to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms   in laboratory cultures to determine the abundance and composition of this diatom eps, measure t
10057	5	of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community.   nique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community. during ice formation in autumn, mi  ed to hypersaline brine channels, where salinity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to   enting a major component to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms   in laboratory cultures to determine the abundance and composition of this diatom eps, measure t
11311	5	of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community.   nique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community. during ice formation in autumn, mi  ed to hypersaline brine channels, where salinity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to   enting a major component to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms   in laboratory cultures to determine the abundance and composition of this diatom eps, measure t
11345	5	ion arises because understanding of dms production processes is based on research that focuses   e emiliania huxleyi. current efforts to model dms and dmsp production potential rely upon the s  . current efforts to model dms and dmsp production potential rely upon the same possibly biased  collection and investigate dmsp and dms production. the project we propose is novel for its foc  ity of the current understanding of dms production by this important phytoplankton group.
12178	4	e of particular help to those with agri-environment scheme agreements. the tone of the dvd will  ition have benefits for animal and crop production as well as wildlife, the landscape and our h  for farms to be financially viable. the production company will be expected to provide necessar   in close discussion with mr adams. the production company may engage mr adams or any other per
14555	5	nspicuous sex-specific secondary sexual traits also, most studies in the wild have been perform  ation of environmental factors, such as abundance and quality of food resources or demographic   rces or demographic parameters, such as density modulate mate choice, intrasexual competition o  nsity modulate mate choice, intrasexual competition or the production of sscs in early life. th   choice, intrasexual competition or the production of sscs in early life. the main objective of
7699	2	ased demands on improving the impact of production activities on the environment and on the oth   impact of production activities on the environment and on the other hand, an increase in deman
10755	6	the most poorly understood terrestrial habitat in antarctica is its ice: a significant microbi  nce. at each site we will establish the microbial community structure and biomass throughout th  om the snow and ice. we will also track nutrients at the same time and measure the melt energy   s at the same time and measure the melt energy fluxes that drive the whole system. this tight i  to calculate the westward flux of melt, nutrients and microbial biomass that might be expected   he westward flux of melt, nutrients and microbial biomass that might be expected under current
14580	10	in the saltmarshes and to establish the trophic interactions between the different planktonic g  y analysed. these organisms have double function in the trophic food web, because they are both  sms have double function in the trophic food web, because they are both predators and competito  trophic food web, because they are both predators and competitors of other phytoplankters. this  ther phytoplankters. this increases the complexity of the planktonic food webs of these ecosyst  reases the complexity of the planktonic food webs of these ecosystems. we also analyse the rela  ty of the planktonic food webs of these ecosystems. we also analyse the relationship between th  on size structure and the degree of the community structure, identifying if the size structure    of the plankton and benthos due to the production and the fish predation.   thos due to the production and the fish predation.
12160	2	xpertise to contribute to the effective development, execution, evaluation and communication of  o the effective development, execution, evaluation and communication of the department-funded p
12161	2	xpertise to contribute to the effective development, execution, evaluation and communication of  o the effective development, execution, evaluation and communication of the department-funded p
2140	3	e essential for structuring terrestrial ecosystems. this project represents the first attempt t  st attempt to compare arthropod species richness in the soil and understorey vs. canopy habitat  omologists to participate in this large-scale project on biodiversity in a tropical lowland for
12560	5	hine vision system to automate the weed mapping process. the project thereby addresses the prin   want to minimise pesticide use and the carbon footprint of farming while maintaining food prod  print of farming while maintaining food production and security. the mapping technology could a  ining food production and security. the mapping technology could also be used on organic farms   ical weed control thereby reducing both carbon footprints and also damage to crops by, for exam
7683	7	o provide a better understanding of the evolution of coral reefs ecosystems in the context of g  tanding of the evolution of coral reefs ecosystems in the context of global changes . a specifi  onomic and social contribution of those ecosystems to local population and tourists over a peri  rocess towards management of coral reef ecosystems. research will therefore aim at preparing ma  esearch will therefore aim at preparing mapping of ecosystem services and predicted evolution o  l therefore aim at preparing mapping of ecosystem services and predicted evolution over a 3-dec  ing of ecosystem services and predicted evolution over a 3-decades period. importantly, the res
13400	1	olive. for this reason, it has a great richness for olive germplasm resources. following a com
2076	3	approach to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems is expressed in the latest environmental agr  d processes recognize the importance of ecosystem management and establish obligations for cons  egional arrangements and agreements can function. after having discussed the legal obligations
11145	4	n wettable and non-wettable states, and development of optimum and sustainable natural resource  y relevant and timely in the context of climate predictions for the coming decades, which sugge  drought periods as well as more intense precipitation events for the uk and many other regions.  c conditions may induce more widespread development of hydrophobicity in soils, which in turn r
10261	8	rey communities. because of their sheer abundance within the oceans, these organisms effect how  anisms effect how key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled on a global scale. ther  ct how key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled on a global scale. there is much e  on and nitrogen, are cycled on a global scale. there is much evidence to suggest that protists    that cell recognition by single-celled predators involves more than one type of receptor. with  teins expressed by a species of protist predator using a technique called proteomics. we will i  led proteomics. we will investigate how predator protein expression changes with different prey  hus aiding our overall understanding of food webs and nutrient cycling within the ocean.
14105	7	has been exhausted. starvation and high mortality is well known among larval fish. the diet of   umber of publications on the planktonic food web structure only a few evidence are documented t  of fish larvae, due to a high degree of decomposition of the food and the use of conventional t  t consumption by fish larvae in natural environment. to our knowledge there are no correspondin  ing on the microbial loop and classical food web. to estimate the proportion of protozoan prey   ing on the microbial loop and classical food web we are going to carry out more complex food we   we are going to carry out more complex food web studies in lake võrtsjärv.
10365	1	optical remote sensing is used to monitor the health and status
11484	1	al gene libraries. these libraries will function as a permanent archive of dna for the molecula
12189	28	ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from   ces are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, such as clean water, flood control, storage  tion, and for aesthetic appreciation of nature. international and national studies are showing   re, are contributing to declines in the ecosystem services provided by nature, with possible co  s in the ecosystem services provided by nature, with possible consequences for human health and  of initiatives are underway to maintain ecosystem services and potentially to reverse their dec  n the uk, and elsewhere in the eu, agri-environment schemes have great potential to contribute   ial to contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem services. the english environmental stewardsh  rovides one such opportunity to enhance ecosystem services in the farmed environment. environme  nhance ecosystem services in the farmed environment. environmental stewardship encourages farme  ity and character; protect the historic environment; promote public access and understanding of  vironmental stewardship may also affect ecosystem services, for example: winter cover crops may   grass margins in arable field may trap sediment and nutrients and so reduce water pollution. w  s in arable field may trap sediment and nutrients and so reduce water pollution. while the pote  stewardship may best be used to enhance ecosystem services. this project will address these iss  re and expert opinion. we will then use modelling approaches to suggest the best environmental   onmental stewardship options to enhance ecosystem services and the ideal placement of these wit  applied to a farm. we will also use our review and analysis to suggest new forms of environment  nmental stewardship options may improve ecosystem services. the first will use well-developed m  of land management on processes such as carbon storage and water flow to determine how combinat  ions in the english uplands may enhance ecosystem services. this will involve novel combination  this will involve novel combinations of modelling methods to answer precise questions about the  t is relevant to the real world and the scale at which environmental stewardship agreements are  nd emissions, water quality in terms of nitrogen phosphorus and sediment, pollination of crops,  ons, water quality in terms of nitrogen phosphorus and sediment, pollination of crops, biodiver  ity in terms of nitrogen phosphorus and sediment, pollination of crops, biodiversity, and stake  e. these measures will be combined with modelling methods to project how the environmental stew  knowledge of how to manage the land for ecosystem services. dissemination of the results and tr
12491	3	ntributes to the provision of different ecosystem services through analysis of current levels o   recommendations on how the delivery of ecosystem services through the es could be measured; to  might be achieved; and to recommend how ecosystem service delivery might be enhanced through th
12360	1	purpose - why is the r&d needed marine environment division as the division with responsibilit
10628	16	lling to take risks under the threat of predation, quicker to learn simple tasks and less fearf  s. however, the tables may be turned if predation risk is high and the greater activity of the   h of these personality styles cope with environmental change. climate change, such as global wa   styles cope with environmental change. climate change, such as global warming and other human    change. climate change, such as global warming and other human influences e.g. toxicants, affe  .g. toxicants, affects the geographical distribution of animals but also whether they survive o  all determine whether these personality traits can be influenced by giving animals experience o  o on losing so bold fish experiencing a succession of defeats may become more shy and shy fish   cisions this may inform theories behind evolution and explain why some animals cannot survive c  animals cannot survive changes in their environment. finally we shall alter the internal state   different environments increasing their energy demands to determine if a hungry shy fish is wil  ling to take risks in the presence of a predator to get food and thus the internal state of the  rstanding how fixed animals behavioural traits are, how different personalities cope with envir  , how different personalities cope with environmental change and which genes underpin these cha  ehavioural characteristics affect their distribution in a habitat and more importantly the surv  eristics affect their distribution in a habitat and more importantly the survival of individual
15451	6	are: 1 detailed study of the bacterial community developed in the pure water pipes by using as  d in the pure water pipes by using as a model the hemodialysis waters of the new university hos  anuary 2011. 2 changes in the bacterial community along time by using molecular microbial techn   a global image of the water quality. 3 succession assessment of the pseudomonas populations in  t of the pseudomonas populations in the colonization and biofilm formation with culture depende  re dependent and independent methods. 4 development of accurate and rapid identification method
14818	1	pate actively in the c cycle , to their colonization potential of new ecological niches, and to
13811	4	g used on the basis of their ecological efficiency. these would, however, be more efficient if    subsequent studies. study 1 develops a scale of acceptance of conservation measures by the q-s   the q-sort method. study 2 employs the scale in a field study. study 3 validates tools for stu  res and can thereby point to the social efficiency of various measures.
11541	7	hat drives our dynamic earth; all large-scale geological activity is driven by mantle convectio  lumes have a direct influence on global climate. while the observational evidence for pulsing i   s geological history and the long-term evolution of earth s mantle. to address these gaps in c  pothesis will be validated by comparing model predictions of pulsing behavior with geological o   comparing model predictions of pulsing behavior with geological observations, predominantly fr  e of this research will be a predictive model of the response of earth s surface to flow within  n earth s interior. in other words, the model will show how earth s engine - mantle convection
10881	3	al by wind and ocean currents, to their recruitment and long-range transport of biota. pumice r  act and exchange between shallow marine ecosystems that otherwise remain extremely isolated by   it may serve as a natural mechanism for ecosystems damaged by human activity to recover species
15348	7	pisthobranchs, the chromodorididae as a model. we will attempt to revise the systematics of atl  hemical ecology and cases of convergent evolution stemming from their common ancestry. also we    ancestry. also we evaluate the role of climate change, dispersal and plate tectonics in confir  rranean; 2 determining the geographical distribution of the species studied; 3 establishing the  n dna sequences; 6 evaluate the generic classification of the species studied in relation to th  the principal processes implicating the evolution of species to correlate the rates of evolutio  on of species to correlate the rates of evolution with the regional patterns of diversity. an a
1948	11	for adaptive evolution to occur a population has to be persistent. t   be persistent. therefore at least some life history characteristics of the individuals have to  ontrol, and some characteristics of the environment have to respond to an output from the popul   on food availability. yet, present day life history theory assumes that this feedback loop is   our group has shown that the outcome of life history evolution may strongly depend on the preci   shown that the outcome of life history evolution may strongly depend on the precise nature of   tion may strongly depend on the precise nature of this feedbackloop. our goal is to initiate a    that have earned their keep in earlier life history work, but now extended to incorporate vari  erent experimental groups, consider the life history evolution of two model organisms, guppies   ental groups, consider the life history evolution of two model organisms, guppies and flour bee  sider the life history evolution of two model organisms, guppies and flour beetles, to test how
12540	3	project summary development of accurate identification tools for plant   uction into and their spread within the community needs to be taken. those threats are now grea  d expansion of the eu and the impact of climate change. currently identifying pathogens . the o
6845	2	ited together with fusarium head blight resistance. marker data will be stored in appropriate d  ed with phenotypic fusarium head blight resistance data. these markers will be also useful for
9944	4	variation an selected morphometric and life history traits in a free-living population, the so   selected morphometric and life history traits in a free-living population, the soay sheep on s  ion, the soay sheep on st. kilda. if ld mapping is feasible, we will fine-map other candidate q  idate qtl emerging from our own linkage mapping and from studies of domestic sheep.
10550	6	ions, but is amongst the most difficult traits to study at a genetic level. numerous genes infl  n in ecologically important behavioural traits in the arctic fly species drosophila montana. we   in the laboratory as influencing these traits in d melanogaster as well as random background g  s will identify genes influencing these traits in natural populations and tell us if these gene   they allow us to determine whether the function of genes is conserved across species, which ha  lications for our understanding of gene function and behaviour, which are very poorly studied i
11030	6	ions, but is amongst the most difficult traits to study at a genetic level. numerous genes infl  n in ecologically important behavioural traits in the arctic fly species drosophila montana. we   in the laboratory as influencing these traits in d melanogaster as well as random background g  s will identify genes influencing these traits in natural populations and tell us if these gene   they allow us to determine whether the function of genes is conserved across species, which ha  lications for our understanding of gene function and behaviour, which are very poorly studied i
11183	11	proposal to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential   al to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impact   carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. qu  tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potenti  l. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a sma  tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled arti  of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo  . the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us  gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp  e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera
1099	11	ony with landscape problems; integrated development of farming with agri-tourism, cultural acti  urism, cultural activities, handicraft, environment conservation; local breeds defence and anim  teed origin, produced with transparent, environment-friend and animal-friend techniques. the pr  ollowing aims: - to represent lamb meat production systems variety, as regards lamb types and m  eding regime in the different lamb meat production systems; - to estimate the relative contribu  timate the relative contribution of the production process credence characteristics and of prod  cted, suitable to represent the italian production variety. pre-ruminant and weaned lambs will   k . finally, consumers' ex-ante quality perceptions towards consumption, and their relationship  d laboratory-measured intrinsic quality traits will be carried out. according to the results of  quality, will be identified the process traits, the organoleptic attributes and healthy charact  or generating typicity and authenticity traits, able to improve products' commercial performanc
10061	4	primary roughness elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms   vast majority of our bed-phase diagrams development and application of an innovative numerical    application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t  low over a deformable 3d boundary. this modelling work will ensure that the results are generic
11074	4	primary roughness elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms   vast majority of our bed-phase diagrams development and application of an innovative numerical    application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t  low over a deformable 3d boundary. this modelling work will ensure that the results are generic
11867	4	primary roughness elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms   vast majority of our bed-phase diagrams development and application of an innovative numerical    application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t  low over a deformable 3d boundary. this modelling work will ensure that the results are generic
9858	7	value green roofs can provide important ecosystem services within the urban environment from bi  ant ecosystem services within the urban environment from biodiversity, climate change adaptatio  he urban environment from biodiversity, climate change adaptation, air quality management, envi  der strategy towards achieving national indicator performance targets, in addition to complemen   for the region, such as the manchester climate change and biodiversity strategies and the gm a  lable equipment includes: rotronics air temperature rh sensors, gill sonic anemometer for winds  auge, vaisala portable weather station, soil moisture theta probe. the student will also have a
2016	1	is the recently developed biotic ligand model . comparisons between predictions and field obser
11184	4	the respiration rates in micro and meso-zooplankton will be  mption and of zooplankton-cn population growth will also be determined. these data will provide  he implications of these processes, and modelling thereof, will be determined within simple cn-  ermined within simple cn-based npz-type ecosystem models.
10166	9	climate change caused by increasing emissions of co2, p  ciety. currently around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probabl  ontinue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our understandin   as wind, wave and solar renewables and carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly con  d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo  . the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us  gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp  e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera
10215	11	proposal to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential   al to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impact   carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. qu  tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potenti  l. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a sma  tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled arti  of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo  . the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us  gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp  e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera
10415	9	climate change caused by increasing emissions of co2, p  ciety. currently around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probabl  ontinue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our understandin   as wind, wave and solar renewables and carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly con  d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo  . the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us  gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp  e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera
10671	9	climate change caused by increasing emissions of co2, p  ciety. currently around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probabl  ontinue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our understandin   as wind, wave and solar renewables and carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly con  d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo  . the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us  gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp  e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera
10931	11	proposal to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential   al to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impact   carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. qu  tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potenti  l. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a sma  tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled arti  of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo  . the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us  gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp  e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera
11719	11	proposal to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential   al to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impact   carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. qu  tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potenti  l. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a sma  tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled arti  of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo  . the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us  gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp  e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera
11182	9	climate change caused by increasing emissions of co2, p  ciety. currently around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probabl  ontinue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our understandin   as wind, wave and solar renewables and carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly con  d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo  . the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us  gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp  e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera
10319	7	basis, are some of the world s densest carbon stores. discovering and quantifying the carbon s  stores. discovering and quantifying the carbon stored in such peatlands, and the environmental   ironmental controls on their extent and distribution, is therefore critical to , who collective   150 papers, including seven in science/nature. the project provides an excellent package of st  ating elements of field, laboratory and modelling work, enabling the development of a broad sui  ratory and modelling work, enabling the development of a broad suite of technical skills in add  n central africa. the interdisciplinary nature of this project will provide the student with sk
11850	16	the notion that spending time with nature can reduce stress may seem self evident. natural  at spending time with nature can reduce stress may seem self evident. natural tonics have been   world health organisation predicts that stress will be the leading cause of ill health by 2020.  of ill health by 2020. if experience of nature can relieve that stress why is not more done abo  f experience of nature can relieve that stress why is not more done about it like so many intui  ed by our ancestors, exists. if love of nature is innate, or otherwise important to our physica  ow very little of the economic value of nature. many people declare a love for nature, and beha   nature. many people declare a love for nature, and behave as if they attribute value to it whi  sical and mental health and the natural environment, and the mechanisms involved is scientifica  . this approach to managing the natural environment is in its infancy, but no less important. t  efits from interacting with the natural environment, beyond for example exercise. this could sh  quences of interaction with the natural environment are often interpreted in terms of stress, s  nment are often interpreted in terms of stress, stress is likely to be a focus of the emerging   e often interpreted in terms of stress, stress is likely to be a focus of the emerging research  eat-ably and rapidly gives a measure of stress from only a pinprick of blood. before this can b  health and interaction with the natural environment within an inter-disciplinary framework to p
13761	7	e of these species on the structure and function of ecosystems makes them particularly importan  pecies on the structure and function of ecosystems makes them particularly important to study f  example, their browsing affects primary production, nutrient cycling and plant community compos   production, nutrient cycling and plant community composition and structure, all with direct im  cture, all with direct impacts on basic ecosystem services and biodiversity. currently, the lar  ixed populations and the effects on the ecosystems they , biodiversity and ecosystem processes;   the ecosystems they , biodiversity and ecosystem processes; subject areas of considerable scie
9861	2	t natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane , with most of those emissions occurring becaus  ause of the unpredictable and transient nature of weather events, the only suitable means of st
10058	8	me five males but in simultaneous sperm competition. our experimental model will be the atlanti  ous sperm competition. our experimental model will be the atlantic salmon, in which females nat  ion in the presence or absence of sperm competition and/or egg choice. after fertilization, the  tches will be measured for survival and growth across key stages of embryo development, egg hat   and growth across key stages of embryo development, egg hatch, alevin development, fry emergen  f embryo development, egg hatch, alevin development, fry emergence, and parr survival, success   ergence, and parr survival, success and growth. these fitness measures will all be conducted in  present some selection from the natural environment, because this is where fitness benefits wil
10625	4	a theoretical framework to explain the evolution of male dimorphisms. this research comprehens  t commonly invoked status dependent ess model, in which males adopt the tactic from which they   fitness return for their status. at low density the mite sancassania berlesei has a status depe  ion of the fitness functions shift with density, as theory predicts.
9817	3	the study will combine individual life history and morphometric data records for red deer  ed with ecological factors in affecting life history and morphometric traits. specific objectiv  affecting life history and morphometric traits. specific objectives: to investigate inbreeding
10274	9	ing the geological record of a specific warming event. we are especially interested in finding   d in finding out what drives biological evolution and how much of a part climate plays in this.  ogical evolution and how much of a part climate plays in this. it is important to understand ho  anging environments, because our modern climate is warming rapidly and we need to find out what  ronments, because our modern climate is warming rapidly and we need to find out what the impact  nd so provide less food and absorb less carbon dioxide changes. more broadly, these records of   more broadly, these records of plankton evolution will help us understand how these warm climat   will help us understand how these warm climate events operated and how earth returned to more   ing of how life responded to these past climate events, we will be better able to make predicti
1988	4	onflicts can play a crucial role in the evolution of reproductive systems, and can even lead to   is already available, this is an ideal model system. within our integrative approach, we are h  -demonstrated changes in egg laying and growth that the receiver experiences. finally, we will   igate whether costs imposed by the male function can be avoided by the recipient. this research
9833	5	wing them to spend more time conserving energy and resting. second, by huddling together to sta  ogether to stay warm at night, when the temperature may go below 0c, individuals may be able to  0c, individuals may be able to conserve energy through reducing heat loss. the results from thi  will not only help us to understand the evolution of cooperative breeding and group living, but  ain the importance of the family to the evolution of cooperative breeding in humans.
11020	8	ance of earthworms in the processing of soil organic matter of carbon and nitrogen from organic  he processing of soil organic matter of carbon and nitrogen from organic matter in soils. overa  ng of soil organic matter of carbon and nitrogen from organic matter in soils. overall, this re  anic matter of carbon and nitrogen from organic matter in soils. overall, this research will ad   how earthworms affect the breakdown of organic matter, how much organic matter they can proces  e breakdown of organic matter, how much organic matter they can process, and whether their acti  ty increases or decreases the amount of carbon and nitrogen stored in the soil.   s or decreases the amount of carbon and nitrogen stored in the soil.
10711	4	ages between foraging animals and their predators. foragers must collect sufficient food but al  od but also be able to detect and avoid predators. on the other hand, predators must try to out  and avoid predators. on the other hand, predators must try to outsmart their prey and come up w  uld expect bees that have experience of predators to fly more cautiously and spend more time st
10359	9	sing emissions of anthropogenic co2 and climate models predicting a future greenhouse world the  s and their affect upon the terrestrial climate and biota are paramount. as a consequence, the    which may reflect a massive release of methane from seafloor gas hydrates that triggered green  rth america and europe. using phosphate oxygen isotopes in mammalian tooth enamel as a proxy fo  ely studied in north america using both carbon and oxygen isotopes. in this proposal the mammal   in north america using both carbon and oxygen isotopes. in this proposal the mammal paschather  ucted in north america. in the european succession a new method of tracking climate change will  ean succession a new method of tracking climate change will be used to calculate for the first   reenhouse event should also help in the modelling of the impact of similar, but thistime anthro
12169	6	current agri-environment schemes are central to meeting the governme  els monitoring project, will inform the development and implementation of agri-environment meas   development and implementation of agri-environment measures designed to enhance the conservati  andscape context and some indication of threshold habitat areas required for population recover  ontext and some indication of threshold habitat areas required for population recovery for a nu  d habitat areas required for population recovery for a number of key bird species.
10641	1	deleterious effects on communities and ecosystems in many areas of the world. our research has
11141	12	ith the intention of supporting a plant community. green roofs are a rapidly expanding technolo  ropriate way to ensure successful plant community establishment. even in summers like 2007 and   d brick, with the addition of 10 or 20% organic matter. the medium is applied dry, so when the   ebrates are likely to be absent and the microbial community much impoverished. our hypothesis i  rincipal aims are to 1 characterise the community of soil invertebrates and microbes in roofs o  nd fungi, to determine if a sustainable microbial community can develop and whether this can en  s, how they do this, and over what time scale colonisation occurs. bacterial and fungal communi  proach of augmentation at the base of a food web, we will be able to determine if it is possibl   is possible to establish a sustainable microbial community, whether this can allow increased i   enhancement of plant establishment and growth. the outcome of this project will be a knowledge  en roofs will be a major feature in the development of the london 2012 olympic complex. a featu   quality of life in our cities, through carbon absorption, pollutant reduction, biodiversity en
11123	1	ion can provide important insights into evolution. however, few studies have attempted to measu
10047	8	the chemical evolution of the oceans is controlled by a range of bio  damental role in regulating the earth s temperature. therefore, records of ancient seawater che   importance of weathering on the global carbon cycle and its affect on the earth s climate. man  bon cycle and its affect on the earth s climate. many natural radiogenic isotopes in seawater a  ay themselves reveal information on the nature of those changes in composition, for example, wh  al source, hydrothermal exchange or the precipitation of marine carbonate. overall these result   of the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and thus influence on the greenhouse ef  nce on the greenhouse effect and global climate.
11408	8	the chemical evolution of the oceans is controlled by a range of bio  damental role in regulating the earth s temperature. therefore, records of ancient seawater che   importance of weathering on the global carbon cycle and its affect on the earth s climate. man  bon cycle and its affect on the earth s climate. many natural radiogenic isotopes in seawater a  ay themselves reveal information on the nature of those changes in composition, for example, wh  al source, hydrothermal exchange or the precipitation of marine carbonate. overall these result   of the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and thus influence on the greenhouse ef  nce on the greenhouse effect and global climate.
11227	16	s understand year-to-year variations in climate around the world. this includes the occurrence   mine the largest source of year-to-year climate variability on earth, namely, el niño. the el n  rs, and it is a result of a much larger scale phenomenon involving changes to the winds, rainfa  volving changes to the winds, rainfall, temperature and ocean currents across the whole of the   ole of the tropical pacific. the larger scale phenomenon is known as the el niño southern oscil  damage, and devastation to some natural ecosystems such as coral reefs. even europe experiences  o activity, or how enso will respond to climate change. to help answer some of these questions,   over the past 5,000 years by analysing growth rings in the skeletons of old dead , and these c  en, by analysing the chemistry of their growth bands we will be able to reconstruct the changes  l be able to reconstruct the changes in climate, and enso, that the corals experienced during t   answer these questions, we need to use climate models. the same models that we now use to pred  odels that we now use to predict future climate can be used to research changes in enso. in our  r work, we will use the most up-to-date climate models to see if they can correctly replicate t  gases in these models. by comparing the model results with the coral records we will get a bett   will get a better understanding of the nature and causes of changes in enso, and the skill of   redict the likely range of enso-related climate events for the coming decades.
9895	16	s understand year-to-year variations in climate around the world. this includes the occurrence   mine the largest source of year-to-year climate variability on earth, namely, el niño. the el n  rs, and it is a result of a much larger scale phenomenon involving changes to the winds, rainfa  volving changes to the winds, rainfall, temperature and ocean currents across the whole of the   ole of the tropical pacific. the larger scale phenomenon is known as the el niño southern oscil  damage, and devastation to some natural ecosystems such as coral reefs. even europe experiences  o activity, or how enso will respond to climate change. to help answer some of these questions,   over the past 5,000 years by analysing growth rings in the skeletons of old dead , and these c  en, by analysing the chemistry of their growth bands we will be able to reconstruct the changes  l be able to reconstruct the changes in climate, and enso, that the corals experienced during t   answer these questions, we need to use climate models. the same models that we now use to pred  odels that we now use to predict future climate can be used to research changes in enso. in our  r work, we will use the most up-to-date climate models to see if they can correctly replicate t  gases in these models. by comparing the model results with the coral records we will get a bett   will get a better understanding of the nature and causes of changes in enso, and the skill of   redict the likely range of enso-related climate events for the coming decades.
15452	1	ind the huge difference on feather mite abundance among individuals within and among bird speci
14128	11	bacteria that is favourable to use as a production system. on the other side at higher growth r  ion system. on the other side at higher growth rates problem is substrate wasting to unusable a   compounds – acetate etc. this overflow metabolism has been studied using several genetic mutan  ts of residual substrate concentration, ph and temperature on the overflow metabolism in e. col  esidual substrate concentration, ph and temperature on the overflow metabolism in e. coli. part  ion, ph and temperature on the overflow metabolism in e. coli. partly it is caused by slow and   hods throughput capacities reducing the efficiency of industrial bioprocess optimization. this   the efficiency of industrial bioprocess optimization. this study will bridge the gap in this fi   enabling precisely to monitor cellular metabolism especially around the switch points of metab   especially around the switch points of metabolism in steady state – accelerostat cultivation.   n quantitative characterization of cell metabolism to study regulation mechanism at whole cell
11878	2	important to consider the situation or environment in which we express behaviour. we might sto  tions on which our understanding of the evolution of social behaviour is based. i will do this
14102	2	or are unavailable to a wider research community. moreover, the baltic chitinozoan and conodon  the potential of the baltic region as a model area for early palaeozoic biota and environments.
10218	9	in marine ecosystems, enzymes in microorganisms catalyse the chem  tions of elemental cycles and stimulate energy flow though the ecosystem. it is both the abunda  es and stimulate energy flow though the ecosystem. it is both the abundance and efficiency of t  ow though the ecosystem. it is both the abundance and efficiency of these enzymes that determin  ecosystem. it is both the abundance and efficiency of these enzymes that determine the rates of  ability to understanding and accurately model these cycles is therefore an important task for e  he nerc mission statement. the daunting complexity of these marine microbial assemblages is onl  luding biological-rate measurements and microbial community structure. these techniques have th  tributions of these enzymes on a global scale.
15572	2	diversity and their associated roles in ecosystem-support and servicing. to address this lack o  ther eu-projects and the united nations environment programmes 2010 biodiversity targets.
10779	26	if global warming runs its course, what will be the effects on ou  cifically, how will the earth s richest ecosystems - the tropical rainforests - cope with futur  ion years, the earth experienced global warming on a massive scale, completely melting the pola  experienced global warming on a massive scale, completely melting the polar icecaps. about the   ainforests began to dieback. did global warming trigger extinction not everyone agrees. others   tonic plates that forced up a himalayan-scale mountain belt on the edge of the tropics. they cl  hey claim that changes in elevation and geomorphology caused rainforest wipeout. from 2008-2013  ine or an abrupt crunch, and was global warming or mountain building responsible to achieve thi  s the forests were very complex, patchy ecosystems much like rainforest today. my team has now   ccurred. what species were lost how did ecosystems reorganize how abrupt was the change of cour  a cause of change. so what about global warming to find out what the climate was doing during t  out global warming to find out what the climate was doing during the extinction event we plan t  stomata. stomata allow plants to absorb carbon dioxide. studies have shown that the more carbon  oxide. studies have shown that the more carbon dioxide there is the air, the less stomata plant  eaves allow us to detect changes in the carbon dioxide levels. as carbon dioxide is an importan  hanges in the carbon dioxide levels. as carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas, changes   hanges in its concentration will affect climate. my colleagues will use other techniques using   ls to get independent estimates of past carbon dioxide levels. together we will put together a   ut together a high-resolution record of climate change through the key time interval. we will t  val. we will then see how the timing of climate change corresponds with the timing of rainfores  ncide, it doesn t necessarily mean that climate change caused rainforest dieback. you can never  s will input our findings into computer climate simulations. this will test to see whether our   s will test to see whether our observed climate change would lead to the observed rainforest di  lp support any inferences we make about climate change and extinction. although our three hundr  nerally contribute to discussion on the nature and rate of rainforest dieback in the face of cl  te of rainforest dieback in the face of climate change, and help us better predict future chang
12356	2	latest understanding of the dispersive nature and coastal processes of the site and to extend   head. the project aims to ascertain the nature and general findings of new and ongoing scientif
12429	3	summary objectives an independent review into the rame head disposal site has been reques  rliamentary under-secretary for natural environment and fisheries, richard benyon mp, and is be  sposal site, including a sense of local scale and impact.
11871	5	terbreeding, or even change the rate of evolution by altering how thoroughly parents genes are   romosomes despite being very similar in body size, appearance and behaviour. we are members of   important components of almost all land ecosystems and show extremely specialised social behavi  work will increase understanding of the evolution and diversification of the ants, and also of   ants, and also of genome and chromosome evolution in other species.
12420	4	sment of human activities in the marine environment and to provide more transparency to stakeho   various human activities in the marine environment. b guidance documents for stakeholders and   pacts of human activities in the marine environment and the mfas delivery responsibilities. the  tting of human activities in the marine environment.
10576	1	ar easier. based on existing post-storm recovery trajectories in other tropical regions we woul
10021	5	s a natural laboratory for studying the colonization of freshwater habitats by fish since river   fibre number is related to the age and stability of the habitat and is different depending on   related to the age and stability of the habitat and is different depending on whether there is   different depending on whether there is competition with other morphs. the research is importan  the level of physiological systems. the evolution of different morphs of the same species is re
12068	2	event if predominantly anthropogenic in nature. be it through global change , in order to propo   anthropogenic in nature. be it through global change , in order to propose concrete solutions
10694	7	biodiversity and population dynamics in the plankton are closely linked   in the plankton are closely linked with environmental change. to assess the potential impact of  ntial impact of the current man-induced climate change on modern plankton, analogous, rapid eve  oraminifera to these events, and of the nature of plankton community recovery after dramatic ch  e events, and of the nature of plankton community recovery after dramatic changes in pelagic ec  and of the nature of plankton community recovery after dramatic changes in pelagic ecosystems.   overy after dramatic changes in pelagic ecosystems.
11034	3	er animals and plants in the process of community succession. their complex skeletons are amena   and plants in the process of community succession. their complex skeletons are amenable to det  reserved in the skeleton. they are also model organisms for studying the evolutionary palaeobio
11552	1	er, despite the enormous extent of this ecosystem during 5 process cruises on mbari research ve
15199	2	mation on the biology, systematics, and evolution of species in the saprolegniaceae, saprolegni   could help in the understanding of the development of disease within aquatic hosts. specifical
12328	2	d to consider a ‘broad and shallow agri-environment scheme in england. the aim of the pilot ent   pilot area of 50 . 6.to inform the els review of progress by providing evidence about the opti
14379	7	hniques for the specific application of vegetation mapping. in particular, our aim is to tackle   the specific application of vegetation mapping. in particular, our aim is to tackle the proble  nce data by investigating the re-use of vegetation reference data. as a prototype problem, we e  as a prototype problem, we envisage the classification of vegetation from hyperspectral images   blem, we envisage the classification of vegetation from hyperspectral images acquired at the sa   different locations containing similar vegetation types. the goal is then to design strategies  one occasion or location to improve the classification at the other occasions or locations.
11498	4	n have undergone substantial changes in distribution and abundance. most of the uk s grey and h  substantial changes in distribution and abundance. most of the uk s grey and harbour seals live  artners will benefit from the increased efficiency of their photo-id programmes and databases w  s which will in turn inform the science community. there is also the potential for benefits to
14800	2	d explain that in those zones where the climate changes affect the wetlands, where the vectors   g vector of malaria thrives, historical climate trends in sw andalusia for the last two centuri
14973	14	der to predict future impacts of global warming on species distributions it is necessary to und  e played by climatic factors, specially temperature, and other abiotic and biotic factors in de  s. the presence of higher physiological stress in organisms living at their limit of distributi  s in organisms living at their limit of distribution suggest that climate play a direct role in  heir limit of distribution suggest that climate play a direct role in defining species borders.  estigate the physiology of two species, habitat holders or ecosystem engineers, in marginal and  logy of two species, habitat holders or ecosystem engineers, in marginal and central population  c studies of species in their limits of distribution. moreover, we have recently observed drama  cently observed dramatic changes in the abundance of these species in the marginal area. change  n of species can be considered as broad-scale experiments where it is possible to tests the eff  ts of these changes on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, thus combining two main topics i  e local, non-random extinction of these ecosystem engineers on ecosystem functioning, with spec  inction of these ecosystem engineers on ecosystem functioning, with special interests on change  s. we expect important changes in these ecosystem properties as consequence of the local extinc
10718	4	ption at the heart of the out-of-taiwan model holds that all of the individual elements of the   e implies that the story of the pacific colonization was a great deal more complex than previou  im to reconstruct a detailed map of the migration of early farmers into the pacific, allowing u   into the origins of agriculture, human migration, and civilization.
11422	4	ption at the heart of the out-of-taiwan model holds that all of the individual elements of the   e implies that the story of the pacific colonization was a great deal more complex than previou  im to reconstruct a detailed map of the migration of early farmers into the pacific, allowing u   into the origins of agriculture, human migration, and civilization.
2484	3	ge and used for reconstructions of past ecosystems. the overall resolution level possible to ob  turnover dynamics in assemblages, niche stability in time and space, and backward testing of pr   backward testing of predictive species distribution models. the project team will consist of t
15425	1	and thus, speciation. to advance in the development of these methodologies and to evaluate thei
2001	2	effects of climate change on the biodiversity and carbon accumulat   climate change on the biodiversity and carbon accumulation in bogs during the last ca 400 year
10785	1	rst time, syntheses of the composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fa
11065	1	rst time, syntheses of the composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fa
11833	1	rst time, syntheses of the composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fa
12049	5	ification of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and, to promote the recovery of biodiversity  eshwater ecosystems and, to promote the recovery of biodiversity that has been impoverished by   ate in a global perspective whether the recovery towards pristine abiotic charactistics induces  ristine abiotic charactistics induces a recovery of biodiversity and if changes in biodiversity  f changes in biodiversity increased the efficiency of functional processes
14871	10	n refuse. the introduction of exogenous organic matter efficaciously contributes to a better re  contributes to a better revegetation of land cover by the increase in nutrients, to increase th  tation of land cover by the increase in nutrients, to increase the content of soil organic carb  n nutrients, to increase the content of soil organic carbon and favouring the restoration of th  t on the different organic fractions of soil carbon and its contribution to establish their tro  ion to establish their trophic web. the evolution of the exogenous organic matter, its contribu  hic web. the evolution of the exogenous organic matter, its contribution at short, medium and l  medium and long term of sequestering of carbon in soil, the activity of soil microbial biomass,  of carbon in soil, the activity of soil microbial biomass, its metabolic and functional diversi  il microbial biomass, its metabolic and functional diversity, as determined by the analysis of
10517	14	mortality in marine copepods can be more important than  an be more important than fecundity and growth in the determine spatio-temporal patterns of abu  e determine spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the m  rns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is mo  mass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is most variable, least un   on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus, assess underl  al and biological forces in the natural environment. we will perform detailed experimental work  l target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of food, starvation,  nd the effects of food, starvation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and su  ation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmar  mperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c.  auplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. helgolandicus. rate  . helgolandicus. rates of cannibalistic predation and their control will be investigated, as we  estigated, as well as determining which predators are most important at the north atlantic stat
11805	14	mortality in marine copepods can be more important than  an be more important than fecundity and growth in the determine spatio-temporal patterns of abu  e determine spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the m  rns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is mo  mass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is most variable, least un   on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus, assess underl  al and biological forces in the natural environment. we will perform detailed experimental work  l target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of food, starvation,  nd the effects of food, starvation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and su  ation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmar  mperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c.  auplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. helgolandicus. rate  . helgolandicus. rates of cannibalistic predation and their control will be investigated, as we  estigated, as well as determining which predators are most important at the north atlantic stat
9938	14	mortality in marine copepods can be more important than  an be more important than fecundity and growth in the determine spatio-temporal patterns of abu  e determine spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the m  rns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is mo  mass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is most variable, least un   on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus, assess underl  al and biological forces in the natural environment. we will perform detailed experimental work  l target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of food, starvation,  nd the effects of food, starvation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and su  ation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmar  mperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c.  auplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. helgolandicus. rate  . helgolandicus. rates of cannibalistic predation and their control will be investigated, as we  estigated, as well as determining which predators are most important at the north atlantic stat
9995	14	mortality in marine copepods can be more important than  an be more important than fecundity and growth in the determined spatio-temporal patterns of ab   determined spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the m  rns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is mo  mass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is most variable, least un   on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus, assess underl  al and biological forces in the natural environment. we will perform detailed experimental work  l target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of food, starvation,  nd the effects of food, starvation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and su  ation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmar  mperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c.  auplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. helgolandicus. rate  . helgolandicus. rates of cannibalistic predation and their control will be investigated, as we  estigated, as well as determining which predators are most important at the north atlantic stat
7164	4	rate is around 3% and shows no sign of growth over time. this is striking and contrasts with t  the dynamics of other miners and quavec stability of the food web, which nevertheless puts up q  ther miners and quavec stability of the food web, which nevertheless puts up quickly. response    elements are to be found in the search behavior of parasitoids, which do not seem attracted to
11180	5	and plays an important role in primary productivity in the ocean and hence the uptake and prod  y in the ocean and hence the uptake and production of gases associated with climate change such  and production of gases associated with climate change such as carbon dioxide. there are curren   associated with climate change such as carbon dioxide. there are currently, however, large gap  in our knowledge of iron chemistry, its distribution in the oceans and its relationship with bi
14296	1	environmental research, prospective and evaluation, marine and coastal division.
11117	1	modern skeletal material and associated vegetation, algal and dung samples collected from orkne
13348	22	understanding how freshwater ecosystems will respond to future climate change is ess  water ecosystems will respond to future climate change is essential for the development of poli  ure climate change is essential for the development of policies and implementation strategies n   needed to protect aquatic and riparian ecosystems. the future status of freshwater ecosystems   ystems. the future status of freshwater ecosystems is however, also dependent on changes in lan   need to be taken to restore freshwater ecosystems to good ecological health or to sustain prio  o be designed either to adapt to future climate change or to mitigate the effects of climate ch  te change or to mitigate the effects of climate change in the context of changing land-use. gen  us of refresh. it is concerned with the development of a system that will enable water managers  e restoration programmes for freshwater ecosystems at the local and catchment scales that accou  ount for the expected future impacts of climate change and land-use change in the context of th  ed future impacts of climate change and land-use change in the context of the wfd and habitats   ctive. at its centre is a process-based evaluation of the specific adaptive measures that might  e taken to minimise the consequences of climate change on freshwater quantity, quality and biod  ersity. the focus is on three principal climate-related and interacting pressures, increasing t  d and interacting pressures, increasing temperature, changes in water levels and flow regimes a  ater levels and flow regimes and excess nutrients, primarily with respect to lowland rivers, la  nding how the functioning of freshwater ecosystems is affected by climate change; ii new indica  of freshwater ecosystems is affected by climate change; ii new indicators of functional respons  s is affected by climate change; ii new indicators of functional response and tools for assessi   tools for assessing vulnerability; iii modelling ecological processes; iv integrated modelling  ing ecological processes; iv integrated modelling; and v adaptive management.
15587	17	to ecological constraints, biophysical heterogeneity, and centuries of agriculture. currently   igh resilience over their history of co-evolution between humans and ecosystems. in the latter   tory of co-evolution between humans and ecosystems. in the latter case the limits to this resil  d through land management decisions and ecosystem services. regards aims to unravel the mechani  nts in the combined effects of changing climate, including extremes, and management on grasslan  g extremes, and management on grassland ecosystems 2 how does coupled above-belowground functio  ms 2 how does coupled above-belowground functional diversity buffer or amplify grassland ecosys  l diversity buffer or amplify grassland ecosystem responses to combined changes in climate and   system responses to combined changes in climate and management 3 how do landscape structures en  s enhance or decrease the resilience of ecosystem services 4 can multi-level governance structu  hat affect biodiversity and the related ecosystem services 5 does regional integration and glob  ervices 5 does regional integration and globalization enhance or threaten resilience through th  ugh their effects on flows of goods and ecosystem services, people and information 6 how do eco  sses combine to determine resilience of ecosystem services regards will address these questions  scenarios varying openness of the human-environment system and governance structures will be de  ional stakeholders and decision makers. evaluation of scenario outcomes in terms of biodiversit  ario outcomes in terms of biodiversity, ecosystem services, material well-being, and associated
208	11	small-scale spatial structure of plant communities behind the  t communities behind the observed small-scale vegetation pattern and to elucidate the role of c  unities behind the observed small-scale vegetation pattern and to elucidate the role of communi  on pattern and to elucidate the role of community regeneration in determining the spatial struc  hat the balance between seed and clonal recruitment in heterogeneous environments is the main d  terminant of observed spatially diverse vegetation pattern, but the mechanisms behind the patte  n sparsely vegetated patches, where the competition is expected to be weaker. h2. vegetative re  ent rich patches, we also expect higher mortality of seedlings there due to root competition. h  ortality of seedlings there due to root competition. h4. seedling establishment in low nutrient  tically dependent on the presence of am symbiosis, while in nutrient rich patches, the positive  for controlling these hypotheses in the nature, series of mensurative and manipulative experime
2012	14	is to experimentally explore if drastic regime shifts due to alternative stable states and posi  mportant structuring factors in benthic ecosystems. rather than occurring gradually, newly deve  ally, newly developed theory and recent modeling results suggest that changes in benthic ecosys  results suggest that changes in benthic ecosystems may occur in sharp transition steps in respo   response to gradual changes in organic carbon loading. thus, the effects of increased organic    thus, the effects of increased organic carbon loading on microbial abundance, microbial degrad  sed organic carbon loading on microbial abundance, microbial degradation pathways and benthic c  robial degradation pathways and benthic community structure will be explored experimentally. in  ied to obtain an integrated view of the ecosystem functioning and its response to organic carbo  functioning and its response to organic carbon loading. the experimental research will be condu  ed in close interaction with diagenetic model development, and address some of the main gaps th  close interaction with diagenetic model development, and address some of the main gaps that exi   conservation and management of benthic ecosystems, and our understanding of their response to   g of their response to changing organic carbon loadings is imperative.
13795	11	sea addressing river loads of water and nutrients, biogeochemical conditions of the baltic sea,  mical conditions of the baltic sea, its food web structure and fish stocks in order to develop   ish stocks in order to develop and test regime shift indicators and describe revealed basin-spe   order to develop and test regime shift indicators and describe revealed basin-specific regime   rs and describe revealed basin-specific regime shifts. the modelling tools of the baltic nest i  ealed basin-specific regime shifts. the modelling tools of the baltic nest institute will be us  of the baltic sea. scenario analyses of ecosystem linkages and sectoral conflicts will be given  ral conflicts will be given, addressing ecosystem-based management options for eutrophication a  level that are able capture and prevent regime shifts by applying early warning signals, i.e.,   y applying early warning signals, i.e., regime shift indicators.   rly warning signals, i.e., regime shift indicators.
15093	5	bproject focuses on objective 5 and the modelling activities within objectives 1 and 4. the goa  ispersal- of likely forest responses to global change. the work is based on an integrated appro  grated approximation of available large scale spanish data sets, parameterization of stochastic  a better understanding of mediterranean vegetation-climate feedbacks.   derstanding of mediterranean vegetation-climate feedbacks.
7462	15	a, methodology, and applications, using remote sensing to validate, augment and extend existing  ve to be overcome include: quantitative mapping of landforms; soil parent material and soil att  acterization and pattern recognition by remote sensing; standardization of methods and measures  ent of the current soter methodology at scale 1:1 million in four windows in europe, china and   nd morocco. moderate-resolution optical remote sensing will be combined existing parent materia  tistical procedures; 2 within 1:250 000-scale pilot areas, advanced remote sensing applications  n 1:250 000-scale pilot areas, advanced remote sensing applications will be developed - geomorp  cape analysis, geological re-classified remote sensing, and remote sensing of soil attributes.   gical re-classified remote sensing, and remote sensing of soil attributes. advances beyond the   ta and addition of new information with remote sensing and dem; interpretations of the e-soter   : 1 a methodology to create 1:1 million-scale soter databases, and an enhanced soil and terrain  n enhanced soil and terrain database at scale 1:1 million for the four windows; 2 an artifact-f   an artifact-free 90m digital elevation model; 3 methodologies to create 1:250 000-scale enhanc  el; 3 methodologies to create 1:250 000-scale enhanced soter databases, and the databases thems   themselves for four pilots; 4 advanced remote sensing techniques to obtain soil attribute data
10582	1	nitrogen is key to life on earth, cycling between the a
11488	9	a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge  d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox  n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very sm  uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms,   y lab has demonstrated that the in situ community structure of these organisms is fairly comple  s, the factors that dictate this global community structure are still poorly defined. this is i  icate major domain shifts in planktonic ecosystems and by observing and interpreting their dist  s facilitating acquisition of these key nutrients in organisms we consider to be either special   hypothesise is key to their successful colonization of vast tracts of the world oceans.
14195	12	improvement of agricultural productivity is a major challenge in the coming years.   ng to produce high yielding and abiotic stress resistant crop varieties. thus, addressing how p  ing how plants acclimate to unfavorable climate conditions at the molecular level is of great i  sms behind genetic variation underlying stress tolerance of natural populations. the air pollut  . the air pollutant ozone is an abiotic stress factor that decreases plant productivity and ove  otic stress factor that decreases plant productivity and overall biomass production. this proje   plant productivity and overall biomass production. this project aims at identifying novel fact   insensitive ecotype to generate a fine mapping population. the second objective is to elucidat  s that act together to regulate abiotic stress signaling. for this purpose higher order mutants  e involved in the regulation of abiotic stress will be generated and characterized to understan  ted and characterized to understand the complexity of interacting signaling networks, and thus   nteracting signaling networks, and thus stress tolerance of plants.
1935	5	restricted to semi-natural and natural ecosystems in nature reserves. many endangered plant sp   semi-natural and natural ecosystems in nature reserves. many endangered plant species, have, h  f the water table. several semi-natural ecosystems of high nature conservation importance on th  several semi-natural ecosystems of high nature conservation importance on the sandy pleistocene  s. is was shown that these species-rich ecosystems on sandy soils were restricted to oligotroph
7621	4	2008 as part of the project systemo the carbon content of soils while ensuring plant productivi  n content of soils while ensuring plant productivity. understand how the concentration of nutri  ty. understand how the concentration of nutrients in the form of"spots"affects the functioning   "spots"affects the functioning of agro- ecosystems and study the fate of mo when amended as ver
2065	9	minent key species in the arctic/alpine environment. anthropogenic activities including oil, ga   and mineral exploration, hydroelectric development, and tourism have expanded rapidly in these  he public. there is time for a critical evaluation of the current state of the art on anthropog  hropogenic effects to be published as a review article. a follow up of the national conservancy  studies of vigilance, fright and flight behavior, and habitat avoidance related to human infras  ilance, fright and flight behavior, and habitat avoidance related to human infrastructure. in o  apply the primary behavioral effects to energy budgets and secondary effects on animal body siz  budgets and secondary effects on animal body size, reproduction and mortality, one needs to dev  s on animal body size, reproduction and mortality, one needs to develop and refine methods for
7427	1	our project is a scale experiment on two farms"pilot"a full reintegratio
11088	5	or topic in evolutionary ecology is the evolution, by kin selection, of conflict within social   oups. we will investigate conflict over production of males in social hymenoptera with one, sin  g the bumble bee bombus terrestris as a model system. we will test the hypothesis that egg-layi  s use of information about their social environment proximately affects their reproductive beha   and information availability in social evolution.
9920	2	ition to the long-term benefits of this mapping, which will aid future quantitative genetic and  rrangements between these two important model species, showing whether their genetic maps are h
11531	4	the decomposition of organic matter is a critical process t                     the decomposition of organic matter is a critical process to the functioning  ocess to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. this process is largely driven by saprotrop  y driven by saprotrophic the effects of temperature increases / freeze-thaw on c mineralisation
10655	4	itively benefitial to the health of the environment. however, a minority of phytoplantkon are h  hytoplantkon are harmful to humans, the environment or the economy as a result of their proucti  erstand to factors that influence toxin production its vectoring by shellfish and the public he  /biomedical colloborative projects. the production of a report will allow us to disseminate mor
11583	4	itively benefitial to the health of the environment. however, a minority of phytoplantkon are h  hytoplantkon are harmful to humans, the environment or the economy as a result of their proucti  erstand to factors that influence toxin production its vectoring by shellfish and the public he  /biomedical colloborative projects. the production of a report will allow us to disseminate mor
15382	27	species and the season of the year for carbon sequestration. according to a specific citation   f scientific research and technological development of spain, development and scientific innova  and technological development of spain, development and scientific innovation 2008-2011, ...pol  8-2011, ...pollution and degradation of ecosystems, depletion of resources, lost of biological   gical and cultural diversity and global warming..., we propose a project in which the effect of  ophication will be studied jointly with carbon sequestration in environments of high diversity   e entirely compatible with an effective carbon sequestration them, this may be influenced by ve  tration them, this may be influenced by vegetation type. for this reason, this project aims to   following question: is the capacity for carbon sequestration of semiarid mediterranean wetlands  chemical processes related to cycles of carbon and nutrients in the plant-soil-water system of   ocesses related to cycles of carbon and nutrients in the plant-soil-water system of wetlands af  e ability of these systems to sequester carbon and act at the same time as green filters. speci  es are: 1. determine to what extent the decomposition of the litter from different plant specie  s is influenced by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon conte  enced by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eut  rogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eutrophicated waters and if this is   rr; 2. determine in what extent of soil microbial activity related to the carbon cycle is influ   soil microbial activity related to the carbon cycle is influenced by the type of litter and by  e of litter and by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon conte  r and by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eut  rogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eutrophicated waters and if this is   e of litter and by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon conte  r and by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eut  rogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eutrophicated waters and if this is   trophic water on the balance of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant-soil syste  water on the balance of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant-soil system from t  balance of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant-soil system from these wetlands
194	3	io of tree pollen to herb pollen in the sediment, the forest cover conditions in the landscape   ated in sediments the elaborated pollen-vegetation relationships enable to reconstruct quantita  ruct quantitatively the past changes in vegetation structure.
193	10	ipsi has been a water body rich in fish production. however, during 20th century the total comm  l. peipsi forming potential risk to the ecosystem structure and functioning as well as to local  natural fluctuations of water level and temperature. the number of professional fishermen and f  e interactions of these factors on fish community is investigated insufficiently. moreover the   is hindered. as local fishing dependent community inhabiting l. peipsi basin is vulnerable to a   today, local needs and perspectives on development need to be taken into account in management  clarifying on how the state of the fish community is affected by the interactions of environmen  he representatives of fishing dependent community, regulators and experts the possible disparit  ing fish stock degradation and ensuring stability of the vulnerable ecosystem of transboundary   nd ensuring stability of the vulnerable ecosystem of transboundary l. peipsi.
10275	8	ete fungus, has been implicated in mass mortality events, population declines and species extin  for immediate research to determine the distribution of the disease, how this distribution was   e distribution of the disease, how this distribution was achieved and the consequences of invas  ll perform challenge experiments in our model species, the common toad bufo bufo. once these co  al scales. we have strong evidence that temperature is a key determinant of chytrid-driven mort   is a key determinant of chytrid-driven mortality, and we will develop statistical models to de  termine the potential effects of global-warming on the distribution of the disease within europ  ential effects of global-warming on the distribution of the disease within europe. our aim is t
11303	8	ete fungus, has been implicated in mass mortality events, population declines and species extin  for immediate research to determine the distribution of the disease, how this distribution was   e distribution of the disease, how this distribution was achieved and the consequences of invas  ll perform challenge experiments in our model species, the common toad bufo bufo. once these co  al scales. we have strong evidence that temperature is a key determinant of chytrid-driven mort   is a key determinant of chytrid-driven mortality, and we will develop statistical models to de  termine the potential effects of global-warming on the distribution of the disease within europ  ential effects of global-warming on the distribution of the disease within europe. our aim is t
162	9	soil biota and the numbers, territorial distribution and population density of waders will be i  territorial distribution and population density of waders will be investigated. according to th  king hypothesis, the number, population density and distribution of waders of coastal and flood  sis, the number, population density and distribution of waders of coastal and floodplain meadow   related with the species constitution, abundance and biomass of soil invertebrates communities  s. at the same time, we assume that the abundance and structure of the earthworm and microbial   unities are greatly influenced by water salinity of overfloods. . the study will be carried on   l and floodplain meadows of the matsalu nature reserve, where the meadows are well represented.   by the standard transect and recurring mapping methods, will also be carried out. soil inverte
15467	1	and expulsion are very important in the evolution of recognition. the hypotheses that we intend
184	1	they have any effect on leaf water-use efficiency
14550	4	dy the climatic driving forcings of its habitat mosaic, harbouring enough endemic richness gene  bitat mosaic, harbouring enough endemic richness generate a temporal series of these indexes fr  a temporal series of these indexes from landsat mss-tm images for the period 1975 to present, a  imatic from the anthropic components of habitat change.
15296	4	vance of environmental factors on their distribution requires the understanding of how local fa  nding of how local factors affect local population dynamics and the structure of metapopulation  ure of metapopulations. the island-like nature of limnetic habitats creates opportunities for l  ise a new site. it is expected that the distribution of the cyclopoid copepods will be more aff
13374	3	ry trials with the seeds collected from nature. highest amount of cadmium content was measured   saturation, electrical conductivity and ph while humic acid applications determined to improve   acid applications determined to improve soil organic matter.
12024	3	redict how global changes affect marine ecosystems. it used marine top predators . all objectiv  t marine ecosystems. it used marine top predators . all objectives have yet not been attained b  rm persistence of the is and its future development have to be considered for an even better va
13460	3	lts. this in combination with access to lidar will help us develop gis tools with a power not u  th access to lidar will help us develop gis tools with a power not used in remote sensing of wa  elop gis tools with a power not used in remote sensing of waters before. i expect this framewor
14364	15	on on mpb biomass quantification and on sediment properties. apart from traditional spatial ana  ment properties. apart from traditional spatial analysis methods such as correlograms and semiv  nts to test supervised and unsupervised classification methods. results expected - algorithms t   on absorption features of pigments - a model for the net primary production, which considers t   pigments - a model for the net primary production, which considers the primary production of m  production, which considers the primary production of mpb, the losses due to respiration, the a  ry production of mpb, the losses due to respiration, the availability of nutrients, the losses   due to respiration, the availability of nutrients, the losses due to grazing animals plus maps   s of satellite data to study intertidal sediment and ecosystems. these guidelines will be gener  e data to study intertidal sediment and ecosystems. these guidelines will be general so that th  f the interactions between bio-physical sediment parameters, topography and hydrodynamics and o   main variables influencing the spatial distribution of mpb and sediment properties - construct  ing the spatial distribution of mpb and sediment properties - construction of a validated histo  dels at multiple scales of bio-physical sediment properties - accuracy assessment and improveme  rovement of supervised and unsupervised classification methods based on clustering techniques -
11859	23	wland raised bogs to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis means that they p   play a major role in moderating global climate. globally, peat bogs contain around one third o  at bogs contain around one third of the carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere. climate cha  on stored in the terrestrial biosphere. climate change may affect the bog s water balance, whic  re. climate change may affect the bog s water balance, which will in turn, have an effect on ca  , which will in turn, have an effect on carbon storage. this is because degraded peatlands rele  tlands release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, instead of absorbing them. human distur  at cutting and draining may also affect carbon storage. as a result, there is a research impera  n the structure of the surface, and bog hydrology. surface structure can also determine peatlan  tant variable to monitor in relation to climate change. plant communities living on the bog sur  this provides an alternative structural indicator of bog hydrology. this research aims to use n  alternative structural indicator of bog hydrology. this research aims to use novel remote sensi  rology. this research aims to use novel remote sensing techniques for monitoring raised bog str  ructure, and thus, hydrological status. remote sensing is a method of measuring the earth s sur  ruments. the synoptic view offered by a remote sensing approach has obvious advantages over fie  survey on the ground. new techniques in remote sensing offer a means of detecting and measuring  reviously mentioned, structure is a key indicator of raised bog hydrology, and therefore if thi  ucture is a key indicator of raised bog hydrology, and therefore if this can be quantified and   is can be quantified and modelled using remote sensing, this offers a repeatable means of monit  t-bed for a suite of new monitoring and modelling approaches. wedholme flow has been chosen bec  focus on characterising the ecology and hydrology and classifying the bog surface into conditio   classes. these analyses will result in development of spatial models linking structure to lowl  derstanding of the link between wetland hydrology, developmental topography, biodiversity, and
14365	17	land abandonment and forest recovery is often taking place on marginal lands, such   ssessing the rate, spatial patterns and ecosystem impacts of forest cover change in these envir  dness and inaccessibility of mountains. remote sensing methods are the privileged tool, and yet   accuracy of forest transitions and the mapping accuracy of ecosystem services. method the meth  transitions and the mapping accuracy of ecosystem services. method the methods is divided in 5   od the methods is divided in 5 steps: - remote sensing data acquisition, pre-processing and cor  n for topographic effects; - large area mapping with high resolution remote sensing data; - mon  large area mapping with high resolution remote sensing data; - monitoring of forest-cover chang   forest-cover change and degradation; - mapping of ecosystem services with high resolution sens  er change and degradation; - mapping of ecosystem services with high resolution sensing data; -   socio-economic responses to changes in environmental goods and services. - we will conduct a s  rization of biophysical attributes from remote sensing to the level of correction for possible    for monitoring forest cover change and ecosystem services, - provide new insights in the impac  ack mechanisms of forest transitions on ecosystem services. the results of this study on forest   services. the results of this study on forest transition are very relevant for climate change   forest transition are very relevant for climate change policies and possible future obligations  ct to limitations of ghg emissions from land cover activities scheme. -------------------------
14359	6	context and objectives the role of remote sensing and spatial analysis and modelling in ep  jectives the role of remote sensing and spatial analysis and modelling in epidemiology becomes   remote sensing and spatial analysis and modelling in epidemiology becomes increasingly importan  ngly important. up to now, a variety of remote sensing tools has been developed for use in epid  to fine-tune these tools, exploit their complementarity, integrate their outputs in state-of-th  tness in a data-driven decision support environment. the general objective of this proposal is
12753	1	the eus renewable energy directive ; to examine proposed voluntary scheme
7130	3	d objectives of reform are to study how climate change and rising atmospheric co2 levels will a   atmospheric co2 levels will affect the productivity of mediterranean forest species and struct   settlements will be facilitated by the participation of inra and cemagref project
14694	2	ch are affected by overexploitation and habitat degradation belonging to the instituto canario    to promote the rational use of aquatic environment and its inhabitants
14860	2	ct has new objectives which include the development of techniques to cryopreserve somatic tissu  preserve somatic tissues and cells, the development of embryo transfer techniques, to study the
10437	2	e to decide how much of their available nutrients to invest in themselves, how many offspring t  d how much to invest in each one. these traits are likely to be inter-related and form a trade-
14791	6	different research fields such as plant production, plant breeding, molecular biology and also   genetic biodiversity.ferns survival and distribution depends on its efficiency to complete its   urvival and distribution depends on its efficiency to complete its life cycle successfully. in    more determining steps to assure ferns development, apart from another factors derived from na  ormation with repercussions on both the production and conservations of this plant group. the a  e the effect of reproductive biology on distribution and conservation of endangered species of
14614	2	time; it is due not only to the slower growth in relation to the herbaceous species, but also   fficulty to self-fertilizate in a great scale and to the low quantity of offspring got after se
7005	7	ingle investigations on flower and seed development of high mountain plants suggest much variat  lly shaped by environmental conditions, temperature and day length being the most important fac  ost important factors. the reproductive development of high mountain plants and the response to  o different environmental conditions as temperature, day length and length of the growing seaso  ern and the flexibility of reproductive development is important, in order to judge how plants   have a better chance to remain in their habitat than less flexible species which have to migrat  o more suitable habitats in the case of climate change.
14591	1	females on the demographic and genetic connectivity between populations.
14160	2	of freshwater fishes in brackish-water environment. we will clarify, what is the extension of   pecies in the coastal sea of horizontal salinity gradient and whether homing is typical to fres
11156	14	ween climatic conditions and population density as surrogates for resource limitation. studies   s for resource limitation. studies with model species for which the life history response can b  tudies with model species for which the life history response can be linked to predictable chan  ity to predict population trajectories. predators relying on cyclic prey species provide a usef  ience dramatic variation in demographic traits according to variation in prey densities. this v  nd. this nocturnal raptor is specialist predator of field voles. our objective is to fully unde  nd birds, display such cyclic patterns. life history strategy of organisms living in cyclic env   strategy of organisms living in cyclic environment may include phenotypic plasticity in some t  y include phenotypic plasticity in some traits such as age of first reproduction or reproductiv  ompletely the impact of changes in prey abundance. first, we will consider whether environmenta  on between these different life-history traits as this pattern greatly influences population dy  aits as this pattern greatly influences population dynamics. third, we are interested in determ  ed constitute key stone species in many ecosystems and food chains, and numerous predators, inc  cosystems and food chains, and numerous predators, including species of high conservation conce
10642	4	00 years ago and is associated with the evolution of the earliest members of our species, homo   l times since then as a result of large-scale climatic fluctuations. very little is known about  very little is known about the regional environment prior to this. whether the chianda site is   te a marsh edge or a shallow river/lake environment. with three further experts dr j. stewart,
12181	1	will require may have implications for climate change.
13376	1	1:research project on conservation and evaluation of fig genetic resources in southeast anatol
12752	3	d is developing a coherent framework of indicators to assess progress towards post-2010 targets  of linkages between global and national indicator development and reporting.   s between global and national indicator development and reporting.
13759	9	due to anthropogenic pressures, coastal ecosystems are being rapidly degraded and can undergo r   being rapidly degraded and can undergo regime shifts associated with loss of ecosystem service  o regime shifts associated with loss of ecosystem services. theory and modeling indicates that    loss of ecosystem services. theory and modeling indicates that interactions between systems th  e crucial for the resilience of coastal ecosystems, and that ecology and management therefore m  investigate the importance of landscape connectivity between two common but threatened european  s and hard-bottom macroalgal beds – for ecosystem functioning and resilience to anthropogenic d  and using comparative, experimental and modeling approaches, i will investigate how distance be  be able to develop and test theories on connectivity-resilience relationships, and ultimately p
7296	6	community resilience is related to the redundancy of sp   community resilience is related to the redundancy of species within functional groups. coral f  ted to the redundancy of species within functional groups. coral fish, diverse and highly struc  ighly structured assemblies, serve as a model. the analysis is based on several international p  e at multiple scales, to understand and model the processes and responses related to the coupli  d to the coupling between taxonomic and functional diversity
13828	4	e degree determines the fragility of an ecosystem to disturbance caused by human activities. an  ficient ways to promote biodiversity on ecosystem level, thus minimizing overall species loss.w  ation and information on differences in habitat and subtrate character will be used to identify  cient ways that promote biodiversity on ecosystem level, thus minimizing overall species loss.
13734	3	e spot syndrome virus and crayfish as a model to understand in general how virus affect the imm   the wssv does not kill crayfish at low temperature but at temperatures at ca 18-20c. we can al  immune system and it is hoped that this model system may provide such knowledge.i will also inv
6925	6	ics. in this project we try to make the development of genetically resistant wheat cultivars mo  d by costly pesticides harmful for both environment and human consumption. during this work, we  opose to make two very strong leaf rust resistance genes to be much useful for the breeding pra  f wild wheat on yield while keeping the resistance. we propose to use molecular markers in sele  o screen most of our breeding lines for resistance. the economic turn over of resistance will b  r resistance. the economic turn over of resistance will be also investigated by field experimen
10256	10	oes not cause any visible symptoms. the abundance of uninfected hosts in a pathogen s environme  nce of uninfected hosts in a pathogen s environment is a key factor affecting how efficiently i  it is transmitted. when uninfected host density is high, horizontal transmission of lethal path  ypically separated by years of low host density and no obvious presence of pathogens. what happ  tood. we aim to test the idea that host density is a key factor affecting whether horizontal or  ons that differ markedly in patterns of abundance. we will also carry out selection experiments  ifferent transmission routes affect the life history traits of the host, such as development an  smission routes affect the life history traits of the host, such as development and fecundity,   ife history traits of the host, such as development and fecundity, and of the pathogen, such as  thogen, such as pathogenicity and virus production. vertically transmitted infections are likel
11267	10	oes not cause any visible symptoms. the abundance of uninfected hosts in a pathogen s environme  nce of uninfected hosts in a pathogen s environment is a key factor affecting how efficiently i  it is transmitted. when uninfected host density is high, horizontal transmission of lethal path  ypically separated by years of low host density and no obvious presence of pathogens. what happ  tood. we aim to test the idea that host density is a key factor affecting whether horizontal or  ons that differ markedly in patterns of abundance. we will also carry out selection experiments  ifferent transmission routes affect the life history traits of the host, such as development an  smission routes affect the life history traits of the host, such as development and fecundity,   ife history traits of the host, such as development and fecundity, and of the pathogen, such as  thogen, such as pathogenicity and virus production. vertically transmitted infections are likel
11855	6	ignore the impact that an individual s body size has on its family members. if being large is   cause they have been raised in the same environment. to separate the effects of nature and nurt  environment. to separate the effects of nature and nurture we can let parents raise some of the  ld resemble each other. however, if the environment also plays a role then the parents own offs  h parents, and there is a great deal of competition, with the youngest usually coming out the w  he relative importance of genes and the environment. also, when foster families are created in
10500	1	second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respectively. significant progress must be mad
10740	1	second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respectively. significant progress must be mad
11622	1	second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respectively. significant progress must be mad
10836	2	l role in n cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative ability of s  ing foraging strategies to redistribute nitrogen in relation to the sizes of spatially discrete
9968	2	l role in n cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative ability of s  ing foraging strategies to redistribute nitrogen in relation to the sizes of spatially discrete
11450	5	dynamics and mechanisms of multispecies predator-prey assemblages where two prey and resource e  petitive exclusion. we propose to use a model insect predator-prey system to test this predicti  usion. we propose to use a model insect predator-prey system to test this prediction by manipul   manipulating resource availability. if productivity is important, then competitive exclusion m  titive exclusion mediated by the shared predator should occur more quickly at intermediate leve
11143	2	ecies to share resources and so reduces competition between them and hence promotes co-existenc  orms of that nutrient. however, despite phosphorus work first needs proof-of-concept for the pr
15394	10	to global environmental changes such as climate change and habitat destruction has prompted a p  ntal changes such as climate change and habitat destruction has prompted a plethora of research  hese later limitations, but the role of life history and plastic responses remains poorly under  s remains poorly understood. first, the life history of a species might affect their survival w   factors and allee effects. second, the life history might be associated with adaptations -such  bined with dispersal ability and social behavior may buffer individuals against environmental c  s project, we plan to study the role of life history and behavioral in the response to environm  tegrating comparative, experimental and modeling approaches. using birds as model system, we wi  and modeling approaches. using birds as model system, we will analyze the response to changes i  invasions, the urbanization process and climate change.
2529	4	drilling fluids markers of stress with specificity to exposure to suspended dc and  tools to measure biological effects and stress levels of sponges exposed to df and dc in the fi  nges exposed to df and dc in the field. threshold values for concentration, duration and freque  df on sponges will also improve current modelling tools for environmental risk assessment of of
15442	3	cts of anthropogenic alterations on the environment, in order to provide guidance for conservat  ediated activities over the patterns of distribution, abundance and composition of natural asse  ties over the patterns of distribution, abundance and composition of natural assemblages, and h
2532	6	ation and dominant copepod species, dom production, fate, and turnover rates, as well as net mi  ate, and turnover rates, as well as net microbial community respiration rates. by examining in   tes, as well as net microbial community respiration rates. by examining in detail the microbial   which seek to provide understanding of global change and consequent effects on human society.   to higher trophic levels and c transfer efficiency through planktonic food webs. combining mult   transfer efficiency through planktonic food webs. combining multidisciplinary international sc
15151	10	s defoliation and, locally, die-back of vegetation. climate forecast models point in the direct  n and, locally, die-back of vegetation. climate forecast models point in the direction of incre   the direction of increasingly variable precipitation and temperature increases, with subsequen  increasingly variable precipitation and temperature increases, with subsequent effects on the s   functioning of the regions terrestrial ecosystems. adaptation of ecosystems to the new climate  s terrestrial ecosystems. adaptation of ecosystems to the new climate conditions may happen abr  ms. adaptation of ecosystems to the new climate conditions may happen abruptly as a result of s  ughts. our attention will be focused on soil respiration, also a function of the microbial comm   be focused on soil respiration, also a function of the microbial community assemblage, as well  oil respiration, also a function of the microbial community assemblage, as well as of the root
15360	3	stressors affecting the functioning of ecosystems. preservation of the biota and marine habita  to this new scenario; to assess the way foundation species, such as seagrasses, respond is key   ion of parameters such as the duration, seasonality and intensity of these environmental stress
15125	7	es of organisms to the projected global warming are a major handicap for the adoption of suitab  es to develop virtual experiments about environmental change and the corresponding medium and l   responses of the neotropical flora and vegetation of northern south america, which are among t  alyzed from several perspectives, i. e. nature, intensity, time lag with respect to climate, an  re, intensity, time lag with respect to climate, and the degree of synchronism among the compon  sm among the components of the involved ecosystems. the results obtained will be useful to fore  and their communities, to the projected warming for the 21st century, according to the ipcc sce
12142	15	erturbations observed in the freshwater environment were mainly due to global warming and human  r environment were mainly due to global warming and human activities. the most significant prob  ost significant problem of the affected ecosystems is biological invasion. recently, a large nu  m semen causing a major impact on local ecosystems. the main goal of the study – to investigate  and structural organization of plankton food webs will be undertaken in the affected and not af  and abiotic factors affecting the local community resistance to algal invasion will be characte  c factors affecting the local community resistance to algal invasion will be characterized. ana  me diversity influence on local species richness and productivity will be provided. we will tes  influence on local species richness and productivity will be provided. we will test the proposa  will test the proposal that gonyostomum dominance in type lakes is influenced by species abilit  by species ability to utilize dissolved organic matter and competing algae as nutrient sources   gae as nutrient sources by studding the growth of g. semen and the same strategy species in the  phytoplankton species composition their productivity and expansion patterns of g. semen will be  sized bio-compounds , determining algae dominance and native species resistance will be carried  ning algae dominance and native species resistance will be carried out also. the obtained resul
7207	5	- aphid interactions auxiliaries. study model. observations networks orchards. b component. sam  tistic analysis. 3 year. component has. evaluation of the role of defense compounds. experiment  - apple - aphid interactions auxiliary. evaluation of the model and technical scenarios simulat  teractions auxiliary. evaluation of the model and technical scenarios simulation. b component.   onent. statistical analysis and spatial modeling. simulation landscape management scenarios and
14968	7	uences in biological phenomena, such as migration from the past, temporal heterogeneity, mainte  ch as migration from the past, temporal heterogeneity, maintenance of biodiversity, genetic var  tion of aquatic systems. predictions of recovery rates of altered communities after different p  portance of these mechanisms in natural ecosystems of different characteristics. to evaluate th  ferent characteristics. to evaluate the efficiency of the zooplankton dispersal, it is importan  jectives, we particularly distinguish: -evaluation of the dispersal capacity of zooplankton res   strategies of zooplankton species as a function of its dispersal ability. -capacity for local
14528	5	ip with the populations dynamic and the evolution of the biodiversity in planktonic organisms.i  ogical integrated studies. in fact, the sediment could be considered as an environmental inform  in its viability during long periods .- review of the evolution of the main planktonic species   ty during long periods .- review of the evolution of the main planktonic species comparing the   es could improve our predictions on the ecosystem response to future environmental changes. as
11500	4	sts. this has economic implications for carbon markets and mined-land rehabilitation.the propos  ology of brigalow acacia in its natural environment, and will contribute to fill the gap of kno  standing of how tree species respond to habitat disturbance, especially for partially clonal sp  ly, this project will present a genetic model of thinning management, which is novel in restora
15357	16	cultural evolution of humankind has caused a major global ecolog  o loss of biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services, i.e. of human well-being. this proj  rovision of ecosystem services, i.e. of human well-being. this project proposal combines restor  he emergent field of studies related to ecosystem services. its major aim is to document how ec  ve, affect patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem services and explain the involved processes.   es. our hypothesis is that the restored ecosystems in agrarian systems will provide, overall, h  ity and a broader range and quantity of ecosystem services than degraded ecosystems; additional  ity of ecosystem services than degraded ecosystems; additionally, the levels of restored biodiv  the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosystem services will depend upon the initial degrada  pon the initial degradation of restored ecosystems and the time that ecological restoration has  following: 1 to quantify, at the global scale, the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosyste  the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosystem services as a function of the ecosystems init  iodiversity and ecosystem services as a function of the ecosystems initial degradation and the   ecosystem services as a function of the ecosystems initial degradation and the time that ecolog  ng, and the amounts of biodiversity and ecosystem services that have been restored in agrarian   analyze the factors that affect spatial distribution and state of forest raptors during the rep
12199	16	england and wales and provide valuable habitat for native plants and animals. the herbaceous v  tive plants and animals. the herbaceous vegetation in the hedge base is an important part of th   important part of the overall hedgerow habitat but the diversity of its flora has declined, pr   hedgerows are designated as a priority habitat under the uk biodiversity action plan, with pol   and field margin management under agri-environment schemes will help to achieve this but there  hedgerow flora in england and wales and review current information on habitat restoration in or  wales and review current information on habitat restoration in order to identify the most suita  table methods for a range of herbaceous vegetation types. a large number of hedgerow surveys ha  cal characteristics, such as particular growth forms or an affinity to particular habitats. the  es to assist the process of meeting the habitat action plan targets. a review will also be carr  ting the habitat action plan targets. a review will also be carried out of the relationship bet  the hedgerow herbaceous plant flora and soil properties, the effect of hedge management on thes   of hedge management on these flora and vegetation restoration techniques. in addition to studi  o studies carried out on hedgerows, the review will cover those done on other habitats in which  lsh assembly government to develop agri-environment scheme guidelines and payments, and by land  mportant landscape feature and wildlife habitat and achieve biodiversity action plan targets fo
12192	5	the aims of this project are: review and summarize information from the european lite   secondary data sources to identify the habitat conditions required for the existence, restorat  ss and rush pastures’. specifically the review will examine: the physio-chemical conditions, in  itions, including topography, soils and hydrology under which existing fen, purple moor-grass a  hniques . based on the results from the review a field survey/study will be designed to charact
1934	3	ated communities. besides this shift in dominance, a reduced species diversity has been observe  es diversity has been observed in these ecosystems. species of the acidic nardo-galion saxatlli  ry heathlands will improve the seedling development after sod cutting and liming.
13824	4	ulation of the structure of the pelagic community. however, one crucial question remains unansw  d. has the restored pelagic zooplankton community any resemblance with the bio-diversity it onc   became a problem we are going to use a sediment data to get information about bio-diversity in  s of zooplankton and zooplanktivores in sediment cores we think it is possible to reconstruct z
7615	1	d plant species populations. this joint development will be through the specific case of arenar
13877	7	this work analyses the ecological efficiency of restoration in managed fennoscandian bore  eal forests. the work comprises a large-scale experiment including 24 forest stands in a standa  ation should be designed to promote the recovery and persistence of deadwood-dependent species   wood-dependent species at the landscape scale. the model is open to further development that wi  ent species at the landscape scale. the model is open to further development that will make it   ape scale. the model is open to further development that will make it possible to analyze quest  d to biodiversity monitoring and forest carbon sequestration potential. the new q-land simulato
10946	3	go has been described as a showcase for evolution , where the concepts of speciation and adapti  ction rates in the world with extensive habitat degradation and widespread impact from introduc  an effective restoration program is the development of baseline data to understand ecological c
6867	1	rve the successive return of the normal oxygen-level in the seas. the return of the benthos-fau
13809	4	mportant effect on invasion success and distribution pattern of an invading species. in sweden,  f invading species, as has been seen in ecosystems in australia and new zealand. however, with    and new zealand. however, with ongoing climate change, increased shipping of goods and increas   population genetic analyses as well as modelling.
13928	7	cape occurring as islands in the modern production land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban ar  ups favoured by traditional management, succession, and old growth forest, to coexist. a time p  itional management, succession, and old growth forest, to coexist. a time perspective of severa  during the last 3000 years. the spatial distribution of the ceased management on a local and re  ased management on a local and regional scale will be assessed in three case study areas using   gical methodology. the scope of spatial distribution of ceased management will then be expanded  ent and enables comparison with present distribution pattern of species within different organi
13531	7	cape occurring as islands in the modern production land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban ar  oups favoured by traditional management succession and old growth forest, to coexist. a time pe  aditional management succession and old growth forest, to coexist. a time perspective of severa  during the last 3000 years. the spatial distribution of ceased management on a local and region  ased management on a local and regional scale will be assessed in three case study areas using   l methodology. the scope of the spatial distribution of ceased management will then be expanded  ent and enables comparison with present distribution pattern of species within different organi
11151	2	tify the genes that influence levels of resistance and the extent to which differences in the d   large effect on fitness, so provides a model system where genetic differences will be pronounc
12351	1	ble, their likely effects and potential mitigation, drawing on windfarm and other marine indust
12354	1	the impact of naturally induced channel migration is needed in order to predict its occurrence
12624	1	ce information sought. knowledge of the development of technically demanding peat free media su
12589	6	spread of all wetland types on a global scale. as ecosystems they provide vital functions for b  all wetland types on a global scale. as ecosystems they provide vital functions for biodiversit  er resources, surface water management, carbon storage and sequestration, and paleo-environment  ed by mankind over many centuries as an energy source and plant growing media , extraction, res  ases where there might be benefits. the review will involve a desk based internet search follow   and other government agencies in their development of policy in this area.
12725	1	assessment to be made of the extent and nature of any problems, and to assist in the considerat
12152	2	ter supply and are consequently poor in nutrients and often very acid. one of the main `bog-bui  ement and restoration of this important habitat, recognising the many and varied demands upon i
12285	1	environments from a lifecycle nutrient efficiency point of view.
12737	7	this short term project involves a review of the success of embedding the `england biodive  required to help sigs and subprogrammes review their objectives and deliverables against the ad  and deliverables against the adaptation climate change principles, and to identify where furthe   to complete or extend the process. the review would involve behavioural research and consider   ctive of this embedding process towards development of a climate change adaptation strategy as   edding process towards development of a climate change adaptation strategy as part of the ebs b  re self sufficient in taking account of climate change in their areas
12350	1	is to provide a scientifically credible review of two aspects of the physical presence of windf
12653	1	responses received on ‘improving marine nature conservation set out within the marine bill cons
12352	3	objectives sediment process monitoring work carried out on round 1  ill be drawn together and reviewed. the review will assess the requirements, methods, data, res  oposed project addresses the results of sediment process monitoring only.
12733	1	section 40 of the natural environment and rural communities act places a duty on
12597	3	to charcoal, that is produced from the decomposition of plant-derived organic matter . to supp  from the decomposition of plant-derived organic matter . to supplement this, we will hold exper  oject team will respond to the critical evaluation of the group and go back to group members wh
12240	4	nage fertility, particularly in organic production systems, and reduce the incidence of soil-bo   has been considerable interest in, and development of, management practices that increase the   ractices that increase the diversity of vegetation within fields. these include components of t  include components of the england rural development programme environmental stewardship scheme,
12687	1	to investigate and review the amount and different types of conservation a
12489	11	this project will evaluate the range of indicators that relate to the natural environment, curr  f indicators that relate to the natural environment, currently used by defra and other governme  agencies, for their consistency with an ecosystems approach. many of the currently used indicat  ms approach. many of the currently used indicators and targets relate to specific aspects of th  late to specific aspects of the natural environment, for instance populations of individual spe  an overall perspective on the health of ecosystems. this project will examine which of the curr  ill examine which of the currently used indicators, or combinations of indicators, can best be   tly used indicators, or combinations of indicators, can best be used monitor the health of ecos   can best be used monitor the health of ecosystems as a whole and the sustainable supply of eco  s a whole and the sustainable supply of ecosystem services on which we depend. it will also rec  epend. it will also recommend where new indicators or targets are needed and how best to go abo
7526	1	of sequences of ribosomal genes and the development of a bank morphological information gatheri
14198	4	he role of rhizosphere processes in the carbon and presented in international conferences. the   e conclusions related to the aspects of climate change will be introduced to the estonian socie  onian society including the ministry of environment to improve the climate scenarios. on the ba   ministry of environment to improve the climate scenarios. on the basis of obtained knowledge p
2188	2	develop and test methods for restoring hydrology and plant biodiversity in drained rich fens.    aim to cover invertebrate diversity. a ph.d. project aims to strengthen the theoretical unders
476	2	diversity and their associated roles in ecosystem-support and servicing. to address this lack o  ther eu-projects and the united nations environment program
2202	5	for management and for developments of incentives to reduce invasions. this subtask will seek   sk will address models that account for heterogeneity in distribution of the invading species a  odels that account for heterogeneity in distribution of the invading species and in the donor h  f the invading species and in the donor habitat. the third will refine the methodology by which  act of an invader can be evaluated. the development of a methodology for the risk analysis is n
15037	5	s have been shown to importantly affect population dynamics and it is suggested that they may b  olutionary models predict that rps-like population dynamics arise due to sexual selection by fe  utionary mechanisms leading to rps-like population dynamics. using the common lizard as a model   dynamics. using the common lizard as a model organism, where rps-cycles have been discovered r  e responsible for rps-like colour-morph population dynamics and they will also unravel which fe
10262	2	established, an intervening probability density may also be established that describes how the   n a molecular clock analysis of a broad scale evolutionary event - the establishment of the pri
7527	1	inction of many species, the scientific community is trying to understand, in the conservation
10216	9	rovide a similar amount of total annual production to that on land and the turnover time for or   that on land and the turnover time for organic matter is 1000-times faster in marine in compar   in marine in comparison to terrestrial ecosystems. this highlights that grazing by zooplankton  kton is disproportionally important and competition among grazers is high. it is not surprising  s in the bitrophic interactions between predators and their prey. however, it is also well know  ning defence strategy that involves the production of volatile signalling compounds . our proje  e a first assessment of grazing-induced production of dms in a tritrophic framework. we will al  rth-east atlantic. our data will inform modelling efforts that aim to predict the effect of dif  m to predict the effect of differential production of dms on the susceptibility of microzooplan
10925	9	rovide a similar amount of total annual production to that on land and the turnover time for or   that on land and the turnover time for organic matter is 1000-times faster in marine in compar   in marine in comparison to terrestrial ecosystems. this highlights that grazing by zooplankton  kton is disproportionally important and competition among grazers is high. it is not surprising  s in the bitrophic interactions between predators and their prey. however, it is also well know  ning defence strategy that involves the production of volatile signalling compounds . our proje  e a first assessment of grazing-induced production of dms in a tritrophic framework. we will al  rth-east atlantic. our data will inform modelling efforts that aim to predict the effect of dif  m to predict the effect of differential production of dms on the susceptibility of microzooplan
13822	1	and indirect weather effects as well as habitat changes are investigated with the aid of time s
7179	1	axa were assigned six quality levels of abundance / frequency. criteria descrition of taxa are:
10790	10	methane-oxidizing bacteria , although three other mbs h  o expression, methanotroph ecology, and methane oxidation rates in geochemical settings. initia  ve different methanotrophs to assess mb production in known strains and types, and in isolates    assessing the impact of cu mineralogy, nitrogen source, oxygen level, iron level, and other fa  pact of cu mineralogy, nitrogen source, oxygen level, iron level, and other factors on pmmo exp  nd other factors on pmmo expression and methane oxidation patterns will be performed using our   on patterns will be performed using our model organism, m. trichosporium ob3b. based on these d  3b. based on these data and also on the nature of new mbs discovered, final experiments on real  eld studies on methanotrophs, assist in climate change studies, and provide a tool for predicti  dies, and provide a tool for predicting methane oxidation rates based on geochemical informatio
11250	3	st-genomic era is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that   ences. micrornas stresses for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and   for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentratio
11253	3	st-genomic era is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that   ences. micrornas stresses for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and   for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentratio
11482	3	st-genomic era is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that   ences. micrornas stresses for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and   for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentratio
11792	3	st-genomic era is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that   ences. micrornas stresses for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and   for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentratio
6897	1	by the mutations may contribute to the development of these illnesses. from a few patients suf
11276	3	ine waters fuel 75% of total biological productivity in lower latitudes, they are, in the moder  at may have ultimately driven increased efficiency of the biological carbon pump and thereby co   increased efficiency of the biological carbon pump and thereby contributed to the onset of the
15213	7	look deeper into the role of oxidative stress in the design of phenotypes, and particularly, o  , and particularly, on key life-history traits and reproductive strategies of vertebrates. aero  tive strategies of vertebrates. aerobic respiration requires oxygen to generate energy, but lea  rtebrates. aerobic respiration requires oxygen to generate energy, but lead to production of re  respiration requires oxygen to generate energy, but lead to production of reactive-oxygen speci   oxygen to generate energy, but lead to production of reactive-oxygen species will be studied b  rgy, but lead to production of reactive-oxygen species will be studied by analysing the oxidati
15058	8	ctor affecting biodiversity at a global scale. an unknown but important aspect in the study of    when an exotic species colonizes a new habitat. from the multiplicity of hypotheses that have    their competitive ability in the novel habitat due to a decrease of herbivory pressure from sp   the novel habitat due to a decrease of herbivory pressure from specialists of their area of in  s plants would assign more resources to growth and reproduction and fewer to chemical defenses.   be able to evaluate whether changes in herbivory are causing a post-invasive evolution of chem  n herbivory are causing a post-invasive evolution of chemical defenses. finally, the informatio  bivores and to unravel basic aspects of ecosystem dynamics during invasion.
7640	1	quality. in the context of sustainable development of environmental and resource management st
6780	3	has been demonstrated to influence the energy balance of the organism and it was shown that mo  ate the effect of the chronic restraint stress on the prrp mrna expression as a function of the  stress on the prrp mrna expression as a function of the gonadal status in control and brainstem
529	3	fit between these two dimensions of our environment. in this context the relationship linking a  ely ovine, which because of its natural mortality provides the basic food resources for these b  casses and thus at the same time on the efficiency of the quartering and on the regulation of p
10456	5	plant growth and development show remarkable plasticity in re                         plant growth and development show remarkable plasticity in response to c  le plasticity in response to changes in environment. our understanding of these responses is po  d. vernalization occurs at one stage of development and is then remembered until later in devel  t and is then remembered until later in development. the epigenetic regulation of the arabidops
14485	5	fect of the ecological diversity on the ecosystem resistance to biological invasions. ants has   e ecological diversity on the ecosystem resistance to biological invasions. ants has been chose   invasions. ants has been chosen as the indicator taxonomic group, since a dozen of non-native   logical and structural diversity of the vegetation. we will focus on habitats in which non-nati  l as considering the main mediterranean ecosystems. the study sites will be situated in the gua
14099	1	text of analyzing processes affected by climate change.
11667	2	investigation of the interdependence of hypoxia . the likelihood for any species survival depen  s survival depends significantly on the nature and extent of the hypoxic response. variation in
7116	2	fit between these two dimensions of our environment. . return and long-term viability of popula  y sheep, which provides, by its natural mortality, most of the resources consumed by these bird
7288	2	dicting from chemical and morphological traits breathing speeds and root decomposition, ii the   ogical traits breathing speeds and root decomposition, ii the potential of near infrared spectr
7715	13	in the current context of climate change and the increasing world population, sol  on, solutions are needed to ensure both ecological integrity and productivity of agricultural /  to ensure both ecological integrity and productivity of agricultural / forest land. fao estimat   impact on the amount of complex forest carbon. these systems will be chosen from different pro  e systems will be chosen from different production systems, in a wide range of climates. it was  nge of climates. it was shown that root growth is stimulated more in complex communities quen m  ps and agroforestry. variations of root traits depending on the depth of the soil will be exami  istribution generated by the roots in a community. the role of roots in the fight against erosi  experiments cohesive soil and aggregate stability, analysis of root traits and their associated  d aggregate stability, analysis of root traits and their associated functions, and the developm  and their associated functions, and the development of numerical models integrating the root-so   root-soil relationships, will quantify ecosystem services and link them to certain composition  s and link them to certain compositions traits. the tradeoffs between features and services wil
12760	4	likely. it is essential that any future mitigation of such conflicts is carried out in an effec   the study will provide a comprehensive review and evaluation of the currently available contro  will provide a comprehensive review and evaluation of the currently available control technique  he study will help inform future policy development in respect of the species.
10197	4	s predicted to regulate a wide range of traits in pseudomonas fluorescens sbw25. the full reper  agenesis to generate, test and refine a model of the standard deviation 54 regulatory network.    network. the explanatory power of this model will be tested directly by analysing gene express  e performance of mutants in the natural environment.
13332	8	essential to halting biodiversity loss. nature is fundamentally dynamic, as are the pressures o  rategies still involve a static view of nature. for the realisation of future conservation obje  ant european terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems by reviewing the impacts of global change on   ecosystems by reviewing the impacts of global change on those components of biodiversity essen   biodiversity essential for maintaining ecosystem services. important and threatened services w  ds for relating biodiversity in dynamic ecosystems to the provision of these services will be c  ed. frameworks for linking biodiversity traits to service provision and for improving and testi  provision and for improving and testing indicators will be developed and used to explore manage
11213	8	osphere are driving a process of global warming that will have a profound effect on plant photo  t photosynthesis. some models of future climate change predict alarming scenarios for the latte  hesis to varying co2 concentrations and temperature. different plant species inhabit very diffe  experience large seasonal variations in temperature in their natural habitats. they also had to  apt to changes in co2 concentration and temperature that have changed considerably since the ev  hat have changed considerably since the evolution of flowering plants. in this project, we will  level caused by specific changes in the environment for the most abundant enzyme in the world.   tant challenge in the context of global climate change.
219	5	planations to observed values of insect body size. in particular, given the strong correlation   s in constraints on the shape of larval growth curve. such constraints are likely related to th  ll be searched for invariants in larval growth, i.e. relationships between growth parameters th  rval growth, i.e. relationships between growth parameters that are invariable across insect spe   to assess heritabilities of respective traits, and to detect possible trade-offs. optimality m
15046	1	innovative approaches that lead to the development of new tools to better understand the mecha
10405	3	oject is to promote the contribution of ecosystem services to alleviating poverty worldwide. in  stablishment of systems of payments for environmental services review the conceptual framework    of payments for environmental services review the conceptual framework in the light of the cas
12564	8	in relation to variations in the marine environment, and develop a model to predict the impact   n the marine environment, and develop a model to predict the impact of changes in the marine en  ict the impact of changes in the marine environment on return rates of salmon from specific pop  race element analysis to understand the distribution of other keystone fish species. key custom  ey customer purpose: investigate salmon scale micro-chemistry in order to determine the factors   to determine the factors affecting the distribution and abundance of salmon in the sea. determ   factors affecting the distribution and abundance of salmon in the sea. determine how the predi  how the predicted changes in the marine environment may influence salmon populations and suppor
2462	2	also has led to evolutionary changes in life history traits and in virulence of the parasite. a  to evolutionary changes in life history traits and in virulence of the parasite. as there are n
7106	1	ated. the first type of forum is on the"production of ideas". this valuation is register on the
2541	12	application for policy analysis of the nature index that illustrate how different parts of soc   biodiversity targets for the two major ecosystems open lowlands and forests in terms of the in  en lowlands and forests in terms of the indicators from the nature index. this must be done in   sts in terms of the indicators from the nature index. this must be done in a way that can be tr  o economic models will be developed for evaluation of ecosystem services. for open lowland an e  els will be developed for evaluation of ecosystem services. for open lowland an economic model    services. for open lowland an economic model of production methods will be extended to cover a  . for open lowland an economic model of production methods will be extended to cover activities   and sustain open lowland. for forest a model for carbon sequestration will be developed and ex  in open lowland. for forest a model for carbon sequestration will be developed and expressed in  d and expressed in terms of an economic evaluation. the project will contribute to enhance the   rtant national users as the ministry of environment, the ministry of agriculture and the minist
2548	2	the norwegian nature diversity act stipulates that genetic diversity   and conservation varieties prohibit the distribution of seeds among farmers, allowing only the
10855	6	and plays an important role in primary productivity in the ocean and hence the uptake and prod  y in the ocean and hence the uptake and production of gases associated with climate change such  and production of gases associated with climate change such as carbon dioxide. accurate determi   associated with climate change such as carbon dioxide. accurate determinations of iron are the  ndous amount has been learned about the distribution and biogeochemistry of iron in recent year  ins problematic. this work proposes the participation in an international intercomparison exerc
7623	3	organisms to communities to strengthen ecosystem services to which they contribute. in this co  ute to many critical services for plant production. we propose to test the hypothesis that the   est the hypothesis that the increase in abundance in the field can have a positive impact on th
13585	1	es of fish and to which extent the fish community is influencing which types of saprolegnia and
14378	3	he most important constraints on animal productivity and welfare. the life cycle of the liver f  this project. the research focus is the development of a methodology to delineate swbs and thei   liver fluke risk maps at the landscape scale.
11573	3	of the importance they have for global climate thanks to our technological developments in dat  is strategically important to ocean and climate modelling, but which are still relatively data   egically important to ocean and climate modelling, but which are still relatively data sparse d
15428	5	e first time subject of studies of this nature, and including the introduction of laser cleanin   by focusing in two areas with peculiar geomorphology and climate. 2.- to characterize the lich  o areas with peculiar geomorphology and climate. 2.- to characterize the lichen flora colonizin   to establish their influence on lichen growth and distribution. 4.- to analyse the chemical, p  sh their influence on lichen growth and distribution. 4.- to analyse the chemical, physical and
2466	3	nthesis, metabolic or eco-physiological function, how this pathway has evolved, and what its ph  ifically, this study will elucidate the function of each biosynthetic gene in the synthesis of   ed from dinoflagellates to recreate the evolution of these genes with regard to their phylogene
15395	4	imentally assess whether post-dispersal seed predation affects differentially aggregated and is   experimental evaluate whether seedling predation by herbivores affects differentially aggregat  likely to experience a positive fitness-density relation that relatively large populations. 10.  imating the cumulative probabilities of recruitment for aggregated and isolated individuals of
11474	5	everything from wastewater treatment to productivity of soil, seas through to freshwater and di  are proposing to implement a stochastic model for microbial populations that is more commonly a   that is more commonly applied in macro-scale ecology. the model as it stands assumes self-simi  nly applied in macro-scale ecology. the model as it stands assumes self-similarity in the resou  laxing this assumption, thus making the model more applicable over a range of scales.
7480	8	plications. the emphasis will be on the development of a scaleable solution which will allow a   hich will be the basis of an integrated development environment for videocommunication applicat   the basis of an integrated development environment for videocommunication applications. the de  meworks. in parallel with the algorithm development, research on a flexible hardware architectu   to add pointing features to be used in environment such as the distance learning application.   ions concern scaleability, verification model and core experiments. a real time encoding of h.2  y. a key feature of the approach is the development of a videocoding toolbox to permit coder pe  as possible. a tightly coupled hardware development to achieve real time operation will facilit
13349	7	se threats must explicitly consider the scale at which effects occur, and therefore it is cruci  fic and policy research needed to guide scale-dependent management actions. it will assess and    management actions. it will assess and model the scaling properties of natural and anthropogen  thropogenic processes and the resulting scale-dependencies of the impacts of these pressures on  us levels of biodiversity from genes to ecosystem functions. to facilitate these assessment met   to biodiversity loss in terms of their scale-relevance and will develop new tools for matching  etworks of protected areas and regional connectivity. this framework will be disseminated to a
10082	11	body size influences an organism s energetic requiremen  exploitation, and its susceptibility to predation. general relations between population density  n. general relations between population density and body size in benthic animal assemblages may  elations between population density and body size in benthic animal assemblages may be attribut  ed to non-metabolic constraints such as habitat complexity. we aim to examine substratum surfac  y. we aim to examine substratum surface heterogeneity and its possible fractal characteristics   ctal characteristics upon the body-size distribution of benthic communities. in streams across    the uk, we shall explore if scaling of density to body size converges across communities. we a   shall explore if scaling of density to body size converges across communities. we also aim to   nal scales of observation may influence body size and population density.    may influence body size and population density.
10841	1	ow turtles of different sizes use their environment both in space and time. the project will al
7478	2	spiral aims to enhance the connectivity between biodiversity research and policy m  diversity are fundamental requisites of human well-being, the biodiversity issue raises unprece
13860	2	owards increased awareness of issues of environment and sustainability. environmental guideline  . in the proposed project, a literature review of plants for the long-term preservation of plan
14711	4	problems has highly benefited from the evolution experienced by the computers capacity and com  tion terms, the resulting water quality model depends on a set of parameters not sufficiently w  come necessary in order to evaluate the distribution and evolution of the relevant variables un   order to evaluate the distribution and evolution of the relevant variables under different con
14710	4	bjective of this project is to know the efficiency of a strategy for riverine wetlands restorat  encial and the auto-organization of the ecosystem. lack of this combination has been the reason  redictive capacity of flood models, the efficiency of re-connecting wetlands and the practice o  ogical restoration of wetlands at large scale in floodplains of regulated rivers.
12426	2	undaries, national action on the marine environment needs to be supported by a framework to ens  ng associated environmental targets and indicators.
15579	1	f scin . what do they contribute to the ecosystems co2-fixation/n-input how unique are the key
12064	7	the millennium ecosystem assessment . as a result, the scie  ssessment . as a result, the scientific community, decision makers, and managers do not yet hav  yet have a high degree of confidence in model projections. the first objective of this project   neration of models of plant response to climate change that can address several of the key shor  uantitative estimates of the impacts of climate change and climate extremes on plant diversity   es of the impacts of climate change and climate extremes on plant diversity and to collaborate   ant diversity and to collaborate on the development of adaptive management strategies.
12584	11	ments of the inter-departmental uk soil indicators consortium to develop a set of policy releva  licy relevant and scientifically robust indicators of soil quality. sqid phase ii . the data de  wn on the usefulness of each biological indicator to national-scale soil monitoring; the robust  f each biological indicator to national-scale soil monitoring; the robustness of the different   st implications, of application of each indicator in a large-scale monitoring scheme and the re  pplication of each indicator in a large-scale monitoring scheme and the relative value of the i  ng scheme and the relative value of the indicator with respect to others, including issues of c   inform the specification of biological indicators for national-scale soil monitoring and for o  n of biological indicators for national-scale soil monitoring and for other policy-related soil  o be invaluable to the wider scientific community since it will a comprehensive assessment of e  gically-relevant components of the soil community.
12708	6	a scoping review of the implications for wetlands of energy gener  iew of the implications for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activities, covering  s for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activities, covering both the conventional  ing both the conventional and renewable energy sectors, with reference to issues concerning cli  rs, with reference to issues concerning climate change and wetlands, linking as appropriate to   tives in these sectors and on issues of energy security in general.
12183	2	seen solely as a cause of reduced grass productivity. however soil compaction, in its various f  iversity and the quality of the natural environment will be written as well as a full technical
12180	12	ts. however, due to the complexities of nature, the advantages of creating wildlife habitats ma  life habitats may be detrimental to the environment in other ways. for example, leaving land fa  birds may leave the land susceptible to nitrate leaching due to minimal crop cover, and phospha  rosion. in order to assess whether agri-environment schemes are beneficial overall an understan  anding of the processes relevant to the habitat restoration scenarios is required. the objectiv  re to: 1. establish the extent to which habitat restoration occurs in england under environment  escribe or predict the likely impact of habitat restoration on nutrient losses. 3. consider the  losses. 3. consider the wider impact of habitat restoration on a the fate of nutrients beyond t  of habitat restoration on a the fate of nutrients beyond the catchment of restoration, b the fa  ntal factors. 4. analyse the benefit of habitat restoration vs the overall environmental impact  l terms, including the consideration of mitigation options. 5. identify areas of uncertainty in  nagement practices associated with agri-environment schemes on nutrient losses in relation to f
12619	1	the land use component of the land use, land use change and forestry .
12188	5	england’s uplands, and to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, by supporting  ds, and to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, by supporting the land manag  t and indirect measurement of outcomes, modelling and the use of case studies. the project will  ts will need to be devised that measure indicators which can be used to model impacts on the ta  measure indicators which can be used to model impacts on the target environmental variables. a
12488	1	ne potential benefits of undertaking an ecosystem assessment for england.
14622	7	ms. and they could be used as microbial indicators of this bacteria. an study of the prevalence  ciated with legionella or became either indicators or determine the presence or absence of the   analysed. physicochemical parameters as temperature, ph, fe, cysteine and presence of biocide w  sicochemical parameters as temperature, ph, fe, cysteine and presence of biocide will be analys  ganisms that encourage the survival and growth of legionella: protozoa that can be parasitated   ogy is similar, so they can survive and growth in the same medium, such as aeromonas spp. and p  s spp. and pseudomonas spp. all of them growth faster and are also easier to quantify than legi
12289	10	nd environmental reasons to improve the efficiency with which crops capture and use water and n  h which crops capture and use water and nutrients in the soil. as pressure increases on global   upply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance of healthy and diverse o  e maintenance of healthy and diverse of ecosystems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollutio  s can have negative impacts on adjacent ecosystems. nitrogen . this will provide data on the ro  egative impacts on adjacent ecosystems. nitrogen . this will provide data on the root growth an  en . this will provide data on the root growth and lateral root number, growth rate and angle o  he root growth and lateral root number, growth rate and angle of these accessions and will comp  ions and will complement existing trait evaluation work for these lines in wq0119. this work wi  rk within oregin and the wider brassica community. these projects deliver directly to defras po
13787	11	cial fisheries, fish stocks and natural predators, since seabirds often are top predators shari  predators, since seabirds often are top predators sharing a resource base with the fisheries. c  have effects on all life stages of fish predators. the response will partly be determined by st  ate detailed studies of state-dependant life history responses in predators and responses of ec  ate-dependant life history responses in predators and responses of ecologically similar predato  s and responses of ecologically similar predator species with changes in abundance and conditio  imilar predator species with changes in abundance and condition of prey. indirect impacts will   agic fishes in the baltic and waterfowl mortality and lowered seabird reproduction during the p  ill provide a scientific foundation for ecosystem-based management that will safeguard viable s  is will be valuable for a management of ecosystems striving for maintaining the ability to deli  aining the ability to deliver desirable ecosystem goods and services.
2490	4	p is a new and long-term monitoring and mapping programme for norwegian seabirds that was estab  r an improved management of this marine environment. the data analyses aim to develop further m  im to develop further models of seabird distribution and population dynamics using different en  ther models of seabird distribution and population dynamics using different environmental param
15142	2	current proposal is based on the recent development of a bin map in a quercus robur x q. petrae  s with largest ecological diversity and distribution areas. due to colinearity among the white
11105	3	tle on good quality winter and breeding habitat can determine their survival and reproductive s  t sites at both ends of the range. this connectivity has considerable consequences for demograp  in feathers can determine the wintering habitat of breeding birds. understanding these settleme
11434	3	tle on good quality winter and breeding habitat can determine their survival and reproductive s  t sites at both ends of the range. this connectivity has considerable consequences for demograp  in feathers can determine the wintering habitat of breeding birds. understanding these settleme
10481	2	s, many higher organisms use changes in temperature and daylength with phenotypic variation we   loping biological markers for assessing climate change.
11780	2	ganisms which are involve in processing carbon. the extra neutron in heavy 13c provides a uniqu   the functionally active species in the environment. we will rapidly detect labelled species us
15292	2	c bacteria which are responsible of the production of several compounds found in the secretion,  ce. one of the possible benefits of the symbiosis for hoopoes could be protecting eggs against
7466	7	se threats must explicitly consider the scale at which effects occur, and therefore it is cruci  fic and policy research needed to guide scale-dependent management actions. it will assess and    management actions. it will assess and model the scaling properties of natural and anthropogen  thropogenic processes and the resulting scale-dependencies of the impacts of these pressures on  us levels of biodiversity from genes to ecosystem functions. to facilitate these assessment met   to biodiversity loss in terms of their scale-relevance and will develop new tools for matching  etworks of protected areas and regional connectivity. this framework will be disseminated to a
13949	9	in addition, a current concern is that nutrients stored in bottom sediments could be released   e released when disturbed, regenerating nutrients into an already eutrophic ecosystem. whether   ing nutrients into an already eutrophic ecosystem. whether these contaminants and nutrients rem  osystem. whether these contaminants and nutrients remain buried or are subsequently remobilised  t causes substantial disturbance to the sediment. however, the extent and implications of this   ne for the first time the importance of sediment resuspension by trawling in the baltic sea. we  h field-derived estimates of amounts of sediment, contaminants and nutrients resuspended by tra  f amounts of sediment, contaminants and nutrients resuspended by trawling, predictions based on  , predictions based on an oceanographic model, and assessments of the bioavailability of resusp
14728	4	ty, interactions, and genetic makeup in global change scenarios. our methods are interdisciplin   of this structure crucially depends on connectivity patterns among the distinct populations, m  m with widespread ones, on the basis of connectivity patterns estimated from ssr and aflp genet  ator and seed dispersers for successful recruitment. we study mainly olea europaea var. sylvest
228	3	are very few studies on the germination behavior of different terrestrial species under natural   be very different in their germination behavior and seed properties, and these differences can  terrestrial orchid seeds collected from nature. also we would like to clarify the character of
11237	1	a crustacean most commonly used in the production of scampi. langoustine is an extremely valua
14226	4	ies. we are planning to map the species distribution of clastobasis worldwide and discuss it al   within tropical areas in connection to habitat type and distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi   areas in connection to habitat type and distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi as possible food   ble information to the knowledge on the distribution, ecology, phylogeography and coevolution o
10845	5	to erode additive genetic variation for traits associated with fitness; however, fitness relate   with fitness; however, fitness related traits are frequently observed to have abundant genetic  on. how is this variation maintained in nature i plan to test the prediction that negative gene  t negative genetic correlations between traits subject to selection in the same direction are r   genetic parameters for fitness-related traits from the reconstructed multigenerational pedigre
10339	1	al selection. responses to selection in nature are much less predictable. in fact, in a series
10515	9	b, providing numerous insights into how evolution works. however, there is now a serious imbala   know about how things actually work in nature. this discrepancy is a source of concern for two   how natural populations can respond to environmental change, and for this, we need studies of   w many offspring they have and that the traits displayed by males that have lots of mates are d  ve lots of mates are different from the traits typical of males that have lots of offspring. in  tural and sexual selection, which drive evolution in populations, are consistent across years o  l do well, whereas in others, different traits are more advantageous, this will help maintain g  ariation allows populations to adapt to environmental change, so we need to understand how much  m will be to investigate how population density affects selection, something that we can only i
9999	9	b, providing numerous insights into how evolution works. however, there is now a serious imbala   know about how things actually work in nature. this discrepancy is a source of concern for two   how natural populations can respond to environmental change, and for this, we need studies of   w many offspring they have and that the traits displayed by males that have lots of mates are d  ve lots of mates are different from the traits typical of males that have lots of offspring. in  tural and sexual selection, which drive evolution in populations, are consistent across years o  l do well, whereas in others, different traits are more advantageous, this will help maintain g  ariation allows populations to adapt to environmental change, so we need to understand how much  m will be to investigate how population density affects selection, something that we can only i
15353	5	in proteins react readily with reactive oxygen species. however, they can be reduced back to me  t animals subjected to higher oxidative stress may selectively accumulate methionine into their  g an innovative approach to improve the stability against in vitro oxidation of proteins with b  est, which is based on the differential behavior of methionyl residues depending on their seque   residues depending on their sequential environment.
2021	13	many studies on ecosystems have shown that gradual environmental change  s on ecosystems have shown that gradual environmental change can lead to discontinuous, catastr  ophic shifts between alternative stable ecosystem states with concomitant losses of ecological   use of the non-linear response of these ecosystems on different temporal and spatial scales, th  ew is their use in explaining shifts in ecosystem structures. hence, my central hypothesis is t  pothesis is that catastrophic shifts in ecosystems can be predicted on the basis of self-organi  veloped and tested in arid and peatland ecosystems. these ecosystems are known to be vulnerable   in arid and peatland ecosystems. these ecosystems are known to be vulnerable to catastrophic s  ey exhibit spatial self-organization of vegetation. spatially explicit models will be developed  ion. in order to formulate a predictive ecosystem theory, i will investigate whether the identi  zation and catastrophic shifts in other ecosystems. by this i hope to contribute to a better sc  scientific understanding needed for the development of innovative strategies for sustainable ma  trategies for sustainable management of ecosystems that are vulnerable to catastrophic shifts.
11578	7	climate change is proceeding apace. many populations ar  espond rapidly enough to their changing environment. we have little understanding about the ext  ng gene in natural populations across a temperature gradient. one possibility is that changes i  les. we will evaluate the importance of temperature in altering female mating frequencies in th  e wild and therefore the level of sperm competition encountered by males carrying the sex ratio  r and may mate more frequently at lower temperature and hence the level of sperm competition is  emperature and hence the level of sperm competition is greater, reducing the paternity of sex r
11830	7	climate change is proceeding apace. many populations ar  espond rapidly enough to their changing environment. we have little understanding about the ext  ng gene in natural populations across a temperature gradient. one possibility is that changes i  les. we will evaluate the importance of temperature in altering female mating frequencies in th  e wild and therefore the level of sperm competition encountered by males carrying the sex ratio  r and may mate more frequently at lower temperature and hence the level of sperm competition is  emperature and hence the level of sperm competition is greater, reducing the paternity of sex r
7027	1	applying heat shock in which the exact temperature and exposure time will be tested. heterozyg
10984	2	r decades on scottish islands devoid of predators. in deer in particular, there is now impressi  s unusual may help us to understand the evolution of our own uncommon life plan.
10762	2	soil respiration research programme in peru. the new in  t important elements of the terrestrial carbon cycle. the project will also develop a measureme
10953	3	oxidised and reduced n on a blanket bog community with low ambient n will be investigated by tr  e made of plant species composition and abundance, mycorrhizal infection in ericoids, vitality   oids, vitality and ability to withstand stress, photosynthesis, water relations and nutrient up
10054	4	efforts to assess ecosystem health by monitoring performance indicators i  system health by monitoring performance indicators in free-living receptor organisms using cont  ity to describe the functional basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and  basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and impact in a conspicuously impo
11582	4	efforts to assess ecosystem health by monitoring performance indicators i  system health by monitoring performance indicators in free-living receptor organisms using cont  ity to describe the functional basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and  basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and impact in a conspicuously impo
10023	1	coveries made under nerc eg project qtl mapping in natural populations using linkage and linkag
11826	1	er by grouping genes according to their function or pattern of gene expression. this proposal w
12259	2	ntification of putative genes and their function. the project will also be used to bring the uk  l also be used to bring the uk research community working on solanaceous plants together each y
10802	1	obal human activities into biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in marine sediments.
10283	11	the marine ecosystem is crucial for the functioning of the earth s  lays an essential part in modifying the climate, they account for half of the annual primary pr   account for half of the annual primary production on the planet and about two thirds of goods    are provided by coastal and open ocean ecosystems. these environments are dominated by microor  rect influence on the atmosphere by the production of chemically-active biogases. therefore the  try of the oceans is the consequence of microbial activity and understanding the earth system r  suggests that the genetic diversity and function is far higher than that investigated so far. t  f the microbial diversity in the marine environment was first demonstrated by the study of crai  sess the changes in the composition and function that are characterised by seasonal cycles. the  stly, and for the first time on a large scale this project will analyse both the diversity and    analyse the gene expression of a whole microbial community.
10307	2	seed . this has major effects on global climate and was even used by that sage, james lovelock,  rpin his gaia hypothesis . although the production and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely
10562	2	seed . this has major effects on global climate and was even used by that sage, james lovelock,  rpin his gaia hypothesis . although the production and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely
11323	2	seed . this has major effects on global climate and was even used by that sage, james lovelock,  rpin his gaia hypothesis . although the production and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely
13333	16	nges in the mediterranean and black sea ecosystems as well as changes in the ability of these e  well as changes in the ability of these ecosystems to provide goods and services. the mediterra  ill be approached as a coupled climatic/ecosystem entity, with links and feedbacks to the world  s to the world ocean. the assessment of ecosystem changes will be based on the identification o  ased on the identification of the major regime shifts in ecosystems that occurred during the la  ification of the major regime shifts in ecosystems that occurred during the last 50 years. math  w observations, will be used to predict ecosystem responses to changes in climate and anthropog  edict ecosystem responses to changes in climate and anthropogenic forcings during the next five  xist as well as essential data sets for model validation. sesame will also study the effect of   esame will also study the effect of the ecosystem variability on key goods and services with hi  tal importance like tourism, fisheries, ecosystem stability though conservation of biodiversity  ance like tourism, fisheries, ecosystem stability though conservation of biodiversity and mitig  though conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestrati  ation of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration in water an  nd mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration in water and sediments. the innova  naean and black sea regions through the participation of research organisations from member sta
12191	15	the objective of the uk bap is to halt habitat loss and species decline. in the bap, targets a   low input agricultural practices. agri-environment schemes to evaluate both the existing rapid  efinition of grassland types. from this review, a provisional rapid assessment methodology will  will be proposed. subsequent literature review and analysis of existing ecological datasets wil  ts will identify the timescales for the development of particular attributes used in the provis  olders about the key attributes and the thresholds that define whether a particular site achiev  tes currently undergoing management for habitat restoration/creation in summer 2010 and 2011. t   different times of the year. following evaluation of the field testing and consultation with d  n framework for identifying appropriate indicators of success will be proposed. anticipated res  ge of expertise to identify appropriate indicators for measuring the success of management, in   cales appropriate to the length of agri-environment scheme agreements. the framework will enhan  attributes and the timescales for their development will enhance the engagement of landowners w   landowners with the objectives of agri-environment scheme. the project outcomes will also cont  y providing clear criteria for defining habitat status for restoration sites and ‘wildlife valu  or grassland creation sites within agri-environment schemes.
441	4	vironmental strains. we have shown that spatial variability can be important along a transect f  nities should be monitored at a monthly scale and every two or three days during the phytoplank   will allow the long-term monitoring of microbial community structure. we also isolated more th   environmental strains from the coastal environment. these strains were purified, stored in the
2035	7	ment chance and initial post settlement mortality are key processes in determining recruitment   tality are key processes in determining recruitment of marine soft-sediment bivalves, statistic   determining recruitment of marine soft-sediment bivalves, statistical analyses of long-term re  lves, statistical analyses of long-term recruitment data, laboratory and field experiments, and  , laboratory and field experiments, and modeling exercises will be performed to explore the mec  riations in stocks sizes of marine soft-sediment bivalves are influenced by density-dependent p  oft-sediment bivalves are influenced by density-dependent processes during and shortly after se
10209	2	super-genus gyrodactylus provide ideal model systems with which to assess the role of recombin   study previously unexplored aspects of evolution and ecology in this economically-important gr
2029	1	d by operational sex ratio and breeding density. for both species there is a wealth of data all
11089	1	d and explain the geographic pattern of distribution of the colour morphs. the aims will be ach
14783	3	genus microtus, are a very interesting model system to study the structure and function of the  model system to study the structure and function of the heterochromatin. in fact, this family i  e the composition, structure, origin an evolution of the heterochromatic blocks from the sex ch
10080	9	ations, they must divide their time and energy between vital activities such as finding food an  can be expensive as they are powered by energy and nutrients. as supplies of these are limited,  nsive as they are powered by energy and nutrients. as supplies of these are limited, animals th  ed strong sexual selection with intense competition among males. under these conditions, males   ct that these males will then have less energy and fewer nutrients left to invest in immunity,   es will then have less energy and fewer nutrients left to invest in immunity, making them more   n mating contests they should have more energy and nutrients to invest in their immune systems,  ntests they should have more energy and nutrients to invest in their immune systems, making the  ts and natural enemies that live in our environment and also how they evolve along-side one ano
10933	4	coelopids show a dramatic increase in mortality in the presence of seaweed. the presence of s   presence of seaweed not only increases mortality but also stimulates mate searching and mounti  ntial role sexual conflict plays in the evolution of senescence. we propose here to investigate   conflict in generating the increase in mortality seen in the presence of seaweed. we will also
10856	1	aim of this study is to understand the evolution of post-mating reproductive barriers between
10519	5	ion to new environments can lead to the evolution of new forms, but recently there has been gre  rticular sexual conflict to drive rapid evolution. the theory is that males are under constant   o which sexual conflict can drive rapid evolution and population divergence remains poorly stud  pulation size in promoting or retarding evolution driven by sexual conflict 2. is divergence fa  the adaptations which have driven their evolution. for instance a new male seminal chemical tha
10972	5	ion to new environments can lead to the evolution of new forms, but recently there has been gre  rticular sexual conflict to drive rapid evolution. the theory is that males are under constant   o which sexual conflict can drive rapid evolution and population divergence remains poorly stud  pulation size in promoting or retarding evolution driven by sexual conflict 2. is divergence fa  the adaptations which have driven their evolution. for instance a new male seminal chemical tha
1980	5	conflicts of interest can give rise to traits advantageous for one sex but harmful to the othe  co-evolutionary arms race where harmful traits and corresponding counter-adaptations arise. dar  onficts between the male and the female function of lymnaea. the conflict over sperm survival i  ted female maturation, but retards body growth. again this strategy is advantageous from the ma  ing of speciation, biodiversity and the evolution of bizarre hermaphroditic mating behaviours.
6735	2	and females is compared. following the mapping of differences the astroglial reaction to exper  ifferences are also studied as possible indicators of local glia-neuron interactions.
2143	1	mates. using the bluethroat as a study model, the project investigates cues used by females in
11351	6	t or microbe is called a species . this classification is very important to understand, because  ffspring. how is a new species produced evolution, which is the process responsible for all for   this isolation to occur. this level of evolution is important and poorly understood. in this p  this project, we plan to use one animal model, a flour beetle, to examine what specific reprodu  eproductively isolated, and whether the competition to reproduce can also play an important rol  e hopefully identify which reproductive traits lead to reproductive isolation, and therefore a
15081	5	ble evidence suggests that reproductive traits evolve rapidly and that sexual selection could p  . this process leads to antagonistic co-evolution between the sexes which promotes rapid change   promotes rapid changes in reproductive traits that could lead to speciation. the sexual select  metrical. our work has shown that sperm competition has selected a larger population of sperm r  ation, examining the influence of sperm competition upon early reproductive barriers between sp
14642	2	ns through the selective force of sperm competition upon males to increase the competitive abil  d sexual selection on the other, in the evolution of gametic isolation in a group of closely re
14619	3	n is a very important force driving the evolution of individual behaviour and ornamentation, an  implications for individual fitness and population dynamics are badly understood. by means of a  ce. well combine studies in the natural habitat with lab experiments to understand the mechanis
15473	12	sexual selection drives the rapid evolution of reproductive traits and genes. one of the   ves the rapid evolution of reproductive traits and genes. one of the main determinants of sperm  shape to reduce drag, or an increase in energy production by sperm. we propose to test these hy  o reduce drag, or an increase in energy production by sperm. we propose to test these hypothese  rodents which differ in levels of sperm competition, and which have been shown to be a good mod   and which have been shown to be a good model because many of their reproductive traits are sha  odel because many of their reproductive traits are shaped by sexual selection. an increase in s   sexual selection. an increase in sperm metabolism could have considerable costs in terms of ox  estigate if sperm suffer from oxidative stress or if it is prevented by the evolution of protec  ive stress or if it is prevented by the evolution of protective counter-measures such as change   evolutionary rates and levels of sperm competition, and potential links with phenotypic traits  on, and potential links with phenotypic traits.
11000	1	ich help the individual cope with their environment and by doing so the females thereby obtain
9824	1	ich help the individual cope with their environment and by doing so the females thereby obtain
2112	7	ncreasing evidence that recent climatic warming affects various aspects of ecological communiti  al data in order to relate variation in temperature to population trends and various life histo  rature to population trends and various life history traits. however such correlative studies c  ulation trends and various life history traits. however such correlative studies can not tell w  evolutionary response to changes in the environment, we need knowledge about the amount of addi  erences in additive genetic variance in body size among male and female pied flycatcher aimed t   of maternal effects on heritability on body size in different environments. to our knowledge t
10017	1	d finally we have information about the density and weather conditions in which each animal has
11844	1	s knowledge and technology to the wider community. firstly, we shall work with the producers of
11332	13	have shown negative effects of lowered ph on biological functions in a wide range of marine an  asingly have, on marine life and on the stability of marine ecosystems. this is especially so f  ine life and on the stability of marine ecosystems. this is especially so for species with high  will investigate the effects of varying ph in current environments by sampling populations of k  ey species living in sites of different ph. terebratulina retusa is distributed from the medite  s living in sealochs and harbours where ph is lower than offshore. calloria inconspicua inhabit   sample populations living in different ph conditions and analyse their shells. we will also mo  lyse their shells. we will also monitor ph in the areas sampled for at least a year. this will   al responses to being raised in reduced ph in the natural environment. secondly we will quantif  ing raised in reduced ph in the natural environment. secondly we will quantify changes in skele  ological periods when co2 levels in the environment were markedly different from today. this wi  rom today. this will allow evolutionary scale responses to be addressed. finally we will hold o  species in culture systems with altered ph conditions and assess changes in skeletal compositio
180	3	all. considering the importance of the vegetation for fishes and invertebrates as a habitat an  ation for fishes and invertebrates as a habitat and shelter, it was presumed that changes in th   influence considerably the whole river ecosystem. the goal of this grant project is to enhance
15588	10	extreme weather events on biodiversity, ecosystem functions, resilience and tipping points in g   of extreme drought on biodiversity and ecosystem functions is a key facet of current climate c  tem functions is a key facet of current climate change research. in particular, identifying mec   gradients, which may serve to regulate ecosystem services in the face of climate extremes and   ulate ecosystem services in the face of climate extremes and foster the identification of early  ntification of early warning signals of thresholds of regime shift. relevance: signal is well-c   early warning signals of thresholds of regime shift. relevance: signal is well-connected withi  is well-connected within the scientific community, members belonging to large research initiati  ut european gradients of resilience and indicators of tipping points in the face of climate ext  cators of tipping points in the face of climate extremes, supporting eu policies and national l
2129	9	f animal signals. we investigate signal evolution and signal discrimination in two contexts, ma  ybrid zone, where different male sexual traits convey conflicting information about species ide  ts convey conflicting information about species identity and mate quality. the empirical setup    we study optimal attack strategies for predators foraging on a batesian mimic-model complex, u   predators foraging on a batesian mimic-model complex, using both optimality theory and learnin  g and plasticity facilitates or buffers evolution, including whether imprinting facilitates rei  of a batesian mimic and its unpalatable model species. to this end we will apply a recently dev  recently developed population-genetical model framework to study the evolution of evolvability   -genetical model framework to study the evolution of evolvability and the effects of pleiotropy
11340	13	genetic variation can be maintained in traits that are under constant selection. this has been  ever, it is an empirical fact that most traits show significant genetic variation in the face o  s considered particularly important for traits that are the target of mate choice, where female  acter. one possible explanation for why traits that are the target of mate choice retain geneti  riation is that the expression of these traits depends on the overall condition of the individu  on and as a result, condition dependent traits are expected to reflect this genetic variation i  interactions between individuals during development play in producing variation in condition an  ducing variation in condition dependent traits that are the target of mate choice. traits that   its that are the target of mate choice. traits that are affected by social interactions show ve  ent evolutionary dynamics than ordinary traits and evolutionary genetic models suggest that the  onary genetic models suggest that these traits may be particularly interesting with respect to   alk-eyed fly, cyrtodiopsis dalmani as a model system, we will utilize a statistical genetic mod  , we will utilize a statistical genetic model to estimate the relative importance of social int
13857	3	resting stages that can survive in the sediment for decades. resting stages are often referred  resting stage addition to phytoplankton community development. molecular methods will include p  age addition to phytoplankton community development. molecular methods will include primers tar
15071	1	been one of the key innovations in the evolution of insects, which influenced decisively in th
10299	9	ghout north and south america the first model for the spread of maize into south america arose   location of each variety. the resulting model suggested that maize was initially introduced int  brazil in relatively recent times. this model was held to be generally correct until 2002 when   rown throughout south america. this new model holds that the southwards movement of maize from   ith both these models. the geographical distribution of the varieties being studied is a critic  ical component of the analysis, as this distribution, when compared with the genetic relationsh  r the analysis to work, the present-day distribution of the maize varieties must be similar to   il, and so we cannot yet be sure if our model is accurate. the purpose of the proposed project    of the proposed project is to test our model by obtaining substantially more genetic data from
14272	4	emphasizes the study of biogeochemical complexity in earth surface environments combining fiel  onments combining field, laboratory and modelling work. the partner of the present project, pro  . p. regnier, is the coordinator of the modelling group and is the originator of the coupled tr  nator of the coupled transport-reaction model contraste.
12668	3	onitoring aims to understand effects of climate change and atmospheric pollution on biodiversit  . it involves measurement of aspects of climate and pollution with assessment of biodiversity,   imination of effects, and link into the environment change network. the dataset may enable anal
11212	2	analysis techniques to acquire species abundance and length frequency data. for aries samples,  e consistent size frequency and species abundance estimates for the other groups of predatory p
9806	10	nisms that determine differences in the spatial pattern and relative abundance of closely relat  ces in the spatial pattern and relative abundance of closely related tropical trees on small sp  ies with an aggregated pattern of adult distribution show reduced seed production or increased   of adult distribution show reduced seed production or increased mortality of seeds or seedlings  ow reduced seed production or increased mortality of seeds or seedlings outside high density pa  lity of seeds or seedlings outside high density patches, while species with a random or over-di  species with a random or over-dispersed distribution of adults show reduced fecundity in high d  f adults show reduced fecundity in high density patches, or density/distance-dependant mortalit  d fecundity in high density patches, or density/distance-dependant mortality of seeds or young    patches, or density/distance-dependant mortality of seeds or young seedlings.
15580	1	versity and may provide a wide range of ecosystem services a supranational stakeholder board wi
13334	9	ensuring the sustainable management of ecosystems requires insight into the socio-economic pro  nsion of protection of biodiversity and ecosystems is still somewhat underexplored, and it woul   of social research on biodiversity and ecosystem management, or of a coordinated international  ccessfully applied to issues concerning ecosystem and biodiversity management. despite this obv  upport and enhance the effectiveness of ecosystem and biodiversity management, social research   h is not yet commonly integrated in the development and implementation of biodiversity policy.   ghts concerning the societal context of ecosystem and biodiversity management into policy tools  g to the management of biodiversity and ecosystems, and especially to the development of succes  y and ecosystems, and especially to the development of successful policies in this field. this
11544	3	ong individuals in behaviours and other traits has been, even before darwin, one of the central  tors that will affect the expression of traits ranging from behavioural, developmental to compl  cts might facilitate or constrain trait evolution. models about how trait expression changes du
10221	13	line rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such as fruit flies and mice  ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe  d quality of resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative  f resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative animals, b  on in social investment received during development influence adult survival and condition we w  address the last question using a large-scale field experiment in which we provision pups with   eriment in which we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for d  ch we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for downstream effe  ve performance, and levels of oxidative stress. the research will generate important new inform   main factors influencing variation and mortality and fertility in natural populations of socia  s, and how natural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living   tural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living in close-knit   of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. these investigations promise to advance our und
10904	13	line rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such as fruit flies and mice  ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe  d quality of resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative  f resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative animals, b  on in social investment received during development influence adult survival and condition we w  address the last question using a large-scale field experiment in which we provision pups with   eriment in which we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for d  ch we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for downstream effe  ve performance, and levels of oxidative stress. the research will generate important new inform   main factors influencing variation and mortality and fertility in natural populations of socia  s, and how natural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living   tural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living in close-knit   of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. these investigations promise to advance our und
9992	13	line rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such as fruit flies and mice  ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe  d quality of resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative  f resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative animals, b  on in social investment received during development influence adult survival and condition we w  address the last question using a large-scale field experiment in which we provision pups with   eriment in which we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for d  ch we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for downstream effe  ve performance, and levels of oxidative stress. the research will generate important new inform   main factors influencing variation and mortality and fertility in natural populations of socia  s, and how natural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living   tural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living in close-knit   of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. these investigations promise to advance our und
11483	1	pended animation in a freezer, allowing evolution to be measured by directly comparing differen
10492	7	ers to flexibility in individual mating behavior that is influenced by environmental factors. t  ack to alter selection pressure on male traits. my research will use an insect system, because   s for sexual selection pressure on male traits. my postdoctoral work at the university of calif   plasticity varies on a population-wide scale. theoretical arguments suggest that founding popu  ptive phenotypic plasticity. the social environment of newly-founded populations would be expec  l environments by altering their mating behavior. my analysis will detect whether females of di  on mate choice plasticity can drive the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations.
14206	3	background knowledge that exists on the behavior and ecology of gray-cheeked mangabeys from ear  ether experts in the fields of ecology, behavior, physiology, wildlife veterinary, biodemograph  terinary, biodemography and statistical modeling of longitudinal data.
12335	1	ve an expert workshop and result in the development of socio-economic data-layers. the inclusio
12620	16	soils contain far more carbon than vegetation or the atmosphere, and the conce       soils contain far more carbon than vegetation or the atmosphere, and the concentration of   he atmosphere, and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and hence the climate   dioxide in the atmosphere and hence the climate are sensitive to any changes in soil carbon. th  climate are sensitive to any changes in soil carbon. the amount of soil carbon is itself sensit  y changes in soil carbon. the amount of soil carbon is itself sensitive to the way the land is    england and elsewhere have been losing carbon as a result of past changes in land management.   his problem and potentially to increase carbon storage in english soils. four sub-projects are   centrates on knowledge gaps relating to soil carbon and how it may change with management pract  s for accurate routine determination of soil carbon. the overall project will be co-ordinated b  sulting ltd, the centre for ecology and hydrology, the british geological survey and skm enviro  ential effects of future changes in our climate and land management practices on soil carbon an  limate and land management practices on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. soil carbon u  il carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. soil carbon underlying the topsoil and its interactions  ace horizon will be explored to improve carbon storage and sampling and laboratory determinatio  ampling and laboratory determination of soil carbon will be standardised for soil monitoring sc
15148	4	tegy for soil protection related to the soil organic carbon cycle this overall objective can be   practices and agricultural systems and soil organic carbon balance. to determine the soil comp  ation is smaller and the quality of the organic matter greater in order to establish possible s  in order to establish possible sinks of carbon in the mediterranean soils.
227	4	ess on grasslands. how are changing the soil properties during intensive management, in which l   which load the pores continue still to function, how the technology used influences the regene   cultures and thereby the nutrition and productivity of plants, is slightly known. however, as   fect of soil compaction and improve the soil properties at different fertilization rates will b
13867	6	intention is to describe the am fungal community in south swedish habitats and determine soil    species composition, biomass and spore production. disturbed sandy grasslands in south east sw  and successional stage on the am fungal community will be studied in order to test the intermed   species composition, biomass and spore production of am fungal communities. 2. to investigate   rbance-induced changes in diversity and community composition results in changes in am mycelium  ble isotope labelling the influences on ecosystem c cycling will be monitored.
13988	8	in tropical soil the organic matter content decreases and the soil structure   affected by amounts and quantity of of soil organic matter and different crops and different i  esity of soil cultivation - is the soil food web more stable and recilient in soil with high or   stable and recilient in soil with high organic matter content and high biodiversity than in de  what extent are different taxonomic and functional groups of soil animals feeding on the growin  and to what extent do they use the dead organic matter as their basic food source the structure   source the structure of the soil fauna community will be studied by sampling in allready exist  13c isotop will be followed through the food web.
12632	10	four sub-projects are: objective a: to review the role of soil biota in soil fertility and qua   degradation on the ability of soils to function and identify gaps in the evidence base and pro   research requirements. objective c: to review the overall costs and benefits of soil erosion m  measures and to identify cost-effective mitigation measures. objective d: to provide a clear vi  the current knowledge on the impacts of climate change on soil processes, functions and its rel  submitted to defra for comment. a final review/report will be produced for each sub-project and   of soil degradation on soil functions; review the costs and benefits of mitigation measures us  tions; review the costs and benefits of mitigation measures used to reduce soil erosion; and re  asures used to reduce soil erosion; and review the potential impacts of climate change on soil   on; and review the potential impacts of climate change on soil processes, functions and biota.
14490	5	o determine its transient or persistent nature, due to the crucial consequences that this aspec  onsequences that this aspect has on the population dynamics of threatened species.seed burial e  ination ability and response to several temperature and light conditions of periodically exhume  completed with the study of germination phenology in nature.the general aim of the study is to   h the study of germination phenology in nature.the general aim of the study is to gather detail
7477	12	ltrec proposes to develop an integrated model of soil processes that describes key soil functio   ec soil thematic strategy as essential ecosystem services for the well-being and economic succ  tegrate soil erosion, solute transport, carbon dynamics and food web dynamics within an open-so  , solute transport, carbon dynamics and food web dynamics within an open-source modelling frame  food web dynamics within an open-source modelling framework. this framework will provide the pl  de the platform, together with existing gis capacity, for a prototype simulator at eu-scale to   pacity, for a prototype simulator at eu-scale to assess soil threats and evaluate approaches to  soil threats and evaluate approaches to mitigation. this physical-based modelling will be integ  ches to mitigation. this physical-based modelling will be integrated with new advances in decis   zone. this encompasses the terrestrial environment from the top of the biosphere s tree canopy  he data sets to validate the integrated model of soil processes. these process studies will be    and rates as they vary with lithology, climate and land use. these sites and their teams will
12605	1	ions for them of changing management of organic matter within their enterprise. 2.to demonstrat
13350	20	delivering food, fiber and biofuels and carbon storage. however, the demand is greater than the  r than the amount of soil available, as production of biofuels competes with areas for food pro  f biofuels competes with areas for food production and nature. moreover, intensified land use r  etes with areas for food production and nature. moreover, intensified land use reduces soil bio  ces soil biodiversity and the resulting ecosystem services. soilservice will value soil biodive  soil biodiversity through the impact on ecosystem services and propose how these values can be    biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web models and determine effects of changing soil   ffects of changing soil biodiversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosph  iversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as ass   on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as assess cons   and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as assess consequences for   aluing soil biodiversity in relation to ecosystem services. objectives: • develop methods to va  ctives: • develop methods to value soil ecosystem services during different pressure of land us  anges in soil biodiversity. • field and modelling studies will determine to what spatial and te  poral scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance. • det   detecting processes that indicate when ecosystems are approaching the limits of their natural   determine and predict sustainability of ecosystem services at different types of land use • bui  drivers of how land use such as biofuel production and land abandonment can influence soil biod  ent can influence soil biodiversity and ecosystem services over european scale. • interacting w  ty and ecosystem services over european scale. • interacting with eu policies and strategies wi
12405	1	mplications of its impact on the marine environment are matters of considerable concern. the re
10556	3	biochemical investigation to track the production, transportation and eventual secretion of th  ticular hydrocarbons , within a spatial environment that can be subject to different conditions  tion will provide new insights into the evolution and maintaince of recognition systems not onl
11286	3	biochemical investigation to track the production, transportation and eventual secretion of th  ticular hydrocarbons , within a spatial environment that can be subject to different conditions  tion will provide new insights into the evolution and maintaince of recognition systems not onl
11246	11	uous burning of fossil fuel, the global environment is facing a crisis stemming from rapidly ri  g from rapidly rising concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our atmosp  as emissions at or above current rates, carbon dioxide will reach nearly triple the pre-industr  sment of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the high latitudes will experience the   h latitudes will experience the largest temperature increases, resulting in a rapid melting of    warm periods and across major climatic thresholds. the proposed research project will reconstr   research project will reconstruct past vegetation of antarctica and southern australasia durin  lution pollen analyses with global data-model comparison, this proposed study will foster a dee  icating weakness and strength, the data-model comparison will also contribute to the improvemen  l also contribute to the improvement of climate models that we rely upon for simulating future   that we rely upon for simulating future climate change.
13536	5	ether these sown wild flower strips can function as corridors in the chosen area in switzerland  sidered: the available species pool and abundance in nearby grasslands, environmental factors a   in nearby grasslands in the context of metacommunity research. the study will be carried out b  he field data will be used to develop a model of metacommunity dynamics which is expected to pr  data will be used to develop a model of metacommunity dynamics which is expected to provide use
1941	2	ive particular attention. the resulting model will be analyzed with numerical simulation and op   analyzed with numerical simulation and optimization techniques.
464	9	ve is the sustainable management of the environment in two regions of the islands in the indian  te the decision-making concerning local development. in madagascar, the regions establish devel  t. in madagascar, the regions establish development plans that include sustainable management o  t include sustainable management of the environment. nonetheless, little scientific information  l ecologic mechanisms, and the existing development plans only take into account partial data.   nt partial data. in the comoro islands, environment corrosion is even faster, due to a high pop  s even faster, due to a high population density. the government is considering the creation of   cientific studies on the functioning of ecosystems to facilitate the decision-making for the el  ecision-making for the elaboration of a development plan. we have chosen a zone of study in mad
7223	5	e are the sustainable management of the environment in two regions of the indian ocean islands,   field observations to characterize the environment and biodiversity, and space images for deci  ment. madagascar has, regions establish development plans that include sustainable environmenta  cientific studies on the functioning of ecosystems to support decisions in the development of a   ecosystems to support decisions in the development of a management plan. we chose a study area
15263	1	twork of protected steppe areas and the development and implementation of appropriate agri-envi
13461	10	ology can explain territorial dynamics, distribution and colonization of populations. wolverine   territorial dynamics, distribution and colonization of populations. wolverine and lynx are ter  territory settlement follows a despotic distribution, i.e. high quality territories will be occ  th of a female will not influence local density as she will be quickly replaced by a female fro   conflicts between reindeer herding and predators is killing in high-density areas of these spe  erding and predators is killing in high-density areas of these species. however, if young indiv  ed animals, as predicted, the number of predators might not decrease in high-density areas and   of predators might not decrease in high-density areas and the intended conflict measure will ha   understand effects of killing on local density of wolverine and lynx and their distribution we  density of wolverine and lynx and their distribution we need detailed knowledge of their spatia
12447	5	hydrographical processes governing the recruitment of scallops in the english channel, and the  nnel, and the potential consequences of climate change upon these processes. develop a forecast   these processes. develop a forecasting model for scallop populations which incorporates spatia  ents based on new insights into scallop recruitment gained during the research. key customer pu  of the spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment.
2146	3	herefore be of great importance for the production of salmon. we will in this project choose th   brown trout and brook trout. models of competition parameters from west brook will be applied   e important value for managers planning habitat restoration projects in other more anthropogeni
13559	7	ocuses on the relation between wildlife abundance in tropical forests and spatial heterogeneity  dlife abundance in tropical forests and spatial heterogeneity in terms of natural environmental  l forest area surrounding an indigenous community in the amazon, with a vegetation classificati  igenous community in the amazon, with a vegetation classification that will be made based on fi  munity in the amazon, with a vegetation classification that will be made based on field invento  de based on field inventory of ferns as indicator species of soil characteristics, in combinati  il characteristics, in combination with remote sensing. the interactions between hunters and ga
1940	2	turn can then be linked to the economic model and analysis, a11owing to trace the influence of   wing to trace the influence of economic development of wetland areas.
15016	24	mountain ecosystems are the most important reservoir of biodiver  eservoir of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems partly because the range of environmental va  es in the mountains as a consequence of temperature elevation. although not only the climate ch  rature elevation. although not only the climate change will have important effect on the dynami  rtant effect on the dynamic of mountain ecosystems, rather the interactions between climate, hu  ystems, rather the interactions between climate, human intervention and the composing entities    limit is particularly sensitive to the land use change and climate change. in consequence, thi  ly sensitive to the land use change and climate change. in consequence, this ecosystem and can   nd climate change. in consequence, this ecosystem and can be an excellent earlier indicator of   osystem and can be an excellent earlier indicator of the effect of those changes on the biodive   biodiversity and sustainability of the ecosystems and present a rapid response that can be use  ent a rapid response that can be use to model the change in the ecosystem spatial organization   t can be use to model the change in the ecosystem spatial organization and to detect catastroph  hic shifts. on the other side, semiarid ecosystems present a slow response, and their diversity  rsity conservation is more dependent on facilitation and propagulos availability than the site   site availability as in more productive ecosystems. the comparisons of a broad range of variati  om the central pyrenees to the semiarid ecosystems of the middle ebro valley. our priority is t  structural changes or drift in mountain ecosystems before transition triggers occurs and it is   ysis will be performed analyzing at the scale of vegetation patches the change in diversity, sp   be performed analyzing at the scale of vegetation patches the change in diversity, spatial org   in diversity, spatial organization and functional traits of the plant species. we will use veg  raits of the plant species. we will use vegetation patches that vary in size, isolation and age  archical levels constraints the spatial distribution of species at lower levels to identify cas  patchiness to provide transition shifts indicators from satellite image parameters. this projec
2113	15	how continuous spatial distributions of habitat may be applied to explain the spatial distribut  t may be applied to explain the spatial distribution of a species with high economic value - th   economic value - the moose. continuous habitat distributions may be estimated from spatial dat  ethods. the kernel method estimates the density of a given habitat variable at each spatial loc  method estimates the density of a given habitat variable at each spatial location given the who  patial location given the whole spatial distribution of that habitat. compared to the tradition   the whole spatial distribution of that habitat. compared to the traditional use of discrete po  int- or grid cell estimates, continuous habitat distributions have some beneficial properties:   of spatial resolution; and 3 continuous habitat distributions may be an index that describes th  ve better predictability to the spatial model. here, i suggest correlating continuous spatial h   suggest correlating continuous spatial habitat and animal distributions to map the association  ibutions to map the association between habitat and organism. i will further extrapolate the sp   i will further extrapolate the spatial model into larger areas to study the predictability of   reas to study the predictability of the model. the actual landowner configuration will then be   how the various landowners manage their habitat may then be studied by applying game theory. i
10347	3	migration rates and population structure will be quanti   aimed at assessing the consequences of habitat deterioration and fragmentation on population s  e of genetic diversity. at the european scale microsatellites will be used to describe the phyl
10541	17	val generally declines due to increased competition for resources such as food or breeding site   breeding sites. this process is called density-dependence, and it has been a core theme in pop  anding how populations might respond to environmental change, such as habitat loss or changes i  espond to environmental change, such as habitat loss or changes in climate. we know that densit  nge, such as habitat loss or changes in climate. we know that density-dependence occurs in popu  oss or changes in climate. we know that density-dependence occurs in populations across a wide   rvation concern. as a result, models of population dynamics used to aid decisions about their c  ons about their conservation often lack density-dependence, or make strong assumptions about th  icts that these will play a key role in density-dependence. also, it is increasingly recognized  duals are forced to occupy poor quality habitat as a population grows, thereby driving down the  ividuals within the population. spatial distribution patterns consistent with this idea are wid  r the wider implications for population growth or persistence. in this project, we propose to a  s of dispersal decisions for population growth and persistence in the face of environmental cha  n growth and persistence in the face of environmental change. as a result, our research will pr  ding of how dispersal generates spatial distribution patterns and density-dependence, and a the  rates spatial distribution patterns and density-dependence, and a theoretical framework for lin  ical framework for linking dispersal to population dynamics.
14539	8	oots may have an important role in arid ecosystems where water is a limiting resource. such red  ibution can be upwards , soil type, the organic matter content, the depth of water table, as we  ishment and because it could extend the growth season, and influence the water balance of other  nd the growth season, and influence the water balance of other species. we propose carrying out  field and laboratory experiments, using remote sensing and geographic information systems to an  y experiments, using remote sensing and geographic information systems to analyse mechanisms of  nce of hydraulic redistribution for the productivity, biological diversity and plant-plant inte  ty and plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems.
11748	2	pertise in spatial population theory to model the specific ecological systems under investigati  owledge of the specific systems and the modelling results will be bale to confer new levels of
15273	1	ical interface. task 7.3 will deal with indirect effects in plant communities cohorts of plants
11510	8	, infectious diseases are widespread in nature and pose a severe threat to our environment. sin   nature and pose a severe threat to our environment. since these diseases cause significant har  bility of bacterial pathogens to evolve resistance to antibiotics is of increasing concern and   teraction between bacteria and phage in nature with results from controlled, laboratory experim  tion. i will examine both how the plant environment influences the coevolution between bacteria   is often more complex than simple, two species interactions and that understanding multi-speci  teractions and that understanding multi-species interactions is key to making predictions of ho  dictions of how diseases will evolve in nature.
10308	6	be important in maintaining the earth s ecosystems. as a consequence many ecologists are focuss  y similar species can occur in the same habitat. this diversity is not just a property of tropi  pace. this is potentially important for competition because individuals interact only with thei  ht that reaches them, and slowing their growth rate. despite this fact, most of the mathematica   mathematical models that include plant growth to see if any new hypotheses like heteromyopia e  ty is maintained in the face of intense competition for limiting resources.
11406	6	be important in maintaining the earth s ecosystems. as a consequence many ecologists are focuss  y similar species can occur in the same habitat. this diversity is not just a property of tropi  pace. this is potentially important for competition because individuals interact only with thei  ht that reaches them, and slowing their growth rate. despite this fact, most of the mathematica   mathematical models that include plant growth to see if any new hypotheses like heteromyopia e  ty is maintained in the face of intense competition for limiting resources.
2207	4	life, especially harvest, in the forest ecosystem can rely on spatial dynamics. related uncerta  ment will theoretically be addressed in modeling tools. from the very beginning we will work in   be closely integrated with the project modeling tools, monitoring impact and values and welfar  te to: • integrate spatially structured population dynamics to determine the appropriate spatia
7686	3	e of the essential keys to increase the efficiency and coherence of future agri-environmental p   lock pointed to by the grenelle of the environment and in response to this third after diva me   makers and will seek the most relevant indicators to assess the tvahr
2032	3	ative study of population structure and population dynamics in a commercially important flatfis  s together cover several aspects of the spatial scale of the population structure of marine org  isms and relate these to aspects of the spatial scale of the exploitation of marine living reso
15531	14	increasingly threatened by land use and climate changes, and associated changes in disturbance   understanding the relationships between ecosystem structure and function is of crucial importan  onships between ecosystem structure and function is of crucial importance for ecoystem conserva  experiments, observational studies, and modelling work to investigate how both spatial pattern    modelling work to investigate how both spatial pattern and plant diversity determine ecosystem  l pattern and plant diversity determine ecosystem functioning in fire-prone mediterranean woodl  ct will focus on key functions in these ecosystems such as resistance and resilience against di  y functions in these ecosystems such as resistance and resilience against disturbances, and wil  st disturbances, and will also evaluate carbon sequestration potential through the analyses of   ation potential through the analyses of carbon budgets in the experimental areas. the specifc o  between plant pattern and diversity and ecosystem functioning, but in this case focusing in wat  n the ecohydrological feedbacks between ecosystem structure and functioning in semiarid lands.   ost suitable strategies to increase the resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems agai  resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems against disturbances and to optimize restora
10272	2	do so by measuring diffusivity using a temperature micro-profiler, which measures vertical wat  profiler, which measures vertical water temperature profiles at specific locations with a resol
15282	6	ave been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the basis of morphological similarities  oposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flo  ica, b origin in western asia and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of sou  aims to reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of six plant genera exhibiting this disjuncti  s, or the appearance of a novel type of metabolism. the final aim of the coordinated project is  roject will be integrated into a larger meta-analysis to test for the existence of this pattern
15169	8	sequences in the regenerative cycles of vegetation in mediterranean saline steppes inhabited by  by albardine the co-occurrence of other plant-animal interactions may restrict the recruitment.  nt-animal interactions may restrict the recruitment. 5.- the study of seed bank changes through  e study of seed bank changes throughout succession after cropland abandonment in albardine step   environmental conditions, particularly soil properties, are responsible for change patterns ra  as confirmed in gypsum steppes, another habitat with particular soil properties as well. studie  teppes, another habitat with particular soil properties as well. studies will be carried out in  currently doing efforts to protect this habitat.
14684	9	mobile dunes of doñana at two different spatial scale. at a large scale, the vegetation changes  two different spatial scale. at a large scale, the vegetation changes that have taken place in   nt spatial scale. at a large scale, the vegetation changes that have taken place in the mobile   he changes, and the effect of the large scale pattern on lower scale processes.at a lower scale  ect of the large scale pattern on lower scale processes.at a lower scale, we will continue stud  ern on lower scale processes.at a lower scale, we will continue studying the natural regenerati  ain and europe. the study includes seed production and viability, predispersal seed predation,    production and viability, predispersal seed predation, seed rain, postdispersal seed predation  eed predation, seed rain, postdispersal seed predation, germination, establishment and survival
2128	3	use a combination of data analysis and modelling. we have brought together a strong team of re  ntary expertise in bark beetle ecology, modelling and biological invasions . the budget include  gical invasions . the budget includes a recruitment fellowship as a part of the competence buil
2507	2	ght into the spatiotemporal dynamics of growth and survival of fish larvae through their first   ssible population effects of oil-caused mortality of fish larvae.
14802	1	d to obtain information that allows the development of appropriate conservation strategies.
14902	1	this research aims to assess the evaluation of homoploid interspecific gene flow between
10012	2	t lakes, some of the richest freshwater ecosystems on earth, are regarded as biodiversity hotsp  ersity hotspots. fascination with these ecosystems is in part because the lakes are home to hun
11312	3	an rivers. furthermore, a broad species distribution also allows biologists to examine whether   ng events, or drier periods in africa s climate have influenced the evolution of synodontis cat  in africa s climate have influenced the evolution of synodontis catfish. the results of this st
11626	4	ous barriers to dispersal in the marine environment, are traditionally considered to result in   od genus turbo and to generate accurate distribution maps for each species based on museum coll  ion of shallow-water marine organisms 4 evolution of the indo-west pacific - are modern indo-we  e they remnants of a widespread tethyan community
15159	1	marine fish with contrasting speciation model and timing: merluccius and pomatomus the chrosomo
11438	1	ty, in terms of endemism, dispersal and habitat specialisation, will be investigated using gene
13758	1	ilability of a perfect avian australian model system promises to offer a diversity of novel, ex
15222	10	and limits in the capacity to transfer distribution models between different geographical area   the challenges posed by the changes in climate and land use. the group of species analysed wil  nd biogeographical relationships affect model transferibility. 5. to adapt and apply a thermic   bility. 5. to adapt and apply a thermic energy model for a reptile species, timon lepidus, in o   5. to adapt and apply a thermic energy model for a reptile species, timon lepidus, in order to  le summarizing the variables related to temperature and to evaluate its tranferibility to perfo  valuate its tranferibility to perform a habitat quality assessment for reptiles. 6. with the co  from the previous objective, to produce distribution models of vertebrates in the iberian penin  s in the iberian peninsula in different climate change and land-use change scenarios, reasonabl  ninsula in different climate change and land-use change scenarios, reasonably transferible to s
13574	8	ve focused on the spatial properties of habitat fragments within the modern agricultural landsc  ties of species and temporal changes in habitat connectivity. we have assembled a gis database   species and temporal changes in habitat connectivity. we have assembled a gis database containi  bitat connectivity. we have assembled a gis database containing detailed information on local l  mation on local landscape structure and land-use change over the last three centuries. we will   roaches to the description of grassland connectivity. we will assess the extent to which differ  ll assess the extent to which different connectivity descriptors, applied to modern and histori  tive importance of past/present spatial connectivity and dispersal characteristics as predictor
6957	2	a basis for creating hypotheses on the function of the studied male song characters in species  ge, mating history on female preference function properties will be examined. in a fourth study
11765	22	climate change has the potential to cause massive disru  e responses of species, communities and ecosystems to climate change are among the greatest cha   species, communities and ecosystems to climate change are among the greatest challenges facing  s today. recent research has identified climate-induced shifts in the distribution and abundanc  dentified climate-induced shifts in the distribution and abundance of a variety of taxa, but ha  -induced shifts in the distribution and abundance of a variety of taxa, but has focused on indi  alter, with implications for associated ecosystem functions. furthermore, previous research has  es at species cool range margins, where climate warming is likely to allow increases in abundan  ecies cool range margins, where climate warming is likely to allow increases in abundance and d  warming is likely to allow increases in abundance and distribution. i will investigate the effe  ely to allow increases in abundance and distribution. i will investigate the effects of climate  tion. i will investigate the effects of climate change on communities of dung beetles, a guild   role in nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. i will evaluate changes in species distribu  anges in species distributions, species richness and functional group composition as a result o  ies distributions, species richness and functional group composition as a result of recent clim  group composition as a result of recent climate change, using data from four well-documented du  urope. the contributions of dung beetle abundance, species richness and different inter-specifi  tions of dung beetle abundance, species richness and different inter-specific combinations to e  ifferent inter-specific combinations to ecosystem function will be measured experimentally. thi  e opportunity to evaluate the effect of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems as a function   effect of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems as a function of changes in the structure of  e change on terrestrial ecosystems as a function of changes in the structure of communities.
10808	2	ly complex ecological networks, such as food webs. usually studies are focussed on either speci   often studies examining the effects of environmental change on biodiversity consider only indi
14516	1	of their biology and their capacity of development in other hosts and man.
15456	4	the biodiversity observed in nature responds to a complex and long-term evolutionary  r, cellular and organismal levels. such complexity is constrained by the correct configuration,  se access is regulated by the chromatin metabolism , focused towards the evaluation of the effe  omatin metabolism , focused towards the evaluation of the effects of okadaic acid on the respon
11380	12	rovide the foundation on which to build seasonality into life history theory and subsequently i  tion on which to build seasonality into life history theory and subsequently influence applied   ence applied research on the effects of climate change. combining life history theory with the   he effects of climate change. combining life history theory with the physiology of growth and d  e history theory with the physiology of growth and differentiation i will investigate the conse  e constraints. i have focused on immune function and condition because these physiological trai  d condition because these physiological traits are intimately linked to fitness and are affecte  y linked to fitness and are affected by species interactions. the project will examine the mech  ject will examine the mechanisms of the growth/differentiation trade-off using lestes sponsa, a  -off using lestes sponsa, a field-based model system. experimental manipulations of time constr  nipulations of time constraints on this model in the laboratory will be combined with studying   e combined with studying the effects of predators, parasites and prey on investment in immunity
2503	1	pean lobsters have declined steadily in abundance over the past 30-50 years, and several restri
11181	5	the project will explore the function of prolonged copulatory stimulation by male ma  y stimulation functions to reduce sperm competition risk will be tested against the idea that i  ate on the relative importance of sperm competition and cryptic female choice in sexual selecti  copulatory stimulation in relation to i dominance status and ii local risk of sperm competition  nance status and ii local risk of sperm competition, according to these predictions.
14630	1	last 10-5,3 m.y.a. on the spermatophyte evolution and diversification is tested. five taxonomic
13351	2	spiral aims to enhance the connectivity between biodiversity research and policy m  diversity are fundamental requisites of human well-being, the biodiversity issue raises unprece
12567	2	fy their potential impact on freshwater ecosystems and to advise policy customers on the implic  ources of pollutants within the aquatic ecosystem.
6721	4	trian pine plantations/ of the dolomite vegetation in central hungary, with special attention t  ttention to the regeneration processes. stability of the rock grasslands will be studied by usi  ly contrasting stands. since a creeping colonization of the understorey of the pine stands by f  s detection, while for long term effect evaluation space for time substitution is planned.
6914	12	tar stock can be exhausted. what is the density dependent evolutionarily stable food preference  present different risks for the non-top predators let us consider a one predator-two prey syste  non-top predators let us consider a one predator-two prey system. assume that the risk of preda  wo prey system. assume that the risk of predation is high in the habitat where food is abundant  at the risk of predation is high in the habitat where food is abundant, while in the safe habit  ere food is abundant, while in the safe habitat the food is scarce. the question is: what are t  on is: what are the evolutionary stable habitat choices elaborate an evolutionary-ecological mo  es elaborate an evolutionary-ecological model describing the speciation in terms of the dynamic  on in terms of the dynamic evolutionary stability concept introduced by us, which is able to de  le to deal with evolving non-continuous traits and establishes a connection between the theory   t-up of such a complex game-theoretical model concerning social animals, in which the reproduct  oduction strategies, the defense of the habitat and the hunting territory of the group against
15266	15	in the mediterranean region, precipitation is the most significant climate factor im  , precipitation is the most significant climate factor impacting ecosystems and limiting crop y  st significant climate factor impacting ecosystems and limiting crop yields, and the combined e  d effect of current aridity with future climate change is expected to particularly threaten for  xpected to particularly threaten forest ecosystems and rainfed crops in this area. in this cont   future responses to a rapidly changing environment. in particular, one key to understand long-  understand long-term plant responses to climate changes in the mediterranean is to characterize  nean is to characterize past changes in precipitation and its distribution and their effect on   e past changes in precipitation and its distribution and their effect on rainfed cultivated pla  lants and forest trees. although global climate trends during the holocene are well described,   , there is a lack of information on its spatial variability. the widespread presence of archaeo  this proposal aims to expand the use of stable isotopes from archaeobotanical remains as palaeo  r understand fractionation processes of carbon and nitrogen isotopes and to explore the use of   d fractionation processes of carbon and nitrogen isotopes and to explore the use of other non-t  xplore the use of other non-traditional stable isotopes the water and nutrient status and yield
15265	12	in the mediterranean region, precipitation is the most significant climate factor im  , precipitation is the most significant climate factor impacting ecosystems, and the combined e  st significant climate factor impacting ecosystems, and the combined effect of current aridity   d effect of current aridity with future climate change is expected to particularly threaten for  xpected to particularly threaten forest ecosystems in this area. in this context, studying plan   future responses to a rapidly changing environment. in particular, one key to understand long-  understand long-term plant responses to climate changes in the mediterranean is to characterize  nean is to characterize past changes in precipitation and its distribution and their effect on   e past changes in precipitation and its distribution and their effect on forest trees. although  effect on forest trees. although global climate trends during the holocene are well described,   , there is a lack of information on its spatial variability. the widespread presence of archaeo  ad presence of archaeobotanical remains climate for the iberian peninsula during the last 8,000
12349	2	objectives the study aims are to: ·review and evaluate the ability of currently applied or  r area with high natural variability in sediment and biological conditions. ·develop guidance f
11778	11	describing changes in the natural environment is essential, but in addition the challenge  nmental effects . in 2001, the european environment agency reported on how much or how little w  measures and their actual impact in the environment and observed that much of the information g  according to the risks involved and the scale of outcomes to be achieved. environment agencies   d the scale of outcomes to be achieved. environment agencies and other ngo s regularly publish   er ngo s regularly publish state of the environment reports which by their nature allow investi   the environment reports which by their nature allow investigation of change in the environment  re allow investigation of change in the environment over time. scientific and public debates on   interpretations drawn from statistical modelling explicitly accounting for variation and uncer  nd uncertainty. many factors, including climate change, interact to produce a complex environme  the skills necessary to ensure that our environment receives the best possible management for f
11210	1	eral modern statistical methods,spatial modelling with time and dealing with environmental proc
14576	4	s of change in biodiversity at a global scale. in this project we focus on one invasive ant spe  lish the actual status of argentine ant distribution in iberian peninsula using human transport  ead dynamics will be considered: medium scale on gavarras massif and the expansion range of inv  h land uses, wild fires and considering climate change scenarios will be estimated and modelled
7317	10	uropean biodiversity, and provide vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants. there is g  lying upon them. step will document the nature and extent of these declines, examine functional  e and extent of these declines, examine functional traits associated with particular risk, deve  ntial drivers of such change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agriche   such change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogen  effects on wild plant populations, crop production and human nutrition. step will review existi  oduction and human nutrition. step will review existing and potential mitigation options, provi  step will review existing and potential mitigation options, providing novel tests of their effe  ards improving our understanding of the nature, causes, consequences and potential mitigation o  ure, causes, consequences and potential mitigation of declines in pollinator services at local,
13352	10	uropean biodiversity, and provide vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants. there is g  lying upon them. step will document the nature and extent of these declines, examine functional  e and extent of these declines, examine functional traits associated with particular risk, deve  ntial drivers of such change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agriche   such change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogen  effects on wild plant populations, crop production and human nutrition. step will review existi  oduction and human nutrition. step will review existing and potential mitigation options, provi  step will review existing and potential mitigation options, providing novel tests of their effe  ards improving our understanding of the nature, causes, consequences and potential mitigation o  ure, causes, consequences and potential mitigation of declines in pollinator services at local,
15070	2	ve important consequences for offspring development, both in morphology and behaviour. furtherm  hological, behavioural and life-history traits.
2127	1	rs, living with- or without piscivorous predators, due to the glaciostatic uplift and its phylo
11538	12	appreciating how the numbers and distribution of a species change is of fundamental impo  ations can occur at a local, very small scale or at larger scales such as regions. it remains u  tors , we will make landscapes in which predators and prey are allowed to move and interact. we  ifferent environments or changes in the environment are for ecological interactions. for exampl  ical interactions. for example, how are predator-prey interactions affected by different enviro  ferent environments what happens to the distribution and numbers of a species if these environm  al, environmental processes couple with spatial scale affect species interactions is the second  cesses couple with spatial scale affect species interactions is the second aim of our work. con  r work. conducting a study on different species interactions at different scales in unpredictab  by coupling this work with mathematical modelling, we will gain important insights into a broad  ocesses that affect the persistence and abundance of biodiversity. our curiosity-driven project   understanding fundamental processes in ecosystems that affect the preservation of biodiversity
2098	3	resent project is to develop stochastic community models and statistical tools to estimate the   s and statistical tools to estimate the model parameters. such models will be of great practica   practical use for detecting changes in community composition e.g. due anthropogenic influences
7244	4	coming and outgoing flows and determine carbon sequestration in the soil c. the project overall   is to study the role of the quality of organic matter, microbial diversity and predation on mi  organic matter, microbial diversity and predation on microorganisms on the storage of organic m  ion on microorganisms on the storage of organic matter in soils, and in situ experiments. three
12357	3	mmary objective as part of the food and environment protection act 1985 , nine offshore wind fa  oject aims to collate and strategically review these reports before comparing its findings agai  e wind farms in preparation for further development. the project will also be an update to the
15368	1	luents. our proposal could be used as a model for the validation of protocols in any species fo
11090	10	diatoms are key organisms in coastal food webs and in the intertidal region, also play a key  d for photosynthesis. this excess light energy has the potential to cause damage and, ultimatel  echanisms that diatoms use to dissipate energy include changes to their light harvesting system  es to their light harvesting systems so energy is lost as heat. however, in some situations, th  fficient to deal with all of the excess energy and under these circumstances it is possible for  rcumstances it is possible for reactive oxygen species to be produced. if allowed to accumulate  ent of ros accumulation in diatoms, the efficiency of their antioxidant and scavenging systems,  he amount of damage ros inflict and the efficiency with which that damage is repaired. the prop  eas of uncertainty by investigating the production of ros in response to irradiance stress, cou  uction of ros in response to irradiance stress, coupled with measurements of the rate of photos
14750	1	es for solitary wasps ; the form of the density-dependent parasitism referring to the two hosts
12250	17	ies to exploit risk assessment, genetic resistance and natural defences against crop pathogens,  nagement affects the use of resources – energy, water and disease resistance genes – that have   f resources – energy, water and disease resistance genes – that have wide implications from the  anopy. in return, interception of light energy and carbon capture by green tissues creates dry   eturn, interception of light energy and carbon capture by green tissues creates dry matter from   dry matter from photosynthesis with an energy value as food or fuel. diseases affect the green  onsidering the effect of disease on the efficiency of use of each resource: water: approximatel  ave long been known to reduce water use efficiency; work in the 1930s showed that oat crown rus  that certain important types of disease resistance to pathogen infection impact on water use by  act on water use by disrupting stomatal function. there is a need to devise methods to minimise  mise water wastage due to pathogens and resistance mechanisms. energy: the balance between ener  to pathogens and resistance mechanisms. energy: the balance between energy inputs to crops and   mechanisms. energy: the balance between energy inputs to crops and the resulting energy outputs  nergy inputs to crops and the resulting energy outputs is becoming more important as concern ab   specific benefits to consumers and the environment will be through producing fuel and wholesom  fungicides, whilst increasing water use efficiency, minimising ghg emissions and reducing loss   ssions and reducing loss of efficacy of resistance genes.
10803	7	shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w  uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i   bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence    the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ  ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und  ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t
11241	7	shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w  uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i   bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence    the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ  ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und  ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t
11768	7	shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w  uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i   bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence    the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ  ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und  ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t
11851	7	shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w  uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i   bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence    the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ  ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und  ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t
11783	7	shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w  uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i   bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence    the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ  ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und  ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t
11641	1	reducing losses of phosphorus and sediments from agricultural land to wate
11550	15	climate change is now recognised as one of the major gl  the major global threats facing natural ecosystems. freshwaters are likely to be particularly v  amenable areas as temperatures rise and habitat fragmentation intensifies. those that are unabl  ally severe consequences for individual metabolism. this, in turn, can induce emergent effects   ls of organisation - including altering ecosystem process rates and food web structure. unfortu  ng altering ecosystem process rates and food web structure. unfortunately, few empirical data e  ortunately, few empirical data exist on climate change effects on freshwater communities and fe  mmunities and fewer still have measured ecosystem-level responses. most current data are infere  nt data are inferential, based on large-scale temporal and/or spatial surveys across thermal gr  trials, especially because artificially warming natural ecosystems is extremely expensive and l  ly because artificially warming natural ecosystems is extremely expensive and logistically chal   therefore be able to characterise both food web architecture through the food web, as these ar   both food web architecture through the food web, as these are likely to be disrupted in therma  ly to be disrupted in thermally-altered ecosystems. the same techniques used in iceland will be  trolled conditions, including measuring microbial activity in c-t rooms.
15253	5	ental issue, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecological and ec  y in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecological and economical impacts are for  n affect the invasibility of freshwater ecosystems by exotic species. we aim to quantify how mu  arce. finally, we will build predictive distribution models for the mosquitofish at the iberian  els for the mosquitofish at the iberian scale. beyond its fundamental interest, our results wil
7023	15	ecosystems are threatened and transformed at unpreceden  versity loss for the services and goods ecosystems provide to humans, such as food production,   systems provide to humans, such as food production, the maintenance of water quality and soil f  ce of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the effects of greenh  and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions a  cts of greenhouse gas emissions and the resistance to climate and other environmental changes.   use gas emissions and the resistance to climate and other environmental changes. understanding    interact to determine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across scales is therefore a majo   significance of microbial diversity on ecosystem functioning by explicit coupling of microbial  licit coupling of microbial ecology and community structure to biogeochemistry. despite conside  ional role of microbial biodiversity in ecosystems. micdif entails intensive theoretical work i  geochemistry, and advanced mathematical modelling. rather than studying terrestrial and aquatic  r than studying terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in isolation, we also focus on the functiona  he functional interactions across these ecosystems. this cross-system approach requires profoun  ernationally competitive biodiversity - ecosystem function research in austria.
11478	14	parasites are a dominant force in nature. perhaps as many as half of all species have a p  ty of genotypes that will vary in their resistance to parasites. parasite infections commonly c  dels therefore predict that within-host competition between parasite strains results in an infe   strains in fact win during within-host competition or that the outcome is dependent on the hos  ndent on the host genotype in which the competition takes place. this project will investigate   on parasite virulence, transmission and evolution, in honeybees and their fungal parasite, chal   chalkbrood. honeybees are an excellent model host because, unusually for a social insect, thei  he identification of genetic effects on resistance straightforward to identify and has been sug  gested to have evolved to improve their resistance to disease. the chalkbrood parasite is also   halkbrood parasite is also an excellent model because it produces a single batch of characteris   finally it will carry out experimental evolution to establish how host and parasite genetic di   parasite genetic diversity impacts the evolution of the chalkbrood parasite. recent epidemics,   significantly reduce their fitness and productivity. honeybees are estimated to pollinate crop  stainably is important for both natural ecosystems and agriculture in the uk. the threat of dis
10897	17	lihood upon the services from different ecosystems but are below the poverty line and are chara   taken without acknowledging the people-ecosystem linkages. this creates situations where the c   where the condition and the ability of ecosystems to deliver those services are affected adver  iently broad and strong to suggest that ecosystem service delivery in the region is changing an  to internalise the concerns of changing ecosystems and its implications for poverty alleviation  ty of credible scientific evidence like millennium ecosystem assessment have made decision-make  e decision-makers receptive to the role ecosystem services in improving the material condition   hed management, national action plan on climate change and desertification, assessment of waste  mechanisms through which the aspects of ecosystem can be made integral part of mainstream plann  society might impact the functioning of ecosystem is not adequate. one of the significant gaps   capture the benefits people derive from ecosystems. since the prevailing market does not accoun   tool chooses to ignore the benefits of ecosystem services and the costs of ecosystem degradati   of ecosystem services and the costs of ecosystem degradation. people depend on those services   us on two components: 1. methodological development to support policy design; and 2. building c  cision-making process, facilitating the development of these methods within the region and the   these methods within the region and the development of toolkits , such as a toolkit for the val  awareness amongst the regional research community and developing networks for future collaborat
11847	3	sed by the local governments, water and environment mangers, various stakeholders, internationa  alleviation through improving catchment ecosystem services. the resulting datasets will be used  iation through improvement of catchment ecosystem services in both china and sa through press r
13846	2	for deliberate release into the natural environment as juveniles to clarify the effect of sea-r  effect of sea-ranching on the frequency distribution of different coping styles in brown trout.
14611	2	three different aspects of the cellular stress response to several environmental pollutants on   several environmental pollutants on the stress response to environmental pollutans, and, likewi
15144	7	group represents an excellent mammalian model for investigations on sex chromosome evolution an  el for investigations on sex chromosome evolution and structural and functional analyses of het   the origin, composition, organization, evolution and function of heterochromatin components in  omposition, organization, evolution and function of heterochromatin components in arvicolids sp  t consider before in these species. the function of the constitutive heterochromatin and the in  romatin are transcribed and, if so, the nature of the transcripts will be characterized and the   by functional analysis. concerning the evolution of sex chromosomes in these species, we will
15059	4	ole in allowing plant cells to tolerate stress is unknown. to gain information on those topics   chniques will be used. modifications on growth kinetics, culture and cell morphology, will be m  ving herbicide detoxification and/or re-distribution, increases in enzymatic activities against   enzymatic activities against oxidative stress and changes in programmed cell death induction.
7121	8	ical values ​​; * propose use of simple indicators describing the characteristics of natural gr  eristics of natural grassland and their evolution in order to reason with the management of the  d the following five themes: 1. role of spatial heterogeneity in herbivorous / 2 vegetation int  patial heterogeneity in herbivorous / 2 vegetation interactions. spatio-temporal vegetation dyn  egetation interactions. spatio-temporal vegetation dynamics based on three driving modes. struc  ntegration phenomena patch to landscape modeling 5. development of management support of indica  henomena patch to landscape modeling 5. development of management support of indicators to meas  5. development of management support of indicators to measure and manage the multi-functionalit
2488	1	pecies. current dogma suggests that the evolution of these species which has occurred in - host
10767	2	basalts, to estimate precise ages. the complexity of the study requires collaboration across d  m / and hence its relationship to earth evolution as a whole.
10613	2	nitrate reduction along a no3- gradient in the colne es  al new information about the structure, function and activity in these ecologically important c
14207	8	nd weeds, and thus greatly improve food production. however, intensive use of common pesticides  mination to aqueous systems , including nitrogen cycling in terrestrial and aquatic environment  vironments. studies linking macrophytes community composition and bacterial community compositi  tes community composition and bacterial community composition are scarce. in addition, we are i  th direct and indirect on the bacterial community structure and function. the knowledge obtaine  n the bacterial community structure and function. the knowledge obtained could be applied when   onstructing wetlands to enhance wetland function. the real-pcr analysis and the pyrosequenation  esticide-influenced constructed wetland ecosystems.
9956	5	understand this in terms of safety and efficiency of water transport the size of pores in pit    while the membrane is under mechanical stress due to stretching and deflection. 3. how can we    and deflection. 3. how can we link the distribution and structure of pit membranes with the co  ers for relating anatomical data to pit function. in addition, visualisation of water distribut  on. in addition, visualisation of water distribution in living trees at the cellular level will
10799	5	reakdown pollutants, and to recycle the nutrients that are essential for maintaining natural ec  t are essential for maintaining natural ecosystems. despite their importance, we are only begin  the most complex and dynamic biological ecosystem, so experiments remain in their infancy. the   alters the final state of the bacterial community. this is done by explicitly manipulating colo  s created also differ in their level of ecosystem functioning. the results of such an experimen
14761	4	e propose to investigate the structure, evolution, and function of visual signals in several sp  vestigate the structure, evolution, and function of visual signals in several species of lizard  ic to conduct a study of the structure, evolution, and communicative function of foot-shakes. t  structure, evolution, and communicative function of foot-shakes. these objectives will involve
14915	2	eneralism/especialization found in each community. finally, we will assess whether invasive pla  at will allow them to take decisions on nature management based on solid and complete scientifi
14610	2	recent studies have applied food web methodology to the study of plant-pollinator i  orbidden interactions and pollen-nectar production. we expect this relationship to explain a su
15054	1	the elimination of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds from wastewater is a
10318	2	netics respond to ongoing anthropogenic environmental change. for example, extreme weather even  ed to become more common in the face of climate change. if my research shows that such variatio
15124	4	oncerning their role in the ecology and evolution of pollination systems. generalization has be  lants showing different values of those traits would share similar subgroups of pollinators. th  nce of the spatial structure, the micro-environment and the genotype/phenotype in shaping the g  work analytical approach widely used in community ecology to understand the ecological and gene
7372	3	pean rapeseed collection to improve the energy balance of culture: using agronomic data related  re: using agronomic data related to the development of performance limiting conditions of nitro  t of performance limiting conditions of nitrogen
15317	6	bfamily barbuloideae by the most recent classification of the family, comprises leptodontium, w  mic characters of all genera, drawings, habitat, nomenclature, typifications, dichotomicous key  chotomicous keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the te  keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the territory stud  nowledge of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of the family pottiaceae in s  xonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of the family pottiaceae in south america.
12628	4	ponents: 1. to develop a cost curve for mitigation of soil compaction on agricultural land the   cture of materials, to examine how bulk density of mineral soils varies with depth, and the imp  ntify a protocol to determine soil bulk density which is efficient and adequate for our purpose  ble levels of error in our estimates of soil carbon stock. as a result we will have confidence
12635	15	the evidence base for defra relating to soil carbon, soil management, urban soils and soil resi  oils and soil resilience in relation to climate change. the relationships between soil pollutan  will also be reviewed, and soil quality indicators pertinent to policy reporting cycles discuss  otential of technologies for increasing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change. obje  sing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change. objective b: to determine the relations  ctice for managing soils to protect the environment with that for increased productivity. objec  the environment with that for increased productivity. objective c: to review and make an initia  increased productivity. objective c: to review and make an initial assessment of the impacts of  an initial assessment of the impacts of climate change on soils in the urban environment, addre  of climate change on soils in the urban environment, addressing the potential impact to the eco   addressing the potential impact to the ecosystem goods and services which they provide. object  ces which they provide. objective d: to review the evidence of what makes some soils more resil   be conferred to soils. objective e: to review the literature on the concentrations of pollutan   discuss the setting of outcome focused indicators of soil quality that can be reported on with  mmunication within and between teams. a review/discussion paper will be produced for each sub-p
14678	2	movements at both the seasonal, medium-scale and daily temporal scales inside and outside the   and depth movements on a short temporal scale. site fidelity of both species will be analysed a
7512	2	the production of seed oysters hollow hatchery spat collect  ments will be conducted in a controlled environment. the study of diversity will be based on mi
7541	3	olerance to dehydration and slowing the growth of organs usually determine the success of these  ermine the success of these methods. in model plants, key genes involved in the regulation of t   expressed in response to environmental stress or during embryogenesis. the objective of this p
7528	1	rmance will be measured in a controlled environment or farm. molecular typing will be made to c
7628	7	etic structures heavily involved in the evolution of bacteria, allowing them to meet many stres  o pollution, suggesting quune bacterial community can respond specifically to particular pollut  the quality of water that envisages the development of biomarkers and / or biosensors based on   but many other substances pollute these ecosystems: pesticides, metals, hydrocarbons but also m  ing a broad spectrum of molecules. team environment and microbiology iprem is interested for se  ly involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance at the root of many health problems. . integ  ollution, suggesting that the bacterial community can respond by spreading through the populati
7505	2	on because it proves to be a formidable predator of mussels and a source of damage difficult to  ve the same eating patterns and similar migration. we seek to characterize the so-called harmfu
14626	5	hod represents a problem for people and environment; moreover, as a result of the biocide direc  e biocide directive 98/8/ec of european community, many products will be banned in a nearby fut  ch less toxic substances for humans and environment; in addition, the full termite colony elimi  for new substances classified as insect growth regulators . - we will test the possible synergi  ermites quickly; as a result, the urban environment and human health will be benefit.
7241	1	less favorable to the issuance of n2o * mapping n2o emissions across the seine basin
15210	8	llular concentration. most of the metal resistance mechanisms described have been discovered th   genes and mechanisms involved in metal resistance using culture independent techniques which a  el genes and operons involved in nickel resistance by functional analysis of metagenomic librar  nts from the tinto river , in which the abundance and diversity of archaea is high. another asp  , using microbial genes confering metal resistance, identified from the analysis of the metagen  r previous work. we are now studying ni resistance of transgenic plants expressing genes from t  he diversity of genes involved in metal resistance using culture independent tecniques, to retr  o to identify novel mechanisms of metal resistance.
7404	1	to be time difference and differential behavior vis-a-vis the metal, and within the species. h
15095	3	erranean and the plant species in their environment as gathered wild foods. in the plant specie  ild foods. in the plant species a clear indicator of coevolutionary processes is the gradual do  usive dependence of others as source of nutrients and to compare them with those already analys
12501	4	o surprise that there is a link between development of green space and attempts by local reside  ing them as under used areas in need of development. this research is an important step in assi  ne whether the sites were earmarked for development in local development plans or subject to pl  were earmarked for development in local development plans or subject to planning applications.
14530	1	ours scholarships to observe the daily evolution of the animals movement. . this design will i
14671	5	succession of entomosarcosaprophagous fauna in animal c  determining the length of the different decomposition stages in each season and environment, de  decomposition stages in each season and environment, determining every stages associated fauna,  tative species of every stage. once the community dynamics under different environmental assump  . this comparison will allow a reliably evaluation of the entomological evidence from corpses f
15097	3	he previous project tempura and through temperature and rh dataloggers established by subprojec   and populations to changes in acoustic environment will be established with playback tests in   peninsula that considers the acoustical environment as a selective pressure for anurans.
15336	7	he fish populations inhabiting deep sea ecosystems and their dependence on the particular chara  the particular characteristics of their habitat. this study attempts to deal with a topic of gr  portance, that of knowing the degree of connectivity and dependence among these ecosystems in o  connectivity and dependence among these ecosystems in order to be able to define a coherent net  empts to determine the role of deep sea ecosystems as essential habitats trophic ecology studie  s trophic ecology studies to know their habitat dependence. the combination of these techniques  es, but also provide information on the migration of species in this type of habitats, on which
14838	4	an increase of mortality was observed in the chamois of the pyrenees i  bed in different areas of the pyrenees. mortality was extraordinary high that share the habitat  y was extraordinary high that share the habitat with chamois in the affected areas. 4. experime  he experimental infection in sheep as a model, in case of succeed, will fulfil the main criteri
15034	6	to multiply in some points of the water distribution system becoming an environmental risk. alt  quatic micoorganisms do. moreover, this resistance increases when the bacteria is found as an e  n endosymbiont of protozoa, which share habitat. there are studies about the susceptibility of   fectants, especially to chlorine and to temperature, that are the most commonly used in our wat  rotozoa strains isolated from the water distribution system in front the most common disinfecta   disinfectants in the waters, chlorine, temperature and uv will be studied. the susceptibility
15374	1	s resulted in a progressive increase of nitrogen forms that can easily be easily assimilated by
14917	7	ct is to evaluate the impact of drought stress in the life cycle of the desert truffle terfezia  d the mycorrhizal system, under drought stress; the evaluation of the participation of genes en  hizal system, under drought stress; the evaluation of the participation of genes encoding aquap  r drought stress; the evaluation of the participation of genes encoding aquaporins from the fun   relation of this answer with the plant growth and nutrition, the fungal sclerotia formation or  the fungal sclerotia formation or other resistance structures, and the truffle formation of t.   l and mycorrhizal levels, under drought stress conditions, which can affect its field survival.
7504	1	the goal is to follow the evolution of a population of triticale in various envir
14884	6	udy of the factors implied in virulence evolution in wild populations is of high importance, es  , especially if we want to intervene in nature and under the actual scenario of emergent diseas  ases. among the main factors implied in evolution of virulence we can include the competence be  al populations of birds maintain a high abundance and diversity of infections by blood parasite   and therefore, they represent an ideal model for the study of how those mechanisms affect the   tudy of how those mechanisms affect the evolution of virulence. the use of molecular methods fo
7521	1	ses are not without consequences on the evolution of the genetic structure of the species invol
15076	4	ces for acorns provide a diet richer in nutrients, which can benefit them in different aspects   d reserves, higher antifreeze compounds production and higher reproductive potential. based on    well as their relation with the beetle metabolism. a fat body increase would be related to hig   and laboratory study on the population density of this species under different stocking rates
14584	5	ve chosen the lithophyllum stictaeforme community, one of the most important in the building of  he coralligen. the knowledge about this community is poor. it is a very fragile community mainl  community is poor. it is a very fragile community mainly consisting of slowly growing calcareou   study of the lithophyllum stictaeforme community in the northeastern coast of the iberian peni  in damaged zones and its possibility of colonization of artificial submarine reefs.
15246	2	f the previous three pn projects in the environment in where s. ruber thrives, and in its front  e s. ruber thrives, and in its frontier-ecosystems as a possible pool of transferable dna.
15149	3	of the relationship between taphonomic environment of the archaeological sites and the molecul  e of preservation of nucleic acids as a function of their environment. this methodology will sa  of nucleic acids as a function of their environment. this methodology will save many resources
15377	4	rsal patterns of this fauna in this new habitat. the sampling areas will be selected based on e  ps between populations and to study the connectivity of the mss network. the combined team work  t. its intention is to explore a virgin habitat that of which there is escarce knowledge of its  ructure of its communities, the species richness patterns and the distributions of the species.
15239	3	ura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under exteme temperature and d  recarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under exteme temperature and drought. for   w ph and soil development, under exteme temperature and drought. for this purpose, measurements
14806	4	the nature of the neolithic diffusion from the near east to  esis, the adoption of the new neolithic production methods allowed a large demographic increase  s from the near east. this favoured the migration of human populations towards western europe,    and makes possible to test in situ the nature of the spread during the neolithic period in eur
15052	1	logenetic history, on the other, on the development of different vital strategies during the eg
14908	6	bfamily barbuloideae by the most recent classification of the family, are constituted by 14 gen  mic characters of all genera, drawings, habitat, nomenclature, typifications, dichotomicous key  chotomicous keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the te  keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the territory stud  nowledge of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of the family pottiaceae in s  xonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of the family pottiaceae in south america.
14144	1	udy on fish assemblages and the fishing efficiency of gear in small estonian lakes
14495	2	using entomophagous wasps together with heterogeneity of the landscape, the beta and gamma dive  conservation and plans for managing the habitat with respect to continental pine stands on sand
13486	11	temporary ecology. the first relates to productivity and environmental variation driving biodiv  ity as the independent variable driving productivity patterns. despite numerous experiments and  ty as both the cause and consequence of productivity at the same time. using new theory togethe  l study the chicken vs. egg question of productivity and biodiversity. a theoretical model that  ctivity and biodiversity. a theoretical model that is currently being developed by bradley card  t biodiversity can respond to and drive productivity only if regional exclusion of species is p  s is prevented by e.g. a factor such as spatial heterogeneity. the results have the potential t  sms structuring species assemblages and ecosystem functioning in nature. this is important beca  ssemblages and ecosystem functioning in nature. this is important because ecosystems and their   ng in nature. this is important because ecosystems and their biota provide us with vital goods   same biota is often altered by changing productivity levels, e.g. due to eutrophication and cha
6936	5	experiments show, that the genetics of scale formation of carp can not be described by the for  t be described by the formerly accepted model. recently harris and his colleagues were successf  s mutant is linked to a partial loss of function of a developmentally important gene, fibroblas  elopmentally important gene, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene. finally we will set up a  or 1 gene. finally we will set up a new model describing the scalation pattern in common carp a
197	6	the distribution of phytoplankton in water bodies where den  ay play an important role in the marine ecosystems. subsurface maxima are often dominated by po  the role of these layers in the pelagic ecosystem. the results allow to understand better the f  stand better the functioning of pelagic ecosystem of the gulf and to give an answer whether and   into account when assessing the state, modeling the ecosystem and forecasting harmful algal bl   when assessing the state, modeling the ecosystem and forecasting harmful algal blooms.
15031	2	he existence of dilution effects due to growth, and therefore the final aim of the study would   moss species under study as a result of growth of the plants.
7431	6	adaptation and diversity in the marine environment"for his expertise on algae and ifremer, par  as -de-calais region 2. develop and use indicators anthropogenic, hydro- climatic and hydromete  egion not 4. make projections about the evolution of marine biodiversity in north -calais regio  th -calais region not in the context of climate change. this project will establish rapid diagn  on of an atlas of observed and expected global change scenarios showing the evolution of exploi  ted global change scenarios showing the evolution of exploitable and invasive species, informat
14368	10	ecosystems in east-africa have been changing significan  ging significantly in the last decades. population dynamics, climate change and market forces h   the last decades. population dynamics, climate change and market forces have led to overexploi  . counteracting further impact to these ecosystems is particularly important in order to decrea  sult, there is an increased demand from ecosystem managers, both government agencies and enviro  on the condition and the changes of the vegetation. frequently updated vegetation indicators de  s of the vegetation. frequently updated vegetation indicators derived from satellite images all  getation. frequently updated vegetation indicators derived from satellite images allow to monit  m satellite images allow to monitor the vegetation status and understand the dynamics over time  magery will be provided to the end-user community by drsrs. the most important realization of e
14151	1	al type of artificial spawning grounds, mapping of spawning areas
12546	1	ant health policy and operations are: a development of management approaches exist, or are unde
2460	2	out the north sea, but the geographical distribution is very patchy as they are restricted to s  ethodology to monitor the state and the recruitment to the stock,by combing modern multifrequen
6794	7	communities and the registering of the distribution threatened arable plants. the vegetation s  tribution threatened arable plants. the vegetation survey will be made between 2002 and 2005 wi  of august and the end of september. the evaluation of the relevés – with the end of field works  axonomy as well. to support of dividing vegetation-units, will be created soil ph examinations    vegetation-units, will be created soil ph examinations too. the distribution of vegetation-uni  e created soil ph examinations too. the distribution of vegetation-units and the rare and endan  h examinations too. the distribution of vegetation-units and the rare and endangered weeds will
2147	4	land and the kola peninsula of archived scale collections. we also propose to examine marine di  ions. we also propose to examine marine distribution patterns and ocean forage areas by the com  c parameters associated with the marine environment to better understand and explain fluctuatio  ain fluctuations in salmon survival and abundance of these northern rivers.
10271	1	al role of parasites in regulating host population dynamics were developed thirty years ago .
10936	5	equency in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with often catastrophic consequences for rec   role of biodiversity in functioning of ecosystems has revitalized the question of how diversit   will generate communities of differing functional diversity that can be seeded with the alien   unities to invasion, and the impacts on community structure and ecosystem function will be moni   the impacts on community structure and ecosystem function will be monitored over a 9 months pe
10010	20	natural populations. understanding the complexity behind this seemingly simple observation is   ge the adverse effects of anthropogenic environmental change. an important driver of environmen  onmental change. an important driver of environmental change affecting wild populations is loss   populations is loss and degradation of habitat, leading to altered availability and distributi  at, leading to altered availability and distribution of food resources. the responses of animal  -linearities in population responses to environmental change are likely to arise as a result of  imal population responses to a changing environment therefore requires a knowledge of how indiv  eneral framework for understanding when environmental change will exceed behavioural tolerances  ural tolerances for social species. the development of such a framework will make an important   g social foraging decisions in a patchy environment. fieldwork will be carried out to collect o  is will provide crucial context for the development of the next step. step 2. developing an ind   step 2. developing an individual-based model of social foraging. a spatially-explicit individu  . a spatially-explicit individual-based model of patch use will be developed to provide a frame  amework for predicting the influence of environmental change on group dynamics and individual f  erimental tests of the individual-based model. in these experiments, resource configuration wil  ong test of the predictive power of the model. step 4. exploring social species tolerances to e   exploring social species tolerances to environmental change. the individual-based model will b  ironmental change. the individual-based model will be designed with sufficient flexibility to a  nd foraging success under environmental stress. the results will be used to identify basic prin   to identify basic principles about how environmental change may affect different types of soci
14501	4	, as a reference to reach a sustainable development, maintaining maximum levels of production w  elopment, maintaining maximum levels of production without reduction in the biodiversity. at th   same time, we will develop sustainable indicators, based on biophysical, social and economic c  soil, fodder offer, nourishing value of vegetation, and the grade of livestock usage. relating
7713	1	ories in the perspective of sustainable development. this challenge is particularly acute in th
13470	5	he possibility to infer how species and ecosystems evolved in the face of severe environmental   rrent populations might adapt to global climate change. in the present project we will build up  orway spruce, with special attention to phenology, a character that is crucial for adaptation a  n models of the response of forest tree ecosystems to climate changes as well as in breeding pr  e response of forest tree ecosystems to climate changes as well as in breeding programs.
11412	1	diets and farming patterns, many small-scale farmers in sub-saharan africa survey training and
11495	1	diets and farming patterns, many small-scale farmers in sub-saharan africa survey training and
14462	1	proposal is to support the sustainable development of the joint genome centre training of youn
7482	1	sk, socio economic ability and cultural perceptions to cope with effects of this risk. working
7555	4	action between these two species on the evolution of resistance to these toxins. these two para  n these two species on the evolution of resistance to these toxins. these two parameters have a  ll be studied in the analysis of stable carbon isotope and cuticular hydrocarbons potentially.    on the location in the stem and winter mortality from each other
12766	2	this project will: •review problems with wild deer in the urban and peri-ur  h wild deer in the urban and peri-urban environment. •the project will draw on experiences in t
14474	4	pe level, presents spatial and temporal heterogeneity, to which hunting communities are adapted  t to analyse other human impacts . this gis will be based on the environmental, economic, human  radient of landscape and their temporal evolution over the last three decades. the final object  ies to another regions of the valencian community and other mediterranean landscapes of se spai
13813	3	partial harvest experiments in canada. model species are alectoria sarmentosa, an old forest i  are alectoria sarmentosa, an old forest indicator, and usnea longissima, a red-listed flagship   in old experimental plots in vilhelmina model forest. the project is a co-operation between ume
12159	1	of grazing on invertebrates, and on the growth of cattle.
12164	10	ning of refinements to existing uk agri-environment soil conditions. prior to liming the soil p  il conditions. prior to liming the soil ph was in the range 4.9-5.8 across the study sites. lim  erefore, have been at an early stage of development at the end of bd1456, in 2007. monitoring t   ensure that the above and below ground community responses have had time to develop more fully  f plant diversity maintenance. the soil microbial community response to the different fertilize  lar fertilizer practices for the meadow ecosystem. low yields of late cut hay of low feed value  f negative relationships between meadow productivity and species-richness and between yield pre  between meadow productivity and species-richness and between yield predictability and species-r  etween yield predictability and species-richness. the proposed project will examine these relat  occurred in 2005 and 2007 to define the productivity range of unimproved meadows under sustaina
11688	10	d s poorest. they rely heavily on local ecosystems for their livelihoods and security; for exam  rnt to groups working in other types of ecosystems. mangrove forests are highly productive and   y productive and efficient at capturing carbon, much of which ends up buried below ground and c  up possibilities for using payments for carbon credits to help mangrove conservation and to bri  udent will make a detailed study of the development of this project to record the lessons learn  ers in the region that use payments for ecosystem services. the value of mangrove ecosystems to  osystem services. the value of mangrove ecosystems to local people, and particularly to the poo  lead to large errors. we will test this benefit transfer approach by measuring a range of direc  on financing, such as those coming from climate change negotiations. unfortunately there is oft  he science and practice of payments for ecosystem services. this will be further developed and
11617	12	t that the microbial loop and microbial production play an important role in many aquatic ecosy   play an important role in many aquatic ecosystems. further there is a growing realisation that  an be tightly coupled, with substantial energy fluxes across habitat boundaries. for example ca  , with substantial energy fluxes across habitat boundaries. for example carbon flow between ter   across habitat boundaries. for example carbon flow between terrestrial and freshwater systems   ssociated with chemosynthetic microbial methane production as tracers, to investigate, for the   d with chemosynthetic microbial methane production as tracers, to investigate, for the fist tim   fist time, the fuelling of terrestrial food webs by benthic microbial consortia via emerging a  atic insects. resolving and elucidating connectivity among foodwebs is likely to have implicati  ons for our understanding of a range of ecosystem process such as population/metapopulation dyn   as population/metapopulation dynamics, trophic cascades and stability.   pulation dynamics, trophic cascades and stability.
10822	7	alternative states of plant or plankton dominance. each is stabilised by biological mechanisms,  tems is often unstable, perhaps because nutrients have been insufficiently controlled. recent c  y to test three hypotheses: that rising salinity can act as a switch, that nitrogen, rather tha  sing salinity can act as a switch, that nitrogen, rather than phosphorus is the more important   as a switch, that nitrogen, rather than phosphorus is the more important controlling nutrient,   tant controlling nutrient, and that the stability of the system is determined by plant diversit  versity, which in turn is controlled by nitrogen loading. a major experiment will be carried ou
10608	2	gnificant support as the key speciation model, it is a poor explanation for marine biodiversity  e significantly to our understanding of evolution in marine environments.
13793	2	m available predictions of increases in temperature and terrestrially derived organic in order   d organic in order to meet future large-scale changes in freshwater and coastal environments.
10943	5	t landscape. the project will involve a gis analysis of landscape structure and fragment metric  gion based on previously ground-truthed landsat-tm images; sampling of habitat structure within  -truthed landsat-tm images; sampling of habitat structure within geo-referenced 0.25-ha forest   s ; and rapid assessments of vertebrate abundance in 30 fragments. this study will provide key   gistic interactions between hunting and habitat fragmentation affect tropical forest wildlife,
10161	4	uge variation in flowering size; in one habitat coexisting species differ 380-fold. the causes   re differences between species within a habitat we will run comparative demographic experiments  ents, which allow the trade-off between growth and survival to be quantified. finally, within a  eriments to quantify heritabilities for growth and flowering size, and their genetic correlatio
11352	4	uge variation in flowering size; in one habitat coexisting species differ 380-fold. the causes   re differences between species within a habitat we will run comparative demographic experiments  ents, which allow the trade-off between growth and survival to be quantified. finally, within a  eriments to quantify heritabilities for growth and flowering size, and their genetic correlatio
12139	2	created for monitoring and forecasting development of the p. minimum population. the fusion of  ent types of data will allow creating a model of p. minimum adaptation mechanisms and interacti
12732	6	of these topics: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.in  s: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collabor  ion for uk priority species through the production and dissemination of guidance for conservati  rough the wide dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly   dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly explain how t  high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to develop a mechanism which allows esta
14727	1	ur research line on the systematics and evolution of festuca and other related genera of subtri
221	1	ble information to the knowledge on the distribution, ecology and phylogeography of the tribe i
14725	6	rphological plasticity, is an excellent model to study the evolution of the vegetative adaptati  ity, is an excellent model to study the evolution of the vegetative adaptations in vascular pla  ts and to construct a robust subgeneric classification. considering that extractions from herba   objectives are to develop a subgeneric classification based on natural groups and to obtain th  n about the origin, diversification and distribution of the cape flora and to explain why some   s in plant ecology as the importance of evolution in the assembley and structure of plant commu
15429	2	onomy of the genera with lowest species richness. due to the many publications result of these   y can be used by the general scientific community.
13803	1	aims of this project are to establish a classification of enchytraeids that is consistent with
7524	4	tions responsible for susceptibility or resistance to the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus vir  nt to disease. secondly, a mathematical model, developed in the context of petri nets, will be   xt of petri nets, will be carried. this model to estimate the future impact of rhd on the popul  into account the role of disease in the population dynamics
14911	3	the family megachilidae, because of its complexity, number of taxa and the different points of   quilids and will provide of a taxonomic classification that will reflect their evolution relati   classification that will reflect their evolution relations, the species definition, the knowle
14769	2	d unlike recombine, thus permitting the recovery of an unambiguous phylogenetic hypothesis for   biguous phylogenetic hypothesis for its evolution. on the other hand the mtdna evolves fairly r
15036	1	cox1 and nd1 gene as molecular marker. development of phylogenetic trees of the species of thi
11623	2	sed successfully during two nerc marine productivity summer zooplankton courses and analysis wo  base form for easy updating, access and distribution. the marine area covered will be the north
14921	2	bioindication. however, the taxonomical complexity of the genus has traditionally put obstacles  es in the way of studying the epiphytic environment of the temperate areas where they are speci
15309	1	a chief ecological role in the primary colonization of trees and shrubs bark. it is considered
6868	1	help the recognition of the flora- and vegetation history of the postglacial period in the car
14489	5	aracters of the three genera, drawings, habitat, nomenclature, typifications, dichotomicous key  chotomicous keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the te  keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the territory stud  edgement of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, habitat and phylogeny of these three gene  e taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, habitat and phylogeny of these three genera.
6888	1	arch is the taxonomic and zoogeographic evaluation of the oribatida fauna in some palearctic an
14571	2	e the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out distributio  ribution of each taxa, and to carry out distribution maps in the studied area. 5. to publish al
14861	4	museum collections being lost. for the colonization process of the western mediterranean by th  ation to live in very dry habitats, the colonization of western european areas might have origi  e material has been lost. 6.- infer the colonization pattern of the genus lycosa in the western  ecifically, infer the origin of all the colonization events in the iberian peninsula and italy
15291	1	in the areas of study, and the types of distribution for the species.
14742	2	will try to establish the geographical distribution of the cytotypes analised in our study. in  e basis of the patters of chromosomical evolution obtained, we will elaborate a proposal about
14890	7	aceans with an important role in marine ecosystems . in spite of their importance, world caprel  lties of disections, the high degree of intraspecific variation and the morphological changes d  on and the morphological changes during development. we will study the caprellid biodiversity f  eans, and to explain global patterns of distribution. in this sense, we will also use molecular  also use molecular tools to explore the intraspecific variation in the cosmopolitan species and  cts of the more abundant species in the ecosystems will be also studied and experiments in ecot  ronmental studies for monitoring marine ecosystems.
15102	2	tamarix l. are the potential vegetation of ravines and salt marshes of semiarid terr  tened by anthropic activities and whose distribution areas are decreasing gradually. by all tho
14574	4	n the following aspects :- wing pattern evolution: the transition within the crocidosema assemb  al conditions, mainly high altitudes. - evolution of the genitalia and last abdominal segments   esting new characters within the group.-evolution in secondary sexual characters : males in cro  e project and will produce a remarkable review of a taxonomically dificult group with economic
2090	2	f numerical analysis of shape, size and distribution of spicules, combined with detailed histol  ogical work has thrown new light on the classification of the calcarea. as a result the species
14796	1	particularly in erica, at infrageneric classification, relationships between species and possi
14644	1	but is not absolutely required for the development of the project; however, it would be very u
12158	1	ishment of these species under the agri-environment schemes.
10466	12	ionary biology because teeth are a core model for understanding the general principles of organ  tanding the general principles of organ development, and these theories rely heavily upon the a  e the case and our understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarr   understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are f  the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawless vertebrates, and feeding i   the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensiv  s. existing hypotheses of jaw and tooth function among extinct jawless and basal jawed vertebra  evidence of how vertebrates ate and the nature of their food. we will use sophisticated and pow   and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models will use high-resolution data fr  ow us to test hypotheses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow  heses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow us to provide new,  ortantly - the evolutionary origin of a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system
10906	12	ionary biology because teeth are a core model for understanding the general principles of organ  tanding the general principles of organ development, and these theories rely heavily upon the a  e the case and our understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarr   understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are f  the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawless vertebrates, and feeding i   the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensiv  s. existing hypotheses of jaw and tooth function among extinct jawless and basal jawed vertebra  evidence of how vertebrates ate and the nature of their food. we will use sophisticated and pow   and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models will use high-resolution data fr  ow us to test hypotheses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow  heses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow us to provide new,  ortantly - the evolutionary origin of a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system
11418	12	ionary biology because teeth are a core model for understanding the general principles of organ  tanding the general principles of organ development, and these theories rely heavily upon the a  e the case and our understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarr   understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are f  the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawless vertebrates, and feeding i   the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensiv  s. existing hypotheses of jaw and tooth function among extinct jawless and basal jawed vertebra  evidence of how vertebrates ate and the nature of their food. we will use sophisticated and pow   and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models will use high-resolution data fr  ow us to test hypotheses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow  heses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow us to provide new,  ortantly - the evolutionary origin of a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system.
11148	3	are central to our understanding of the evolution of different life-history strategies, i.e. wh  n is also greatly affected by oxidative stress / the organism s inability to cope with the dama  ese stresses and, therefore, provide an indicator of individual quality.
15472	4	life history theory attempts to explain the evolutionar  her experimental increases in oxidative stress and reproductive effort lead to significant redu   an exploration of the effects of early development in telomere length. to this end, we will te  of brood-size manipulations, incubation temperature experiments and yolk-androgen injections in
2165	9	h is to develop and validate biological indicators suitable for classification of ecological st  date biological indicators suitable for classification of ecological status in rivers and lakes  nd further by focusing on still missing indicators for eutrophication and acidification of rive  and fish. the project will also include indicators for hydromorphological pressures on macrophy  idate reference conditions for selected indicators. a series of different statistical and model  . a series of different statistical and modelling techniques will be used to identify potential  ques will be used to identify potential thresholds and to quantify the uncertainty in the respo  certainty in the response curves of the indicators along the different pressure gradients. the   g the different metrics into a holistic classification of water bodies, including uncertainty e
15405	23	the increase in the earths temperature over the last decades has generated a proli  generated a proliferation of studies on climate change. we should be able to discern changes in  we should be able to discern changes in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those  hanges in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those caused by natural variability   a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature in such processes. hence the creation in sp  of the national action on adaptation to climate change. the effects of climate change on ecosys  ation to climate change. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, including those of headwa  hange. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, including those of headwater streams, which  l poorly understood, in particular when temperature interacts with other factors locally. in th  es presently arousing great interest is leaf litter decomposition through its repercussion on t   arousing great interest is leaf litter decomposition through its repercussion on the global ca   through its repercussion on the global carbon cycle, because warming can enhance decomposition  ion on the global carbon cycle, because warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies ha  rbon cycle, because warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies have tried to clarify   rify if the response of this process to temperature changes is of the same sign and magnitude i  gn and magnitude in materials and river ecosystems of different geographical regions in an area  hat of the iberian peninsula, where the climate variability is high. our aim is to assess the e  gh. our aim is to assess the effects of temperature on the functioning of iberian headwater str  er streams through an analysis of a key ecosystem process, i.e. leaf litter decomposition and u  alysis of a key ecosystem process, i.e. leaf litter decomposition and underlying variables, and  key ecosystem process, i.e. leaf litter decomposition and underlying variables, and to determin  to determine its implications on stream ecosystems in the context of the projected climate chan  systems in the context of the projected climate change scenarios.
15406	22	the increase in earths temperature in the last decades has made to proliferate  proliferate studies within the scope of climate change. we will be able to discern changes in e  . we will be able to discern changes in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those  hanges in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those of natural variability if we    a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature in such processes. the fact that there is a   a national action on adaptation to the climate change is enough to understand that it is very   ant to know profoundly the responses of ecosystems to the increase of temperature on earth. the  ponses of ecosystems to the increase of temperature on earth. the effects of climate change on   of temperature on earth. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams inc  earth. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams included, the target    still poorly known, in particular when temperature interacts with other factors locally. in th  he process arousing greater interest is leaf litter decomposition, by its repercussion on the g  rousing greater interest is leaf litter decomposition, by its repercussion on the global carbon  tion, by its repercussion on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rate  rcussion on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, h  al carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, however, have tried t  his project is to assess the effects of temperature in the functioning of iberian headwater str  r streams through the response of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and under  he response of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and underlying variables, an  of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and underlying variables, and to discern  d to discern its implications on stream ecosystems under the projected climate change scenarios  n stream ecosystems under the projected climate change scenarios.
10220	5	r, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, increasing overlap   rable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity assessed. this parasite also ha  ection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics eac  ts will give a general insight into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from    insects may change in the uk following climate change.
11430	5	r, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, increasing overlap   rable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity assessed. this parasite also ha  ection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics eac  ts will give a general insight into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from    insects may change in the uk following climate change.
9902	5	r, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, increasing overlap   rable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity assessed. this parasite also ha  ection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics eac  ts will give a general insight into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from   ase patterns of insects may change when climate alters.
11377	1	eteorite impacts and periods of extreme climate change, and biological developments then the ag
14724	1	ns taking place during the adoption and development of agriculture, a period that comprises the
14723	1	rizing the environmental conditions and productivity of crops in the western and ancient dna te
15573	6	orks of protected areas into functional connectivity. tenlamas will evaluate alternative models  aluate alternative models for assessing connectivity of particular ecological networks and for   etailed simulation models of individual behavior generating most probable paths. concurrent con  erating most probable paths. concurrent connectivity estimates will be evaluated on selected mo  estimates will be evaluated on selected model species in test landscapes with respect to the re  rsal by assessing gene flow to a simple model, using metapopulation viability as dependent vari
9926	1	this project will investigate the nature of latest cretaceous-early tertiary climates in
14785	2	icultural and cattle raiser systems and ecosystems in autonomous regions of the spanish state.   of the spanish state. it will permit an evaluation about all those changes impacts and elaborat
7704	10	ations, shattering the myth of a single model of development and leading to coexistence in the   hattering the myth of a single model of development and leading to coexistence in the relations  rent models - maybe even incompatible - development in the territory and most often in the same  iations"and consistency of the modes of development of the land and resources by agricultural a  ombining locally in the home territory, participation and production: family farming, peasant a  n the home territory, participation and production: family farming, peasant agriculture, agroec  oecology and multiple forms local rural development is that it will detect, understand, capital  ir territory and interacting with other development models. scientific work interra project, co  al activity in three districts and then mapping at the pampas region. it gives one hand the"bac  ptual advances on territorial and local development in rural areas, adaptation and innovation c
6766	1	of this research is the collecting and evaluation of the existing relevant literature of this
13353	2	le to maintain and restore biodiversity ecosystem services. to achieve this, a transactional en  hs and trajectories of cooperation, and model required transactions between the central and the
7407	1	plete fungal genomes issued for a large-scale study and then focusing on three fungal genera mo
14213	4	– are considered as the most endangered ecosystems in a global view. the development of bog mos  ngered ecosystems in a global view. the development of bog mostly related to its hydrological r  gical regime, which in turn, depends on climate and human activities around the bog. as a resul  will be complemented and local transfer function is completed. historical water-table level flu
11777	3	he system in static mode, on a range of vegetation targets and calibration objects, in order to  ation objects, in order to validate the model and test the potential for model inversion.   te the model and test the potential for model inversion.
10806	2	edical practice in that the collection, review, and dissemination of the evidence now underpins  uld become a standard approach. in this model we envisage practitioners having easy access to s
11350	3	ion of experimentation and mathematical modelling to derive and test a theory that uses epidemi  se populations of dispersed particulate carbon sources on and within soil across scales of cm t  pts about latency and infectiousness in colonization and percolation of stochastic epidemics in
10617	4	daptive radiation theory, that resource competition is driving such divergence, makes predictio  the course of a radiation after species richness has plateaued, and whether deterministic proce  termining trajectories of morphological evolution, as predicted if divergence is driven by comp  as predicted if divergence is driven by competition.
10025	7	test evolutionary theory the picture of evolution we have inherited from the modern synthesis i  rstanding of the genetic inheritance of traits, an appreciation of the role of genetic drift in  tication to our basic view of darwinian evolution, highlighting the role of genetic constraints  ting the role of genetic constraints on evolution, indirect genetic effects and also conflicts   main stumbling block has been a lack of traits about which we know a lot about how natural sele  xual conflict and so on. i will use two traits where we do know how natural selection should be  llocation and female re-mating rate, as model systems to test the importance of aspects of curr
11409	7	test evolutionary theory the picture of evolution we have inherited from the modern synthesis i  rstanding of the genetic inheritance of traits, an appreciation of the role of genetic drift in  tication to our basic view of darwinian evolution, highlighting the role of genetic constraints  ting the role of genetic constraints on evolution, indirect genetic effects and also conflicts   main stumbling block has been a lack of traits about which we know a lot about how natural sele  xual conflict and so on. i will use two traits where we do know how natural selection should be  llocation and female re-mating rate, as model systems to test the importance of aspects of curr
11068	4	d therefore act as important buffers of environmental change. pre-breeders may wait several yea  d is patchily distributed in the marine environment, and as a result seabirds we can now study   will enable us to determine whether the development of foraging consistencies explains why seab  reater vulnerability to the threat from climate change, fisheries or pollution. if pre-breeders
10332	1	victoria cichlids to test for parallel evolution of colouration and for parallel speciation. s
10745	1	victoria cichlids to test for parallel evolution of colouration and for parallel speciation. s
10312	3	ry forces that maintain same-sex sexual behavior in natural populations, despite its common occ  uting to ssb. the chromosomal location, dominance relationships and correlations with fitness m  ood that ssb is maintained under either model. the results will provide much-needed data on the
1958	14	and its functional relations with other life history traits in the seasonal tropical butterfly   ional relations with other life history traits in the seasonal tropical butterfly bicyclus anyn   by a large extent the initial size and growth of the progeny and its effects may persist throu  all play a role in the species-specific evolution of egg size. environmental and maternal facto  t amenable to environmental variance in life history traits. given the importance of egg size f   environmental variance in life history traits. given the importance of egg size for the fitnes  ive response to the seasonal changes in climate and resting background. in concordance, the lif  resting background. in concordance, the life history shows a remarkable contrast between the se  rkable contrast between the seasons for traits including, weight, fecundity , fat content, long  ccur, however, within the limits set by development and physiology that have to integrate the t  direct and correlated responses along a temperature gradient. using existing selection lines fo  ations between egg size and the general life history and its likely evolution using path analys  the general life history and its likely evolution using path analysis. crosses between lines di   by using our growing expertise in gene mapping in this species.
1971	8	se for the direct experimental study of evolution due to their dependence on rare spontaneous m  fect the evolutionary outcome. in vitro evolution of single enzymes, where mutations can be int  of sex and recombination using in vitro evolution of antibiotic resistance. we will study the e   using in vitro evolution of antibiotic resistance. we will study the evolution of resistance c  ntibiotic resistance. we will study the evolution of resistance conferred by the enzyme tem-1 &  istance. we will study the evolution of resistance conferred by the enzyme tem-1 -lacta  combination in maladaptive and adaptive evolution will be studied by using an antibiotic for wh  which the -lactamase has a high resistance , respectively. by manipulating the rate of
10572	2	sediment profile imagery and bioturbation.              sediment profile imagery and bioturbation.
10482	2	ion genetics, with a recent high-impact review identifying priorities for understanding the pri  ndividuals. problems identified by this review were: whether genetic rescue should be instigate
10026	11	ted by the paucity of research into the evolution of senescence undertaken in natural settings.  taken in natural settings. organisms in nature experience an inevitable risk of death from envi  ry predicts that increasing the risk of mortality will result in the evolution of faster senesc  he risk of mortality will result in the evolution of faster senescence rates. however, more rec  ajor challenges to our understanding of evolution of senescence. determining the causes of vari  g the causes of variation in individual mortality risk and senescence rates in natural populati  pulations is required to understand the evolution of senescence. i will use data collected from   and environments on variation in adult mortality risk. i will also test for differences in sen  nisms thought to be responsible for the evolution of senescence, i will analyse data from wild   , tests of key hypotheses regarding the evolution of senescence in nature. advancing our unders  egarding the evolution of senescence in nature. advancing our understanding of senescence in na
10303	5	s expected to influence the ecology and evolution of transposable elements within genomes. surp  demography affects transposable element evolution. the fruitfly drosophila melanogaster is an i  fly drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model system to test the impact of changes in host demo  ynamics, since this species is a both a model system for transposable element biology and is kn  to demographic changes caused by global climate change.
11233	14	tly experiencing unprecedented rates of habitat loss and environmental change. climate change a  unprecedented rates of habitat loss and environmental change. climate change alone is predicted   habitat loss and environmental change. climate change alone is predicted to condemn at least o  rks that we depend on for food and fuel production, for sustainable development, and ultimately  od and fuel production, for sustainable development, and ultimately for political stability. th  velopment, and ultimately for political stability. there is therefore an urgent need to underst  ent need to understand maximum rates of evolution in response to environmental change. this wil  ximum rates of evolution in response to environmental change. this will allow scientists to pro  ts on what the consequences of changing climate and habitat loss are likely to be for biodivers  he consequences of changing climate and habitat loss are likely to be for biodiversity. at spec  rs most limit evolutionary potential in nature. the proposed research will explore how levels o  enetic variation affect the point where evolution fails along similar altitudinal transitions o  ls, and assess genetic changes in those traits expected to be evolving along these spatial grad  ese models predict the maximum rates of evolution observed in real populations. such informatio
9860	4	also have important implications to the evolution of parasites. if they spread locally, they ar  em has confirmed the predictions of the model of the effect of space on transmission; it was lo  t the effect of local infection on host resistance. we will then test this using our insect vir  nt degrees of local interactions on the evolution of disease causing organisms. given that anth
10583	8	e are interested in the phytogeographic distribution of conifers, and particularly in the hypot  ive habitats. here we use neighbourhood modelling to quantify competition within forest stands,  use neighbourhood modelling to quantify competition within forest stands, by analysing a databa  will quantify the responses of trees to competition by relating growth and mortality to crowdin  ses of trees to competition by relating growth and mortality to crowding by neighbours. we will  s to competition by relating growth and mortality to crowding by neighbours. we will investigat   ranges, and whether their responses to competition have contributed to their current distribut  ition have contributed to their current distribution.
10334	2	avian sex ratios, using blue tits as a model system. the results of such experiments can shed   he role of adaptation and constraint in evolution.
2551	6	e cellular mechanisms that underlie the growth and water homeostasis of the louse are, however,  channel disruption increases the host´s resistance to infection. by targeting the adaptive chan  ypic effects on its osmotic physiology, growth and differentiation. potential chemotherapeutant  agenesis used to validate the structure-function relationships. we further aim to validate our    validate our hypothesis that aquaporin evolution was fundamentally associated with animal radi  ting combination of molecular genetics, evolution, and potential drug targeting of invertebrate
14214	9	can exhibit a variety of inhibition or intensification responses in root growth towards neighb  on or intensification responses in root growth towards neighbours to reduce root competition be  rowth towards neighbours to reduce root competition between genetically related neighbours, or   lly related neighbours, or to intensify competition between non-related neighbours. this shows   requently the changing patterns of root growth towards neighbours have been explained by change  ants depends on the probability of self-competition – the probability of meeting the same genot  e same genotype or a close relative for competition , species that have evolved in ecosystems p  petition , species that have evolved in ecosystems poor in plant species, and reproduce predomi  d species-rich grassland communities as model systems, to find evidence to the working hypothes
10363	2	nformation to explore floral design and evolution, and to predict the airborne movement of gene  t of genetically-modified pollen in the environment. cfd harnesses a supercomputer to simulate
7432	2	the association France Nature Reserves and results of the thesis should provid  ht on its policy of setting up regional nature reserves.
10421	4	structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc  fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli   that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o  d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra
10663	4	structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc  fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli   that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o  d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra
10685	4	structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc  fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli   that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o  d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra
10914	4	structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc  fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli   that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o  d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra
11692	4	structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc  fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli   that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o  d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra
9897	4	structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc  fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli   that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o  d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra
223	17	individual to minimize or to intensify competition with other individuals depending on their i  ts that plants can exhibit a variety of growth strategies in response to competition and show q  ety of growth strategies in response to competition and show quite sophisticated behaviour. thi  w level of understanding adaptations to competition in plants. the current understanding of pla  nts. the current understanding of plant evolution states that the evolution of cooperative beha  ding of plant evolution states that the evolution of cooperative behaviour in plants is improba  splace strategies minimizing interplant competition. however, several clear examples of avoidan  ral clear examples of avoidance of root competition among plants have been demonstrated, and le  ave been demonstrated, and less intense competition has been observed between related than non-  and cooperation has not been applied in modelling of plant behaviour, and no field studies have   of neighbours lead to the avoidance of competition between neighbours and how widespread such    whether the ability of plants to avoid competition is related to species/population life histo  tition is related to species/population life history traits with the same phenotype. we will al  ated to species/population life history traits with the same phenotype. we will also attempt to  ronmental feedback through differential migration or mortality, and whether the alternative mec  dback through differential migration or mortality, and whether the alternative mechanism of evo  nd whether the alternative mechanism of evolution of cooperation via neighbour recognition is o
10585	4	out the mechanisms underlying cognitive function and the evolution of social living. in fish, i  s underlying cognitive function and the evolution of social living. in fish, individuals that c  choose familiar schoolmates accrue anti-predator and foraging benefits. conferring these benefi  ciation and avoidance on a near-natural scale.
14847	3	and survive to the present.in terms of production, the only company in spain with strong commi  o studies on responses to physiological stress, including load, nutrition/feeding, hypoxia, and  ess, including load, nutrition/feeding, hypoxia, and exercise.
14464	8	osition, sex ratio, fecundity, feeding, growth, mortality, abundance etc. ● implementation of g   sex ratio, fecundity, feeding, growth, mortality, abundance etc. ● implementation of genetic-b   fecundity, feeding, growth, mortality, abundance etc. ● implementation of genetic-biochemical   elds: industrial fisheries and angling, nature protective and conservative significance, mappin  otective and conservative significance, mapping of the established gobiid species; the threats   tional program for assisting the stable development of the fish populations; establishment of c  stablishment of criteria for ecological evaluation of the water basins, based on the indexes of  y for protection and restoration of the environment and the water basins.
9821	11	million years the lake filled with fine sediment and the organic remains of the flora and fauna  is size will combined with this work to model crater lakes on early earth and mars. early life   the processes of devastation and biotic recovery after a significant meteorite impact event. we  the variations in organic molecules and carbon isotopes which tell us more about the climate at  n isotopes which tell us more about the climate at the time. we know very little about biotic r  ly analogous because they are richer in nutrients. studying the boltysh crater will allow us to  ter will allow us to produce a detailed model for ecosystem recovery following the impact event  llow us to produce a detailed model for ecosystem recovery following the impact event, creating   produce a detailed model for ecosystem recovery following the impact event, creating a compara  vide an almost continuous record of the climate in central europe and asia. in the future we an   will be able to use it to discover how climate in continental areas relates to the oceanic sig
15344	6	d bird of prey inhabiting mediterranean ecosystems. it is a long-lived species that occupy the   ecies that occupy the highest levels of food webs, integrating information from lower trophic l  of their biological parameters could be indicators of environmental changes. during the last de  d by the species. at the same time, the abundance and distribution of its main prey to determin  es. at the same time, the abundance and distribution of its main prey to determine whether biol  gical parameters measured are useful as indicators of environmental quality in addressing conse
11397	2	en individuals in their minimal rate of metabolism, generally termed basal or standard metaboli  nal tool for adjusting offspring to the environment, so linking endocrinology, ecophysiology, b
10937	6	ficiencies might influence estimates of energy allocation in commercially important cephalopods  copy, together with field studies using remote sensing technologies that estimate energy costs   mote sensing technologies that estimate energy costs in free-ranging animals, will enable us to  animals, will enable us to refine field energy budgets using cephalopod-specific oxycalorific e  rific equivalents and aerobic/anaerobic energy yields that reflect as far as possible the true    possible the true costs of activity in nature.
11556	8	tchment replica floodplain, also at 1:1 scale. the ptm can then be set in the flume subjected t  natural floodplain morphology and flood hydrology within the flume will enable us to acquire sp  ntification of mechanisms of turbulence production dissipation, in all cases within different r  rch represents the first study into the nature of turbulent flows over topographically complex   ject will deliver an original empirical model of floodplain flow mechanics that will be used to  lows, as well as to provide a benchmark model validation data set that will be made available t   set that will be made available to the community. as an ancillary product the project will als  -proof a novel and transferable terrain modelling technique that enables precise replication of
11466	2	chronology of the spatial and temporal distribution of aurignacian behaviour in central europe  e developed to take account of climatic model simulations and to examine critically assumptions
15121	5	omponents responded to the variation of climate and other anthropogenic external forces. the st  erdisciplinary knowledge about the past vegetation dynamics of the northwest iberian vegetation  ation dynamics of the northwest iberian vegetation, and the responses of specific taxa to chang  ronmental conditions. the effect on the vegetation of the natural climate change is distinguish  effect on the vegetation of the natural climate change is distinguished from the effect of the
13423	1	ter births, the datas will be taken for growth; for new borns : birth weight, weaning weight, s
10636	2	are grown in combination to study their competition. finally, we shall use our experimental res  be used to simulate in situ data on the abundance of the different strains of a.tamarense we ar
10793	3	long distance migration in birds is one of the world s most astonishi  r the resources it needs to fuel spring migration in time and so would arrive late on the breed  ay be very important in determining the productivity and survival of migratory species. our stu
10135	6	ittle doubt that human induced climatic warming is occurring leading to a succession of milder   matic warming is occurring leading to a succession of milder winters. this winter, however, is   ss rates in response to recent climatic warming. we will also investigate whether colder water   r water species, which have declined in abundance in the u.k., can exhibit signs of recovery du  dance in the u.k., can exhibit signs of recovery during short term colder conditions. informati  er periods, during a period of climatic warming. such information will then be incorporated int
12448	2	ntic over an extended time frame. apply modelling techniques to explore relationships between c   frame in order to monitor responses to climate change. investigate links between cpr data and
1986	12	tionships among different body parts or traits, and between these and overall body size; change  r traits, and between these and overall body size; changes in such allometries among traits is   size; changes in such allometries among traits is clearly a major pathway by which morphology e   with over a century of interest in the evolution of allometry, essentially nothing is known ab   functional scaling relationships among traits as well as in their evolution. to study both pro  nships among traits as well as in their evolution. to study both process and pattern in evoluti  n. to study both process and pattern in evolution we have initiated an integrative, broad evo-d  tera for the particular combinations of traits as examined experimentally in previous artificia  ses of observed patterns of bias in the evolution of the allometries in terms of how the indivi  ometries in terms of how the individual traits contributed to changes in their scaling relation  he roles of proximate mechanisms in the evolution of such complex phenotypes is needed to build  d a predictive evo-devo theory of trait evolution that can then be generalized to other organis
12509	4	318 and of0332, organic field vegetable production - baseline monitoring of systems with differ  cate best practice as outlined from the review process, and to receive feedback, particularly f  ction of the studies. we will offer the review and the results of field experiments, if suitabl  s, publications and the outcomes of the review and experiments. the project will directly benef
10467	2	the megabenthos in three types of polar environment: 1. open water areas, 2. seasonal ice areas   contrasting the ecology of these three environment types the project will address the question
12625	1	engthening the evidence base for policy development. brook lyndhurst has a wealth of experience
15204	1	of phenotypic plasticity of vegetative traits on the fitness of woody long-lived species.
10882	2	small proportion of close kin. through modeling, we have generated testable predictions concer  ill also test whether a common maternal environment, which influences the scents of inbred gene
10535	2	one of the key areas for the range-wide recovery of tigers. tiger distributions across sumatra   remaining natural landcover using large scale detection/non-detection surveys. these survey and
10851	5	embryology, the study of development, plays a pivotal role in unravelling the ev   test assumptions regarding the role of development in early animal evolution that are based ex  the role of development in early animal evolution that are based exclusively upon studying livi  e of this material to understanding the evolution of animal development.   o understanding the evolution of animal development.
11354	6	embryology, the study of development, is pivotal to unravelling the evolutionary  animals, and how changes to patterns of development have produced the branching events in the t   test hypotheses concerning the role of development in evolution. this is because the fossils a  s concerning the role of development in evolution. this is because the fossils are geologically  at variations in phylogenetic affinity, life history strategy and developmental stage have upon  provide direct insight into the role of development in one of the most vexing questions of rece
12238	1	ical papers and a final report for peer review to ensure transparency of the recommendations. f
10361	2	nd metapopulation levels to account for distribution patterns; these models bear on quite gener  n quite general questions regarding the evolution and ecology of polyploidy and reproductive sy
6982	5	f specific elaterid species in the soil food web in a correct way. furthermore this knowledge w   knowledge would be fundamental for the development of any technique to predict wireworm incide  rather new and powerful method to study food webs and trophic relationships is the stable isoto  on/diet of the wireworms with humus and soil moisture content of the sites, conclusions can be    will also imply new approaches for the development of control strategies for wireworm damage.
1957	1	ell as the contribution of the juvenile environment on future clutch size. this experiment was
174	6	forest wildfire in the maintenance and recruitment of steppe origin herbaceous species in bore   fire was the main factor causing large-scale disturbances, responsible for variation in forest  variation in forest age structure, soil environment and light climate. due to the present-day i  e structure, soil environment and light climate. due to the present-day intensive forestry prac  the total impact of burning, direct and indirect effects of fire should be distinguished. the f  d with heat and chemical changes in the environment charcoal, and light availability will be ex
14135	6	vironments and tolerate a wide range in salinity. successful immigration from freshwater to the   the phylum bacteroidetes. evidence for distribution patterns of distinct flavobacterial clades  ntatives of the genus flavobacterium in salinity and organic matter gradients. an integrated ph  he genus flavobacterium in salinity and organic matter gradients. an integrated phylogenetic ap  l be used. the strategy relies on large-scale screening and quantification for flavobacterium d  cteria in different nutrient and labile carbon gradients and grazing pressure by zooplankton.
11645	2	sation of protozoa may provide an ideal habitat for listeria during the part of their life cycl  logy. the main objectives are to screen community dnas from a range of habitats with listeria-s
10600	5	c activity and we are ignorant of their function in soil ecosystems. this project aims to deter   are ignorant of their function in soil ecosystems. this project aims to determine their abunda  s. this project aims to determine their abundance, species diversity and metabolic activity in   s of soil management practices on their community structure, and to obtain non-thermophilic cre   new techniques to relate taxonomic and functional diversity that will be of broad relevance to
10013	2	the issue of ecosystem carbon , eriophorum sp. sphagnum sp. and othe                   the issue of ecosystem carbon , eriophorum sp. sphagnum sp. and other bryophyt
11481	26	wherever you look there are patterns in nature. ecologists have long sought to explain these na  ht to explain these natural patterns of distribution and abundance and two models have emerged   se natural patterns of distribution and abundance and two models have emerged as explanations.   py a niche . more recently, the neutral model describes a populations determined by birth, deat  ulations determined by birth, death and migration rather than evolution per se, and that these    birth, death and migration rather than evolution per se, and that these processes, rather than   processes, rather than interaction and evolution determine the distributions we observe in nat  termine the distributions we observe in nature. interactions between microbes and plants are a   and plants are a very important part of ecosystems.. microbial diseases in particular have been  arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi , and this symbiosis is found in all land-based ecosystems except   is symbiosis is found in all land-based ecosystems except antarctica. this is not a host-specif  antarctica. this is not a host-specific symbiosis: most plant species capable of forming mycorr  utionary theory. many surveys of the am symbiosis in field systems, however, have consistently   wever, have consistently shown that the distribution of the amf among the host plants is not ra  nteraction, such as plant and/or fungal growth, soil factors or indeed chance. the formation of   chance. the formation of a mycorrhizal symbiosis depends therefore on the meeting of the two o  . in this case we would expect external soil properties to have much less effect. to test this   both in plant and fungal species and in soil properties. hetchell wood, near leeds uk, is an id  results in a high diversity of soil and vegetation in a restricted area. we need to know the di   a restricted area. we need to know the distribution of the fungal and root populations, and th   so that a map of the plants, fungi and soil properties can be constructed. the testing of the    host and fungus is more important than growth in response to soil environment in determining o  portant than growth in response to soil environment in determining observed patterns of am dist   in determining observed patterns of am distribution and abundance. this is a novel approach to  bserved patterns of am distribution and abundance. this is a novel approach to a fundamental qu  l approach to a fundamental question in community ecology and also is directly relevant to the
10503	6	lying agricultural spread, not only the nature of the social contacts made between the pre-agri  areas highlighted for encouragement and growth in the 2002-2007 science plan. by providing info  vironmental factors have influenced the development, differentiation and sustentation of europe  hese environmental factors will include climate change, the project being particularly relevant  on of how terrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the  rrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented
10505	6	lying agricultural spread, not only the nature of the social contacts made between the pre-agri  areas highlighted for encouragement and growth in the 2002-2007 science plan. by providing info  vironmental factors have influenced the development, differentiation and sustentation of europe  hese environmental factors will include climate change, the project being particularly relevant  on of how terrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the  rrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented
10691	6	lying agricultural spread, not only the nature of the social contacts made between the pre-agri  areas highlighted for encouragement and growth in the 2002-2007 science plan. by providing info  vironmental factors have influenced the development, differentiation and sustentation of europe  hese environmental factors will include climate change, the project being particularly relevant  on of how terrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the  rrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented
11002	6	lying agricultural spread, not only the nature of the social contacts made between the pre-agri  areas highlighted for encouragement and growth in the 2002-2007 science plan. by providing info  vironmental factors have influenced the development, differentiation and sustentation of europe  hese environmental factors will include climate change, the project being particularly relevant  on of how terrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the  rrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented
10975	12	fire in natural ecosystems is a major agent of biome structure formatio   degradation, atmospheric pollution and carbon emission. in this proposal we will focus attenti  otentially important but barely studied ecosystem: the tropical montane cloud forests , where w   fire ignition and spread, quantify the carbon emissions and recovery times associated with spe  read, quantify the carbon emissions and recovery times associated with specific fires, and eval  ic fires, and evaluate the potential of remote sensing data to scale up fire emissions to the w  the potential of remote sensing data to scale up fire emissions to the wider andean region. our  1; 2. conducting intensive tracking and evaluation of all fires in our study region in the peri  2009-2011. 3. measuring the biomass and carbon stocks in unburned and burned forests 4. install  d and burned forests 4. installing some carbon plots in forests prior to burn, and visiting the  g and ignition experiments to determine thresholds of flammability at the treeline 6. using our  g calibrated satellite data to estimate carbon emissions from fires across the tropical andes
2034	2	fort allocation, and hence dictates the scale of human exploitation, and to build a simulation   exploitation, and to build a simulation model of the fleet.
11129	7	functionally sterile worker depends on dominance interactions that are not dissimilar from tho  eproductive hierarchy on a quantitative scale. ovary development will then be determined, and t  ierarchy on a quantitative scale. ovary development will then be determined, and the expression  ctively, worker division of labour, egg production and mature queen behaviour. comparison with   tive division of labour at a much finer scale than has previously been obtained. experiments wi  e behavioural data in a novel, powerful model organism to provide an entirely new level of unde  tanding of the dynamics of reproductive dominance in primitively eusocial societies.
2142	1	ave been established. owing to profound temperature differences among tributaries, we expect to
2144	3	genetic variability both in phenotypic traits and putatively neutral markers. earlier work has  f seed banks in arabidopsis ecology and evolution, with a special emphasis on the role of seed   aracteristics influence the ecology and evolution of arabidopsis.
10171	3	in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism how metabolic outputs are linked to the cloc  mechanisms that lead to acclimation and evolution of photosynthetic diversity in a changing env   photosynthetic diversity in a changing environment.
143	5	aptive trait that could explain species distribution pattern in the nature. the aim of this pro  ain species distribution pattern in the nature. the aim of this project is to make the first at  e plasticity of different morphological traits across a number of herbaceous plant species, and  ntal questions in plant ecology - which traits of species, and to what degree, determine the di  cies, and to what degree, determine the distribution of species on different abiotic and biotic
15324	6	ropose to study repeated cases of small-scale radiations in fish, focusing on understanding the  l speciation events and learn about the nature of the candidate speciating genes. i propose to    distributed in small isolated lakes as model systems, since this group of tropical freshwater   cally concentrate on repeated events of evolution of benthic-limnetic species pairs, a frequent  species pairs, a frequent split in fish evolution, and follow the mode of natural selection. in  plain some general trends of vertebrate evolution.
2024	14	ramework for explaining population- and ecosystem-level patterns in nature as a result of the i  lation- and ecosystem-level patterns in nature as a result of the interactions of individuals w  f individuals with each other and their environment. while microbial ecologists have yet to ful  w an individual bacterium perceives its habitat and how this perception ultimately influences i  is perception ultimately influences its behavior and fate in a bacterial community. i propose t  es its behavior and fate in a bacterial community. i propose to address this concept of bacteri  yllosphere, or plant leaf surface, as a model ecosystem. habitat to highly diverse microbial co  here, or plant leaf surface, as a model ecosystem. habitat to highly diverse microbial communit  ant leaf surface, as a model ecosystem. habitat to highly diverse microbial communities, the ph  y approach, i will use individual-based modeling, an essential tool in ibe, to simulate the col   essential tool in ibe, to simulate the colonization process, from immigration to aggregation.   ion. by combining both experimental and modeling approaches, this work will expose key properti  rlie the observed patterns in bacterial behavior in the phyllosphere. moreover, it will reinfor  ce the status of the phyllosphere as an ecosystem with great service to the testing of universa
10669	12	ave a good general understanding of how evolution operates, we have only limited insight into i  kely to respond to predicted changes in climate. the characteristics of individuals in a popula  n are a consequence of their genes, the environment in which they live and the evolution that h   environment in which they live and the evolution that has occurred up to that point. so much i  but this simple statement conceals much complexity. specifically, the consequences of carrying   ese various processes interact to shape evolution in natural populations. in this study we will  is study: the weather, sheep population density, food availability and parasite abundance. we w  density, food availability and parasite abundance. we will address the effect of the environmen  ips between characters for example, are body size and parasite resistance freer to evolve separ  for example, are body size and parasite resistance freer to evolve separately under good or bad   will allow us to predict the course of evolution under specific time series of environmental c  tal conditions - for example systematic climate change. long-term studies of individually-recog
10886	12	ave a good general understanding of how evolution operates, we have only limited insight into i  kely to respond to predicted changes in climate. the characteristics of individuals in a popula  n are a consequence of their genes, the environment in which they live and the evolution that h   environment in which they live and the evolution that has occurred up to that point. so much i  but this simple statement conceals much complexity. specifically, the consequences of carrying   ese various processes interact to shape evolution in natural populations. in this study we will  is study: the weather, sheep population density, food availability and parasite abundance. we w  density, food availability and parasite abundance. we will address the effect of the environmen  ips between characters for example, are body size and parasite resistance freer to evolve separ  for example, are body size and parasite resistance freer to evolve separately under good or bad   will allow us to predict the course of evolution under specific time series of environmental c  tal conditions - for example systematic climate change. long-term studies of individually-recog
10735	7	genetic variation is the fuel of evolution, and understanding its distribution and maint  uel of evolution, and understanding its distribution and maintenance in wild populations is a c  hila melanogaster. d. melanogaster is a model species that is successfully used in many areas o  here the species is well adapted to its habitat and nutritional resources are abundant, females   are abundant, females will have enough energy to produce large numbers of eggs. when nutrition  ere the species is newly established or competition for resources is high, some females may not   breeding by looking at patterns of egg development, to see how female reproductive status infl
11865	7	the survival of human pathogens in the environment is an under studied area, and it is often a  eria. they play a key role in microbial food webs, grazing on bacteria and recycling nutrients.  webs, grazing on bacteria and recycling nutrients. protozoa also interact with bacteria and vir  isolated twice before. further soil and sediment isolates harboured novel chlamydia and legione  ependent methods will be used to assess abundance and diversity of amoebae and associated bacte   this to their diversity in bulk soil / sediment. previous work in this area is highly fragment  e of the first to try and elucidate the abundance and diversity of a range of amoeba associated
177	1	ree species, site conditions, and stand productivity. this will enable the plasticity of the ad
12748	2	commission initiated ‘the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. teeb runs to 2010 will est  runs to 2010 will estimate the value of ecosystem services and produce outputs in autumn 2009 a
11683	18	the photosynthetic conversion of light energy to chemical energy in oceans. phytoplankton thus   conversion of light energy to chemical energy in oceans. phytoplankton thus form the basis of   d half the biologically mediated global production of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from  logically mediated global production of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmospher  bal production of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year. due to th  ble these organisms might be to ongoing climate change. a necessary first step in understanding  is an accurate measure of the amount of carbon they take up. phytoplankton carbon fixation can   t of carbon they take up. phytoplankton carbon fixation can be reasonably well approximated as   an be reasonably well approximated as a function of the amount of light available for photosynt   a number of methods ranging from small scale ship based measurements to large scale year round   scale ship based measurements to large scale year round repeated measurements using earth obse  a simplistic treatment of phytoplankton carbon fixation simply as pigment multiplied by light i  n phytoplankton physiology. indeed, the efficiency with which phytoplankton convert the light t  kton convert the light they absorb into carbon varies hugely in the oceans. much of this variab  nto our best estimates of the amount of carbon fixed each year. the current study aims to addre  ankton light absorption and the rate of carbon fixation. at the same time we will measure a num  ty in the ratio of light absorption and carbon fixation. by performing this work we will not on  current best estimates of phytoplankton carbon fixation.
15141	11	odiversity is fundamental to the future development of humanity and hence urgent measures are r  cause financial and human resources for nature conservation are limited, it is appropriate to f   management. they can be used to assess ecosystem or environmental integrity and to identify an  ring conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in the meditteranean basin. they exhibit hig   meditteranean basin. they exhibit high habitat fidelity, limited potential for dispersal and r  ry research utilizing mygalomorphs as a model system to study the processes underpinning medite  ighly diverse mediterranean nemesiidae. gis and novel molecular tools will be further use to in   investigate niche segregation at local scale in sympatric species of nemesiidae. we will also   opulation genetic tools with ecological modelling techniques to identify demographic history of  nd will predict future effect of global warming on the distribution and viability of these spec   future effect of global warming on the distribution and viability of these species. finally, w
11188	1	vity to the photochemical oxidant ozone ecosystems from o3.
13595	11	climate changes are exposing organisms to novel environ  ncy of environmental events shaping the life history and demography of individuals. whether dra  ls. whether drastic drops in population abundance is the result of fishing or climate change is  n abundance is the result of fishing or climate change is a never ending debate among fishery m  mprove our understanding of how fishing mortality and climate change and variability affect mar  erstanding of how fishing mortality and climate change and variability affect marine fish popul  ange and variability affect marine fish population dynamics. we will study the effect of averag  f average level and variance in fishing mortality and environmental factors on fish demography   onmental factors on fish demography and population dynamics. the relative effect of fishing and  ics. the relative effect of fishing and climate driven long- and short-term variation in enviro   can acknowledge the full structure and complexity of natural populations when estimating param
15308	8	species interactions are considered a major force drivi  lso need to assess the impact of global climate change on the variation of these factors and, c  actors and, consequently, on the future distribution of specialized interacting species. this p  and scots pine, and the implications of climate change on the phenology of scots pine seed disp  e implications of climate change on the phenology of scots pine seed dispersal and the expected  ispersal and the expected impact on the distribution of crossbills specialized for feeding on s   and to anticipate the impact of global climate change on the interaction between these species   between these species and their future distribution.
12453	4	y objective: investigate the effects of climate on the abundance and distribution of squid in b  vestigate the effects of climate on the abundance and distribution of squid in british waters,   effects of climate on the abundance and distribution of squid in british waters, using data fro  sider the effects of cephalopods on the ecosystem structure.
10364	9	isturbance regimes on the magnitude and distribution of organic matter flow in food webs of rep  es on the magnitude and distribution of organic matter flow in food webs of replicated experime   distribution of organic matter flow in food webs of replicated experimental stream channels. q  erimental stream channels. quantitative food webs will be constructed for each channel communit  bs will be constructed for each channel community using samples that were collected monthly and  ent. feeding links will be expressed as organic matter flow , and will be quantified by couplin   be quantified by coupling estimates of secondary production with gut contents analysis. our pr  be the first attempt to quantify stream food webs in a controlled and replicated community expe  ood webs in a controlled and replicated community experiment, and will be of broad interest to
14167	9	global scenarios list the land-use change, habitat loss and fragmentation as the   bal scenarios list the land-use change, habitat loss and fragmentation as the major factors of   tudies have shown that the realized for habitat demanding species. however, field observations   on the relative role of these landscape habitat elements. there are two approaches to study the   two approaches to study the effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation on species dispersa  evoted to the analysis of the effect of habitat loss, blurred by extinction delay debt. alterna  elay debt. alternatively, exploring the colonization success in newly formed habitats would rev  veal processes of species dispersal and habitat isolation more convincingly. we will study the   ular, we aim to quantify the effects of habitat isolation, possible dispersal corridors and ant
1976	13	current theory predicts that intraguild predation, the killing and eating of species  usion of species and destabilization of food webs. this is in contradiction with the observatio  contradiction with the observation that intraguild predation occurs frequently in natural ecosy   predation occurs frequently in natural ecosystems. however, critical tests of the theory are l   reveal mechanisms for coexistence with intraguild predation. the most essential parameter for   n. the most essential parameter for the model predictions is the productivity of the habitat: c  ameter for the model predictions is the productivity of the habitat: coexistence of a system of   predictions is the productivity of the habitat: coexistence of a system of 3 species with intr  existence of a system of 3 species with intraguild predation is only possible for intermediate   ation is only possible for intermediate productivity. hence, experiments testing the theory sho  uld measure the effects of manipulating productivity on coexistence and persistence of the spec  he resource level , parallel to further development of models to include the effects of such, c   of such, commonly occurring reciprocal intraguild predation.
14161	11	ver half of them have plant- and animal production both. the nutrient cycling is not a problem   wever, ca 40% of farms has solely plant production. in the ecological farming is essential clos  ed nutrient cycle. the plant and animal production should be strongly tied. farm-produced feed   ich are mostly orientated to selling of nutrients the plant feeding is managed by wearing of th  tation the leguminous take care for the nitrogen need. the aim of the project is to find the an  ogical activities, soil biota and other soil health indicators in the case of different organic  ities, soil biota and other soil health indicators in the case of different organic farming met   the change of soil fertility, the soil ph, organic matter and the content of macro- and micro    change of soil fertility, the soil ph, organic matter and the content of macro- and micro nutr  ter and the content of macro- and micro nutrients are measured regularly. the soil microorganis  nsive and handles the problems in plant production, tillage, agrochemistry, microbiology, agroe
10614	1	ry strategies on parasite phylogeny and evolution rate to be assessed by comparative and likeli
10268	4	from the flat holm and sound of harris food webs, as well as relevant data from the literature  iterature, we will be able to develop a model predicting the effects of rat eradication at the   g the effects of rat eradication at the community level. this will be of practical use in predi  uk islands, and to the invasive species community, both within the wider uk and further afield.
2062	11	namics of the populations. a functional classification of species has been central in order to   tral in order to understand and predict vegetation response-to the effect of grazing, but few s  studies have explored the importance of plant functional traits for plant dynamics in alpine/ar  onships between sheep grazing and plant life history on three different levels. 1 plant communi  tory on three different levels. 1 plant community dynamics and sheep grazing: can changes in pl  and sheep grazing: can changes in plant community structure be related to specific life history  munity structure be related to specific life history traits within the resistance-tolerance mec  ure be related to specific life history traits within the resistance-tolerance mechanistic sche  specific life history traits within the resistance-tolerance mechanistic scheme 2 dynamics of h  erent grazing regimes: do sets of plant traits covary to an extent that general strategies can   cture and expression of plant tolerance traits at different grazing levels
6951	2	nships between background variables and community ecological variables of different forest-dwel  tions form the ecological basis for the nature based forest management and forest conservation
12702	2	will predict the likely consequences of climate change on internationally important bird popula  ationally important numbers of birds as climate changes.
2082	14	tify under which conditions an expected climate change will most strongly affect vertebrate pop  ge will most strongly affect vertebrate population dynamics. based on a newly developed theoret  ra-specific variation in the effects of climate on vertebrate population dynamics be predicted   in the effects of climate on vertebrate population dynamics be predicted from knowledge of basi  on dynamical parameters 2. what are the life history characteristics of species that are likely  ost strongly influenced by variation in climate 3. how does climate affect the spatial scale of  ced by variation in climate 3. how does climate affect the spatial scale of synchrony in popula   climate 3. how does climate affect the spatial scale of synchrony in population fluctuations t  ject can examine whether the effects or climate are stronger on the population dynamics in high   effects or climate are stronger on the population dynamics in highly productive than in poor e  n poor environments, whether a stronger climate influence are found in species with a large clu  h a large clutch size and high specific growth rate than in low reproductive species and whethe  tive species and whether the effects of climate on the spatial scaling of the synchrony in popu  pendent on interspecific differences in migration.
13820	3	l subsidies may thus increase the local abundance or enhance the performance of natural enemies  l control – and challenge some existing community-ecology theories. the aim of the proposed pro  oids and hyperparasitoids and on insect community structure and biological control at different
13450	2	ycle limits our understanding of orchid population dynamics in general, and of the effects of m  prove our basic understanding of orchid population dynamics. the results will be useful for dev
12587	9	ll aim of this project is to critically review to what extent reduced tillage practices and org  at extent reduced tillage practices and organic matter returns will increase the carbon content  rganic matter returns will increase the carbon content of arable soils under english and welsh   glish and welsh conditions. the 2006 uk climate change programme includes a policy commitment t  een promoted as a means of sequestering carbon in agricultural soils. however, a defra-funded r  cultural soils. however, a defra-funded review of the potential for carbon sequestration in agr  efra-funded review of the potential for carbon sequestration in agricultural soils , including   nd and wales. this will also include an evaluation of other environmental and economic implicat  efra to develop a clear line on whether carbon sequestration by changed land management practic
10621	1	uppy, poecilia reticulata, is a classic model for studies on microevolution, and yet the impact
2153	14	redicting how variations and changes in climate can affect key-processes that operate both on p  perate both on population dynamical and ecosystem level. more specifically, we will use long-te  e will use long-term monitoring data on population dynamics and population specific demography   ic and stochastic factors, the size and scale of environmental noise, and the effects of trophi  environmental noise, and the effects of trophic interactions. the effects of extreme weather/cl  actions. the effects of extreme weather/climate events on population dynamics will be quantifie  ts of extreme weather/climate events on population dynamics will be quantified with respect to   and future impact. dynamical downscaled climate scenarios for svalbard will be used to examine   bard will be used to examine how future population dynamics will be affected by climate change.  population dynamics will be affected by climate change. finally, the project will quantify unce  iate data sets which will facilitate an evaluation of the ongoing monitoring in arctic ecosyste  ion of the ongoing monitoring in arctic ecosystems. by using information from different trophic  c levels in both marine and terrestrial ecosystem components on svalbard and in the barents sea  of the biological effects of a changing climate in arctic areas, and is thus strongly anchored
12414	1	element of an expanded european marine ecosystem observatory with noc, sahfos, pol, pml and po
11394	1	ny patterns in colouration, morphology, life history and behaviour within a particular species
2043	1	nd to develop proposals for the further development of the law in order that it may ultimately
10654	2	biotic record . we wish to document the nature of faunal change in the deep north atlantic acro  cross this critical interval in earth s climate history, and link the record of faunal change t
10346	1	nt insights into the demography, and co-evolution, of malaria and its hosts.
11407	10	rough the benefits they can derive from ecosystem services. we know from previous studies, that   from previous studies, that many vital ecosystem services who will work with the project to as  ork within their local contexts. forest ecosystems will be used to evaluate and development the  ecosystems will be used to evaluate and development the framework within each region. the proje   will contribute. this will lead to the production of a comparative analysis of the political e  ve analysis of the political economy of ecosystem services for poverty alleviation, based on a   ces for poverty alleviation, based on a review of the current literature. this will help to inf  iterature. this will help to inform the development of the framework, as well as providing an e  tribute to build the international espa community of practice, further enhancing the opportunit  cipate in the wider espa programme. the development of this approach at the start of the main e
11025	2	pact on our understanding of titanosaur evolution, and will also have wider implications for st  ons for studies of mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and extinctions.
13606	2	if this is a consequence of the extreme environment of the baltic sea, and how this affect the   r the forecast of a changing baltic sea environment. our results will be critical for managemen
14837	7	ch as darkness, high humidity, constant temperature and very limited food resources. in insects  ations are also known, such as high fat metabolism, extended lifetime, narrow temperature toler  t metabolism, extended lifetime, narrow temperature tolerance or modified life cycles. in this   e cycles. in this project we target the evolution of changes in life cycles of cave beetles, wh  lts not only in adaptations to the cave environment but also to a change in the reproduction st  monal control mechanisms regulating the development. in holometabolous insects the hormones reg  s over the time of embryonic and larval development will be measured. since the profiling of th
10717	8	understanding the evolution of organismal complexity is fundamental to un  derstanding the evolution of organismal complexity is fundamental to understanding the evolutio  ity is fundamental to understanding the evolution of biodiversity. the hypothesis that vertebra  versity. the hypothesis that vertebrate complexity has increased through time, with increases l  ntal problems. the view that vertebrate complexity increased through time is a subjective impre  tiny. consequently, the hypothesis that complexity is linked to gene duplications is speculativ  by conducting the first analysis of the evolution of complexity in early vertebrates.    the first analysis of the evolution of complexity in early vertebrates.
11718	3	he project will investigate the role of mutualism and kin selection in the evolution of special  e of mutualism and kin selection in the evolution of specialised co-operative societies. using   ions to co-operative activities and the distribution of cheating .
10107	1	bdomen the platform for studying immune function in the context of reproductive ecology.
1989	4	ve males benefit either directly or via traits passed on to their offspring. one notable failin  r display. we will combine mathematical modelling with laboratory experiments on zebra finches    resources between fixed, morphological traits and flexible, behavioural displays second, turni  our as a rigid, pre-programmed suite of traits towards a more dynamic, state-dependent perspect
10233	2	inid dietary adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.    adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.
10733	2	inid dietary adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.    adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.
11248	2	inid dietary adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.    adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.
9934	2	inid dietary adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.    adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.
11666	6	to examine how female da influences the evolution of male sexual traits. theoretically, iges ca  influences the evolution of male sexual traits. theoretically, iges can influence the rate and/   influence the rate and/or direction of evolution and generate large time-lags in the response   time-lags in the response of phenotypic traits to selection. despite the potential importance o  test the importance of female da to the evolution of male sexual pheromones in the ovoviviparou  volutionary trajectories of male sexual traits.
10530	29	currently, our marine ecosystems are threatened by a number of environmental   e parts of the ocean are running out of oxygen, creating so-called dead zones where no marine a  y, it is not the first time that marine ecosystems have faced such threats. the fossil record s   ocean circulation has slowed down, and oxygen-starved dead zones have expanded throughout the   orld s oceans. understanding how marine ecosystems have been affected by past environmental cha  e ecosystems have been affected by past environmental change, and in particular trying to find    temperatures and decreasing amounts of oxygen, may help us predict how modern ecosystems will    oxygen, may help us predict how modern ecosystems will respond today and how best to manage th  anage the present crisis. modern marine ecosystems took millions of years to evolve. the animal  s in ocean circulation and expansion of oxygen-poor dead zones - the very same threats facing m  s - the very same threats facing modern ecosystems today. as early modern-style ecosystems appe  ecosystems today. as early modern-style ecosystems appeared and evolved after the late permian   ugh the mesozoic, they were struck by a succession of similar environmental catastrophes, with   es, with similar combinations of global warming and expanding dead zones. all of these events c  e first study of the effect that global warming, changes in ocean circulation, and expansion of  ocean circulation, and expansion of the oxygen-starved dead zones had on these early modern mar   zones had on these early modern marine ecosystems. we will determine, for the first time, how    first time, how the structure of these ecosystems changed through time, and in particular how   hether there been an improvement in the resistance of marine ecosystems to extinction and colla  improvement in the resistance of marine ecosystems to extinction and collapse brought on by cha  n and collapse brought on by changes in temperature, ocean circulation and available oxygen. we  rature, ocean circulation and available oxygen. we will undertake these detailed studies to dis  or the first time how the structure and function of marine ecosystems, from the seafloor to the  ow the structure and function of marine ecosystems, from the seafloor to the ocean surface, res  g scales: that environmental changes in temperature, ocean circulation and levels of dissolved   ean circulation and levels of dissolved oxygen had on the structure, function and early evoluti   dissolved oxygen had on the structure, function and early evolution of modern marine ecosystem  ad on the structure, function and early evolution of modern marine ecosystems.   on and early evolution of modern marine ecosystems.
11228	4	increased habitat exploitation and global travel mean that emergi  them. i will develop models of parasite evolution to consider their interactions in a community  ion to consider their interactions in a community consisting of multiple host and parasite spec  to control them in the face of parasite evolution.
11487	4	increased habitat exploitation and global travel mean that emergi  them. i will develop models of parasite evolution to consider their interactions in a community  ion to consider their interactions in a community consisting of multiple host and parasite spec  to control them in the face of parasite evolution.
10121	1	hange the composition of animals in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as w
11048	1	hange the composition of animals in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as w
11567	1	hange the composition of animals in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as w
14554	2	investigate the theories underlying the evolution of parental care, one of the most dynamic and  he role of parasitoids in favouring the evolution of parental care would be demonstrated, and i
10645	9	ne how genetic variation influences the evolution of biparental care in the burying beetle, nic   similar. we will also use experimental evolution to examine how care changes in both males and   and females share a common genome, the evolution of traits that differ between the sexes, incl  share a common genome, the evolution of traits that differ between the sexes, including behavio  us with some insight into the limits to evolution of care. because we are using experimental ev  care. because we are using experimental evolution, selecting on care, we will uncover unexpecte  , we will uncover unexpected changes in traits that are linked with care and which may limit fu  d with care and which may limit further evolution in natural populations. thus, our research wi   help to explain the patterns we see in nature.
13930	14	project proposed here, i will study the evolution of virulence of borrelia burgdorferi s. l.; t   many other vector-borne pathogens, the abundance of b. burgdorferi s. l. is increasing as a re   result of human-induced changes of the environment, for example global warming. the long-term    of the environment, for example global warming. the long-term consequences for humans and wild  for humans and wildlife of an increased abundance of a pathogen will not only depend on the inc  evolves in response to this increase in abundance. an increased abundance of a pathogen is like  his increase in abundance. an increased abundance of a pathogen is likely to result in that mor  s have frequently been shown to lead to competition between co-infecting strains, and one of th  dictions of current theory of virulence evolution is that competition selects for higher virule  t theory of virulence evolution is that competition selects for higher virulence. thus, an incr  or higher virulence. thus, an increased abundance of a pathogen can also be expected to lead to  gen can also be expected to lead to the evolution of a more virulent pathogen. here, i will add  ld help us predict and manage virulence evolution in response to environmental change.   nage virulence evolution in response to environmental change.
2020	10	gnored so far. first, plasticity in the traits under divergent selection has been thoroughly ne  wn. second, the genetic architecture of traits under divergent selection is poorly known, but t   the emphasis has been on morphological traits, whereas life-history traits are known to be clo  phological traits, whereas life-history traits are known to be closely related to reproduction   rent research by studying divergence in temperature plasticity across habitats and its conseque  hoose to study population divergence in temperature plasticity of juvenile growth rate, and its  e in temperature plasticity of juvenile growth rate, and its genetic basis in the springtail or  n subtractive hybridization and linkage mapping to study the genetic architecture of temperatur  ng to study the genetic architecture of temperature plasticity; and 3 spatially explicit modell  re plasticity; and 3 spatially explicit modelling to demonstrate the wider applicability of my
11179	1	aimed at investigating the genetics and evolution of the mating system of the uk s most famous
14778	1	hat generates relatedness asymmetry the competition between neighbor colonies and their degree
14925	3	y some species are able to expand their distribution and occupy geographical areas under differ  atterns of range size distributions and modelling species ranges, there are few tested hypothes  estricted and the other with widespread distribution, to try to detect possible differences in
11668	4	at they do. this project will develop a model system in which we can test many of the theories   t many of the theories of host parasite evolution. infectious disease agents such as viruses ty  e parasite reproduces in the host. high growth rate leads to high transmission but also causes   oneybee-mite-viral interaction as a new model system to provide one of the first empirical test
10060	2	le for learning in determining foraging efficiency, and ultimately survival and reproductive su  arning ability comes at a cost to other functional traits, for example competitive ability. thi
11650	7	ugh the adaptive significance of social dominance is a central theme in behavioural ecology, ra  y have the genetic bases of behavioural traits been studied in the wild. evolutionary theory pr  wild. evolutionary theory predicts that traits related to social dominance may have relatively    predicts that traits related to social dominance may have relatively low heritability due to p   genetic analyses to test the idea that traits associated with social dominance are genetically  idea that traits associated with social dominance are genetically variable yet less heritable t  le yet less heritable than morphometric traits. these analyses will be based on the pedigree of
11093	5	to changing environmental conditions in nature is largely unknown. this project aims to test wh  t aims to test whether the responses to climate change observed in tamiasciurus hudsonicus over  ection on the reaction norms of fitness traits. we will investigate the genetic mechanisms unde  l conditions to alter the potential for evolution in the direction of expected climate change.    evolution in the direction of expected climate change. these analyses will be based on the rec
10853	2	volutionary rate generated from the ams carbon-dated specimens, and related to known paleoecolo   first detailed view of the extinct top predators of new zealand, and will be important in unde
14476	11	the evolution of reptilian viviparity is thought to require  ngly longer egg retention and embryonic development in utero, and phylogenetic reconstruction r  mediates postulated by the gradualistic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-be  stic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-bearing : two australian scincids and  ns of these species, represent the best model in which to study the evolution of viviparity. fo  nt the best model in which to study the evolution of viviparity. for this reason we planed the   ors and selective forces that favor the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. the present projec  esent project aims to investigate, in a model organism that represents an advanced transitional  s an advanced transitional stage in the evolution of live-bearing, the within- and among-popula  l characteristics and the developmental environment. we will experimentally test some of the pr  ng part of the adaptive scenario in the evolution of viviparity, and specifically those that pr
14894	11	the evolution of reptilian viviparity is thought to require  ngly longer egg retention and embryonic development in utero; phylogenetic reconstructions reve  l stages postulated by the gradualistic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-be  stic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-bearing , are very scarce; in fact, o  ns of these species, represent the best model in which to study the evolution of viviparity. we  nt the best model in which to study the evolution of viviparity. we proposed the present projec  ors and selective forces that favor the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. the present projec  esent project aims to investigate, in a model organism that represents an advanced transitional  s an advanced transitional stage in the evolution of live-bearing, the within- and among-popula  l characteristics and the developmental environment. we will experimentally test some of the pr  taking part of the adaptive scenario of evolution of viviparity, and specifically those that pr
2508	5	f over-fishing, eutrophication, coastal development and climate change, and often bring with th  eutrophication, coastal development and climate change, and often bring with them substantial n  llyfish detritus on benthic sedimentary ecosystem processes. through elucidating post-bloom pro  lso further our understanding of marine ecosystem processes, specifically benthic-pelagic coupl  ical and species-specific variation and climate change.
11580	33	the major cause of climate change is the atmospheric reintroduction via fo  fossil fuel burning of large amounts of carbon that has been buried underground for millions of  years. once back in the atmosphere, the carbon-containing compounds absorb infrared radiation,    radiation, which contributes to global warming. an effective way to limit the effects of globa  tive way to limit the effects of global warming is through the removal of carbon containing com  lobal warming is through the removal of carbon containing compounds, such as carbon dioxide to   of carbon containing compounds, such as carbon dioxide to a range of different soils. we will t  il, to calculate what proportion of the carbon from ch4 is retained in the soil. we can also li  er soil microorganisms that utilise the carbon from methane as a source of food, and build up a  oorganisms that utilise the carbon from methane as a source of food, and build up a picture of   p a picture of the wider soil microbial food web. three different soil environments are going t  to be studied in this work. the initial development work will study a landfill cover soil and f  ntains extremely high concentrations of methane because as the organic waste in the landfill si   degrades, it releases large amounts of methane. the methane permeates out to the atmosphere th   releases large amounts of methane. the methane permeates out to the atmosphere through the soi  oils oxidise a large proportion of this methane but the ultimate fate of this carbon they consu  s methane but the ultimate fate of this carbon they consume is unknown. the fate of methane car  on they consume is unknown. the fate of methane carbon in natural wetlands will also be studied  consume is unknown. the fate of methane carbon in natural wetlands will also be studied. natura  ds have organic rich soils that release methane in a similar way to landfill sites when the soi   similar way to landfill sites when the soil organic matter degrades. we are going to study the  ades. we are going to study the fate of carbon from this methane following consumption by metha  g to study the fate of carbon from this methane following consumption by methanotrophic bacteri  that will be used to assess the fate of carbon from methane in soils are a range of soil chrono   used to assess the fate of carbon from methane in soils are a range of soil chronosequences. a  a range of soil chronosequences. a soil chronosequence is a related set of soils that formed un  that formed under similar conditions of vegetation, topography and climate. the length of time   onditions of vegetation, topography and climate. the length of time over which the soils have d  nly difference between the soils in the chronosequence. this will allow us to assess the relati  to assess the relationship between soil development and the soil processes involved in carbon s  ment and the soil processes involved in carbon sequestration. overall, the research will add a   ension our understanding of the fate of carbon from one of the major green house gases as it is  t is utilised and dispersed by the soil microbial community.
10327	2	lack of understanding of the fluid and sediment dynamics of these transitional flows, and thei  tify the influence of shear rate, yield stress, non-cohesive sand/silt particles and bed roughn
6746	4	ave just a few of information about its vegetation and flora now. getting to know more about th  ear croatian which can change the whole ecosystem in the region along the rivers. in addition t  he rivers. in addition to the classical vegetation and flora surveys we are planning some long   he gallery plant communities in natural succession.
15003	2	the function of nuptial coloration in lizards has been stud  ocused on females. in this project, the function of nuptial coloration in female spiny-footed l
15340	4	ctive measures of quantification of the functional diversity. these measures are based on funct  rs. we will evaluate the changes in the functional diversity along an ecological gradient hotsp  gical gradient hotspoc of mediterranean vegetation, which included two protected areas, the par  sures of conservation and management of ecosystems of protected areas and in the valuation of h
10247	8	most dramatic components of the earth s climate system. it provides around 80% of annual rainfa   and the interactions between them in a warming climate has not been properly addressed. this f   interactions between them in a warming climate has not been properly addressed. this fellowshi   on changes to the mean monsoon and its distribution, changes to its different timescales of va  ow errors in our computer models of the climate system can affect the simulation of the monsoon  nowned for its expertise in weather and climate research in the tropics. advanced techniques wi  rmed using the met office hadley centre model on high performance supercomputing facilities to   from this work will feed into the joint climate research programme, and regular contact with sc
14215	10	unities i.e. predictive rules governing community structure. the concept of limiting similarity  ecies/trait-based associations in small-scale plots. recent advances in functional ecology, and  ional ecology, and data availability on species traits and phylogenetic relationships, has grea  tructured in terms of species, taxa and functional groups is insufficient. i aim to examine if    deterministic assembly rules influence community structure of herbaceous communities. methodol  e species, phylogenetic relatedness and functional traits level. i am using a macroecological a  rns of association are due to increased competition between functionally similar and/or related  the detection of assembly rules at this scale will have important implications for predicting r   responses of herbaceous communities to global change, understanding species invasions and comm  ge, understanding species invasions and community restoration.
6973	1	rch has not been successful in the fine-mapping of complex, interactional effects of several ge
11400	1	is especially important as the planet s climate is changing, because this is exposing animals t
10809	3	mothers provide the resources and early environment in which young develop and are thus the mos  ining individual phenotypes. individual development is the result of own genotype on the level   nal behaviours that modulate individual development can inform future research aiming to identi
2487	7	the natural environment of most natural plant and animal species is  ude environmental threats due to global warming, habitat fragmentation, and introduction of ali  onmental threats due to global warming, habitat fragmentation, and introduction of alien specie  nmental conditions. although short term evolution has been observed to occur, the genetic mecha  omoting evolutionary changes of complex traits are little understood, in particular in natural   focus on the genetic basis for adaptive evolution of complex traits, and hence contribute to th  basis for adaptive evolution of complex traits, and hence contribute to the advancement of our
10607	1	ll seek principles influencing sequence evolution and determine roles of dna methylation and ge
11575	13	ow much food there is available and the temperature. some of this variation may be predictable,  s variation may be predictable, such as temperature because of seasons. other aspects are less   we have investigated how it arrests its development as an immature larva and how it alters its   how it alters its reproduction when the environment changes. studying laboratory strains of thi  larval arrest and reproduction when the environment changes. we think that these differences be  ents. these responses to changes in the environment are controlled by genes and we have discove  d adult reproduction can be affected by environmental change; that these changes differ between  orm strains and that these responses to environmental change are controlled by relatively few r  om the wild, respond in the same way to environmental change and whether these responses can be  hink caenorhabditis elegans responds to environmental change in these ways are correct. this wo  ow one well studied species responds to environmental change and the genes that control this. t  ol this. this work is important because environmental change is a common feature of the life of  nding this has some urgency because the environment of many organisms is changing, largely due
10700	2	ans there is a developmental choice and mapping the quantitative trait loci. we will also inves   is central to understanding genotype x environment interactions and how selection acts on them
10926	3	phytoplankton form the base of the food web in marine ecosystems and are responsible for m  form the base of the food web in marine ecosystems and are responsible for many of the biogeoch  of the biogeochemical fluxes that drive climate change. for such an important group of organism
14132	1	ate the first nearly comprehensive high-density whole genome genetic variation data set of arct
11224	9	ld. two of the fundamental processes in evolution are extinction where species die out, and spe  derstand these processes at present, as climate and environment change seem to be having a majo  se processes at present, as climate and environment change seem to be having a major effect on   imals and plants. one such place, where environmental change seems linked to both speciation an  , we see a complex series of changes in climate, plants, sea-levels and glaciers, as well as th  e large animals and the complexities of environmental change that is the focus of this project.  nes are not very informative about fine-scale differences between populations. modern dna data   , and compare this to environmental and climate changes. using new mathematical techniques, it   d for in order to deal with the animals environment. by comparing mammoths with living elephant
10149	1	on in the plant genus senecio use large-scale chip-sequencing in a plant species. this work wil
11752	1	on in the plant genus senecio use large-scale chip-sequencing in a plant species. this work wil
10193	4	nging biotic and abiotic factors in the environment. pathogens are clearly a potentially import  ature on pathogens evolving to overcome resistance alleles in crop plants, we know remarkably l  netic variation of pathogens in natural ecosystems and whether their variation drives and is dr  nvestigate the extent of plant-virus co-evolution in wild forms of 2 diploid brassica species,
10449	1	the history of colonization of the deep sea by irregular echinoids wil
160	7	of bog pine forests as a diverse living habitat complex in different parts of estonia; 2. to sp  l increment, and clarify the changes in growth trend; 3. to carry out the analysis of the bioma  mposition of trees in the system tree - growth substrate. we shoulde investigate the accumulati   help the interpretation of problems of growth and biomass formation of bog pines. the obtainab  osystem in europe and the speciality of production of bog pine forests; 2. to explane specialit   and necessity of regulation of mineral nutrients, to guarantee the increment of trees and impo   forestry; 3. to estimate the state and development of bog pines, being essential biome in euro
195	7	it is very important for nature conservation managers to learn to recognize the   nderstand the rules that animals use in habitat selection and in making reproductive decisions.  monstrated the existence of maladaptive habitat selection and reproductive behaviour in great t   great tits breeding in a heterogeneous habitat system consisting of secondary deciduous woodla  bly an ecological trap in the preferred habitat are the reasons for this. the following investi  r this idea and revealed the persistent habitat-specific patterns of breeding behaviour in this  esting passerines breeding in the above habitat system.
14593	3	ion includes a general reduction of the metabolism and the depression of the organic activity,   d during the periods of entry into, and recovery from, aestivation. the study will be performed  f reduced vascular supply and decreased function.
14216	5	y is mainly influenced by environmental heterogeneity, and neutral theory, that suggests divers  f two main contrasting theories and the spatial scale at which these different growth-forms are   spatial scale at which these different growth-forms are affected by environmental heterogeneit  wth-forms are affected by environmental heterogeneity. the project will be carried out in the m  tained will be useful to understand how scale influences seed dispersal, and thus species coexi
9924	6	osal aims to investigate the millennial-scale variability of the climate of eastern newfoundlan  the millennial-scale variability of the climate of eastern newfoundland using high resolution r  abrador current and the gulf stream and climate archives from this area are critical to the und  ea are critical to the understanding of climate variability in the whole of the north atlantic   land by producing the first multi-proxy climate archives from peat. the records will be compare  the records will be compared with ocean sediment records and european terrestrial data sets to
14759	9	oric factors and the human influence on ecosystems, we will: establish to what extent the natur  use an index combining human population density, the level of modification of the terrain, huma  accessibility and the degree of use and development of electrification to estimate the extent o  timate the extent of human influence on ecosystems. this index was mapped at the global scale i  ms. this index was mapped at the global scale in 2002 with a resolution of 1km2. to define the   we will take into account the number of habitat types in which each species is present and the    species is present and the size of its distribution range, respectively. the data will be anal  ill be analyzed with generalized lineal modelling techniques specifically developed for spatial  ur knowledge of the latitudinal species richness gradient and contribute to strategies and init
10205	7	we will determine the nature of early rice agricultural systems in east and s  asily applied method for detecting rice ecosystems, whether or wild type, wetland paddy type or  e wet rice fields produce quantities of methane, a better understanding of h0ow much wet rice c  uman activities in modifying the global environment in prehistory. since methane is a greenhous  global environment in prehistory. since methane is a greenhouse gas, it has been proposed that   ltivation from 3000 bc began to elevate methane levels and cause global warming. our new method  elevate methane levels and cause global warming. our new methods will allow us to test this hyp
10440	2	zone has been widely influential in the development of fundamental theory about reproductive is   understanding three diverse areas: the evolution of y-chromosomes, the extraordinary lability
13521	2	formed and by extension the process of evolution: slow and gradual or through bursts of intens  nd gradual or through bursts of intense evolution and speciation following hybridisation events
12407	2	to noise impacts. it will feed into the model being created under me5205. it may also aid in pr  es of year, coinciding with spawning or migration of certain marine species.
10698	33	re strong signals that suggest that our climate is changing. the emission of greenhouse gases,    the emission of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, are changing global tempera  eenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, are changing global temperatures and weather p  atterns. the strong rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the last 100 years i  lobal storage reservoir for atmospheric carbon dioxide. however, the transfer of this gas from   on, play an important role in taking up carbon dioxide. upon their death, a part of their popul  aters and sediments, and hence transfer carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to deep ocean enviro  ean environments. in the deep ocean the carbon will remain for a long period of time, and there  ortant long term storage reservoir. the growth of the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton is ver  s and agricultural fields, they require nutrients to increase their growth rate. the nutrients   hey require nutrients to increase their growth rate. the nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus  ents to increase their growth rate. the nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus and trace metals  heir growth rate. the nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus and trace metals like iron and zin  h rate. the nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus and trace metals like iron and zinc. these e   surface waters that they limit optimal growth of photosynthesising organisms. an important tra  sport route to the open ocean for these nutrients is the atmosphere. dust from the saharan dese  al. the dust releases a small amount of nutrients after it is deposited in the surface ocean. t  ed in the surface ocean. this supply of nutrients is essential for the growth of phytoplankton   upply of nutrients is essential for the growth of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton as they re   falling into the ocean, the amounts of nutrients that come off the dust, and the effects that   ff the dust, and the effects that these nutrients have on the growth of organisms in the ocean.  ffects that these nutrients have on the growth of organisms in the ocean. in addition, strong t  he microscopic organisms by undertaking growth experiments in bottles whereby we add a small am  eshly collected seawater and follow the growth of the organisms in the bottles. we will also se  st. on the island we will determine the nutrients and metals which are delivered by the dust. w   measure the effect that the release of nutrients from the dust has on the marine ecosystem in   trients from the dust has on the marine ecosystem in the sea, at a mooring site close to the is  ips between nutrient supply by dust and growth by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. the study  of the influence of saharan dust on the growth of oceanic plants and bacteria, and how the spor  ants and bacteria, and how the sporadic nature of the dust inputs affects the ecosystems. the o  c nature of the dust inputs affects the ecosystems. the outcomes of this research study will co  eanic organisms play in the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the ocean, an  equently the way they can influence our climate.
11316	11	most scientists agree that sea temperature increases due to global climate change have  sea temperature increases due to global climate change have already caused mass mortality of co  climate change have already caused mass mortality of corals throughout the tropics over the las   the last 5-10 years. given the current climate change predictions from organisations like the   ll cause the complete collapse of these ecosystems within only a few decades. these estimates m  hese increases in disease are linked to climate change and we aim here to test whether temperat   change and we aim here to test whether temperature stress increases a corals susceptibility to  we aim here to test whether temperature stress increases a corals susceptibility to disease by   susceptibility to disease by monitoring indicators of health, antimicrobial defences and bacter  h, antimicrobial defences and bacterial community structure and function. there are other possi  s and bacterial community structure and function. there are other possible causes of the record
11689	11	this proposal falls within the ecology hydrology funding initiative. the lead ceh science prog  ronmental informatics programme and the climate change cross-cutting theme there is an emerging  ity of animal species are responding to climate change, and that many species are at risk of ex   species are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of change reported in   are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of change reported in the sci  governmental reports are changes in the phenology will have shown decreases in the range of hab  d data to examine relationships between habitat use and species survival in order to investigat  stigate the factors influencing species habitat associations. the project will produce results   ew avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. it will provide specifi  s need to be protected, and whether the habitat management that is currently being applied is s  . conservation strategies must adapt to climate change, but conservationists are uncertain abou
11845	11	this proposal falls within the ecology hydrology funding initiative. the lead ceh science prog  ronmental informatics programme and the climate change cross-cutting theme there is an emerging  ity of animal species are responding to climate change, and that many species are at risk of ex   species are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of change reported in   are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of change reported in the sci  governmental reports are changes in the phenology will have shown decreases in the range of hab  d data to examine relationships between habitat use and species survival in order to investigat  stigate the factors influencing species habitat associations. the project will produce results   ew avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. it will provide specifi  s need to be protected, and whether the habitat management that is currently being applied is s  . conservation strategies must adapt to climate change, but conservationists are uncertain abou
12618	1	nd, safeguarding our soils the land use climate change report to the welsh assembly government.
10596	3	n and settlement. the project continues development of new science, combined pb-. sr- and o-iso  selected early medieval case studies. b evaluation of lead exposure in pre-metallurgical societ  inement of the current approach and the development of more advanced and robust techniques.
10921	6	the world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate sci   measurements and models to predict how climate will change and how we might reduce or cope wit  ope with the changes. changes in global temperature, light and weather patterns are due to incr  ospheric constituents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulp  uents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulphide. the concen  ict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the project will be made avai
11054	6	the world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate sci   measurements and models to predict how climate will change and how we might reduce or cope wit  ope with the changes. changes in global temperature, light and weather patterns are due to incr  ospheric constituents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulp  uents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulphide. the concen  ict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the project will be made avai
11797	6	the world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate sci   measurements and models to predict how climate will change and how we might reduce or cope wit  ope with the changes. changes in global temperature, light and weather patterns are due to incr  ospheric constituents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulp  uents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulphide. the concen  ict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the project will be made avai
10321	4	ers to many fundamental questions about evolution: how do new groups originate, how are complex  c hypotheses relating to the origin and evolution of major groups. more broadly, they will enab  f the fossil record. by quantifying the scale and distribution of these problems, we can refine  il record. by quantifying the scale and distribution of these problems, we can refine and radic
12568	5	he eu has therefore implemented the eel recovery regulation which requires members states to de   requires members states to develop eel recovery plans. these plans must take account of the fa  of the factors that may be reducing eel production below the levels expected in the absence of   diffuse pollutants that may be limiting production of eels populations and to support the devel   of eels populations and to support the development of management options and conservation meas
11293	5	verall impact of clouds and aerosols on carbon sequestration and evapotranspiration at the vege  nd aerosols on carbon sequestration and evapotranspiration at the vegetated land-surface. never  since the 1990s, on global and regional carbon, water and energy exchange. the feasibility stud  n global and regional carbon, water and energy exchange. the feasibility study that we conduct   mming exerts a comparable impact on the carbon cycle as that associated with human-induced foss
11195	2	virus, the other a parasitoid wasp. the environment can be varied by changing the quality of th  lity of the moth s food and by changing temperature. since the virus and the wasp attack the ho
2007	9	the marine environment is especially suitable to detect and track   able to detect and track the effects of global change on biodiversity. because of the systems h  . because of the systems heat capacity, global change will affect the biota slowly, therefore t   long term. it was expected that global warming would result in higher temperatures of the sea    result of changing water temperatures. climate changes may also favour exotic invading species  ical diversity and its consequences for productivity may have considerable economic impact. the  ique archive to detect the influence of climate changes on biological diversity. however, diver   in order to study the relation between climate change and variations in biodiversity. in parti  of invading species on biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
10680	3	es attack the plant and their impact on growth, survival and reproduction has been quantified u  s. our previous theoretical work on the evolution of flowering strategies has indicated several  to quantify these effects. a variety of modelling approaches will be used, including simple ana
10780	3	interactions between biotic factors on population dynamics. this is an important issue, as it   ssue, as it will help us understand how climate change and management will interact to influenc  d management will interact to influence abundance and dynamics. in britain, these studies are b
11307	3	interactions between biotic factors on population dynamics. this is an important issue, as it   ssue, as it will help us understand how climate change and management will interact to influenc  d management will interact to influence abundance and dynamics. in britain, these studies are b
12145	2	ive mollusk dreissena polymorpha on the ecosystem wide biogeochemical processes. the role and t  is mollusc dominated communities on the ecosystem provided goods and services. finally the proj
11822	2	re tiny . the resulting response of the community will then be monitored to detect a response o  r two seasons will confirm the temporal development of these features.
13985	3	g experiments. i will use tree ferns as model organisms. the overwhelming majority of plant bio   landscape the potential for successful recruitment after long-distance dispersal determine the   the relative vulnerability of ferns to climate change.
11612	7	ing of fossil fuel for the provision of energy and world energy demand is forecast to rise at a  l for the provision of energy and world energy demand is forecast to rise at an average of 1.7%  . this burning of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide and the whole marine ecosystem. this pro  ces carbon dioxide and the whole marine ecosystem. this proposal aims to investigate the potent  potential impact of decreasing seawater ph on the coastal sediment ecosystem; its processes, bi  f decreasing seawater ph on the coastal sediment ecosystem; its processes, biodiversity and hea  ing seawater ph on the coastal sediment ecosystem; its processes, biodiversity and health of ke
11553	14	lead to increased levels of antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria, carried on highly  uaternary ammonium compounds. spread of resistance genes occurs by horizontal gene transfer, a    transfer, a non-darwinian mechanism of evolution, in that it allows transfer of genes from one  er than parent to offspring. antibiotic resistance gene-transfer from environmental bacteria to  ns can produce selection for antibiotic resistance or the mobile elements which allow their dis  s is a reservoir of emerging antibiotic resistance genes, to detect novel clinically significan  ovel clinically significant beta-lactam resistance genes and the presence of resistant opportun  ntribution of man made pollution to the evolution of antibiotic resistance. research will utili  ollution to the evolution of antibiotic resistance. research will utilise the molecular microbi  nical microbiology, specifically in the evolution of 3gc resistance of professor hawkey from th  y, specifically in the evolution of 3gc resistance of professor hawkey from the university of b  discovery and characterisation of novel resistance genes in environmental reservoirs will provi  e pharmaceutical industry to aid in the development of strategies to combat resistance in the f  the development of strategies to combat resistance in the future.
14643	3	tatic effects at all possible levels of complexity. the joint action of mutation, natural selec  l be carried out to obtain an empirical evaluation of the impact of selection and drift on the   bility and of its covariance with other traits.
175	5	ts with residual trees are treated as a model system, enabling also direct practical implicatio  a cross-sectional study to quantify the community differences between clear-cuts and old stands  dy in 2002-2004, and the compilation of review articles on the biodiversity effects of residual  ternational peer-reviewed journals; one ph.d. thesis and one m.sc. thesis will be completed, an  s will be completed, and one additional ph.d. thesis will be partly financed. the results can b
12686	1	r through direct interaction or through competition for nest sites and resources. the results w
12249	4	ernment has taken steps to increase the production and use of biofuels. the benefits of biofuel  m this research could be used to inform production of other biofuel species, such as miscanthus  sity and soil protection, and policy on climate change through studies of alternative energy cr  e change through studies of alternative energy crops.
11222	3	here gene dynamics may critically shape evolution, is poorly understood. i will examine genetic  een exceptionally buffered from radical habitat shifts. microsatellites will be used to analyse  f group size, roosting habits and local distribution on genetic differentiation at the landscap
13489	10	ity of ecological communities depend on species interactions and properties of the abiotic envi  eractions and properties of the abiotic environment. previous research has shown that both top-  processes are important determinants of ecosystem structures, but their relative impacts depend  s, but their relative impacts depend on ecosystem productivity. the main objective of this proj  ir relative impacts depend on ecosystem productivity. the main objective of this project is to   s project is to investigate how swedish predator communities in different bioclimatic regions h  tic regions have been affected by large-scale climate variation, using data from the official s  gions have been affected by large-scale climate variation, using data from the official swedish  cial swedish statistics for statistical modelling and time series analyses. this project will p  esearch aimed at grasping the extent of ecosystem change caused by anthropogenic alterations of
12569	3	also be used to inform decisions on the development of water quality monitoring programmes that  e data required to safeguard freshwater ecosystems in a changing environment. there are no aspe  ard freshwater ecosystems in a changing environment. there are no aspects that may be considere
10050	23	the availability and sustainability of ecosystem services. however, achieving social and econo   however, achieving social and economic development goals often requires ecosystem users and ma  onomic development goals often requires ecosystem users and managers to make trade-offs between  acting on services gained. in addition, ecosystem changes and natural resource management decis  experienced a significant change to the ecosystem services they receive due to the construction  eliant on the floodplain and associated ecosystem services which in turn are vulnerable to abus  . the proposed study aims to assess the ecosystem services that contribute to human welfare on   er the impacts of their actions on both ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing. to achieve t  tudy will identify and categorise those ecosystem services produced by the system before and af  e elements of wellbeing for the pongola community. indicators and measures to represent the sta  of wellbeing for the pongola community. indicators and measures to represent the state of these  easures to represent the state of these ecosystems and human wellbeing will then be selected. t  selected. this will include an economic evaluation of the ecosystem services and water/land pro  l include an economic evaluation of the ecosystem services and water/land productivity of the s  f the ecosystem services and water/land productivity of the system both before and after constr   of wellbeing supported and affected by ecosystem services and similarly human activities which  d human wellbeing. information from the indicators will be analysed to determine the current st  inally, governance drivers which impact ecosystem services important to wellbeing will be ident  ited use and understanding of wellbeing-ecosystem service information by management authorities  ndrance to the successful management of ecosystem services and the improvement of human wellbei  ddress many of the impacts of decreased ecosystem services such as reduced agricultural potenti  improve understanding of the impacts on ecosystem services and the complex links to human wellb  nce, the project seeks to contribute to ecosystem conservation and improved human welfare, not
13791	9	ests play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, being considered an important carbon sink  on cycle, being considered an important carbon sink. yet their net carbon exchange response to   an important carbon sink. yet their net carbon exchange response to environmental change is a m  t their net carbon exchange response to environmental change is a major uncertainty, with a par  ical mycelia will detect changes in the decomposition or storage of new and old c. sequential h  and old c. sequential harvest of emm in-growth mesh-tubes together with ergosterol and fatty ac   and fatty acids analysis will give its production and turnover, for mycelia production. the re  ts production and turnover, for mycelia production. the results from this project will be highl   will be highly relevant for global and ecosystem models of c cycling in forests.
11077	7	ic diversity helps maintain ecm species richness and vice versa. these will be tested by constr  able us to test the effects of resource heterogeneity on the performance of the model ecosystem  heterogeneity on the performance of the model ecosystems. we will combine molecular analyses of  geneity on the performance of the model ecosystems. we will combine molecular analyses of the f  ine how the communities differ in plant productivity, soil co2 efflux, fungal biomass and nitro  ty, soil co2 efflux, fungal biomass and nitrogen and carbon leaching. this project will establi  efflux, fungal biomass and nitrogen and carbon leaching. this project will establish the extent
11772	9	in order to survive in the natural environment, microorganisms must be able to cope with s  able to cope with stresses arising from environmental change and perturbation. sources of envir   perturbation. sources of environmental stress include both natural environmental pressures ste  l environmental pressures stemming from climate fluctuations and occasional exposure to harmful  hibit increased levels of non-genotypic heterogeneity compared to those from areas with low str  y compared to those from areas with low stress. in particular, we plan to investigate the chara  he possible importance of non-genotypic heterogeneity for the survival of species during enviro  eity for the survival of species during environmental change. this will help greatly in our und  w microorganisms survive in the natural environment, and how they may react to harmful changes
11187	8	hanisms underpinning this non-genotypic heterogeneity. a major resultant hypothesis - yet to be  nd survival of organisms in the natural environment. our long-term goal is to examine whether n  oal is to examine whether non-genotypic heterogeneity does indeed have a significant role in na   does indeed have a significant role in nature. the aim of this short project is to determine w  t is to determine whether non-genotypic heterogeneity is important in cell survival in differen  important in cell survival in different model laboratory systems subjected to a range of enviro  eal environments. this will involve the development of a novel phenotype reversion test based o   heritable. success here will allow the development of a longer-term programme of research, wit
13975	15	diversity and process rates in aquatic ecosystems. most experimental evidence for biodiversity  al evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning has come from terrestrial ecosyst  m functioning has come from terrestrial ecosystems and has focused on single trophic level prim  level primary producers. however, since predation is one of the major factors influencing prey   e of the major factors influencing prey population dynamics evaluating impacts of biodiversity   luating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires expanding the scope of curr  cope of current research to multi level food webs. in this project i will specifically study if  priate antipredator defenses when a new predator is added to a foodweb. i will study consequenc  b. i will study consequences of this on ecosystem process rates . i will also test non-lethal e  also test non-lethal effects of fish on decomposition processes. i will determine how many gene  o evolve an adapted response to the new predator, which may lead to a possible co-existence. i   xistence. i will also determine species richness and process rates in multiple ponds that diffe   rates in multiple ponds that differ in predator regimes. by providing a testable conceptual fr  testable conceptual framework involving predator naive prey species, this project could potenti  also species invasions on diversity and ecosystem processes in aquatic systems.
1954	6	for wide array of traits such as flower display, nectar production rates,  f traits such as flower display, nectar production rates, sex allocation, sex ratio and defence  le we want to study selection on nectar production rate for plants with high npr and that plant  pr do not have the costs of high nectar production they will have a fitness advantage within pa  f the large genetic variation in nectar production we found for e. vulgare. despite its importa  e, we know as yet very little about how distribution patterns and evolutionary processes intera
189	9	cotylus truncatus it is forming a mixed community on the sea bottom of the bay. the ratio of do   c. truncatus in different parts of the community is different. since the begin of commercial h  f. lumbricalis in 1966 the state of the community has been monitored regularly. these regular i  re mostly connected with description of distribution and biomass of commercial stock. meanwhile  to explain differences in the share and distribution pattern between similarly adapted species   fferent parts of this loose-lying algal community. main goal of this work will be the evaluatio  ity. main goal of this work will be the evaluation of environmental factors on dominating speci  nating species in loose-lying red algal community - f. lumbricalis and c. truncatus and to work  c. truncatus and to work out ecological model of kassari bay. the work is planned for 3 years.
13881	2	netic and environmental factors such as predation determine whether small and fragmented popula   vital for preserving dunlins and other indicators of biodiversity in the agricultural landscap
10640	8	of the major factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to  at related to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients,  in ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the bi  stem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of r  ity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers trait  nd biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilienc  f rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity pro  confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the potential for more ref
9982	8	of the major factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to  at related to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients,  in ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the bi  stem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of r  ity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers trait  nd biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilienc  f rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity pro  confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the potential for more ref
9980	8	of the major factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to  at related to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients,  in ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the bi  stem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of r  ity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers trait  nd biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilienc  f rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity pro  confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the potential for more ref
10772	3	ersity through a combined empirical and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment b  ling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populations from diffe   from propagule banks. stage structured model simulations will identify key parameters that inf
10997	3	ersity through a combined empirical and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment b  ling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populations from diffe   from propagule banks. stage structured model simulations will identify key parameters that inf
9969	3	ersity through a combined empirical and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment b  ling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populations from diffe   from propagule banks. stage structured model simulations will identify key parameters that inf
10180	7	ocean salinity is a key variable in the reconstruction of pas  develop new proxies to reconstruct past salinity at greater precision than presently possible.   is work will also test the influence of salinity on existing trace-metal proxies such as the mg  meter. systematic relationships between salinity and trace-metals in inorganically grown carbon  rown carbonates suggest that a biogenic salinity signal will also exist. this signal will be in   red sea, both spanning a wide range of salinity. changes in fractionation of li, mg, and ca is  sults will be made with observation and modelling techniques.
10681	5	in acid deposition. instead, lake water ph variations can be linked to changes in the north atl  ds of lake acidification and post 1980s recovery can also be linked to nao variation. we aim to  aim to compare high temporal resolution sediment diatom analysis and ph reconstruction with ins  resolution sediment diatom analysis and ph reconstruction with instrumental nao records. our ap  ake acidity, and may also offer a novel climate reconstruction tool.
10208	1	s is a relatively small fraction of the land cover, the hydrological impact of this cover might
6949	3	the end-permian biotic catastrophe, the recovery of the marine ecosystems was a complex and lon  catastrophe, the recovery of the marine ecosystems was a complex and long-lasting process durin  t is aimed at the taxonomy, and complex evaluation of the middle triassic radiolaria, ammonoide
13458	4	ed sustainable chemistry, for pheromone production. lipid insect pheromone components and long-  nvestigated and optimized for pheromone production by the production of engineered enzymes thro  timized for pheromone production by the production of engineered enzymes through site-directed   ongterm vision is to design tailor-made production of any moth pheromone component in yeast. th
14193	16	recent decades. human induced drainage, climate change, fire events and isolation of peatlands    resulted in the disturbance of natural development of a bog ecosystem. water level is among th  urbance of natural development of a bog ecosystem. water level is among the main factors affect  erties of organic soils and thereby the growth of plant species in bog ecosystems. scots pine t  reby the growth of plant species in bog ecosystems. scots pine the relationships between scots   transpiration, leaf morphology and root growth are dependent on bog prevailing bog wl depth. un  f scots pine are limited mainly by root growth. if prevailing wl declines beyond this threshold  . if prevailing wl declines beyond this threshold, leaf morphology sets limits to transpiration  y sets limits to transpiration and root growth. the more thorough understanding about the relat  tanding about the relationships between hydrology and tree morphology and physiological activit  es valuable new information about plant stress tolerances and plant-organic soil interactions i  t-organic soil interactions in specific habitat conditions. the results are important for bog e  ions. the results are important for bog ecosystems sustaining, restoring and for determining th  r determining the possible responses to climate change, also for modeling water movement dynami  e responses to climate change, also for modeling water movement dynamics on temperate bog ecosy  ater movement dynamics on temperate bog ecosystems.
7172	10	èche and the hérault montpelliérais up. habitat x. derbentina was characterized more precisely   dividuals infantile. such opportunistic behavior, added to a demographic potential is likely to  erbent to. . this is largely due to the behavior of x. derbentina during aestivation, that is t  erching reflex. individuals that summer vegetation can be easily unhooked from the holder after  tested across a landscape: a comparable habitat, populations x. derbentina are not randomly dis  ignificant relationship between species richness and abundance of x. derbent to. species divers  lationship between species richness and abundance of x. derbent to. species diversity decreases  montre survey x. derbentina, due to its abundance and behavior, is not"a snail like the others"  x. derbentina, due to its abundance and behavior, is not"a snail like the others", and that its  ion often attributed to a"disruption of nature"
14812	16	salinity is currently one of the most severe abiotic fa  e abiotic factors limiting agricultural production. the high rates of population growth and glo  roduction. the high rates of population growth and global warming are expected to further exace  h rates of population growth and global warming are expected to further exacerbate the threat o  ted to further exacerbate the threat of salinity, especially in areas with a semi-arid climate   y, especially in areas with a semi-arid climate as in the mediterranean region. salinity affect  climate as in the mediterranean region. salinity affects plant performance through the developm  y affects plant performance through the development of osmotic stress and disruption of ion hom  ance through the development of osmotic stress and disruption of ion homeostasis, which in turn   same specie vary in their tolerance to salinity. this tolerance are genetically determined and  to obtain some basic information on the salinity tolerance. we will use three salinity tolerant  e salinity tolerance. we will use three salinity tolerant glycophyte species . we will characte  hyte species . we will characterize the growth and germination of this species in saline and no  proline, polyamines and ethylene in the salinity tolerance in order to determine the relative i  ines content, to discover whether these growth regulators are able to induce salinity tolerance  se growth regulators are able to induce salinity tolerance.
2191	3	for timber and pulp, and remaining old-growth stands occur isolated in a matrix of managed for   a group of species . in addition, tree mortality will be studied in a larger number of small o  studied in a larger number of small old-growth plots in a particular landscape.
14188	2	hat our results will be integral to the development of prescriptions for disease management, in  s for disease management, including the development of a risk assessment and preliminary advice
10076	12	have been just as serious at the local scale: close study of the rock succession in china show  he local scale: close study of the rock succession in china shows that more than 90% of species  mid triassic, a time span of 15-20 myr. ecosystems on land in the russian successions had not a  ered their pre-extinction diversity and complexity. it s important to understand the ptb crisis  e ptb crisis since many features of the climate crisis model are being repeated today: release   nce many features of the climate crisis model are being repeated today: release of gases and ac   release of gases and acid rain, global warming over hundreds of years, stagnant waters, and st   the two crises what was the pattern of ecosystem collapse is there evidence for ecological or   land, and how do these compare with the scale of the marine crisis what was the nature of the r  scale of the marine crisis what was the nature of the recovery through the early and middle tri  arine crisis what was the nature of the recovery through the early and middle triassic, in term  terms of rebuilding total diversity and ecosystems
6963	2	llected data processing and analysis. b production of new rootstocks. the rootstock breeding pr  y the ministry of agriculture and rural development.
11142	4	habitats around them by the exchange of nutrients, detritus and organisms. most investigations   fluenced by inputs from the terrestrial environment, but more recent work has identified the po  e of flows of material from the aquatic habitat to the adjacent terrestrial , and so affect the  estrial , and so affect the terrestrial food web in different ways.
12579	2	sound scientific base for the continued development of policies on soil protection where heavy   r se on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.
2192	2	about this interaction between man and nature generates new interest in forest conservation am  ser groups is needed. therefore special stress will be put upon research communication with sch
12578	2	sound scientific base for the continued development of policies on soil protection where sludge  ions on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.
11289	6	pread and play an important role in the evolution of many behaviours and traits. in birds, for   in the evolution of many behaviours and traits. in birds, for example, sexual conflict, parent-  ches, we will experimentally manipulate competition within broods by creating synchronous and a  important determinant in the outcome of competition for food delivered by parents and as hatchi  ring conflict on variation in offspring growth strategies while controlling for genetic differe  longer term effects of this conflict on traits that influence offspring fecundity. this will ad
6903	1	ll by quantitative pcr and assess their function as surrogate markers for igvh mutation status
10348	13	it is well-known that the earth s climate is currently in a time of fast change, which it  osphere. it is also well-known that the distribution of at least some species is limited by the  t they can only live in areas where the climate is suitable. temperature may be especially impo  in areas where the climate is suitable. temperature may be especially important for ectotherms,  not physiologically regulate their body temperature. it follows that changes in climate might l  temperature. it follows that changes in climate might lead to changes in the distribution of sp  in climate might lead to changes in the distribution of species as some areas become more suita   understand how species will respond to temperature changes. however, at the moment there are m  re many aspects of species responses to temperature change that we don t understand. for exampl  ons of a species respond differently to temperature changes depending on whether or not they ar  hey are near the limits to that species distribution. these are the questions that this grant w  s grant will address, using aphids as a model system. aphids are useful study organisms because  ead crop diseases, so their response to climate change could have significant implications for
1968	3	nd why is there such a strong effect of temperature. population number of the winter moth varie  variation. we will develop a population model including the genetic population structure, varia  st and egg hatching. the outcome of the model will be verified by estimating population numbers
11229	1	ive genetic variation in preferred male traits , despite strong sexual selection.
11386	1	ive genetic variation in preferred male traits , despite strong sexual selection.
11279	5	tested for direct interactions with the environment. this studentship will address this gap in   e have applied established experimental evolution protocols to the mediterranean fruit fly mati   excellent models for understanding how evolution works. this studentship will therefore apply   ity areas for terrestrial research into evolution and the environment via the exploitation of g  estrial research into evolution and the environment via the exploitation of genome and post-gen
10888	18	usually at the coast. they are valuable ecosystems, providing wood for fuel and timber, habitat  ms, providing wood for fuel and timber, habitat for fish, birds and invertebrates and physical   n and storm surges. mangroves also trap carbon from the atmosphere in the form of peat, which i  agement should ensure that below-ground carbon stocks are maintained and that the emission of g  th focused on a better understanding of carbon cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in mangrove  ed cutting, which reproduces on a small scale the commercial cutting that has started again in   hat has started again in kenya, affects carbon stored below the ground and greenhouse gas emiss  ors of importance to a healthy mangrove ecosystem such as the communities of fish and crabs tha  ve there. 2 to determine the sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are lost  that are lost from the soil in mangrove ecosystems - for example, whether this is coming mostly   whether this is coming mostly from the respiration of the roots or from decomposition of organ  om the respiration of the roots or from decomposition of organic matter in the soil. we will al  n of the roots or from decomposition of organic matter in the soil. we will also determine the   in the soil. we will also determine the productivity of mangrove roots, allowing us to estimate  ow quickly such roots can grow and trap carbon. in addition to these main aims, we will also be  e the greenhouse gas emissions and root decomposition in these with control forested plots. by   ith control forested plots. by studying stable isotopes, natural chemical markers in the gases,  ability of the mangrove forests to trap sediment and to retain a stable height above sea level.
12416	1	chers to mccip, ukmmas and the wider eu community.
7282	3	oject aims to define a project scope on incentives for forest biodiversity. this is to identify  nship between monetary and non-monetary incentives that weigh on decisions about forest managem  they fit and suitability for individual behavior
14209	6	ainly caused by the extensive inflow of organic matter from the catchment, which may enhance re  r from the catchment, which may enhance respiration rate could prevail depending on the environ  dom stimulate net heterotrophy, and the ecosystem metabolism is also sensitive to changes in fo  abolism is also sensitive to changes in food webs. we hypothesise that in võrtsjärv the balance  lance between gpp and r is sensitive to climate-mediated wl changes that largely controls exter  t largely controls external loading and ecosystem processes.
6999	15	act of virus induced lysis on bacterial production and its consequences, it certainly contribut  he functioning of marine and freshwater ecosystems. . however, most processes describing the fu  alidity in the adjacent shallow aerobic sediment systems, and there is a total lack of investig  such relationships do not exist for the community members in aquatic sediments and that a new c  odels on the direction and magnitude of energy flow in sediment systems or b there is a general  rection and magnitude of energy flow in sediment systems or b there is a general lack of data c   structure and rate measurements of the microbial community in sediment environments and that n  surements of the microbial community in sediment environments and that no satisfying experiment  op hypothesis and will concentrate on i predation of prototzoa on bacteria and protozoan driven  t is the role of virus induced lysis of sediment bacteria and is the viral impact a controlling  mpact a controlling force for bacterial production, iii what is the fate of bacterial productio  tion, iii what is the fate of bacterial production if the above mentioned compartments do not r  trolling bacterial, protozoan and viral production, or else, do we have to figure out a new car  or else, do we have to figure out a new carbon pathway in the sediment system. the proposed stu   figure out a new carbon pathway in the sediment system. the proposed study represents a first
11753	1	in marine animals, in stark contrast to model organisms. to address this, rna from nereis viren
10830	1	tral role in nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. this project aim to elucidate the molecular
11515	3	igorously. these include changes in the sediment minerals from the oxidation of arsenic-rich py  llow us to develop a detailed molecular-scale picture of the impact of microbial metabolism on   cale picture of the impact of microbial metabolism on the aqueous and mineral-bound forms of ar
9862	3	igorously. these include changes in the sediment minerals from the oxidation of arsenic-rich py  llow us to develop a detailed molecular-scale picture of the impact of microbial metabolism on   cale picture of the impact of microbial metabolism on the aqueous and mineral-bound forms of ar
6983	6	many ecosystems, and as a consequence their floral component  high diversity environments show higher productivity and co 2 ; absorption capacity. an importa  se are considered to be able to provide nutrients for the plant and therefore it is of major co  ants. several site parameters like soil ph, total and plant available p content, soil water con  ble p content, soil water content, bulk density and plant p content are determined as well in o  der to provide an overall view over the environment and the p nutrition of the plants investiga
9826	2	ides excellent proxies of oceanography, climate change, biodiversity and evolutionary processes  lecular evidence for modes and rates of evolution and assess the dynamics of cryptic biodiversi
2475	18	the life history strategies of individual fish determine th  gies of individual fish determine their growth potential and reproductive output. thus, the lif  tial and reproductive output. thus, the life history strategy determines the stocks dynamics an  he potential yield that it can sustain. life history traits directly affecting the schedules of  yield that it can sustain. life history traits directly affecting the schedules of growth, surv  its directly affecting the schedules of growth, survival, and reproduction, and are influenced   mography, and external forcing from the environment. with exploitation over a longer period of   xert similar influences on dynamics and productivity of exploited fish stocks as caused by chan  tifying skipped spawning will allow the development of more realistic population dynamic models  kipped spawning and age, condition, and environment in recently collected data, backed up by th  ly collected data, backed up by theory, life history models, and otolith analyses. from the oto  pping is solely related to insufficient energy reserves or if, as predicted by models, can also  be caused by an increased investment in growth. second, we will document the historic occurrenc  anagement of skipped spawning and other life history changes that affect stock reproductive pot  ffect stock reproductive potential, egg production, and ultimately recruitment. recent life his  tential, egg production, and ultimately recruitment. recent life history models indicate that h  ion, and ultimately recruitment. recent life history models indicate that highly exploited fish  volutionary change due to the selective mortality.
13863	2	this proposal we aim to study olfactory function and host seeking behavior in culex pipiens, a   udy olfactory function and host seeking behavior in culex pipiens, a common species in scandina
10055	9	age, a progression called ontogeny. for traits involved in defense against herbivores, these on  tic patterns are key aspects of natural community dynamics, driving interactions between plants  en plants and herbivores. plant defense traits include toxic chemicals and physical barriers, s  that deter herbivores, as well as plant traits that reduce the negative impacts of herbivores,   . ontogenetic patterns in plant defense traits are common and have been documented in over 60 p  ifferences among plant species in their life history strategies , and dr. koricheva s expertise  gies , and dr. koricheva s expertise in meta-analysis and graphical vector analysis. this resea  ontribution to our understanding of the evolution of plant defense by elucidating the role of o  ing the role of ontogeny in defense and herbivory.
10835	2	critical time of extreme morphological development within the clade. by the end of the ordovic  on. by contrast the ordovician sees the development of widespread biomineralisation characteris
6905	2	fauna of the characteristic, endangered habitat types of the carpathian basin elaboration of na   of the carpathian basin elaboration of nature conservation treatments and methods and action p
14673	1	s during the last years have shown that mining is a || chr ||assessment and the management of p
14522	2	dy of the relations between agromyzides mining flies, their first and secondary parasitoids, ev  owing objectives:1. to establish if the evolution of asymmetries is associated to coevolutionar
12482	9	ve process based on the ‘five capitals’ model. this new work will considerably extend this init  n the form of a set of environmental or ecosystem asset accounts that can be used as a framewor  n be used as a framework for developing indicators of ecosystem health or integrity, and in the   framework for developing indicators of ecosystem health or integrity, and in the assessment of  t of policy options. the key drivers of ecosystem change in england often lie beyond the remit   dy will be: •the creation of a detailed gis database for the study area, developing cqc data by  cies in ways that safeguard and enhance ecosystem goods and services across the catchment; and   makers recommending how the value of an ecosystem approach to integrated decision making could    focus groups. communicating the studys development and key findings will be an ongoing activit
10317	7	d biomass burning. as a consequence the ph of seawater is dropping; a process called ocean acid  iota by affecting both species range of habitat and the calcification of their skeletons and sh  f co2 uptake, the average surface ocean ph will be lower than that experienced by marine organi  eral million years. the most vulnerable ecosystems are in the polar regions and hence we will f  nd the major contributors to the global carbon cycle, have already altered their calcification   ve predictions of how vulnerable marine ecosystems are to ocean acidification, how likely they    risks of ocean acidification to marine ecosystems.
10069	2	er dimensions, typically using birds as model organisms. here we propose a unique project that    vespilloides. this species is an ideal model organism because it breeds readily under laborato
10350	2	er dimensions, typically using birds as model organisms. here we propose a unique project that    vespilloides. this species is an ideal model organism because it breeds readily under laborato
10446	3	c3 photosynthesis to crassulacean acid metabolism variation in sequences flanking microsatelli  genus which has become established as a model for investigating ecological and mechanistic aspe  ts of photosynthetic acclimation to the environment.
13782	8	leptin has an important function in mammals, regulating appetite and energy bal  ion in mammals, regulating appetite and energy balance. however, the physiological role of lept  p establish hypotheses on physiological function, which will then be tested in comprehensive in  hensive in vivo studies. if a conserved function is confirmed, the project may explain how key   firmed, the project may explain how key life history transitions such as smoltification and pub  ch decisions depends to large degree on energy reserves. if alternative physiological functions  undamental importance for understanding evolution and function of endocrine systems in vertebra  ortance for understanding evolution and function of endocrine systems in vertebrates, particula
2174	9	ese populations have been attributed to climate-change-induced regime shifts, concomitant shift  en attributed to climate-change-induced regime shifts, concomitant shifts in predator-induced m  ed regime shifts, concomitant shifts in predator-induced mortality on harbour seals, altered co   concomitant shifts in predator-induced mortality on harbour seals, altered competitive stresse  ch programme will determine the current abundance and most probable population trend of this vu  of spitsbergen. it will assess possible community changes taking place in the region due to cli  anges taking place in the region due to climate change via determining what harbour seals are e  a set for a region of key importance to climate modelling for the barents region. in collaborat  r a region of key importance to climate modelling for the barents region. in collaboration with
10611	4	issues of modem population ecology. the development of spatial theory - driven in large part by  owever, been matched by a corresponding growth m replicated empirical studies. this proposal se  pulation are altered and the effects on population dynamics examined. replicated host and host/  ictions of theory and used to guide the development of subsequent theory by the pi.
11646	4	issues of modem population ecology. the development of spatial theory - driven in large part by  owever, been matched by a corresponding growth m replicated empirical studies. this proposal se  pulation are altered and the effects on population dynamics examined. replicated host and host/  ictions of theory and used to guide the development of subsequent theory by the pi.
2033	5	biodiversity in terms of species richness and the role of diversity in marine ecosystems  ess and the role of diversity in marine ecosystems have been much discussed recently. however,   nother aspect of our studies will be an evaluation of the health of the neritic ecosystem. if r  evaluation of the health of the neritic ecosystem. if reduced heterozygosity is found in an une  baseline data to evaluate environmental stress. also the infection parasite frequency and genet
2151	5	apelin and young cod, is central in the ecosystem; yet important questions remain unsolved. the  o extend the leo project by statistical modelling of norwegian and russian plankton data, using  ological, oceanographic and statistical modelling expertise assembled for the leo project. whil  ject primarily focuses on fish, oil and climate, this new project extends the work to plankton   properly understand the dynamics of the ecosystem.
13463	3	forestry aims at maximizing production, while maintaining biodiversity, but these a  mycorrhizal we have initiated two large-scale field experiments in contrasting forest types, wi  rtial loss of em diversity at the local scale, and how mycorrhizal decline in turn affects free
518	5	n, considering the decisive factors for evolution in agricultural systems of various scales. th  rst type of forum is connected with the production of ideas completely integrated in the agricu  central role in the functioning of agro-ecosystems having a strong natural value due to its fun   governance stakes, since the long-term evolution of agriculture is to a great extent determine  oes it permit within the conception and evaluation of public policies the project aims to try o
15236	9	that minority are important in natural ecosystems. the study of the rare microorganisms is ess   communities in an spatial and temporal environment, as well as to comprehend why exist a so la   environments is proposed. the selected environment is the sediment from the natural ponds at d  oposed. the selected environment is the sediment from the natural ponds at doñana national park  operties evaluated. also, their spatial distribution will be analyzed and will contribute to de  ll contribute to decipher the potential function within their ecosystem. the possibility that t  her the potential function within their ecosystem. the possibility that the analyzed conditions  the analyzed processes will represent a model of the dynamic of microbial communities as a cons  nd their potential response both in the ecosystem and global biogeochemical cycles.
11039	8	the uk government s plans for tackling climate change. one of the major causes of increased at  s the burning of fossil fuels releasing carbon that has been stored for centuries back into the  e of fossil fuels we can grow crops for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to dete   techniques under a range of controlled environment and managment conditions, and using molecul  ation will be used to develop the jules community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, c   be used to develop the jules community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and   ity model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for these bi  l of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for these bioenergy
10035	8	the uk government s plans for tackling climate change. one of the major causes of increased at  s the burning of fossil fuels releasing carbon that has been stored for centuries back into the  e of fossil fuels we can grow crops for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to dete   techniques under a range of controlled environment and managment conditions, and using molecul  ation will be used to develop the jules community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, c   be used to develop the jules community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and   ity model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for these bi  l of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for these bioenergy
7171	6	imination of both species. geographical distribution data of the two taxa and regularly receive  e been confirmed and the possibility of production of viable seedlings was checked in situ and   in situ and in laboratory. . studies on colonization characteristics of ludwigia on different t  e plants and regulatory requirements of colonization deemed too important. they showed the pers  ve such a problem. in terms of economic evaluation, the empirical approach brought together the  rantee the necessary improvement of our environment management practices
10794	4	ental to understanding our own place in evolution, and virtually every account of the history o  the fossils from this critical phase in evolution. in the picture of vertebrate origins as we p  nimals from this interval of vertebrate evolution. their correct placement in the tree of life   ut in fossils this has been modified by decomposition, flattening, and transformation into mine
203	8	biomass productivity and biodiversity of hybrid aspen as part o  ified. the limiting factors for biomass production capacity during the different growth stages   roduction capacity during the different growth stages will be studied. the dynamics of the stan  he stand structure, differentiation and competition of the trees will be focused as well. the n  o monitor changes in soil fertility and vegetation cover and to assess the phytopathological st  ybrid aspen clones in estonian soil and climate conditions. the results from the project will h  e project will help to develop estonian nature use politics and to assess the suitability of ap  on forestry and its impacts on estonian nature, landscape, land use, rural economy and social a
10484	6	jor component of the marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation and dissolution of ca   marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation and dissolution of calcium carbonate in s  tant to our understanding of the global carbon cycle, and to the earth system as a whole. this   r understanding of the marine inorganic carbon budget. large amounts of calcium carbonate are p  ional contribution to oceanic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these all ingest seawat  makes a major contribution to carbonate production in particular regions of the ocean, and a sm
11346	7	fundamental concern of both ecology and evolution is the question of how diversity is maintaine  bility in life-history and reproductive traits are maintained in populations. the question is i  lutionary process, but also because the life history and reproductive strategy of a species are  ns. this will be the first experimental evolution study of sex allocation for any plant or anim  terize a demographic and sex allocation model for m. annua at a landscape level. these experime  ocation and plant demography at a large spatial scale. the model will be interpreted in light o  emography at a large spatial scale. the model will be interpreted in light of results from a lo
15283	6	ave been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the basis of morphological similarities  oposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flo  ica, b origin in western asia and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of sou  aims to reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of 4 plant genera exhibiting this disjunction  s, or the appearance of a novel type of metabolism. the final aim of the coordinated project is  roject will be integrated into a larger meta-analysis to test for the existence of this pattern
15284	6	ave been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the basis of morphological similarities  oposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flo  ica, b origin in western asia and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of sou  aims to reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of three plant genera exhibiting this disjunc  s, or the appearance of a novel type of metabolism. the final aim of the coordinated project is  roject will be integrated into a larger meta-analysis to test for the existence of this pattern
10397	3	rly strong, which is paradoxical - fast evolution, yet , and must therefore have evolved relati  arent mismatch between rates of genital evolution and the strength of selection on them. we wil  ns across the animal kingdom, the rapid evolution of male genitalia. furthermore, because genit
9959	12	global warming due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse   here is a growing threat to the world s environment, economies and societies. human activities   own to play a significant factor in the production of ghg, including the generation of electric  ing the generation of electricity using carbon-based fossil fuels such as oil and gas. in parti  els such as oil and gas. in particular, carbon dioxide emissions from the deforestation of trop  ple, is caused by both small- and large-scale agricultural expansion. in recent international d   for managing the potential threat from climate change, there has been a push by many governmen  cept proposes to put in place financial incentives to reduce deforestation rates thus preventin  eventing the emission of biomass-stored carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. these inc  de emissions into the atmosphere. these incentives could be made at the international level, i.  oncerns have been raised about how such incentives might be implemented on the ground. for exam  d simulation tool, known as agent-based modelling that might assist in designing redd policy on
13456	13	beavers are influential ecosystem engineers in aquatic ecosystems, but were ext  luential ecosystem engineers in aquatic ecosystems, but were exterminated in sweden in the 1800  new hotspots not only for biodiversity, ecosystem retentivity and ecosystem functioning, but al  biodiversity, ecosystem retentivity and ecosystem functioning, but also for methylation and bio  ntal objectives, and with the reference classification schemes of the water framework directive  med at two spatial scales. at the local scale, beaver effects on water and sediment chemistry,   ocal scale, beaver effects on water and sediment chemistry, community composition and diversity  ffects on water and sediment chemistry, community composition and diversity, and ecosystem func  ommunity composition and diversity, and ecosystem functioning will be quantified in 14 beaver a  te-of-the-art methods. at the landscape scale, babi evaluates the biogeochemical and ecological  present and future scenarios of species distribution and population density, with gis-methods u   of species distribution and population density, with gis-methods used to upscale empirical dat  stribution and population density, with gis-methods used to upscale empirical data. babi thus c
12657	11	designed to assess the effect of urban development and number of visitors on the distribution   velopment and number of visitors on the distribution and abundance of nightjar, woodlark and da  ber of visitors on the distribution and abundance of nightjar, woodlark and dartford warbler on  ightjar and woodlark numbers with urban development in dorset is replicated in the thames basin  e how the two sites compare; assess how habitat and visitor pressure interact to influence the   itor pressure interact to influence the distribution and abundance of the three annex 1 species  eract to influence the distribution and abundance of the three annex 1 species in the two spas;  spas; map visitor pressure and suitable habitat and identify areas where access and habitat man  tat and identify areas where access and habitat management should be targeted to sustain the si  op a method of predicting the effect of habitat and visitor management on the number and distri  nd visitor management on the number and distribution of the three annex 1 species
14170	11	nutrient pools, augment photosynthetic energy, and function at multiple trophic levels and thu  ols, augment photosynthetic energy, and function at multiple trophic levels and thus lend a com  rotists provides substrates for further growth of their prey, both heterotrophic bacteria and a  y of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton community structure and trophic status of phytoplankton  e and time, and to demonstrate in which scale the measured variability in biomass, species comp  ient concentration and prevailing light climate. we would also like to demonstrate the influenc  utritional mode of phytoplankton to the abundance of bacteria, picoplankton and nanoflagellates   mixotrophic feeding is increasing with nutrient limitation and increasing prey concentration,   y concentration, there exist direct and indirect effects of mixotrophy on the food web and incr  d indirect effects of mixotrophy on the food web and increased mixotrophic feeding mode is shap  c feeding mode is shaping the bacterial community composition and cell morphology.
1089	1	impact of selective regimes related to habitat degradation. again, the comparison with microsa
2015	14	oodplain plant species have declined in abundance over the past century due to habitat loss and   abundance over the past century due to habitat loss and reductions in dispersal via waterways.  n dispersal via waterways. furthermore, climate change, through higher temperatures in the alps   temperatures in the alps and increased precipitation in winter, will continue to significantly  erance and seed dispersal related plant traits is an important mechanism of such resilience, bu  nsequences of phenotypic plasticity for population dynamics are poorly understood. i therefore    fluctuations and trends in their local environment through phenotypic plasticity, and to what   ee spatial escape through dispersal and colonization of new habitat can be a successful alterna  rough dispersal and colonization of new habitat can be a successful alternative. insight into t  plasticity in demographic and dispersal traits to buffer population abundances are fundamental,  n and restoration efforts. i will study population dynamics under past, present and a range of   der past, present and a range of future climate regimes and landscape use scenarios with both a  tion models that explicitly incorporate environment-trait, trait-trait and trait-life history r  nvironment-trait, trait-trait and trait-life history relationships.
10884	2	it represents an infrequently occurring stress predicted by recent climate models.   ly occurring stress predicted by recent climate models.
11879	9	in the space for nature a 120 page government report released in septemb  gues ask how we can enhance the natural environment in england in the face of climate change an  l environment in england in the face of climate change and other environmental insults. their r   report argues that the answer is large-scale habitat creation and restoration, under-pinned by  t argues that the answer is large-scale habitat creation and restoration, under-pinned by the r  tablishment of ecological processes and ecosystem services, these being for the benefits of bot  life trust will work collaboratively on habitat restoration and the restoration of two ecosyste   restoration and the restoration of two ecosystem services, those of pollination and pest contr  l for environmental education about the habitat in general. whether or not the swallowtail was
15020	3	ial element in our understanding of the evolution and ecology of natural environments but also   ly known. for a better understanding of function and speciation in microbial populations in the  ciation in microbial populations in the environment more studies focusing on co-existing bacter
10771	10	man-made climate change poses a grave threat to the survival of   ticular preference or tolerance for the climate - an optimum climatic range suitable for surviv  ey migrate to other locations where the environment is more suitable or by making plastic adjus  e able to move quickly enough to escape climate change or will be trapped on islands of suitabl   will be trapped on islands of suitable habitat. in this case, the remaining option is in situ   ies that have increased or decreased in abundance in response to the manipulations have also ad   of success or failure of species under climate change on other members of the community. final   climate change on other members of the community. finally, i will use high throughput sequenci  imatic environmental variability on the distribution of adaptive climate-related genetic divers  ability on the distribution of adaptive climate-related genetic diversity. the ultimate goal of
11472	1	bacteria and quantitatively affect the growth rate of dmsp-producing phytoplankton.
14933	4	ssfully used in this sense, in a global scale. nevertheless, they have been hardly used in medi   have been hardly used in mediterranean ecosystems. in general, the main difficulties for their  d that allows to trustworthy define the community and in the taxonomic difficulty of these inse  hanges that take place in mediterranean ecosystems, in the space and temporary dimension, from
10046	1	interface processes which affect global climate change.
13805	12	versity is proposed to be important for ecosystem functions. most biodiversity – ecosystem func  cosystem functions. most biodiversity – ecosystem function studies, however, consider only one   nificance of biodiversity in sustaining ecosystem functioning when multiple functions are consi   be achieved by a combination of theory development, meta-analysis of available data, and exper  by a combination of theory development, meta-analysis of available data, and experimental tests  ed to quantify the sensitivity of total ecosystem functioning when species are lost, and how th  s are lost, and how this depends on the complementarity of ecosystem functions across species.    this depends on the complementarity of ecosystem functions across species. meta-analyses of av  tion perspective. finally, we will test model predictions in a series of laboratory and field e   diversity of functions maintained by a richness of species, we can start to uncover the full i   of biodiversity for the functioning of ecosystems. our results are thus highly important for c  onservation and management of biota and ecosystem services.
2057	5	tant species in most terrestrial arctic ecosystems; they are both prey and predators model that  ctic ecosystems; they are both prey and predators model that will allow one to investigate how   stems; they are both prey and predators model that will allow one to investigate how the dynami  nge under different scenarios of winter climate variability. the data/analysis can also be used  lbard and other high arctic terrestrial ecosystems.
13781	2	tifying conditions that may promote the evolution and maintenance in populations of two or more  ions and reduce their susceptibility to environmental change. first i will conduct phylogeny-ba
10143	4	a key factor in its ability to survive environmental change. recently it has been suggested th  ources. i recently published a computer modelling study that suggests the conditions in nature   g study that suggests the conditions in nature in which this neural limitations hypothesis is a  ests experience in a more complex field environment. by studying how animals become confused we
10410	4	a key factor in its ability to survive environmental change. recently it has been suggested th  ources. i recently published a computer modelling study that suggests the conditions in nature   g study that suggests the conditions in nature in which this neural limitations hypothesis is a  ests experience in a more complex field environment. by studying how animals become confused we
11178	14	nimal species are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwa  ecies are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwards. how   northwards. however, in order to track climate, species must be able to disperse through lands  ndscapes. because of this human-induced habitat loss, many species with poor dispersal ability   s can shift their ranges in response to climate change whilst others cannot, is crucial for imp   were greatly reduced immediately, more warming would still occur due to inertia in the earth s  ill occur due to inertia in the earth s climate system. thus, there is a commitment to future w  . thus, there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mitigation and, in this conte  ent to future warming regardless of any mitigation and, in this context, adaptation measures ar  however, the effectiveness of improving habitat connectivity for promoting range shifts is esse   the effectiveness of improving habitat connectivity for promoting range shifts is essentially   rucial for understanding the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the  ng the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the proposed work will pr  rstanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies
11398	14	nimal species are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwa  ecies are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwards. how   northwards. however, in order to track climate, species must be able to disperse through lands  ndscapes. because of this human-induced habitat loss, many species with poor dispersal ability   s can shift their ranges in response to climate change whilst others cannot, is crucial for imp   were greatly reduced immediately, more warming would still occur due to inertia in the earth s  ill occur due to inertia in the earth s climate system. thus, there is a commitment to future w  . thus, there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mitigation and, in this conte  ent to future warming regardless of any mitigation and, in this context, adaptation measures ar  however, the effectiveness of improving habitat connectivity for promoting range shifts is esse   the effectiveness of improving habitat connectivity for promoting range shifts is essentially   rucial for understanding the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the  ng the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the proposed work will pr  rstanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies
11196	2	s may lead to diel periodicity in their spatial variability. the celtic sea is chosen for the s  trient remineralisation through protist predation and viral infections.
14669	4	omenon. the analysis will be done using remote sensing with more than 20 years of duration. the  lisation will be carried out. different vegetation parameters will be calculated from the satel  and also to develop future scenarios of vegetation cover degradation according to the present c  er degradation according to the present climate models.
14148	9	charophytes are an important ecosystem element in shallow sheltered soft bottom area  ae in our current information about the distribution and functioning of charophytes. using gene  xperiments it will allow clarifying the distribution patterns and ascertaining the reproductive  re: 1 to explain the reproduction mode, distribution pattern and connectivity of charophyte pop  oduction mode, distribution pattern and connectivity of charophyte populations at different spa  es us opportunity to predict changes in distribution caused by shifts in environmental conditio  genetic diversity allows evaluating the stability of population with low genetic diversity refe  ng environments. the results describing connectivity patterns among populations will provide a   a knowledge base for better planning of habitat protection and a more accurate determination of
10353	8	interact with variations in prey type, abundance and spatial distribution to determine the out  ons in prey type, abundance and spatial distribution to determine the outcome of competition. f  istribution to determine the outcome of competition. four experiments are planned. the first wi   first will examine the effects of prey density, type and depth on competition. the second plan  ects of prey density, type and depth on competition. the second plans to determine how prior re  how prior residency interacts with prey distribution and type to determine competitive outcomes  eriment is planned to look at the way a predation threat changes competitive outcomes. the fina  t an individual based genetic algorithm model of foraging behaviour.
14112	2	nities have emerged thanks to the rapid development of molecular and microbiological techniques  l parameters and the bird species, sex, habitat type, season, feather color and body part will
15232	1	est fires is an important factor in the evolution of plants and in the structure of plant commu
14217	4	in the functioning of most terrestrial ecosystems. nevertheless, it is poorly known how herbiv  ct these interactions by altering plant traits important for pollinators, and consequently, how  mbining observational, experimental and modelling approaches, this project will examine the rel  al herbivores and pollinators on flower traits. based on simultaneous analyses of the effects o
6862	1	n and aid expression play a role in the development of de novo diffuse large b-cell lymphomas a
14686	2	rogeny. thus, it is thought that sexual traits are related in some extent with genetic quality   age to the nest, and the study of these traits in relation to genetic quality is of interest in
10419	2	considerable impact on the ecology and evolution of a population, regulating the effective pop  astically influence the outcome of this competition through biased responses to the sperm of di
9866	2	considerable impact on the ecology and evolution of a population, regulating the effective pop  astically influence the outcome of this competition through biased responses to the sperm of di
14616	4	and protects them from an ever-changing environment. considerable evidence has been accrued to   te that when cells are stimulated by an environmental change, a complex network of specific pro  role on the regulation of environmental stress response. the election of intertidal macroalgae   r control and response to environmental stress must be well developed in these algae. we suppor
14176	6	rect mechanisms by which plant and soil microbial community interactions can influence the inva  aims describing the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant invasions. we will study the regiona  study the regional floras . also, plant growth responses to the changed am fungal communities w  ributed am fungal species. the enhanced mutualism hypothesis would predict that the roots of su  accurate, we would expect the am fungal community colonizing invasive plants to be different fr  e alien host species do not support the growth of local host plants in the same way than am fun
6782	1	fferent nos isoenzyms and the oxidative stress in i/r induced acute renal failure and chronic a
10480	3	wn after a long distance marine feeding migration represents a tremendous feat of navigation an  astal and riverine stages of the return migration. juvenile salmon appear to imprint upon the o  eriod immediately before commencing the migration to sea
13923	6	we propose a hypothesis that the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium paenibacillus polymyxa   zobacterial functioning will aid in the development of sustainable agro-ecosystems and develop    in the development of sustainable agro-ecosystems and develop solutions aiming at reducing agr  barley, grown under contrasting drought stress conditions will bring an insight to plant-microb  ll bring an insight to plant-microbe co-evolution, which could be of use to breeding programs.   formation in general, as the collective behavior that leads to biofilm formation is common amon
9883	3	is structured. a knowledge of the fine-scale structure of annual plant populations might seem   redicting responses of annual plants to environmental change. previous work has focussed on two  he one hand, studies have addressed how density affects the mating system and patterns of gene
11023	10	nd each have unique characteristics, or traits, that mean they are particularly well suited to   ave a different impact on the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere and locked u  ocean. an improved understanding of the distribution of phytoplankton species in the ocean will  erefore enable us to predict how marine ecosystems might change in the future, and ultimately h  ultimately how phytoplankton may impact climate change. unlike land plants, phytoplankton are o  en have to compete with one another for nutrients and light to survive. each species contains a  different amount of resources including carbon and nutrients . subsequently the kinds of pigmen  mount of resources including carbon and nutrients . subsequently the kinds of pigments containe  they can absorb, but also the amount of nutrients they need to grow. in this study, i will deve   interactions between ocean biology and global change.
11277	15	st ice age large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been slowly locked up in peat soils  lant remains. if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it   re it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in furthe  cant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the mo  se methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scientists are trying to unravel  ms that control the losses and gains of carbon from this large area of the earth s surface. pea  route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, a  ms, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes c  how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research work, which   a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hy  catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring the concentr  uring the concentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will   at allow us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat t  sed and therefore where in the peat the carbon is coming from. the overall aim of our work is t  h affect this important global store of carbon.
11301	15	st ice age large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been slowly locked up in peat soils  lant remains. if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it   re it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in furthe  cant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the mo  se methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scientists are trying to unravel  ms that control the losses and gains of carbon from this large area of the earth s surface. pea  route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, a  ms, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes c  how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research work, which   a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hy  catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring the concentr  uring the concentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will   at allow us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat t  sed and therefore where in the peat the carbon is coming from. the overall aim of our work is t  h affect this important global store of carbon.
11837	15	st ice age large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been slowly locked up in peat soils  lant remains. if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it   re it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in furthe  cant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the mo  se methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scientists are trying to unravel  ms that control the losses and gains of carbon from this large area of the earth s surface. pea  route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, a  ms, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes c  how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research work, which   a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hy  catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring the concentr  uring the concentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will   at allow us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat t  sed and therefore where in the peat the carbon is coming from. the overall aim of our work is t  h affect this important global store of carbon.
15477	7	le as determinants of the structure and function of ecosystems constitutes an area of emerging   inants of the structure and function of ecosystems constitutes an area of emerging research tha  ramework of the response of terrestrial ecosystems to global change. the growing interest in th  e response of terrestrial ecosystems to global change. the growing interest in the study of the  e interactions among the plant and soil community is largely due to the awareness that the infl   to the awareness that the influence of global change phenomenon on ecosystem function of the f  nfluence of global change phenomenon on ecosystem function of the feedback processes in the mix
9801	8	w, plants use light to turn atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars, in a process called photosy   they require more than just sugars for growth, and the additional nutrients they need are obta  t sugars for growth, and the additional nutrients they need are obtained from the soil, being t   taken up by the roots. to obtain these nutrients efficiently, plants need to cooperate with th  nts need to cooperate with the prolific community of bacteria and fungi that live in, on and ar  ucial role in providing the plants with nutrients that are otherwise not available. this projec  when the plant is starved for essential nutrients. we know that the plant secretes different ro  stimulating them to deliver more of the nutrients that it needs / by examining the microbe resp
14877	1	hism is related with an increase of the efficiency of pollinators in pollen transfer between st
13981	11	this proposal is a development of previous research funded by formas, aimi  ing at providing basic knowledge of how recruitment processes influence species diversity of fr   the propagule pressure that any target community surrounded by other vegetation types is subje  ny target community surrounded by other vegetation types is subjected to. propagule pressure, t  e inflow of diaspores from neighbouring vegetation, has the potential to cause shifts in commun  n, has the potential to cause shifts in community composition. thus, knowledge of this process   anges in conditions related to soil and climate may impact on these habitats. two basic models    on these habitats. two basic models of community assembly will be examined: niche vs dispersal  approach is to use natural gradients in community composition of grasslands and deciduous fores  he structure of these communities using plant functional traits. propagule pressure will be exp  mentally manipulated, and the resulting recruitment will be recorded during 3 years. the projec
11238	5	climate change represents a challenge to conservation b  tion strategies that are relevant under climate change, and then to bring together appropriate   ther integration of science into policy development and conservation action. the network will i  ity of york and nerc centre for ecology hydrology, knowledge exchange specialists, and a variet   butterfly conservation, from the joint nature conservation committee, countryside council for
15111	2	y system promoting a correct embrionary development. therefore, this situation provides the opp  ins gulls are feeding at the rice field ecosystem.
2181	18	understand, and predict, the effects of climate change on the temporal and spatial scales relev  y, we need approaches that enable us to scale up from detailed mechanistic studies of the effec  local ecological processes to landscape-scale or even regional-scale consequences. this project  ses to landscape-scale or even regional-scale consequences. this project develops new methods t  nd experimental approaches across broad-scale climate gradients to explore how climate, and cli  erimental approaches across broad-scale climate gradients to explore how climate, and climate c  -scale climate gradients to explore how climate, and climate change, affects the role of seed r  e gradients to explore how climate, and climate change, affects the role of seed recruitment ac  limate change, affects the role of seed recruitment across four levels of organization - from d  demographic responses to population and community dynamics. we focus on the seed regeneration s  herefore hypothesize that any impact of climate change on this life-history stage is likely to    expertise in the ecological effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems . this project  ffects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems . this project will provide a new methodolog  l framework for integrating population, community, and landscape ecology in environmental chang  on, community, and landscape ecology in environmental change research. the results will have im   the results will have implications for habitat management and nature conservation strategies u  implications for habitat management and nature conservation strategies under a changing climate  onservation strategies under a changing climate.
166	4	spension feeders on other components of ecosystem are largely unknown. this project is the firs  work. during the project we compare the succession and development of benthic communities with   e project we compare the succession and development of benthic communities with and without sus  sion feeding communities in the coastal ecosystems.
10951	1	as exchange. determining the diversity, abundance and activity of the major groups of microorga
11260	1	as exchange. determining the diversity, abundance and activity of the major groups of microorga
6877	1	ological history, natural geography and climate is one of the most interesting regions of europ
14772	5	ghts the importance of preserving these ecosystems for the conservation of fauna and flora enda  rying, with unpredictable duration. the abundance of animal and plant species in these habitats  l as to their soil characterization and geomorphology. remote sensing tools are used to increas  oil characterization and geomorphology. remote sensing tools are used to increase information a  ls which will contribute to explain the habitat requirements of the taxonomic groups considered
14975	1	age coloration patterns, which could be indicators of individual health status.
15086	2	age coloration patterns, which could be indicators of individual health status, and relate thes  ividual health status, and relate these traits to survival and breeding performance.
2145	13	f stored fats and protein and intake of energy through food consumption. we propose a study aim  ions on juvenile atlantic salmon winter energy budgets and survival. the project involves a com   approach, using the large geographical distribution of the species as a natural experiment to   study the relative importance of stored energy and energy from food consumption on winter survi  elative importance of stored energy and energy from food consumption on winter survival under d  spatial and temporal patterns in winter energy budgets and winter survival will be assessed fro  data. the relative importance of stored energy and energy from food consumption for winter surv  elative importance of stored energy and energy from food consumption for winter survival under   ons will then be estimated by energetic modeling using a combination of field data and experime  to address the sensitivity of different energy allocation strategies to changes in winter seaso  strategies to changes in winter season, temperature and ice cover conditions. the project will   will extend experimental work and yield model development from a number of previously funded da  xtend experimental work and yield model development from a number of previously funded data sou
11317	1	its rivers were hard hit by an intense precipitation event on 6th-7th september 2008 which del
11033	4	in this system have contributed to the evolution and potentially to the functioning of photosy  eveal genes which benefit the symbiotic nature of the cyanobacteria. as the cyanobacterium is a  veral fundamental aspects of cyanophage evolution and evolution in general.   tal aspects of cyanophage evolution and evolution in general.
11028	7	the green seaweed ulva reproduces by production of vast numbers of motile swimming zoospores  teria are known to be important for the growth and morphological development of ulva. plantlets  ortant for the growth and morphological development of ulva. plantlets where bacteria have been  d do not exhibit normal morphology, and growth is often stunted. the aim of this project is to   ttlement are those required for healthy growth into a mature plant. we will identify bacteria a  d establish if these have any effect on growth and development. the effect of bacteria and thei   if these have any effect on growth and development. the effect of bacteria and their signal mo
15208	2	in spite that the evolution of signalling has attracted a great deal of i  o avian personalities and hence, to the evolution of strategies and signalling.
1925	18	reduction of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutrient losses from s  tion of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutrient losses from soil are import   strong indications that in terrestrial ecosystems the occurrence of plant diseases and the los  rence of plant diseases and the loss of nutrients are related to the diversity of vegetation. s  trients are related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne diseases are rare in natural eco  soil-borne diseases are rare in natural ecosystems with a diverse vegetation and nutrient losse  re in natural ecosystems with a diverse vegetation and nutrient losses from such systems are us  s that high biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems confers high soil suppressive ness against d   subsystem, i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem fu  munity, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem functioning. permanent grassland and agricult  f above- and below-ground biodiversity, production and chemical composition of plant biomass an  iversity, in particular biodiversity of functional groups of plants. these treatments will allo  implification or diversification of the ecosystem. the degree of soil suppressive ness will be   nd the potential of soils to reduce the development of plant pathogen populations. nitrogen tur  elopment of plant pathogen populations. nitrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant sys  n populations. nitrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant system will be measured and   nge investigated in the field. existing food web models will be elaborated to include effects o  phic relationships and a wider range of functional groups of biota than hitherto reported. micr
1924	18	reduction of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutrient losses from s  tion of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutrient losses from soil are import   strong indications that in terrestrial ecosystems the occurrence of plant diseases and the los  rence of plant diseases and the loss of nutrients are related to the diversity of vegetation. s  trients are related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne diseases are rare in natural eco  soil-borne diseases are rare in natural ecosystems with a diverse vegetation and nutrient losse  re in natural ecosystems with a diverse vegetation and nutrient losses from such systems are us  s that high biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems confers high soil suppressive ness against d   subsystem, i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem fu  munity, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem functioning. permanent grassland and agricult  f above- and below-ground biodiversity, production and chemical composition of plant biomass an  iversity, in particular biodiversity of functional groups of plants. these treatments will allo  implification or diversification of the ecosystem. the degree of soil suppressive ness will be   nd the potential of soils to reduce the development of plant pathogen populations. nitrogen tur  elopment of plant pathogen populations. nitrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant sys  n populations. nitrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant system will be measured and   nge investigated in the field. existing food web models will be elaborated to include effects o  phic relationships and a wider range of functional groups of biota than hitherto reported. micr
6759	1	the growth factors that activate receptor tyrosin kinases a
10631	6	ynthetic biomass, but due to their high growth rates they contribute almost a half of annual gl  ntribute almost a half of annual global carbon fixation. the phytoplankton can be divided into   oplankton can be divided into different functional groups according to their size, taxonomic co  e is an important parameter in terms of carbon turnover, nutrient uptake and efficiency of trop  of carbon turnover, nutrient uptake and efficiency of trophic transfer in the marine food web.   iency of trophic transfer in the marine food web. three main size categories have been adopted
10538	1	bians, reptiles, birds and mammals. the nature and causes of the exceptional preservation of so
11530	3	wide interest and a string of papers in nature and science, as well as wide press and public in  diments. as they do not show detectable metabolism, the presence of large number of spores coul  e deep biosphere while only very little energy is available. thus this research will have the s
1978	7	the spatial distribution of animals is one of the main themes of ec  actions lead to spatial patterns in the distribution of the predators and prey. we propose a sy  ial patterns in the distribution of the predators and prey. we propose a systematic investigati  tematic investigation of the effects of competition and predation of these size structured popu  ation of the effects of competition and predation of these size structured populations on the d  hese size structured populations on the distribution of various stages of predator and prey.   n the distribution of various stages of predator and prey.
11637	2	of demographic studies at the regional scale and to poor knowledge of seed-bank dynamics. over  years, we will survey the occupancy and abundance, and study the seed bank, of populations of t
15491	2	d abiotic processes that maintain them. climate is the most obvious abiotic factor that may dir   responses of ecological communities to climate change.
10606	10	the influence of habitat modification and resource productivity on polli  ce of habitat modification and resource productivity on pollinator-parasite community structure  rce productivity on pollinator-parasite community structure will be studied. bumblebee and para  will be studied. bumblebee and parasite abundance and diversity will be determined using standa  tandard techniques and fully quantified food webs of flowering plants, bumblebee pollinators an  parasites will be constructed for three habitat types representing different levels of resource  y and persistence. patterns in resource productivity will be determined by measuring diversity,  l be determined by measuring diversity, abundance and nectar production of flowering plant spec  asuring diversity, abundance and nectar production of flowering plant species. this data will d  ct and indirect interactions within the food webs.
14932	4	anthropogenic pressure associated with global change, and consequently also many of resident o  riods, and once the wetlands fill after precipitation events, they grow very fast reaching vari  otic compartments will be studied using ecological stoichiometry. this tool has been successful   study of other terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and proved fruitful in determining underlyi
12138	4	n. in order to gain an insight into the nature of mechanisms of invasiveness we will examine ge  contrasting conditions of environmental stress using differential display technique. the role o  mpact of these seed reserves on damaged ecosystems will be provided. we hope that parallel inve  s could identify certain mechanisms and evolution patterns of invasiveness that can be overlook
12539	1	atched funding for the eu q-bol project development of a new diagnostic tool using dna barcodin
12529	1	ial contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce hone
11157	2	e arid zone. this direct record of land climate shows times of severe aridity when the spores b  these spores we can compare this direct climate record to the borehole from russia together wit
11388	3	and convection determines the size and stability of thermal upwellings in the mantle, with imp  ere made at room pressure and a maximum temperature of 340 k. the pressures and temperatures of  o this for all appropriate pressure and temperature conditions and appropriate chemical composi
10874	1	e which has caused substantial honeybee mortality. the threat of pathogen spillover from honeyb
11239	4	chers seeking to understand the earth s climate. sea level is a proxy for the amount of water l  can tell us about the past state of the climate - low sea levels reflect colder, glacial, perio  ce sheets will respond to anthropogenic warming is not yet comprehensive. one of the most impor  nation of collapse rates in response to warming, which will influence future rates of sea level
12636	2	ted with the loss of integrity in these soil properties, results in significant costs, not only  s into a small number of distinct soil/ ecosystem types and adopt one of these typologies to al
11740	13	marine realms in governing atmospheric methane concentrations both in the past and in the futu  rnational levels. anthropogenic-induced warming could result in elevated bottom-water temperatu  y a significant increase in atmospheric methane concentrations. similarly, global warming will   thane concentrations. similarly, global warming will likely cause increased precipitation and b  bal warming will likely cause increased precipitation and bacterial activity, such that wetland  at wetlands could expand and associated methane emissions increase. our best insight into the s  e, the dramatic increase in atmospheric methane concentrations during the last deglaciation is    of greatest relevance to understanding methane biogeochemistry in the modern climate mode. the  g methane biogeochemistry in the modern climate mode. the proposed research will use the abunda  standing of the controls on atmospheric methane variation since the last glacial maximum. speci  l of wetland extent. from the biomarker abundance records, we can ascertain whether or not a si  red coincidentally with the increase in methane concentrations. this will provide crucial insig  es - as a positive feedback on holocene climate.
15313	2	biochar is a carbon-rich product obtained by thermal decomposition o  carbon-rich product obtained by thermal decomposition of biomass at relatively low temperatures
12730	6	of these topics: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.in  s: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collabor  ion for uk priority species through the production and dissemination of guidance for conservati  rough the wide dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly   dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly explain how t  high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to develop a mechanism which allows esta
11201	1	ispersal patterns. due to their cryptic nature, snow leopards are rarely seen, hence, populatio
2531	19	develop key elements of an operational ecosystem model framework. the model system includes oc  ey elements of an operational ecosystem model framework. the model system includes ocean physic  rational ecosystem model framework. the model system includes ocean physics, the timing of the   sverdrup assumptions, and predicted egg-production of zooplankton. this culminates in a spatio-   of an egg in terms of early life-stage growth and survival, which is combined with optimal lif  imal life-history models and population modelling to predict spawning site use in nea cod and n   is a new version of the regional ocean model system developed by the imr. the domain included   by the imr. the domain included in this model allows a fine-scaled resolution of the coastal cu  nother new and novel advancement is the development of trait-based phytoplankton model of the s  evelopment of trait-based phytoplankton model of the spring bloom. the approach taken is inspir  e operational framework is to apply the model of calanus finmarchicus, the main food item for l  colleagues at imr. the output from this modelling is a spatial, annual and seasonal map of suit   we then bring these pieces together to model the fate of an egg spawned at different times and  of eggs can be thought of as the payoff-function of the migration cost in a life-history energy  hought of as the payoff-function of the migration cost in a life-history energy trade-off in bo  of the migration cost in a life-history energy trade-off in both cod and herring. the egg-fitne  ess will be fed into existing models of energy usage in parental fish, yielding an optimal stat  sh, yielding an optimal state-dependent migration investment which can be placed in a populatio  ion investment which can be placed in a population dynamics context interacting with fisheries
471	6	orks of protected areas into functional connectivity. tenlamas will evaluate alternative models  aluate alternative models for assessing connectivity of particular ecological networks and for   etailed simulation models of individual behavior generating most probable paths. concurrent con  erating most probable paths. concurrent connectivity estimates will be evaluated on selected mo  estimates will be evaluated on selected model species in test landscapes with respect to the re  rsal by assessing gene flow to a simple model, using metapopulation viability as dependent vari
13801	4	se how the impact depends on aspects of habitat configuration, i.e. size of target sites vs siz  programme goals are highly relevant for development of conservation programmes at a landscape s   conservation programmes at a landscape scale, in relation to economically sustainable livestoc  ally sustainable livestock farming, and development of regional landscape strategies for biodiv
15066	1	the genus artemia due to a the loss of ecosystems arisen among the introduced populations of t
12263	8	te pre-breeding material carrying novel traits to the uk breeding companies and to deliver acce  ific resources and tools will include - production of near isogenic lines xxx - characterisatio  on drought tolerance and crop water use efficiency - identification of wheat germplasm which co  plasm which confers either tissue based resistance to take-all disease and / or ability to rest  t situations - introgression of extreme resistance to septoria leaf blotch from triticum monoco  onnections between the three soil based traits - archiving of grain at low temperature from the  ased traits - archiving of grain at low temperature from the main trait experiments over the 5   ars to permit others to investigate key traits the procurement of one or more sub-contactor pro
11097	2	m is to develop a general framework for modelling speciation. this will be based on a new techn  ed on a new technique for analysing the evolution of multiple genetic loci, which leads to simp
14827	3	and simple way. seeds are stored at low temperature and with low water content. nowadays there    germination behaviour under controlled temperature and light regimens; to study ways to break   tablish seed ageing patterns related to temperature and equilibrium relative humidity; to estab
10320	14	d out in partnership with project safe: stability of altered forest ecosystems . safe has negot  oject safe: stability of altered forest ecosystems . safe has negotiated that, when a large reg  iversity loss in partly cleared natural habitat, a simple mathematical formula is most commonly  he number of species in the region as a function of area. however, we are also interested in ho  l palm so this is not the same as total habitat destruction. to account for these additional fa  evelop a simulation approach capable of modelling a large area of forest by sampling individual  ut how biodiversity will respond to the habitat modification over time and will compare these t  re these to data collected by safe. for modelling biodiversity on islands i will face other cha  between immigration, extinction and the evolution of new species. islands are often in groups,   research that links to both ecology and evolution. these models will follow the progress of imm  to the archipelago as they change their abundance and possibly form different species on each i  this to study the effects on islands of habitat modification and increased immigration from the  reatened by similar factors; especially habitat destruction. islands support many endemic speci  milar technical methods can be used for modelling both systems and comparisons can be made betw
2170	5	host plant play a pivotal role for the function of boreal forest ecosystems because bryophytes   role for the function of boreal forest ecosystems because bryophytes make up a large part of t  ts functional role in order to maintain ecosystem function, robustness and biodiversity. second  ophytes. third, we hypothesize that the production of secondary metabolites by the endophytic f  ibute positively to human well fare and development. here it is of particular interest that bry
11315	2	hange than the vast majority of natural environmental change either observed or predicted. in a  arried out at markedly varying rates of temperature rise from acute to evaluate f1 adaptation e
2050	3	ecies is expected as a result of global warming. paradoxically, however, the svalbard populatio  ure longterm survival under the present climate. the project investigates the svalbard populati  e populations from other areas of three model species , morphology, and taxonomic relationships
15164	1	wild populations will be provided. the development of a feasible rearing procedure would be us
9915	1	gical characteristics in explaining the distribution of threat among mammals, 2 do correlates o
13858	3	groforestry is crucial to increase food production and reduce poverty in sub-saharan africa. an  e following areas: disease and pathogen distribution, on local and regional scales; mode of spr  raf, an important capacity building for development of sustainable research in the region.
10445	1	cation of: the interaction between fine sediment suspension and the morphology of low-angled du
11729	1	cation of: the interaction between fine sediment suspension and the morphology of low-angled du
15589	3	low lakes have played a key role in the development of theory on regime shifts in ecosystems ha  ey role in the development of theory on regime shifts in ecosystems have expressed strong inter  velopment of theory on regime shifts in ecosystems have expressed strong interest in our planne
15590	1	icting the response of trees to ongoing global change and decision support for management.
6720	3	tic house, as well as open field staked production with high marketable yield and long shelf li  ection, the possibility of accumulation resistance genes, increased early and total yield, as w  ding.in hybrid tomato breeding and seed production quick hybrid rate identification is an incre
13711	3	gate how top-down how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structur  n how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.   in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.
13888	11	pelagic food web ecology has long been the major paradigm in th  jor paradigm in the study of whole lake ecosystem dynamics. however, pelagic food webs might be  ke ecosystem dynamics. however, pelagic food webs might be highly influenced by benthic subsidi  o examine the role of fish for coupling food web dynamics across habitats by focusing on the in   by focusing on the interaction between habitat productivity of resources and top-down control   sing on the interaction between habitat productivity of resources and top-down control by pisci  n habitat productivity of resources and top-down control by piscivorous predators. we will do t  ces and top-down control by piscivorous predators. we will do this using two different environm  ecting two types of disturbances in the environment: anthropogenic . the results will be import   environmental disturbances will affect food web dynamics in lake ecosystems.   s will affect food web dynamics in lake ecosystems.
6755	8	y can be grouped into two major fields: evolution biological problems: 1 mating type evolution,  tion biological problems: 1 mating type evolution, 2 problems in prebiotic evolution and 3 the   type evolution, 2 problems in prebiotic evolution and 3 the evolution of dispersal. theoretical  oblems in prebiotic evolution and 3 the evolution of dispersal. theoretical ecological problems  nvironments, 5 the role of interference competition in maintaining microbial community diversit  interference competition in maintaining microbial community diversity, and 6 the structure and    diversity, and 6 the structure and the stability of food webs. the common point in these six t  nd 6 the structure and the stability of food webs. the common point in these six topics is the
10786	3	tivity changed the planet, changing the environment to allow other life forms to develop. today   important for the health of the global ecosystem since they are involved in and control all bi  cies interact, either through supplying nutrients to each other or controlling the activity of
11848	3	tivity changed the planet, changing the environment to allow other life forms to develop. today   important for the health of the global ecosystem since they are involved in and control all bi  cies interact, either through supplying nutrients to each other or controlling the activity of
2157	1	regulation of cyanobacterial toxins in nature are still weakly understood. this causes uncerta
12432	4	ding framework to tackle the dangers of climate change. the climate change act received royal a  ckle the dangers of climate change. the climate change act received royal assent on 26 november  ernment meets its commitments to tackle climate change, and this includes the establishment of   ion policy in the uk. specifically, the climate change act requires that a national adaptation
10637	3	reasing recognition that the scientific community at large would benefit from the development o  mmunity at large would benefit from the development of a new standard to capture a richer set o  sting genomemine database to serve as a community archive of contributed datasets of curated an
1966	3	climate changes is expected to have a major influence o  cies distributions that possibly hamper climate tracking and imply meta-populations that are al   which species and communities react to climate change.
10903	10	and is potentially threatened by global climate change. these are striking examples of many sit   of local communities depend on crucial ecosystem services. however, a sustainable management o  ting in very large uncertainties in the model predictions. in the andean highlands, local polit  managers have difficulties interpreting model simulations and design proper land management sch  ion of local expert knowledge to reduce model uncertainties. recently, many methodologies for d  ocal managers knowledge and practice in modelling systems. this module deals with the developme  ing systems. this module deals with the development of a user interface to evaluate models, ide   interface to evaluate models, identify model failures and reject models. heavily relying on pu  l generate novel scientific insights in model simulation, communication and improvement in a de  he pi in the global virtual observatory community will ensure that the research results will op
11801	10	and is potentially threatened by global climate change. these are striking examples of many sit   of local communities depend on crucial ecosystem services. however, a sustainable management o  ting in very large uncertainties in the model predictions. in the andean highlands, local polit  managers have difficulties interpreting model simulations and design proper land management sch  ion of local expert knowledge to reduce model uncertainties. recently, many methodologies for d  ocal managers knowledge and practice in modelling systems. this module deals with the developme  ing systems. this module deals with the development of a user interface to evaluate models, ide   interface to evaluate models, identify model failures and reject models. heavily relying on pu  l generate novel scientific insights in model simulation, communication and improvement in a de  he pi in the global virtual observatory community will ensure that the research results will op
10757	17	decades, ecologists have documented the distribution and abundance of organisms that are attrib  ts have documented the distribution and abundance of organisms that are attributed to variation  sms that are attributed to variation in mortality, fecundity and migration. such basic understa  o variation in mortality, fecundity and migration. such basic understanding of the abundance an  ration. such basic understanding of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature . in   asic understanding of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature . in the pelagic pl  ndance and distribution of organisms in nature . in the pelagic planktonic environment a whole   s in nature . in the pelagic planktonic environment a whole range of environmental factors may   he quality of larvae. sub-optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure,   of larvae. sub-optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, experienc  r of larval settlers and juvenile/adult abundance is not known. the present project addresses t  his issue using intertidal barnacles as model species. the project will investigate natural var  otland in areas of high and low coastal productivity. this observational programme will determi  duce more accurate models to understand population dynamics. in the face of global change a gen  and population dynamics. in the face of global change a general theory of mechanisms affecting    general theory of mechanisms affecting recruitment of marine organisms to adult populations is  al resources. the fact that failures of recruitment in exploited populations are usually follow
11265	17	decades, ecologists have documented the distribution and abundance of organisms that are attrib  ts have documented the distribution and abundance of organisms that are attributed to variation  sms that are attributed to variation in mortality, fecundity and migration. such basic understa  o variation in mortality, fecundity and migration. such basic understanding of the abundance an  ration. such basic understanding of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature . in   asic understanding of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature . in the pelagic pl  ndance and distribution of organisms in nature . in the pelagic planktonic environment a whole   s in nature . in the pelagic planktonic environment a whole range of environmental factors may   he quality of larvae. sub-optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure,   of larvae. sub-optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, experienc  r of larval settlers and juvenile/adult abundance is not known. the present project addresses t  his issue using intertidal barnacles as model species. the project will investigate natural var  otland in areas of high and low coastal productivity. this observational programme will determi  duce more accurate models to understand population dynamics. in the face of global change a gen  and population dynamics. in the face of global change a general theory of mechanisms affecting    general theory of mechanisms affecting recruitment of marine organisms to adult populations is  al resources. the fact that failures of recruitment in exploited populations are usually follow
13534	11	s and on former conifer sites. a warmer climate may also lead to suitable conditions for broadl  s a response to changed land use and/or climate change is whether the forest flora is able to c   take, and what factors influence plant colonization recent research has pointed at the discrep  at the discrepancy between low realized migration rates at local scale during secondary success  n low realized migration rates at local scale during secondary succession and regional/continen  d migration rates at local scale during secondary succession and regional/continental scale aft  ary succession and regional/continental scale after the latest glaciation. a combination of sma  gh recent woodland age implied that the migration front of many species already had passed the   now offer a unique opportunity to study migration rates for a considerably higher number of for  factors that control early forest plant colonization. the project also aims to establish a base   for future long-term monitoring of the colonization process.
12266	9	genetic resources unit , result in fine scale mapping of the genes and gene identification. a s  c resources unit , result in fine scale mapping of the genes and gene identification. a similar  ilar resource is being developed in the model plant species arabidopsis. brassicas are closely   nps within the brassicas for use in the development of high throughput genotype screening assay  rm the basis for the identification and mapping of loci underlying traits of interest, particul  fication and mapping of loci underlying traits of interest, particularly the quantitative trait  interest, particularly the quantitative traits which impact upon sustainable production etc. cu  ve traits which impact upon sustainable production etc. currently there are very few public snp  project we propose to carry out a pilot scale experiment of brassica oleracea snp discovery whi
11298	14	the climate is warming. the arctic regions of the world hav                           the climate is warming. the arctic regions of the world have been show  ions of the world have been shown to be warming at a rate faster than any other region on earth  northern hermisphere and act as a major carbon sink, currently storing some 11% of the earth s   rrently storing some 11% of the earth s carbon, locked away in the organic soils and peat of ar   determine the balance, and exchange of carbon between land surface and atmosphere so as to bet  ct the likely consequences of continued warming of the arctic. however, these high latitude reg  is is particularly the case in terms of carbon in the form of methane. methane is a powerful gr   case in terms of carbon in the form of methane. methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that acco  terms of carbon in the form of methane. methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that accounts for   ay an important dual role in the global carbon cycle, being both the largest natural methane so  n cycle, being both the largest natural methane source and a large net carbon sink . key streng   natural methane source and a large net carbon sink . key strengths of the current proposal are  equipment for extended periods to allow methane flux measurements to be made without the unwant
13977	5	l fungi are essential for the uptake of nutrients by boreal forest trees. the fungi also form a  e very sensitive to changes in the soil environment and most are negatively affected by the inc  se our knowledge of the consequences of nitrogen fertilisation to the biodiversity and function  or the fungi to acidify the soil during nitrate uptake was recently highlighted and this will b  edge and new results into a mechanistic model describing how ecm fungal communities react to fo
12769	3	ation, thus potentially contributing to density-dependent feedback that constrains recruitment   sity-dependent feedback that constrains recruitment and survival hence slowing population recov  t and survival hence slowing population recovery. fertility control could be very effective at
2509	1	blooms and use them to map the spatial distribution of harmful algae in norwegian waters, incl
14471	1	leterious effects on mice body mass and water balance do mice eliminate detoxification by-produ
15307	5	ironmental monitoring due to their easy growth and maintenance and to their ability to respond    c and n cycles, are at the base of the food webs and any detrimental effect on this group may   obacteria derived from the filamentous, nitrogen- fixing and freshwater cyanobacterium anabaena  lex mixtures of pollutants to study the nature of the interactions between them to better under  lutants singly and in combination. 3. - evaluation of the performance of the cyanobacterial bio
15048	3	e impact of contaminants on the studied ecosystems. the aim of this project is to use a toxicog  ctive capability to gauge environmental stress of contaminants within freshwater ecosystems.   tress of contaminants within freshwater ecosystems.
11598	2	here to cause a net reduction in global warming potential . the motivation is to establish a lo  n is to establish a long-term system of incentives that will encourage more landowners to allow
10574	16	ssures at present. driven by economical growth in the region, deforestation is ongoing, which l  ame time, the most recent generation of climate models suggest that climate change will have dr  neration of climate models suggest that climate change will have dramatic consequences in the r  rest is threatened by drying out as the water balance in the region changes. this not only has   through so-called teleconnection in the climate system, changes in the functioning of the amazo  azon rainforest is linked to changes in climate elsewhere on the planet. the amazon rainforest   st transport large amounts of water and energy back into the atmosphere, which affect the clima  k into the atmosphere, which affect the climate, it also emits large quantities of volatile org  react in the atmosphere, leading to the production of oxidants and particles. these particles p   cloud droplet formation which regulate precipitation patterns in the region, change the weathe  eeded to parametrise these processes in climate models to improve the rebustness of future clim  els to improve the rebustness of future climate predictions. previous measurements with the res  ments with the research programme large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in amazonia have    aerosols, their effect on the regional climate and their responses to climatic drivers in a fa  limatic drivers in a fairly undisturbed environment. this proposed project aims to add uk measu  hasis on the quantification of particle production. the measurements will be used to improve ou
11876	16	ssures at present. driven by economical growth in the region, deforestation is ongoing, which l  ame time, the most recent generation of climate models suggest that climate change will have dr  neration of climate models suggest that climate change will have dramatic consequences in the r  rest is threatened by drying out as the water balance in the region changes. this not only has   through so-called teleconnection in the climate system, changes in the functioning of the amazo  azon rainforest is linked to changes in climate elsewhere on the planet. the amazon rainforest   st transport large amounts of water and energy back into the atmosphere, which affect the clima  k into the atmosphere, which affect the climate, it also emits large quantities of volatile org  react in the atmosphere, leading to the production of oxidants and particles. these particles p   cloud droplet formation which regulate precipitation patterns in the region, change the weathe  eeded to parametrise these processes in climate models to improve the rebustness of future clim  els to improve the rebustness of future climate predictions. previous measurements with the res  ments with the research programme large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in amazonia have    aerosols, their effect on the regional climate and their responses to climatic drivers in a fa  limatic drivers in a fairly undisturbed environment. this proposed project aims to add uk measu  hasis on the quantification of particle production. the measurements will be used to improve ou
10991	4	burial of organic matter . the two sites also have strongly contr  riment will be conducted in situ, using mesocosm technology available at the university of aber   1850m, and with dramatically different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and ben  erent sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. state-of-the-art
9870	4	burial of organic matter . the two sites also have strongly contr  riment will be conducted in situ, using mesocosm technology available at the university of aber   1850m, and with dramatically different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and ben  erent sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. state-of-the-art
11112	6	nic anoxic events in forming the global distribution of black shales has become a topic of inte  result of an increase in global oceanic productivity and/or organic carbon preservation potenti  bal oceanic productivity and/or organic carbon preservation potential oaes are hence important    in regulating the short- and long-term carbon cycle, and subsequently co2 levels in the oceans  tudy will provide a unique insight into productivity and/or preservation changes in the mid-cre  and their subsequent role in the global carbon cycle.
6792	1	d time for dehorning and eliminates the stress to animals.since the inheritance of the mutation
2506	6	at genomic and phenotypic scales during colonization from the ocean to freshwater. four lateral  cking lateral plates can be found. this salinity gradient is viewed as an evolutionary temporal  into phenotypes and morphs. finally, we model the fitness of morphs and alleles in contrasting   ds of divergence, implying hotspots for evolution, and model the build-up of genomic and reprod  e, implying hotspots for evolution, and model the build-up of genomic and reproductive isolatio  ic and reproductive isolation along the colonization/adaptation trajectory of sticklebacks.
15434	1	nary and ecological aspects at a global scale. the project has an emphasis on amphibian populat
11852	8	ked and need to be dealt with together. human well-being depends not only on the provision of f  , but also on the preservation of other ecosystem services, including the conservation of speci  cluding the conservation of species and ecosystems and the many benefits we derive from them. n  -offs between immediate human needs and nature conservation. a range of outcomes are possible:   nt economic gains, while other forms of intensification may be less compatible with conservatio  ddressing the call by the international community, articulated in the rio convention on biologi  r a unified approach to managing entire ecosystems. specifically i will develop a tool for guid  ire minimal additional deforestation or habitat degradation.
14218	3	ates major selective forces driving the evolution of organisms. the study of life-history trade  positive genotypic correlations between traits, regardless of the existence or absence of trade  nce of trade-offs. moreover, some plant traits , as well as herbivore host specificity will be
2482	15	sing need to develop predictive aquatic ecosystem models to better understand and mitigate effe  derstand and mitigate effects of global warming, eutrophication and fisheries. contemporary mod  models a limited number of bulk-biomass functional groups; typically two phytoplankton , or alt  ies. however, the structure, states and function of natural systems are more dynamic, with a br  more dynamic, with a broad continuum of functional groups competing for limited resources throu  minant forms and biodiversity of marine ecosystems are variables, not rigid parameters as in pr  erefore, the next generation of aquatic community and ecosystem models must allow functional gr  ext generation of aquatic community and ecosystem models must allow functional groups to be pre  mmunity and ecosystem models must allow functional groups to be predictions from and not input   oplankton communities emerge from basic traits at the level of individuals. because these model   parameters such as empirically derived growth and mortality rates. in modelling parlance, the    such as empirically derived growth and mortality rates. in modelling parlance, the theories of   derived growth and mortality rates. in modelling parlance, the theories of adaptive behaviour   iour provide a closure where individual scale processes and their consequences can be modelled   g to fundamental rules. the traditional functional group approach will be replaced by a trait-b
6929	5	the aim of the project is to study of community assembly within a trait-based theoretical fra  framework. two theories are considered: habitat filtering and limiting similarity. habitat filt  itat filtering and limiting similarity. habitat filtering means that the species traits are fil  arity. habitat filtering means that the species traits are filtered by habitat conditions will   that the species traits are filtered by habitat conditions will be compatible and may join to l
12031	5	ecific biodiversity : quantification on model organisms sources of neutral and functional trans  ecific biodiversity : quantification on model organisms sources of neutral and functional trans   trans-specific biodiversity . adaptive traits include auto-incompatibility system, adaptation   o toxic resources and biotic or abiotic stress, or plant developmental traits. main results : w   abiotic stress, or plant developmental traits. main results : we developed statistics allowing
15168	3	general hypothesis, we propose that the environment and land uses have acted differentially in    of ecological relevance in both areas: geomorphology and secondary succession. the study is ba  evance in both areas: geomorphology and secondary succession. the study is based on a systemic,
1991	2	tential and the genomic architecture of evolution. the project will assess the variability in i  nbreeding depression in various fitness traits, among and within populations of varying size, w
10043	9	the agro-ecosystems of the semi-arid west africa provide the liv  le people in the world. within this low-productivity area islands of successful land management  f people in these enviroenments and out-scale these farming systems. however, little is underst  such improvements in the farming system productivity will effect on-and off-farm ecosystem reso  roductivity will effect on-and off-farm ecosystem resources. this proposal aims to begin develo   in these regions will effect the wider environment. in this proposed project a research partne   centre for ecology, law and policy the development of a 3-year research proposal allowing the   ot areas of niger and/or burkina faso - development of a full 3 year research partnership propo  d around the potential of participatory gis for assessing livelihood dependancies in agro-eco s
13872	3	blood of the tropical migrant birds and abundance of presumably suitable vectors. the reason fo  ssion is believed to be our cool summer climate, preventing the parasite to successfully develo  has changed repeatedly in the course of evolution. hence, with the large number of tropical avi
13591	3	y based on inventories of local species abundance. however, the pay-off of such inventory based  actions is often poor as shown for agri-environment schemes. one possibility is that many conse  se this may have consequences for which habitat to protect.
15091	3	project. first the synthesis study and modeling to predict effects of global change on ecosyst  tudy and modeling to predict effects of global change on ecosystem functioning.    to predict effects of global change on ecosystem functioning.
12176	4	landscape. however, the trends in their abundance and distribution suggested by various surveys  ever, the trends in their abundance and distribution suggested by various surveys during the pa  ation. taken together, the analysis and modelling of trends in numbers and required replacement  ure this valuable visual and ecological habitat component.
209	8	ject is to give scientifically grounded evaluation on the influence of ecological conditions an  versity of bryophyte and vascular plant vegetation of wetland communities. study communities ar  tion periods have formed specific plant community structure on meadows, which is sensitive to t  role of bryophytes in restoring species richness of wetlands. study sites are located in floodp  lain grasslands at alam-pedja and endla nature reserves, and coastal meadows of west-estonia an  ws of west-estonia and saaremaa island. vegetation and hydrological analyses will be done in fi  e tested during the project: 1 specific hydrology of wetlands has different influence on vascul  term influence on species diversity and richness; 4 rare bryophytes with strict ecological dema
12450	11	objective assess trends in species and community indicators and evaluate the effects of enviro   assess trends in species and community indicators and evaluate the effects of environmental pa  arameters and human activities on those indicators using data on the abundance and distribution  s on those indicators using data on the abundance and distribution of young fish, shellfish and  icators using data on the abundance and distribution of young fish, shellfish and epibenthos in  ted by anthropogenic changes, including climate change, to the coastal environment. provide ins  ncluding climate change, to the coastal environment. provide insights into changes in the abund  t. provide insights into changes in the abundance and distribution of commercial and non-commer  ights into changes in the abundance and distribution of commercial and non-commercial species t  -commercial species that can be used as indicators of ecosystem health. this is important for t  ecies that can be used as indicators of ecosystem health. this is important for the management
7266	2	with two partners to redefine the very nature of these ant mutualism plants-   o redefine the very nature of these ant mutualism plants-
11548	8	topic: 10. oxygen isotope measurements to enhance production/respi   oxygen isotope measurements to enhance production/respiration comparisons and bio-optical mode  tope measurements to enhance production/respiration comparisons and bio-optical models * compar  thodological and instrument advances in oxygen stable isotopes, phytoplankton photo-physiology   gical and instrument advances in oxygen stable isotopes, phytoplankton photo-physiology and ana  in membrane inlet mass spectrometry and oxygen isotope analysis to pml s primary production and  xygen isotope analysis to pml s primary production and optics groups in order to contribute to   contribute to the comparison of primary production methodologies outlined in theme 2 and theme
15112	2	oject is to develop an individual-based model on the consumer signatures using resources distri  the consumer signatures using resources distribution mixtures. the probabilistic approaches bas
15523	8	facets, basic research in the field of herbivory under conditions of insularity, and an applie   some mediterranean islands, quaternary vegetation evolved with herbivorous mammals that had a   als that had a major regulatory role on vegetation. thus current vegetation could absorb the im  latory role on vegetation. thus current vegetation could absorb the impact of the introduction    threatening its survival by increasing herbivory pressure on vegetation. in particular we will  val by increasing herbivory pressure on vegetation. in particular we will study the diet of myo  so be meant to detect possible signs of climate change. also, we will carry out a comparative s  . another aspect to address will be the habitat use by the two goat species, in order to determ
13720	11	the northern pike is an important top predator in lakes. its predation may cause trophic casc  an important top predator in lakes. its predation may cause trophic cascades, propagating throu  dator in lakes. its predation may cause trophic cascades, propagating throughout the food web.   ic cascades, propagating throughout the food web. it may thereby affect lake ecosystem composit  he food web. it may thereby affect lake ecosystem composition, and ultimately e.g. water qualit  ltimately e.g. water quality, fisheries productivity and biological richness. pike are also can  , fisheries productivity and biological richness. pike are also cannibalistic and kleptoparasit  would all structure the pike population distribution. these factors would affect the top-down c  ent combinations increase pike foraging efficiency or create refuges for prey. this proposal fo   the complex interactions found in lake ecosystems, that may determine e.g. shallow lake water   ermine e.g. shallow lake water quality, productivity and species composition.
13440	7	inuation of work during 2008-2009 where food web structure among soil fauna, mainly collembola,  d by different amounts and qualities of organic matter and different crops and cultivation inte  vation intensity - is the soil organism food web more stable and resilient in agricultural soil   agricultural soils with high levels of organic matter than in depleted soil - which species an  h species and groups live from the dead organic matter the composition of the soil fauna will b  will be analyzed by fatty acid analysis plfa. trophic relations will be analyzed with mass spec   of the isotope be followed through the food web.
11757	2	natural abundance isotope ratio signatures will be determined f  d chain collected during phase 2 marine productivity cruises in the n.atlantic. this will enabl
11288	26	oceans. it is also characterised by an oxygen minimum zone ; omz s are areas of water that hav  s are areas of water that have very low oxygen concentrations. our study area is the oman conti  al margin, here the omz impinges on the sediment community. this has implications for the fauna  , here the omz impinges on the sediment community. this has implications for the fauna living h  ations for the fauna living here. where oxygen concentrations are low, the faunal community wil  ygen concentrations are low, the faunal community will be characterised by soft bodied animals   mixing of the water column which brings nutrients to the surface waters feeding microscopic pla  sink and die form a food source for the sediment faunal community. additionally under condition  m a food source for the sediment faunal community. additionally under conditions of low oxygen   y. additionally under conditions of low oxygen concentrations, bacteria can use sulphur to fix   ations, bacteria can use sulphur to fix carbon for energy. this is known as chemosynthesis and   teria can use sulphur to fix carbon for energy. this is known as chemosynthesis and these bacte  provide a potential food source for the sediment community. the bacteria can be free living, or   potential food source for the sediment community. the bacteria can be free living, or can form  be free living, or can form mats on the sediment surface for the fauna to graze on. the balance  n. the balance between food sources and oxygen concentrations is likely to be critical to the b  any perturbation may lead to a shift in community structure. we intend to investigate the food   igate the food sources available to the sediment community and to understand the trophic linkag   food sources available to the sediment community and to understand the trophic linkages that e   trophic linkages that exist within the sediment community. we believe that where oxygen concen  linkages that exist within the sediment community. we believe that where oxygen concentrations   diment community. we believe that where oxygen concentrations are low, bacterial food sources m  tant role in trophic dynamics and where oxygen is high the dominant food source will be the mic  rtunity to study the impact of enhanced hypoxia on sedimentary communities, as the result of a   thin and below the omz which led to the development of chemosynthesis and a potential food sour  ic animals. we will compare the benthic community structure with that at the pakistan margin, w
14517	13	streams and their riparian vegetation are ecotones of intense interaction between   raction between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. riparian vegetation, among other aspects, c  ic and terrestrial ecosystems. riparian vegetation, among other aspects, contribute to maintain  pects, contribute to maintain secondary productivity of the stream. several studies have shown   he stream. several studies have shown a dominance of the heterotrophic pathway of energy flow i  minance of the heterotrophic pathway of energy flow in the benthic trophic web of forested head  treams. here, experiments consisting in leaf litter addition to the stream, have demonstrated a  located in semi-arid regions, inputs of leaf litter from the riparian vegetation are scarce and  inputs of leaf litter from the riparian vegetation are scarce and of low quality for detritivor  , some data suggest that the autotrofic energy flow to macroinvertebrates might be limited by s  itative trophic limitation of deciduous leaf litter on benthic macroinvertebrates, comparing fo  the potential qualitative limitation of leaf litter inputs to macroinvertebrates, comparing the  to orientate the management of riparian vegetation.
14467	3	he project are: characterization of the distribution of biological quality elements – phytoplan  nder the project, we expect to identify indicator groups among the species from the biological   ty of sofia and to attract students for development of their msc theses. the compiled manual is
13579	6	al approach to study the constraints on secondary production in aquatic food webs with autotrop  ints on secondary production in aquatic food webs with autotrophic and detrital resource bases.  ent of food affect the trophic transfer efficiency across the plant-consumer interface these st  t and understanding of patterns in pufa distribution in aquatic habitats and their importance f  rophic transfer, which is a fundamental ecosystem process. the project contributes to our capac  d for sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.
10157	22	e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte  ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest  cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for  r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff  rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m  etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution   and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi   savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e   as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global    balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transitions ce  ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved  nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.   minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to   tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl  and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and   esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will  ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign  . this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca  gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r  de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th  limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental   nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.
10174	22	e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte  ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest  cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for  r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff  rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m  etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution   and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi   savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e   as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global    balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transitions ce  ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved  nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.   minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to   tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl  and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and   esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will  ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign  . this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca  gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r  de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th  limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental   nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.
10426	22	e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte  ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest  cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for  r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff  rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m  etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution   and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi   savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e   as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global    balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transitions ce  ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved  nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.   minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to   tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl  and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and   esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will  ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign  . this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca  gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r  de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th  limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental   nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.
11426	22	e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte  ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest  cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for  r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff  rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m  etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution   and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi   savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e   as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global    balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transitions ce  ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved  nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.   minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to   tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl  and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and   esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will  ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign  . this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca  gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r  de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th  limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental   nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.
11711	22	e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte  ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest  cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for  r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff  rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m  etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution   and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi   savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e   as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global    balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transitions ce  ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved  nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.   minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to   tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl  and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and   esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will  ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign  . this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca  gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r  de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th  limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental   nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.
11712	22	e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte  ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest  cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for  r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff  rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m  etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution   and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi   savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e   as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global    balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transitions ce  ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved  nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.   minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to   tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl  and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and   esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will  ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign  . this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca  gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r  de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th  limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental   nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.
7287	4	he response of tropical tree species to climate change remains unclear. one approach is to expl  tional features vary along contemporary climate gradients. we propose to evaluate the potential  e propose to evaluate the potential for climate change adaptation of plant lineages building on  we will contact the concerted change of functional traits and phylogenetic similarity along two
10242	4	ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, findings will improve both nationa   european assessments of risks posed to vegetation by o3 and will contribute to the development  tation by o3 and will contribute to the development of appropriate legislation and mitigation o  elopment of appropriate legislation and mitigation of this ubiquitous and damaging air pollutan
11257	4	ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, findings will improve both nationa   european assessments of risks posed to vegetation by o3 and will contribute to the development  tation by o3 and will contribute to the development of appropriate legislation and mitigation o  elopment of appropriate legislation and mitigation of this ubiquitous and damaging air pollutan
11736	4	ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, findings will improve both nationa   european assessments of risks posed to vegetation by o3 and will contribute to the development  tation by o3 and will contribute to the development of appropriate legislation and mitigation o  elopment of appropriate legislation and mitigation of this ubiquitous and damaging air pollutan
9966	4	ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, findings will improve both nationa   european assessments of risks posed to vegetation by o3 and will contribute to the development  tation by o3 and will contribute to the development of appropriate legislation and mitigation o  elopment of appropriate legislation and mitigation of this ubiquitous and damaging air pollutan
2489	13	sustainable management of ecosystems requires understanding about drivers that ca  ng about drivers that causes changes in ecosystems and services. surprisingly little is known a  es fail to see the social causes behind ecosystem changes that would have been better understoo  hysical drivers. the circumpolar tundra ecosystem is a good model system for integration analys   circumpolar tundra ecosystem is a good model system for integration analyses of drivers, becau  nthropogenic drivers, whereas the basic ecosystem properties on ecosystems and services. we foc  ereas the basic ecosystem properties on ecosystems and services. we focus on endogenous drivers  ractions with exogenous drivers such as climate and the global economy need to be controlled fo  introduce substantial changes in tundra ecosystems. the project is divided in three stages. fir  lations/nepi, property rights and civil participation, as well as the economic and human develo  tion, as well as the economic and human development is related to direct drivers is investigate  vers, allows analyses of the effects on ecosystem transitions/states and on services. we concen  on local resource dependency to measure ecosystem services. third, we integrate all analyses to
10545	7	photosynthetic primary production is the basis of much of the oceanic food cha   of much of the oceanic food chain. the energy fixed by phytoplankton is transferred to grazers  to grazers and to higher consumers. the efficiency of the energy transfer between producer and   higher consumers. the efficiency of the energy transfer between producer and consumer reflects    and consumer reflects the state of the ecosystem, for example nutrient replete vs nutrient def  deficient. through sinking, particulate organic matter , the biochemistry of the zooplankton an  o assess how micro-organisms break down organic matter in the twilight zone and how and whether
10710	3	we seek better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level   better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level. are the s  the norm, what are the consequences for ecosystem functions being everywhere .
10749	3	we seek better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level   better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level. are the s  the norm, what are the consequences for ecosystem functions being everywhere .
12374	1	o and paris treaty and to advise on the development of the uk strategy for tbt monitoring in fu
12678	3	the contractor will develop an indicator of genetic diversity in farm animals at uk an  onsult the scientific and policy making community, refine as required and finalise the indicato  ty, refine as required and finalise the indicator and associated assessment of change over time
12257	4	the environmental change network is to protect and improve   e network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environment with othe  e the environment, and to integrate the environment with other policies across government and i  rove the understanding of the causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites,
12384	4	to date working groups for fish, ocean function and human activities have been established, ho  tablished, however a gap exists for the development of a biodiversity technical group. final re  p. final report: please note that since production of the final report the ukmmas has refined i  ngs please see: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/marine/uk/science/monitoring.htm
12052	1	strategies in new caledonian ultramafic ecosystems. a multidisciplinary approach: botany, ecolo
205	2	the ultrasculpture on their scales the function of the ultrasculpture. the studies can affirm   reparatory project for the study of the development of fish fauna at different evolutionary sta
10194	2	will also better inform the statistical community of the issues raised by such models, challeng   informal and constructive intellectual environment around the scheduled workshop events to max
11627	4	ncerned with developing methods for the evaluation of models in the face of data limitations an  els in the face of data limitations and model structure limitations. it will also consider how   y reflect the dominant processes at the scale of application. a further component of the projec  nsport, and the impacts of land use and climate change. the project will have a major training
12275	2	animal and plant genetics research and development in helping to deliver on likely future poli  elations between measured variables and methane output.
443	9	in this project we have studied the evolution of the distribution of major tree taxa over e  ct we have studied the evolution of the distribution of major tree taxa over europe from the la   in this project. the validation of the model caraib with past and present pollen assembles all  ture distributions of bags using arpege climate projections for scenario a2. simulated future d  ee species, showing a shift of the bags distribution northward with mediterranean bags present   ween the amplitude of change in species distribution during the holocene and the amplitude of c   and the amplitude of change in species phenology during the last decades. this result has to b  athered by the gdr sip-gecc and also by modelling using the process-based model phenofit.   so by modelling using the process-based model phenofit.
7159	17	. global changes in temperature and precipitation affect the distribution o      . global changes in temperature and precipitation affect the distribution of species and he  emperature and precipitation affect the distribution of species and hence community composition  t the distribution of species and hence community composition. . several studies have shown tha  e shown that the consequences of global warming are already perceptible, particularly in terms   , particularly in terms of geographical distribution of animal and plant species and their phen  n of animal and plant species and their phenology. travel to areas to higher latitudes or altit  ble in some species, and quun advancing development cycles. study the impact of climate change   development cycles. study the impact of climate change on biodiversity necessarily involves a s  ynthesis phase data on the geographical distribution of species, and what is more at different   s. all of the findings of the impact of climate change comes into effect substantial database r  some to understand how the geographical distribution is affected by the abiotic environment. in  distribution is affected by the abiotic environment. in this project we propose to establish a   ce. these databases used to analyze the evolution of biodiversity in france since the holocene   use, related to the results provided by phenology and pollen data, allow an identification of t  sitive species and groups of species to climate change and quune more complete analysis of the   validation predictions obtained by each model for climatic change scenarios
12705	1	itain. the project will investigate bat mortality and activity at a range of wind turbine insta
10351	6	the unstable isotope of carbon, 14c or radiocarbon, is produced via the interac  action between cosmic ray particles and nitrogen in the upper atmosphere. it is subsequently di  sphere and ocean, a dynamic terrestrial carbon cycle, and a detailed representation of the ocea   a detailed representation of the ocean carbon cycle, and is capable of multi-millennial simula  itative understanding of the changes in climate and carbon cycling.   rstanding of the changes in climate and carbon cycling.
12262	7	% of the uk`s agricultural land and the development of systems of land use and livestock produc  nt of systems of land use and livestock production with reduced environmental footprints is ess  ates directive, the current revision of nitrate vulnerable zones . our developing understanding  rol of key environmental sustainability traits and their incorporation into new varieties forms  rch will assist uk farming in combating climate change and the uk in developing the appropriate  s major areas of concern for defra, the environment agency, the uk water industry and other sta  s from the more extreme consequences of climate change and the need for environmentally sustain
10223	6	of the watershed services that support ecosystems and people has been weak. yet, assuring the   important, especially in the context of climate variability and the growth of agribusiness and    context of climate variability and the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environm  lity and the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking th  of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking this question, we seek  tter understand how watershed processes function in landscapes that are shaped by both ecologic
11694	6	of the watershed services that support ecosystems and people has been weak. yet, assuring the   important, especially in the context of climate variability and the growth of agribusiness and    context of climate variability and the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environm  lity and the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking th  of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking this question, we seek  tter understand how watershed processes function in landscapes that are shaped by both ecologic
10831	23	gest uncertainties in predicting future climate includes the response from o3 in the tropospher   response from o3 in the troposphere to climate change. tropospheric o3 is a greenhouse gas tha  an-made hydrocarbons in the presence of nitrogen oxides. it is also an air pollutant that at el  estimates of hydrocarbons from tropical ecosystems. emissions from tropical ecosystems represen  cal ecosystems. emissions from tropical ecosystems represent more than 75% of global emissions    more than 75% of global emissions from vegetation and are therefore particularly important to   and perhaps minimize its role in future climate. tropical ecosystems emit large quantities of a  ze its role in future climate. tropical ecosystems emit large quantities of a wide range of rea   they respond to changes in weather and climate . the spatial and temporal variability of these   satellite data over different tropical ecosystems and during different seasons can be explaine   be explained by changes in weather and climate. we will use these data to develop a more accur  ata to develop a more accurate emission model of tropical ecosystems that describes how large-s  ore accurate emission model of tropical ecosystems that describes how large-scale vegetation on  cal ecosystems that describes how large-scale vegetation on different continents during differe  osystems that describes how large-scale vegetation on different continents during different sea  fferent seasons responds to weather and climate. implementing the emission model into a larger    and climate. implementing the emission model into a larger computer model of the atmosphere, w  e emission model into a larger computer model of the atmosphere, which includes chemical reacti  y lead to a more accurate simulation of climate. tropical ecosystems represent an important wea  ccurate simulation of climate. tropical ecosystems represent an important weakness in our curre  ess in our current understanding of the evolution of earth s climate. my proposed research will  derstanding of the evolution of earth s climate. my proposed research will provide us with a mo  g implications for our understanding of climate.
15533	5	riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled through the exchange of   upled through the exchange of water and nutrients, conforming a functional landscape unit that   . in particular, riparian forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exc  rogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream, through processes s  h the stream, through processes such as nitrogen fixation .
15534	5	riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled through the exchange of   upled through the exchange of water and nutrients, conforming a functional landscape unit that   . in particular, riparian forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exc  rogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream, through processes s  h the stream, through processes such as nitrogen fixation .
10400	6	oups, such as increased protection from predators and greater opportunities for finding food an  re transmitted between individuals in a density-dependent manner: the more individuals there ar  ve evolved a strategy to cope with this density-related increase in the risk of becoming infect  ing infected. this strategy is known as density-dependent prophylaxis , as well as the role of   ing key aspects of immunity and disease resistance in insects. longer-term, we hope to gain a m  in generating variation in immunity and resistance to a wide range of parasites and pathogens.
10133	7	nly become invasive, taking over island ecosystems and thereby suppressing ground breeding bird  essing ground breeding birds and native vegetation. the reasons for this rapid expansion are mi   who fertilise the soil and disturb the vegetation through burrowing and trampling. manure-rich  from which they gradually invade island ecosystems. the problem occurs not only in scotland, bu  guano from birds will be added, and the vegetation disturbed just like seabirds do in their bre  ay a critical role. in both places, the growth of tree mallow plants from scotland and cornwall  nvasives, to the benefit of our natural environment.
14189	9	growth rate of an organism is increasingly being treate  nism is increasingly being treated as a life history trait of its own right. there is evidence   s evidence accumulating that individual growth rate is not maximised within the limits set by p  value. in insects, the benefits of high growth rate are easy to see. in contrast, despite of th   decades, the evidence of costs of high growth rate has remained fragmentary. we are currently   gueness of the definition of individual growth rate. here we propose - in order to shed light o  in order to shed light on costs of high growth rate - to systematically study growth rates of l  h growth rate - to systematically study growth rates of lepidopteran larvae by means of both wi  in- and among-population comparisons of growth rate in a number of insect species. we will appl
14895	4	rks of interactions. an example of such complexity involves pelagic birds, which act as privile   pelagic birds, which act as privileged indicators of marine habitats conservation. specificall  servation. specifically, procellariform development and implementation of the non-parametric st  and methods from very disparate fields: remote sensing, dynamic databases, animal tracking, and
7668	6	coastal ecosystems host high human population densities and are  tsunami of 2004 has shown that wherever ecosystems are undermined, the ability to adapt and reg  ence of large disturbances the mangrove ecosystems in indonesia represent one fourth of the wor  roves has resulted in a resilient socio-ecosystem. across the strait, the mangroves in north su  ed for agriculture or used for charcoal production. in this coupled human-ecological system, ou  s and policy makers using participatory modeling as a common platform. this will allow us to un
13770	3	iated with fragmentation, isolation and habitat quality at a landscape scale. the project also   tion and habitat quality at a landscape scale. the project also examines historical land use an  o spatial issues, temporal processes of habitat fragmentation are poorly understood although th
10624	9	ntial for ecm fungi to influence forest carbon cycles has become clear. they play a fundamental  cing both sequestration and emission of carbon from soil. ecm species are likely to respond dif  in the way they partition plant-derived carbon between biomass and respiration. changes in ecm   lant-derived carbon between biomass and respiration. changes in ecm community structure, and/or  biomass and respiration. changes in ecm community structure, and/or in the amount of external m  al mycelium produced, may influence the carbon balance of forest ecosystems and have important    influence the carbon balance of forest ecosystems and have important feedbacks on nutrient cap  acks on nutrient capture. we will study carbon partitioning of ecm fungi with contrasting ecolo  her observed patterns are maintained in symbiosis under elevated co2.
12680	7	the project will compare bird abundance data with land cover data, from habitat inven  t will compare bird abundance data with land cover data, from habitat inventories and from the   undance data with land cover data, from habitat inventories and from the land cover map. it wil  , from habitat inventories and from the land cover map. it will assess the importance of differ  will assess the importance of different habitat types and their availability within the landsca  within the landscape in determining the distribution and abundance of farmland, woodland and wa  ape in determining the distribution and abundance of farmland, woodland and water birds. it wil
11292	9	ng in response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. such r  the burning of fossil fuels. such rapid environmental change is likely to have far-reaching imp  of carbonate, bicarbonate and dissolved carbon dioxide and ph in the surface ocean, which is ch  bonate and dissolved carbon dioxide and ph in the surface ocean, which is changing as a consequ  quence of rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. organisms which produce external calciu  ay offset the impact of decreased ocean ph on the calcification process. overall, these studies  e the interpretation of coccolithophore distribution patterns in relation to ocean inorganic ca  patterns in relation to ocean inorganic carbon chemistry and will allow us to construct better    to increased ocean acidity on a global scale.
11281	9	l lakes have been designated a priority habitat within the eu habitats directive for their nutr  their nutrient-poor waters with benthic vegetation of charophytes transition from macrophyte to  sition from macrophyte to phytoplankton dominance. a decline in charophyte species richness lea  inance. a decline in charophyte species richness leads to an encroachment of elodeid macrophyte  llations between charophyte and elodeid dominance. these changes occur in conjunction with a re  in conjunction with a reduction in marl precipitation. finally, submerged macrophytes are displ  t with the total cessation of carbonate precipitation. 3. on a shorter timescale, reductions in   timescale, reductions in plant species richness result in a progressive decrease in the season  ctive, and providing information to the environment agency on reference conditions and ecologic
11485	10	for evolution to occur, individuals must vary genetically s  y differ from one another in measurable traits. a simplistic model of evolution is that if some  ther in measurable traits. a simplistic model of evolution is that if some genes build individu  easurable traits. a simplistic model of evolution is that if some genes build individuals that   uantitative genetic theory in which the traits are described according to how they vary in rela  g to how they vary in relation to other traits. so for instance, tall people typically tend to   proven success in predicting phenotypic evolution across a single generation, its success over    these populations. we will examine the evolution of g for male call structure across these 6 p  ause it is central to understanding how evolution proceeds. for instance, if we are wondering w  to understand how observed variation in temperature tolerance is likely to translate into an ev
11586	17	chids is facilitated by their vast seed production, a single plant typically releasing over 25,  ority of these cases the plant supplies carbon, which it has fixed through photosynthesis, to t  is, to the fungus in return for mineral nutrients taken up from soil. this is a mutualistic sym  ken up from soil. this is a mutualistic symbiosis where both partners derive a benefit the rela  what is unusual about the orchid-fungal symbiosis is that the fungus supplies both nutrients an  biosis is that the fungus supplies both nutrients and carbon to the young plants without any ob   the fungus supplies both nutrients and carbon to the young plants without any obvious benefit   ctions between orchid and fungus. using carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources enriched with s  etween orchid and fungus. using carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources enriched with specific    and fungus. using carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources enriched with specific isotopes of t   the mysteries surrounding this unusual symbiosis, answering two key questions for the first ti   can, in one species, benefit from this symbiosis and that the adult orchid continues to benefi  t orchid continues to benefit from this symbiosis. despite this major breakthrough with one spe  een orchids behave in this way, how the carbon and nutrients are transferred between plant and    behave in this way, how the carbon and nutrients are transferred between plant and fungus and   ungus and whether being able to acquire carbon from a fungus has enabled some adult orchids to   ons where they are unable to fix enough carbon into sugars to meet their needs and effectively
10065	1	the rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide programmes.
11599	15	m and dry weather that led to flammable vegetation, dry peat soils and the potential for severe  ldfires can cause significant damage to ecosystem function, particularly in areas of high sever   releases significant amounts of fossil carbon and can have a profound effect on total uk emmis  s and a potential imbalance between the carbon lost from burnt vegetation and that which can be  ance between the carbon lost from burnt vegetation and that which can be sequesterd by regenera  ncern about potential feedbacks between climate, fire frequency, fire severity and carbon fluxe  mate, fire frequency, fire severity and carbon fluxes from peatlands. for this reason there is   th regards to moorland biodiversity and carbon stores. this research will play an important rol  everities on the above and below ground carbon balance and ecosystem functioning of moorlands.   ove and below ground carbon balance and ecosystem functioning of moorlands. we will map the per  e perimeter of recent wildfires and the distribution of broad classes of fire severity. in area  l make estimates of the total amount of carbon lost from the system due to combustion and asses  to combustion and assess differences in vegetation regeneration and carbon fluxes from peat in   ferences in vegetation regeneration and carbon fluxes from peat in burnt and unburnt plots. by   ic resource that will allow us to track ecosystem change over time and provide a focus for futu
12647	2	is a need to understand the extent and distribution of annex i habitats occurring in uk marine   i habitats in uk offshore to: •map the distribution and extent of seabed habitats; •to assess
15330	10	drought-induced tree mortality is emerging as a global phenomenon, and it is  o increase in the future as a result of climate change, particularly in water-limited regions s  regions such as the mediterranean. tree mortality episodes linked to extreme climatic events ha  ome cases, will result in shifts in the distribution of forest species in relatively short peri  ges in the structure and functioning of ecosystems, as well as in the services they provide to   heir feedbacks to the drivers of global environmental change, we need to understand the factors  een proposed to explain drought-induced mortality in trees: hydraulic failure underlying drough  failure underlying drought-induced tree mortality in relation to the main strategies to cope wi  lants, an improved understanding of the carbon balance of plants and of phloem transport and th  y they are affected by drought, and the development of more realistic models of long distance t
12726	6	of these topics: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.in  s: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collabor  ion for uk priority species through the production and dissemination of guidance for conservati  rough the wide dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly   dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly explain how t  high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to develop a mechanism which allows esta
12731	6	of these topics: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.in  s: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collabor  ion for uk priority species through the production and dissemination of guidance for conservati  rough the wide dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly   dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly explain how t  high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to develop a mechanism which allows esta
14361	3	blems or threat. similarly, the regular production of thematic maps validation of the results.   ing chain from orthorectified images to land cover change data. the main challenge of this proc  pes that are necessary to perform large scale wall-to-wall monitoring in tropical regions. this
13927	9	and as some are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen they also contribute significantly to the nitr  ey also contribute significantly to the nitrogen economy in these vast ecosystems. recent data   y to the nitrogen economy in these vast ecosystems. recent data indicates that unicellular, pic  s nodularia, and may be responsible for nitrogen fixation rates observed in the dark in the sou  ylogenetic identification and study the ecological function that marine unicellular cyanobacter  se special attention will be focused on nitrogen fixers, gas chromatography/acetylene reduction  r assays will also be used to determine nitrogen fixation activities. all these data will enabl  and the way these microbial communities function, allowing for the resolution of their differen  s in the environmental conditions, as a function of time, space, and abiotic and biotic variati
1964	7	at only less than 1% of all bacteria in nature have been isolated in pure cultures. however, th  ver, the value of this biodiversity for ecosystem functioning is still enigmatic. so far only a  uestions in microbial ecology: how does nature permit the coexistence and survival in one and t  stence and survival in one and the same environment of so many species with the same or nearly   th the same or nearly identical type of metabolism the proposed research will try to obtain ins  fate reducers in natural and engineered ecosystems. in addition, we expect to be able to define  ferentiation, and develop a theoretical model that can be tested in practice.
14222	13	knowledge about the historical development of plant communities is highly important fo  derstanding the present-day patterns in community structure and in species diversity. understan   diversity. understanding the long-term community development is also a key issue for planning   . understanding the long-term community development is also a key issue for planning the protec  s can be used to reconstruct changes in vegetation composition and in plant species diversity a  ological datasets. analyzing changes in vegetation structure and in richness patterns across se   changes in vegetation structure and in richness patterns across several pollen sites for subse  struct different pathways of historical vegetation development and to relate the historical and  erent pathways of historical vegetation development and to relate the historical and present-da   historical and present-day patterns in vegetation and species diversity. because estonia has m  hips between historical and present-day vegetation. the objectives are: to evaluate existing bi  s in the light of knowledge about plant community development.   ight of knowledge about plant community development.
10313	7	ome as the blueprint for organisms, the environment plays an active and crucial role in individ  n active and crucial role in individual development. consequently, variation in environmental c  organisms to cope with changes in their environment and, hence, are adaptive. to answer those q  ng-term studies of great tits show that stress to embryos or nestlings has similar effects as n  ings has similar effects as nutritional stress have on human and laboratory animals. this means   means that great tits can be used as a model system for understanding the importance of epigen  uals and populations experiencing rapid environmental change.
12603	3	background defra require a literature review to collate published evidence on a the causes of  fate of the lost c. the purpose of this review is to inform a policy workshop which will be: i   xt steps for evidence gathering, policy development and stakeholder engagement ; and the certai
10579	2	ble to cause disruption of reproductive development and function in fish.   ruption of reproductive development and function in fish.
11555	8	world s upper ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why.   y. evidence shows that a portion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated wat  rtion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated waters, however that seems to    phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however, there were anaerobic mic  ied the presence of methanogens oceanic methane production is, in part, associated with particu  presence of methanogens oceanic methane production is, in part, associated with particulate mat  udies, zooplankton grazing experiments, sediment trap studies, and these will be coupled with m  gy we hope to finally unravel the ocean methane paradox.
11571	2	the evolution of sociality is one of the major transitions   l result will be the most comprehensive evaluation of the basis of helping in a primitively eus
12476	1	nal estimates were made in 2005/06. the review will update these to reflect changes in targets
15277	1	nformation system on ibero-macaronesian vegetation in the iberian peninsula.
15278	1	nformation system on ibero-macaronesian vegetation in the iberian peninsula.
15279	1	nformation system on ibero-macaronesian vegetation in the iberian peninsula.
14335	1	itute of natural sciences, institute of nature and forest research, royal museum of central afr
12696	1	ficant relationship between mean spring temperature and the spring index.
12697	1	de data to update the uk bat population indicator using the latest figures up to and including
6809	4	the fossil assemblage, - describing the environment through the associated plant and vertebrate   the fossils, - examine minerals of the sediment to learn about the relief and weathering of th  ng of the landscape, - draw a 3d relief model to illustrate the depositional environment. - pal  ef model to illustrate the depositional environment. - palaeogeography based on paleocontinenta
6855	3	the project is to give a comprehensive evaluation on the upper jurassic ammonite biostratigrap  sic ammonite biostratigraphy and facies succession of the north-eastern part of the transdanubi  emblages as well as the paleogeographic development of the region.
15526	5	river ecosystems are amongst the most seriously imperiled wor  due to direct impacts on fish and their habitat and to their facilitating role for the establis  f the impacts of river damming on river ecosystems, focusing on river fish communities; and ii   g on river fish communities; and ii the development of useful tools to design sustainable strat  shwater fish communities, including the dominance of invasive species and their biotic integrit
11725	3	y species, some of which live at higher density than in their traditional rural habitat. despit  density than in their traditional rural habitat. despite the potential importance of the urban   e the potential importance of the urban environment for wildlife, our knowledge of urban ecolog
13744	8	urban nature is often severely fragmented and only small isol  will be used to answer whether critical thresholds exist, at a city level, in the proportional   fragments. we will also examine species richness and community structure in relation to local h   will also examine species richness and community structure in relation to local habitat qualit  ommunity structure in relation to local habitat quality and matrix quality at multiple scales .  ess movement rates of butterflies along habitat corridors. which species and habitat corridor c  ng habitat corridors. which species and habitat corridor characteristics, respectively, promote  e rates are associated with patterns of density. this experimental approach will allow us to me
15581	31	n europe.the understanding of how urban ecosystems work, how they change, and what limits their  rmance, can add to the understanding of ecosystem change and governance in general in an ever m  are facing enormous challenges, such as climate change and transformation to a future beyond fo  mation to a future beyond fossil fuels. ecosystems may play an important role in facilitating t  le in facilitating this transformation. ecosystems provide flexibility in urban landscapes and   bridged rapidly to increase the pace of development towards a sustainable planet that is increa   questions the consortium will focus on functional diversity, urban ecosystem services, institu  ll focus on functional diversity, urban ecosystem services, institutions, economics and resilie  le management of urban biodiversity and ecosystem service generation and communicate this to im  ders. cluster i: urban biodiversity and ecosystem services what are the drivers behind loss/enh  rivers behind loss/enhancement of urban ecosystem services and how do they interact across scal  t across scales what are the impacts of climate and other environmental changes versus impact o   environmental changes versus impact of growth and/or decline-driven land use change on ecosyst   impact of growth and/or decline-driven land use change on ecosystem functioning and urban ecos  nd/or decline-driven land use change on ecosystem functioning and urban ecosystem services what  ange on ecosystem functioning and urban ecosystem services what are the roles of species intera  cosystem services what are the roles of species interactions and functional diversity for gener  e the roles of species interactions and functional diversity for generation of urban ecosystem   ional diversity for generation of urban ecosystem services cluster ii. valuation of biodiversit  uster ii. valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services what are the methods suitable for mo  -monetary valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the urban landscape how can monet  scape how can monetary and non-monetary ecosystems service values be integrated for decision-ma  uster iii. governance and management of ecosystems and ecosystem service what are the most effe  rnance and management of ecosystems and ecosystem service what are the most effective mechanism  isms for the governance of non-marketed ecosystem services what is the role of formal versus in  ns for ensuring effective governance of ecosystem services and facilitating needed urban transf  ing urban europe has entered a critical development stage where the ability of cities to sustai  evels of quality of life is questioned. climate change, natural resource shortage and patterns   resource shortage and patterns of urban growth and decline linked to demographic and economic s  ed the narrow limits of the established development model and imply substantial risks for the e  w limits of the established development model and imply substantial risks for the environmental
10542	23	positories of biodiversity. their plant community can contain up to 40 species per square metre  ecies per square metre and such species richness underpins diverse fungal and invertebrate comm  ungal and invertebrate communities. the habitat supports birds of conservation interest and is   e and cultural value. grassland species richness declines where the soils are enriched in phosp  eclines where the soils are enriched in phosphorus. a balanced phosphorus budget is therefore i   are enriched in phosphorus. a balanced phosphorus budget is therefore important in maintaining   therefore important in maintaining the nature-conservation interest of these sites. such budge  and. this was achieved by analysing the phosphorus status of their soils, trapping flood sedime  eir soils, trapping flood sediments for phosphorus analysis and calculating hay yields and the   lculating hay yields and the associated phosphorus off-take. to date, sediment trapping on thes  ssociated phosphorus off-take. to date, sediment trapping on these meadows has been confined to  ng results in a significantly different sediment deposit either in terms of quantity or quality  rtunity to measure the actual amount of phosphorus deposited. this information will be of parti  ormation will be of particular value if climate-change scenarios suggest the frequency of such   were overwhelmed and thus may alter the phosphorus content of sediments immediately downstream    the samples will be analysed for their phosphorus content and the mass of sediment deposited p  heir phosphorus content and the mass of sediment deposited per unit area will be estimated. the  t budgets at the other 5. the amount of phosphorus deposited will be compared to that calulated  sly sampled winter floods and to annual phosphorus off-take in hay to assess whether the phosph  s off-take in hay to assess whether the phosphorus input from summer sediment is likely to be i  hether the phosphorus input from summer sediment is likely to be important in the overall budge  cology willbe estimate dand compared to climate-change scenarios. if the analysis suggests summ  changing the species composition of the vegetation in floodplain meadows, then the implications
11770	7	that live there and it also lowers the abundance of the harvested species. for the use of thes  le for the fishers, as mpas may promote recovery of the scallop stocks within the reserves. onc  ich will maintain populations at a high density, may be the most successful method to protect t  dy the effect of marine reserves on the abundance and recovery of bottom animals inside and out  of marine reserves on the abundance and recovery of bottom animals inside and outside the reser   created. we will follow changes of the abundance and reproduction of four species of bottom an   animals over several years to quantify recovery from scallop dredging damage. we will also det
9958	19	climate change is predicted to result in warmer, drier   t in major changes in the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. human activities ar  e structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. human activities are also responsible for d  o responsible for disturbing the global nitrogen cycle; this has resulted in a diverse range of  m altered rates of nutrient cycling and carbon storage to changes in plant community compositio   and carbon storage to changes in plant community composition. fire and nitrogen deposition are  n plant community composition. fire and nitrogen deposition are major drivers of ecosystem chan  itrogen deposition are major drivers of ecosystem change and may result in the loss of biodiver  d compromise the provision of essential ecosystem services. a recent, severe heathland fire at    severe heathland fire at our long term nitrogen manipulation study site presents a unique oppo  nteractions between these two important global change phenomena. nitrogen additions over the pa   two important global change phenomena. nitrogen additions over the past 7 years have resulted   he activity and composition of the soil microbial community, and storage of additional nutrient  al community, and storage of additional nutrients both above- and below-ground. these pre-exist  pected to influence the response of the microbial community to a major fire, with knock on effe  rovide important insight into post-fire microbial community dynamics in soils of contrasting co  ing composition, and its link with soil nutrients. in addition, we will obtain extremely valuab  ed changes in belowground diversity and ecosystem function associated with elevated nitrogen de  ystem function associated with elevated nitrogen deposition.
9941	2	are, how they survive in their extreme environment and how they might influence processes in d  n ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on earth might have started. so
12055	10	anticipation of climate change effects on the environmental and sanitar  onary moth because of its winter larval development sensitive to limited variations in temperat  ment sensitive to limited variations in temperature, pine processionary moth is a good model fo  ture, pine processionary moth is a good model for the study of the consequences of climate chan  el for the study of the consequences of climate change. its colonies, made up of irritant larva   both altitude and altitude with winter warming up. thus, this pine forest pest is turning to a  predict, by experimental approaches and modelling, the risks for specific biodiversity as well   t methods in urban areas, including the mapping of the areas at sanitary risk. a set of complem  cular biology techniques, including the development of adapted genetic markers, were used to re  on through a coupling with mathematical modeling. the cooperation between entomologists, medica
15133	2	range of recalcitrant compounds for the environment with a similar chemical structure to the on  adation of aggressive compounds for the environment.
7248	6	the objectives of soil organic matter and is interested in the evolution   organic matter and is interested in the evolution of these lipid markers with depth, the deeper  epth, the deeper horizons are richer in carbon stable. more test closeaux involving a change of  ore test closeaux involving a change of vegetation, we can follow by the isotopic composition o  the impact of this change in culture. * development stages of the methodology for extracting an  of ore"meadow"and the site of closeaux. evolution of qualitative and quantitative tetraethers w
7043	1	lied to establish trends/changes in the vegetation and how they were triggered
7405	1	areas subject or not to the selection. modeling will also be undertaken to develop methods for
2097	3	maturation in male parr is a common life history in atlantic salmon, of importance for the   ation structure. the project performs a model study, in which both mature males and large adult  rned adults. the goal is to compare the development of the offspring of precocious mature males
7252	8	tted to an emission reduction schedule. carbon dioxide is particularly referred. its main produ  ssions. beyond, in the rights of market development perspective to pollute, many researches are  t intended to treat the entire co2, the development of such processes requires carefully consid  oduced. certainly, one can envisage the production of high added-value molecules, but this may   but this may lead to relatively limited production volumes. other routes should be considered p  nfluence of the operating conditions of production on the quality and quantity of protein in al  tein in algae. according to the ways of development of biomass, separation processes, purificat   the tools necessary to extrapolate the scale process industrial
10825	2	vasive, but still mysterious effects of temperature on body size in ectotherms.   ll mysterious effects of temperature on body size in ectotherms.
14786	5	ation include industrial manufacturing, energy and fuel production, gas exhaust and also excess  dustrial manufacturing, energy and fuel production, gas exhaust and also excessive fertilizer u  most metals cannot be eliminated of the environment by chemical or biological transformation ma  r the remediation of metal contaminated ecosystems and are emerging as an important area of res  ised. the effects of these fungi on the growth and heavy metal uptake of plants, chosen for the
14483	2	s; reproduction is further modulated by environment and ecological factors. the determination o  ind a pattern of hormone excretion as a function of sex, age and reproductive status in the moh
10696	4	satellite remote sensing will be used to provide support for the    the north atlantic study in the marine productivity programme, in particular for the seagoing    in this laboratory to estimate primary production from seawifs images. satellite-based estimat  mates will be verified and validated by participation in the april / may 2002 cruise planned as
15250	8	ates have increased both in numbers and distribution range. this trend has been assessed by mea  been assessed by means of hunting bags, distribution maps and through the revision of published   many vertebrate scavengers, generalist predators as well as insects, bacteria and fungi. the a  rs may depend upon different sources of mortality and so the spatio-temporal distribution of th  of mortality and so the spatio-temporal distribution of this resource may become and important   brate scavengers and its effects on the distribution, abundance and community structure of scav  rs and its effects on the distribution, abundance and community structure of scavengers.   ects on the distribution, abundance and community structure of scavengers.
13827	3	sh regulate their nutritional intake of energy by selecting a specific combination of macronutr  elf-selection by fish diet, with recent development of a geometrical frame work that provides a  bility is expected to have an effect of energy need and learning ability. the set-up and experi
10548	18	esrc espa research programme recognises climate change as a key driver of change in ecosystems,  ate change as a key driver of change in ecosystems, ecosystems services and their links with th  s a key driver of change in ecosystems, ecosystems services and their links with the causes and  ll not have the skills and tools to use climate change information in espa research. through a   in china and poor communities living in ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. there will be   ties living in ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. there will be three activities. first,   ience researchers to understand and use climate information in their research through the devel  formation in their research through the development and delivery of focused workshops. second,   nities dependant on natural and managed ecosystems for their livelihoods and raise awareness of  heir livelihoods and raise awareness of climate change impacts in these communities using surve  ommunities using surveys, communication mapping techniques and participatory learning. last, we  n agenda-setting document on the use of climate information in espa research. the continued eng  ting up a dual language, web-based espa climate network. this project brings together for the f  er for the first time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-lead  irst time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-leading institut  rld-leading institutions concerned with climate in the uk and china, each with international re  ng, in order to build capacity in using climate information within the expanding espa community  e information within the expanding espa community in china.
11324	18	esrc espa research programme recognises climate change as a key driver of change in ecosystems,  ate change as a key driver of change in ecosystems, ecosystems services and their links with th  s a key driver of change in ecosystems, ecosystems services and their links with the causes and  ll not have the skills and tools to use climate change information in espa research. through a   in china and poor communities living in ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. there will be   ties living in ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. there will be three activities. first,   ience researchers to understand and use climate information in their research through the devel  formation in their research through the development and delivery of focused workshops. second,   nities dependant on natural and managed ecosystems for their livelihoods and raise awareness of  heir livelihoods and raise awareness of climate change impacts in these communities using surve  ommunities using surveys, communication mapping techniques and participatory learning. last, we  n agenda-setting document on the use of climate information in espa research. the continued eng  ting up a dual language, web-based espa climate network. this project brings together for the f  er for the first time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-lead  irst time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-leading institut  rld-leading institutions concerned with climate in the uk and china, each with international re  ng, in order to build capacity in using climate information within the expanding espa community  e information within the expanding espa community in china.
11854	12	the life history of a species is the set of traits that des  life history of a species is the set of traits that describe real life histories are often much   that have given us our current view of life history evolution. i use datasets in which individ  ven us our current view of life history evolution. i use datasets in which individuals have bee  quantitative rather than qualitative in nature, i can use them to pick apart the selective forc  egies. this is achieved by treating the model as a tool, rather than an end in itself, in order  to perform simulated experiments on the model system. for example, we can ask how changing the   ng the amount inter-annual variation in mortality might affect the optimal reproductive strateg  n biology to bring new insight into the evolution of some of the very best studied animal and p  in other systems. understanding how the environment ultimately shapes the evolution of a specie  w the environment ultimately shapes the evolution of a species is essential if we hope to predi  ps mitigate the effect of human induced environmental change.
10878	1	uropean horse chestnut to determine the efficiency of phage as a prophylactic as well as a ther
15101	7	global climate change represents a major threat to biodiversit  xpected to suffer pronounced changes in distribution in the foreseeable future as a result of i  ategies for conservation in the face of climate change. habitat models, mathematical equations   ervation in the face of climate change. habitat models, mathematical equations that allow the e  ns that allow the estimation of species abundance or probability of presence based on environme  species distributions. in this project, habitat models will be developed for two species of but  e responses of species distributions to climate change.
13812	4	ral grasslands have the highest species-richness in the rural landscape. today they are managed  with no consideration of the functional connectivity for exchange of seeds and pollen. however,  ds and pollen. however, without a broad-scale perspective there is a risk of depletion of biodi  then be used in a digital simulation to model species dispersal in the past and present landsca
11078	6	global warming is occurring at an unprecedented rate in human    history, causing marked changes in the distribution and abundance of many species. most resear   marked changes in the distribution and abundance of many species. most research to date has fo  els of biological organisation test our model predictions using manipulative experiments that s  xperiments that simulate the effects of climate warming.   ts that simulate the effects of climate warming.
10098	1	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification
10513	1	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification
11008	1	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification
11519	1	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification
11522	1	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification
9987	1	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification
11357	3	c record contains the effects of global climate change, human invasion, and the megafaunal mass  nge in the biogeographical and temporal distribution of bison, caribou, brown bear and lion pop  this data will be used to determine the distribution and significance of genetic effects due to
11730	4	undity, allowing coexistence when patch density varies. poor dispersal can also produce populat  ce population viscosity, local resource competition and skewed sex ratios. we propose to isolat  fication of the level of local resource competition. the results of this work will connect disp  the study of spatial ecology, sex ratio evolution and the maintenance of cooperation in mutuali
11609	1	f vicariant speciation, and evidence of recovery after major extinction events.
10775	2	eading into europe. we will look at the predators in oak galls to see if this out of the east p  t pattern is in fact true for the whole community.
12409	3	s a means of monitoring plastics in the environment. fulmars are purely oceanic foragers, they   provide an integrated picture of litter abundance at the sea surface. the netherlands have a lo  ng the presence of marine litter in the environment, any trends over time and will also give a
15022	1	n eighth in size. in spite of the harsh environment, endemic floras and faunas of deserts are o
9836	7	mpts to interpret the effects of global climate change hinge on the analysis of ice and sedimen  change hinge on the analysis of ice and sediment cores from places such as greenland, antarctic  y are effectively a proxy record of the temperature of the sea surface in surrounding areas. co  latively intact state. by examining the vegetation records and comparing them to the animal pop  ive. we will then relate the changes in vegetation and animal populations to the physical ice a  mal populations to the physical ice and sediment records, to try and identify how signals in th  ffects of current trends such as global warming.
11063	7	ales, bangor and decision-makers at the environment agency with the key aim of developing and i  ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in environmental managemen  mation using an explicit and repeatable review protocol so as to avoid bias, interpret the find  ormat suitable for decision-makers. the environment agency wales has identified subject areas f   wales has identified subject areas for review from its climate change strategy implementation   ified subject areas for review from its climate change strategy implementation plan. the agency  tation plan. the agency will assess the review evidence produced in this project and feedback i
10852	7	hanges in the prevalence of intra guild predation in relation to prey abundance and to start ex  tra guild predation in relation to prey abundance and to start exploring its dynamic implicatio  in dietary reconstruction in a guild of predators in an ecosystem dominated by the cyclic fluct  struction in a guild of predators in an ecosystem dominated by the cyclic fluctuations of field  n most vertebrate members of the forest ecosystem and start testing specific hypotheses on the   igp to modify the amplitude and delayed nature of the numerical responses of vole predators , w  ture of the numerical responses of vole predators , which are likely to influence vole dynamics
10765	5	or understanding the context of current climate change. for example, investigations of the oxyg  nge. for example, investigations of the oxygen isotopes in conodont teeth are providing new ins  hts into glaciations, sea level and sea temperature hundreds of millions of years ago. conodont  ill provide independent data concerning temperature/depth habitat.   ndent data concerning temperature/depth habitat.
10738	1	w temperatures in conditions of limited oxygen supply; it is possible to identify which morphol
11348	1	w temperatures in conditions of limited oxygen supply; it is possible to identify which morphol
10248	5	nvironmental conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly in  is strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity within lowland river catchments. lateral c  ithin lowland river catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at   isk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collect data and develop m  tion of lateral habitats in relation to habitat characteristics, including those associated wit
10453	5	nvironmental conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly in  is strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity within lowland river catchments. lateral c  ithin lowland river catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at   isk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collect data and develop m  tion of lateral habitats in relation to habitat characteristics, including those associated wit
9989	5	nvironmental conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly in  is strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity within lowland river catchments. lateral c  ithin lowland river catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at   isk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collect data and develop m  tion of lateral habitats in relation to habitat characteristics, including those associated wit
14647	1	increase in uv-b radiation in a type of ecosystems particularly delicate in this respect, such
153	7	parts in needed extent and with needed density that could be habitats for many different speci  ow is the biodiversity dependent on the nature of riparian plant communities and landuse. the o  uffer zones as connecting corridors for migration of different species from one core area or ha  different species from one core area or habitat to another. the objective is to investigate the  tigate the relations between the insect migration and riparian plant communities. 3. how does t  rements of these insect species for the habitat. 4. what are the relations between pollinators   endence of biodiversity on the riparian habitat types and their land use. the relations between
10893	4	loss and degradation of tropical forest ecosystems and the associated impact on ecosystem servi  ecosystems and the associated impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity at a range of scale  plication for a partnership and project development grant is designed to address these needs at  n form the basis of subsequent proposal development.
10768	1	novel mechanism to pay communities for ecosystem services provided by the amazon. pi: john gra
10900	13	largest fresh water and tropical forest ecosystem in the world, representing over half of all t  he known species. it provides important ecosystem services threaten its continued functioning.   h can effectively articulate a coherent model for a large-scale pes system. 4. this knowledge c  articulate a coherent model for a large-scale pes system. 4. this knowledge capacity will be em  sources provide, as well as reinforcing community land tenure claims in line with state and fed  cted directly by deforestation, a large-scale reduction in es provision would be likely to impa  be likely to impact them through rising energy prices, since more than 70% of electricity in br  ndwork necessary for a functional large scale pes system with the potential to contribute to pr  ential to contribute to pro-poor policy development, and act as a model for government driven w  o-poor policy development, and act as a model for government driven wealth redistribution in th  f scientists, economists and experts in community development. the funding will be mostly used   ts, economists and experts in community development. the funding will be mostly used to finance  sts aided by the international research community, and where there is a high level of scientifi
2496	1	tions into local extinction by positive density-dependent processes collectively known as allee
2497	10	bility to change, the predictability of ecosystem services, and the resistance to biological in  tability of ecosystem services, and the resistance to biological invasions. lakes are ideal sys  h phytoplankton and zooplankton species richness makes a longitudinal transect across norway an  effects of biodiversity on natural lake ecosystem functioning. we will approach the relationshi  nships between species pool saturation, ecosystem functioning, and vulnerability to bioinvasion  diversity, and up-scaling by predictive modeling tools. statistical modeling will also be used    predictive modeling tools. statistical modeling will also be used to disentangle effects of mu   also be used to disentangle effects of multiple stressors like eutrophication, climate change,  multiple stressors like eutrophication, climate change, and invading species on the ecosystem s  ate change, and invading species on the ecosystem services of lakes.
2163	1	uired to predict the impacts of current climate change scenarios on atlantic salmon populations
2498	6	ommon garden laboratory conditions. the environment in which parasites are maintained will be m  ll be modified to examine the effect of environment on parasite population growth and sexuality  t of environment on parasite population growth and sexuality. the environmental factors which w  ors which will be modified are a. water ph/aluminium concentration will be compared, and the po  ty of strain hybridisation leading to a development of parasite strains with novel host specifi  roles of host and parasite genotype and environment in determining the pathogenicity of the g.
2161	9	rbance and biodiversity loss in natural ecosystems. in spite of recent emphasis on these proble  s of both the invader and the receiving community, including studies of ecological, evolutionar  ocioeconomic effects as well as a large-scale field experiment addressing the possibility of bi  essing the possibility of biocontrol by predator enhancement. ecological impacts of the invasio  f the invasion involve large changes in population dynamics of the invading species, dramatic p  of native species, and major changes in food web structure and dynamics of the receiving ecosys  structure and dynamics of the receiving ecosystem. the time-series facilitates an unparalleled   time-series facilitates an unparalleled model study of invader success and adaptations, acute a  ter a biological invasion in a northern ecosystem.
2166	8	els. artificial selection for increased growth performance in farmed salmon has led to changes   o in other morphological and behavioral traits and a reduction in relative fitness of farmed fi  pulations, the effects of selection and migration in several traits simultaneously will be mode  s of selection and migration in several traits simultaneously will be modeled. previous models    modeled. previous models for selection-migration balance suggest that wild salmon populations   ment actions. unknown quantities in the model will be estimated from tests of genetic change in  out the underlying genetic basis of the traits under selection and can thus be used to check th  previous work suggest that pure one-way migration of farmed fish into the wild makes this stron
2158	8	re considered through a general dynamic model for changes in community structure, enabling us t   a general dynamic model for changes in community structure, enabling us to test for additional  rning abiotic factors are available for modeling. the test method development described in dise  available for modeling. the test method development described in diserud & aagaard will be cont  ill be developed for analyzing shift in phenology. the atna river system is one of the best doc  pling each year since 1986, while large scale investigations based on samples of imagines were   sl. and test for significant changes in community structure, species composition and phenology.  nity structure, species composition and phenology.
14180	3	how these are connected with changes on environment, will be observed. also different canges in  l be observed. also different canges in growth will be compared with different cahnges on envir  l be compared with different cahnges on environment like sea-level changes, climatic changes, i
7366	1	gh collections and understanding of its evolution through phylogenetic analyzes of genetic dive
10974	2	in areas such as public health, vaccine development, agro-ecology and conservation biology. com  e costs of immune defence influence the evolution of immune defence levels. using sympatric and
10324	4	ent approaches suggest that an animal s environment and ecology underlie such variation. the pr  d research will determine the impact of predation and other ecological variables on cognitive a  with waterfalls separating high and low predation sites. the relative roles of the environment   dation sites. the relative roles of the environment and heritability will be determined by meas
2198	3	ranges of abiotic variables and grazer resistance. an overview of the characteristics of intro  ts and other analyses. 4. processes and ecosystem impact ecosystem impact will be documented fo  yses. 4. processes and ecosystem impact ecosystem impact will be documented for
1106	7	atic change on the mediterranean marine environment and the role of this basin in the co2 plane  face; - to improve the understanding of carbon cycle processes, that are affected by global cha  garding the behaviour of the ocean like carbon sink; - to provide data on the role of national   he role of national seas in relation to carbon stocks usable for international negotiations. ne  lian coasts due to different effects of climate change will be predicted in six selected areas:  ill be predicted in six selected areas: ecosystems. the developed scenarios will be used to eva   be used to evaluate the effects of the climate changes on coastal areas and the economic reper
13487	9	munities affecting species composition, community structure, and vegetation change. how these o  s composition, community structure, and vegetation change. how these organisms respond to abiot  anding how these communities respond to global change. it is predicted that increased nitrogen    change. it is predicted that increased nitrogen deposition will result in increased disease se  n increased disease severity triggering vegetation change, while both increased temperature and  vegetation change, while both increased temperature and decreased snow depth will have the oppo   individualistic responses to increased nitrogen deposition. the long-term consequences of that  ear. another issue is whether increased nitrogen deposition will result in increased incidence   om long-term effects. in addition small-scale experiments will be used to address responses of
7594	1	as. it is proposed in this program as a model for the phylogenetic study of all kind aeromonas
15237	3	be centred on two temperate bats whose distribution range include south europe: the long-finge  . our research will focus mainly on the predator-prey relationships, ecomorphological processes  ning the species they prey upon and the phenology of those trophic behaviours, and studying par
144	4	vertebrate phylum. their diversity and abundance grew from the silurian to the devonian. by no   fishes, and give their spatio-temporal distribution. for that the morphology, sculpture and mi   project will be used in the vertebrate classification, biostratigraphical studies, mapping geo  sification, biostratigraphical studies, mapping geology, and palaeogeographical reconstructions
10584	2	ow, including long-term survival in the environment, reservoir hosts and vertical transmission.  ting low-level infections. however, the development of the highly sensitive polymerase chain re
12293	3	how serious is yield loss in our wetter climate 4. to screen parents and progeny from mapped po   from mapped populations for sources of resistance. in the long term the most sustainable contr  this objective will look for sources of resistance that can be used in breeding programmes. ver
9888	1	researchers for testing and for further development - i.e. at trl level 4.
14733	1	ille university has participated in the production and edition of around 20% of the published t
15154	1	ille university has participated in the production and edition of around 20% of the published t
2463	7	almost 50% of annual marine net primary production, plays a critical role in global carbon cycl  uction, plays a critical role in global carbon cycling. mechanisms that control their mortality   cycling. mechanisms that control their mortality are, however, still poorly understood, and th  n situ to increase our understanding of mortality mechanisms in different phytoplankton species  anisms in the lower part of the pelagic food web is necessary to correctly assess a wide range   mically important aspects of the marine ecosystem such as biodiversity and plankton dynamics, h  kton dynamics, harmful algal blooms and global change research. moreover, the methodology devel
11720	7	otosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmo  he production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmosphere. in the nutrient-poor central   poor central regions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single  egions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled cyanob  anobacteria and as a result control the abundance and genetic biodiversity of these important o  icoplankton. all organisms that produce oxygen by photosynthesis have two proteins, called dl a  nthesis going so that the virus has the energy to reproduce itself. we wish to find out how the
1983	15	rest the last years, for one due to the development of techniques that allowed picophytoplankto  y even dominating the picophytoplankton community. it is, however, unclear how wide-spread this  , however, unclear how wide-spread this dominance of m. pusilla is. furthermore, knowledge of r   role of virus infection for m. pusilla population dynamics, production and diversity is lackin  ion for m. pusilla population dynamics, production and diversity is lacking. a study on the pre  ated study assessing the occurrence and abundance of mpv, as well as the genetic diversity and   and the impact of viruses on m. pusilla mortality and population dynamics. different geographic   of viruses on m. pusilla mortality and population dynamics. different geographical locations w  locations will be studied on a temporal scale in order to allow unique and optimal insight into  ic viruses to c-flux within the pelagic food web. it will be for the first time that a detailed  such a spatially as well as temporarily scale. newly developed techniques will be used to detec   and viral control of picophytoplankton population dynamics. the results are expected to provid  tioning and structure of marine pelagic food webs and geochemical cycling. the obtained data wi  rmore, be essential for a more accurate evaluation of mathematical ecosystem models.   ore accurate evaluation of mathematical ecosystem models.
10601	6	oplankton are central players in global carbon fixation, nutrient cycling and energy transfer.   l carbon fixation, nutrient cycling and energy transfer. consequently, the causes of phytoplank  nsequently, the causes of phytoplankton mortality have important biogeochemical and ecological   n non-predatory loss routes for primary production by marine phytoplankton are release of disso   phytoplankton are release of dissolved organic matter . the ultimate aim will be to generate a   the ultimate aim will be to generate a model of lysis driven nutrient regeneration based on th
11004	1	will be generated from a natural virus community to characterise unculturable viruses and asse
9935	1	will be generated from a natural virus community to characterise unculturable viruses and asse
15574	23	ng political and public concern for the environment, and resulting changes in legislation , whi  d to follow the steps prescribed by the millennium ecosystem assessment for regional assessment  egional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stakeholder semi-direc   site to identify with stakeholders key ecosystem services associated with the maintenance of f  and linkages among services, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will anal  rends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlying mechanisms. thi   link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and  s that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multi  ond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multispecies ass  species assemblages by manipulating the dominance of plant species with different traits on soi  minance of plant species with different traits on soils from intensively / extensively managed   nalyses of realised plant and microbial functional diversity, and of c- and n-cycling processes  cycling processes, will provide a first model linking plant functional responses to management,   management, their impacts on microbial functional diversity, and their coupled effects on mult  , and their coupled effects on multiple ecosystem services. wp4 will test the robustness of thi  s. wp4 will test the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the thre  wp5 will generate projections of future ecosystem service delivery according to alternative man  al stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts  uding extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using both a statis   based on results from wp4, and dynamic ecosystem models. nonlinear situations, with changes ac  ity and ecological processes underlying ecosystem services delivery, and of impacts of manageme  ken in the future for sustainable rural development will be delivered to policy makers. outreac  public will be strengthened through the development of a training toolkit.
11372	1	also use this data to explore the fine scale questions of coda usage. secondly, i will initiat
7247	3	nd resorption ' pollution of the forest ecosystem. it is hoped to relate the state of the plant   hoped to relate the state of the plant ecosystem with major steps in the evolution of anthropo  plant ecosystem with major steps in the evolution of anthropogenic pollution. based on analytic
12583	5	value to the project. the project will review existing research and management practice in ord  l vulnerability to future management of climate change threats. the causes and types of organic  soils will be reviewed of the potential carbon that could be removed from the atmosphere and st  stored by the soil and the reduction in carbon losses that could be possible through mitigation  n losses that could be possible through mitigation strategies. the project will also describe a
15118	10	the intergovernmental panel on climate change predicts an increase of global warming a  e change predicts an increase of global warming and changing patterns of rainfall frequency and  ging patterns of rainfall frequency and distribution. in rivers and streams, the predicted chan  ge in quantity and quality of available organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of  lable organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of the major factor affecting differ  nt key physiological mechanisms such as respiration, growth, metabolic rate, feeding, therefore  logical mechanisms such as respiration, growth, metabolic rate, feeding, therefore not only aff  tors might interact in a perspective of climate change where rising temperature will be combine  spective of climate change where rising temperature will be combined with changes in discharge   nteractive effect of rising river water temperature and intensifying the frequency of drought e
15119	10	the intergovernmental panel on climate change predicts an increase of global warming a  e change predicts an increase of global warming and changing patterns of rainfall frequency and  ging patterns of rainfall frequency and distribution. in rivers and streams, the predicted chan  ge in quantity and quality of available organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of  lable organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of the major factor affecting differ  nt key physiological mechanisms such as respiration, growth, metabolic rate, feeding, therefore  logical mechanisms such as respiration, growth, metabolic rate, feeding, therefore not only aff  tors might interact in a perspective of climate change where rising temperature will be combine  spective of climate change where rising temperature will be combined with changes in discharge   es, from a well developed biofilm algal community and grazing macroinvertebrates feeding on in
10479	7	of an increasing global population and climate change is water availability. however, we are n  pecifically well adapted to their local environment. in effect, such landraces represent the ef  ions of southern ancient nubia faced an environment in which water stress was a way of life. in  bia faced an environment in which water stress was a way of life. interestingly, archaeobotanic  n barley was better suited to the harsh environment of the southern nile valley than outside va  e most likely to be affected by drought stress in archaeobotanical samples from nubian sites sp  landraces became better suited to their environment. we will determine whether adapted alleles
2510	4	le. dek1 is an essential gene for plant development that specify epidermal cell fate in all org   mechanism. its essential role in plant development is supported by the fact that dek1 is a sin  tens, separated by 500 million years of evolution on the other. mounting evidence support a rol  gae. identification of calapin and dek1 function in key species will be carried out using rnai
10145	14	eir livelihoods, through its support to vegetation, tree cover and biodiversity. these in turn   ral identity. in common with many other ecosystems, river basins are now subject to increasing    provided by river basins, and economic growth exacerbates these pressures by increasing indivi  such as water for industrial processes. climate variability and climate change have significant  rial processes. climate variability and climate change have significant impacts on river basin   pes, through changes to river flows and soil moisture levels which radically change patterns of  vels which radically change patterns of vegetation. alternating drought and flood are constant   heir livelihoods and wellbeing, and for ecosystems. throughout the research, the emphasis will   n studying new ways in which people and ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change.  tanding of how decision-makers can link ecosystem services in river basins to poverty alleviati   to poverty alleviation and sustainable growth. the research will be located in two important r  kages between the water cycle and other ecosystem services of the wetlands. both basins are imp  ave been subject to intensive study and development over past decades, meaning that there is a    draw on the river basin and its linked ecosystems.
10979	14	eir livelihoods, through its support to vegetation, tree cover and biodiversity. these in turn   ral identity. in common with many other ecosystems, river basins are now subject to increasing    provided by river basins, and economic growth exacerbates these pressures by increasing indivi  such as water for industrial processes. climate variability and climate change have significant  rial processes. climate variability and climate change have significant impacts on river basin   pes, through changes to river flows and soil moisture levels which radically change patterns of  vels which radically change patterns of vegetation. alternating drought and flood are constant   heir livelihoods and wellbeing, and for ecosystems. throughout the research, the emphasis will   n studying new ways in which people and ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change.  tanding of how decision-makers can link ecosystem services in river basins to poverty alleviati   to poverty alleviation and sustainable growth. the research will be located in two important r  kages between the water cycle and other ecosystem services of the wetlands. both basins are imp  ave been subject to intensive study and development over past decades, meaning that there is a    draw on the river basin and its linked ecosystems.
10870	1	nt of water quality and quantity in the environment. this grant supports five full studentships
13854	6	m. as explanatory variables for species richness, we used habitat variables from field surveys,  variables for species richness, we used habitat variables from field surveys, gis-derived lands  d habitat variables from field surveys, gis-derived landscape variables and spatially explicit,  cit, quantified urban disturbances like density of human population, recreation pressure, road   n population, recreation pressure, road density and traffic intensity. the results showed that   y. the results showed that high species richness of waterfowl was not correlated with that of d
14859	5	in the project will allow us to develop indicators of biodiversity specific to the mediterranea  nservation of the biodiversity in these ecosystems in concordance with agricultural production   ystems in concordance with agricultural production and the development of field management tech  ce with agricultural production and the development of field management techniques to facilitat  e the harmonisation of the agricultural production with the conservation of natural resources.
12566	1	est greenland salmon fishery for use in modelling and assessment activities undertaken by natio
12155	2	m farmers at the demonstration site. an evaluation will be made of the suitability of each feat  r entry level and higher tier type agri-environment scheme options. results will be disseminate
7424	2	many incentives agri-environmental measures aimed at improvi  nmental measures aimed at improving the production biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. are
13851	3	s show that parasitoids is an important mortality factor contributing to drive the cyclic fluct  cyclic fluctuation pattern by a delayed density dependent parasitism suppressing declining dens   it seems to be important to follow the development of the populations of moths and parasitoids
11136	3	l classes of biogenic gases such as non-methane hydrocarbons, organohalogens, and dimethyl sulp  and dimethyl sulphide and in some cases production of these increased when they are grazed by m   plankton and the foraging behaviour of predators is essentially unknown.
11732	4	recently established that the fluxes of carbon and water from tropical rain forests exhibit str  oil-plant continuum contributes to this seasonality. we propose to isolate and quantify the com  ed to calibrate a soil-plant-atmosphere model, which will be used to scale and explore the rela  atmosphere model, which will be used to scale and explore the relative importance of the variou
10935	1	ortant link between pelagic and benthic food webs. it has generally been assumed that chironomi
11860	18	roduce small scales of caco3 needed for growth. however, it is not fully understood how ocean c  mistry or the availability of light and nutrients effects coccolithophore growth in the present  t and nutrients effects coccolithophore growth in the present-day ocean, and until this gap is   edict how coccolithophores may react to climate change. due to the inclusion of both calcite an  ue to the inclusion of both calcite and organic matter within coccolithophore cells, both need   nsidered when examining coccolithophore growth: understanding how coccolithophores balance cell  es balance cellular levels and rates of production of these two materials is key to understandi  materials is key to understanding their growth and role in the marine carbon cycle. the aim of   ing their growth and role in the marine carbon cycle. the aim of this project is to address the   examine cellular levels of calcite and organic matter, photosynthesis and calcification, and g  , photosynthesis and calcification, and growth rates it will be necessary to look closely at th  he principals governing coccolithophore growth. the end goal of this project will be to use thi  his overview to generate a mathematical model that describes coccolithophore growth in relation  al model that describes coccolithophore growth in relation to the coccosphere/cell structure an  cture and the availability of light and nutrients. such a model can then be used to address glo  lability of light and nutrients. such a model can then be used to address global questions abou  phore ecology, their role in the marine carbon cycle and their future in a changing climate.   on cycle and their future in a changing climate.
13937	9	that changes in zooplankton population abundance and biodiversity are responsible for the decr  h stocks in the baltic sea. zooplankton abundance and growth rates are directly linked to the v  e baltic sea. zooplankton abundance and growth rates are directly linked to the variability in   ectly linked to the variability in fish recruitment, and consequently in fish population abunda  nt, and consequently in fish population abundance and condition. despite this, zooplankton stud  ton decline, if any, influenced by fish predation. to answer these questions, we will examine z  ne zooplankton stocks, biodiversity and growth rates in situ applying a recently developed bioc  oped biochemical method for zooplankton growth assessment. relating zooplankton dynamics to fis  e in western baltic, a prerequisite for ecosystem approach to fish management.
10382	5	diversity is rudimentary, hindering the development of accurate predictions of these impacts, a  impacts, and appropriate adaptation and mitigation. the aim of this project is to determine the   scheme, will provide data on a uk-wide scale. the bto case partner is globally recognised as a   leader in assessing avian responses to environmental change, with regard to both population tr  ning provided by the bto in statistical modelling of demographic parameters and population tren
10014	2	t will determine the influence of plant carbon flow on the location of production of nitrous ox  of plant carbon flow on the location of production of nitrous oxide at the incremental distance
413	2	conflict between forest preserved under nature conservation and forest primary produce in the n  or the centrality of issues such as the distribution of the wolf strain, the economical importa
11154	1	xplain their ecological role in oceanic ecosystems.
10139	4	ons and decision taking for sustainable ecosystems. it will link several social science techniq  e that the conceptual framework linking ecosystem and livelihoods domains, knowledge networks a  oped and improved. in developing such a model, we would expect that it could be applied to a ra  y-making institutions and international development organizations as well as by more local user
10146	4	ons and decision taking for sustainable ecosystems. it will link several social science techniq  e that the conceptual framework linking ecosystem and livelihoods domains, knowledge networks a  oped and improved. in developing such a model, we would expect that it could be applied to a ra  y-making institutions and international development organizations as well as by more local user
10658	16	lake ecosystems face multiple stresses including nutrient en  stresses including nutrient enrichment, climate change and invasion of nonindigenous species. t  n of nonindigenous species. this latter stress is widely recognised as having a major impact on   on biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems worldwide and its effects are increasing bec  ity has enhanced rates of dispersal and climate change is opening new niches at high latitudes.  te continued removal of a key nutrient, phosphorus, at the wastewater treatment works. for exam  ms have increased and concentrations of oxygen at depth have decreased. the numbers of the rare  the population increase has triggered a trophic cascade leading to greater predation on the zoo  ed a trophic cascade leading to greater predation on the zooplankton, which in turn has reduced  ne in arctic charr numbers results from competition with roach, since both feed on the zooplank  o assess the long term ramifications of multiple stressors because of the wealth ecological and  hydroacoustic analysis to estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roach ec   estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roach ecological niche, zooplankt  al niche, zooplankton grazing and algal growth. the project is relevant to current general ecol  nce of top-down-control, the effects of multiple stressors and possible species extinction caus  o be even more stringent in the face of climate change and disruption of food-chains caused by
9901	16	lake ecosystems face multiple stresses including nutrient en  stresses including nutrient enrichment, climate change and invasion of nonindigenous species. t  n of nonindigenous species. this latter stress is widely recognised as having a major impact on   on biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems worldwide and its effects are increasing bec  ity has enhanced rates of dispersal and climate change is opening new niches at high latitudes.  te continued removal of a key nutrient, phosphorus, at the wastewater treatment works. for exam  ms have increased and concentrations of oxygen at depth have decreased. the numbers of the rare  the population increase has triggered a trophic cascade leading to greater predation on the zoo  ed a trophic cascade leading to greater predation on the zooplankton, which in turn has reduced  ne in arctic charr numbers results from competition with roach, since both feed on the zooplank  o assess the long term ramifications of multiple stressors because of the wealth ecological and  hydroacoustic analysis to estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roach ec   estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roach ecological niche, zooplankt  al niche, zooplankton grazing and algal growth. the project is relevant to current general ecol  nce of top-down-control, the effects of multiple stressors and possible species extinction caus  o be even more stringent in the face of climate change and disruption of food-chains caused by
10122	8	ight into the mechanisms and biological function of calcification and into the environmental fa  hrough a detailed assessment of primary metabolism in different coccolithophore strains, we wil  -calcifying strains to changes in their environment and the interactions between calcification   phores plays a major role in the global carbon cycle and climate change may have a significant   jor role in the global carbon cycle and climate change may have a significant impact on this pr  n this process. however, the biological function of calcification in coccolithophores remains u  c roles such as enhanced acquisition of nutrients and as a source of carbon for photosynthesis,  isition of nutrients and as a source of carbon for photosynthesis, but definitive evidence for
10355	7	what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly    change and their potential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature  he eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingl  il fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this work has opened up several questions: do   es, but have to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots,   ve to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving le  leaving less available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by
10747	7	what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly    change and their potential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature  he eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingl  il fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this work has opened up several questions: do   es, but have to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots,   ve to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving le  leaving less available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by
9976	7	what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly    change and their potential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature  he eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingl  il fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this work has opened up several questions: do   es, but have to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots,   ve to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving le  leaving less available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by
15440	8	n contexts that suggest a communicative function. the aim of this project is to study the distr  the aim of this project is to study the distribution, intra- and interspecific variation, evolu  on, intra- and interspecific variation, evolution, and function of the foot-shaking displays of  interspecific variation, evolution, and function of the foot-shaking displays of lizards belong  , to outline possible scenarios for the evolution of foot-shakes and to determine if the inters  c methods to test the potential role of habitat structure, intrasexual selection, species recog  we will conduct a detailed study of the function of foot-shaking displays in two lacertid speci  otheses and general predictions for the evolution of visual signals.
11814	3	ionary pressure on males has caused the evolution of male traits that reduce female remating ra   males has caused the evolution of male traits that reduce female remating rates. the establish  les. females in turn have often evolved traits that allow them to avoid control by males, and r
13560	6	nitrogen levels of soil moisture. during succession hum                       nitrogen levels of soil moisture. during succession humus depth increases   itrogen levels of soil moisture. during succession humus depth increases and this increases soi  umus depth increases and this increases soil moisture retention; we will determine the response  determine the response of n fixation to soil moisture status. by investigating these three fact  n fixation is promoted during long-term succession, and thus develop an improved knowledge on w
12162	3	grassland is the predominant habitat in the agri-environment schemes associated with   is the predominant habitat in the agri-environment schemes associated with entry level steward  ncluding grassland faunal diversity and abundance enhancement, soil structural amelioration and
14468	4	for biotechnological, phytopathological evaluation, metabolic profile, dna analysis, microbiolo   the basis of vegetative and generative indicators. the phytopathological status will be determ  pcr analysis. genotype behaviors to the distribution plant pathogens - fusarium, phytophthora a  ermine their vital to human health. the development of technology for processing and storage of
2213	3	ing methods and how this is related the life history traits of different species. monitoring is  nd how this is related the life history traits of different species. monitoring is one of the f  ment actions as well as dynamics of the ecosystem. the goals are to: • examine the idea of dyna
10066	9	by 2020, 15% of the uk s energy is to be generated from renewable sources, accor   sources, according to the government s energy strategy. this is necessary to reduce the uk s r  on investigates conflicts between green energy production and wildlife conservation, and will d  stigates conflicts between green energy production and wildlife conservation, and will develop   ervation, and will develop guidance and mitigation strategies. it falls within nerc studentship   that deficiency. effective guidance on mitigation and siting of turbines, and on pre-and post-  mercial wind farms and bats to evaluate mortality rates and bat activity levels. in addition, w  ether mid-sized wind turbines cause bat mortality estimation of effect size, with confidence in  ding wind turbines and bats guidance on mitigation and and protocols for pre-/post-construction
11679	1	le support to a whole-mantle convection model. some very rare inclusions seem to provide direct
13483	8	ortance for geographical distributions, species interactions and recruitment variation. variati  distributions, species interactions and recruitment variation. variations in winter/ice-cover c  large impact on individuals and aquatic ecosystems by changing important habitat factors such a  quatic ecosystems by changing important habitat factors such as light, temperature and resource  mportant habitat factors such as light, temperature and resource production. this project has t  such as light, temperature and resource production. this project has the objective to quantify   changing winter conditions and resource production on fish population dynamics is analysed usin  ditions and resource production on fish population dynamics is analysed using models parameteri
13834	2	brings back important processes in this ecosystem. the primary effects of predation on the main   this ecosystem. the primary effects of predation on the main prey populations is currently und
2060	12	predators are important keystone species in the structu  timately of the integrity and health of ecosystems. by accelerating the rate and expanding the    expanding the scope of disturbance and habitat change, man has undermined the resilience and v  vestigating the role wolverines have in ecosystem dynamics and their adaptation to ecosystem ch  system dynamics and their adaptation to ecosystem changes are important to ensure effective wol   conservation and maintaining a healthy ecosystem diversity. focussing on the possibly isolated  bility of the impact wolverines have on ecosystem dynamics, including human conflicts. studies   ntra-guild interactions to evaluate the competition and possible commensalism effects among lar  ement is to be successful, knowledge of habitat requirements and population dynamics are equall  , knowledge of habitat requirements and population dynamics are equally important in determinin  environments will be studied along with habitat requirements, to predict the availability of su   the availability of suitable wolverine habitat.
12025	1	m from climbers to trees, and different functional groups and to the understanding of the cruci
11590	4	ing to reduce the ecological impacts of development in the uk is under detailed evaluation by d  development in the uk is under detailed evaluation by defra, natural england, conservationists,  eh, together with other partners in the natural capital initiative, is organising three worksho  ting challenges for the potential large scale implementation of biodiversity offsetting in the
6883	3	t parts of the world. to understand the evolution of the palaearctic fauna necessary the intens  sive studies in other regions, too. the distribution of species in different genera shows also   includes description of new species and development of new methods.
12284	9	livestock production systems have a dual role not only in food pr  stems have a dual role not only in food production, but also in the provision of public good ob  here was a 1% per year reduction in ghg production per unit food produced that could be attribu  goals changed to consider environmental efficiency rather than economic efficiency. this projec  nmental efficiency rather than economic efficiency. this project will examine the impact of pas  missions, quantifying and comparing the mitigation potential of each and their impact on system  the breeding goal shifted from economic efficiency to environmental efficiency, and the subsequ  om economic efficiency to environmental efficiency, and the subsequent environmental and econom  roject will examine how and what market incentives/policy drivers would be required to encourag
13842	1	acilite the use of these markers on non-model organisms. in this project we propose the use of
12170	6	d the national level. understanding the scale and nature of measures required to mitigate again  onal level. understanding the scale and nature of measures required to mitigate against this lo  els. this study will use information on density of birds in different farmland habitats to esti  d farmland habitats and land under agri-environment scheme options in both summer and winter. t  be used to provide an indication of the scale of uptake of key els options required to mitigate   key species, the skylark, a population modelling approach will be used to estimate the additio
15075	2	dispersal and colonization patterns of zooplankton in shallow lagoons  oplankton in shallow lagoons on a local scale
2072	8	hallow water, is among the most diverse ecosystems on earth. crucial for the exceptional biodiv  ractions, where terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems interact during different seasons. most of t  ties represent potential threats to the ecosystems involved, and make intensified research an u  ons between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and their synergisms, as reflected in the s  gisms, as reflected in the semi-aquatic food web, and plankton diversity and dynamics in partic  ular. this zone makes up a crossroad of energy transfer between the terrestrial and aquatic com  restrial and aquatic compartments. as a ecosystem level research project, it will improve our u  nderstanding of highly diverse tropical ecosystem interactions, with special regards to a susta
190	11	iate and upper trophic levels of marine ecosystems. first data on zooplankton in the gulf of ri  e observed changes. the spatio-temporal development as well as the species composition of mesoz  nced by abiotic conditions - especially salinity and temperature, largely influenced by climate  ic conditions - especially salinity and temperature, largely influenced by climate in the north   and temperature, largely influenced by climate in the north-atlantic region. although plankton  . although plankton may not be the best indicator for tracking the effects of eutrophication/po  ecent factors affecting mesozooplankton community structure and dynamics is the human-mediated   planktivores: changes in the individual growth rate of the major zooplanktivores in the blatic   tification of the long-term dynamics in phenology, diversity and abundance/biomass of the coast  rm dynamics in phenology, diversity and abundance/biomass of the coastal mesozooplankton commun  /biomass of the coastal mesozooplankton community in relation to several natural and human-medi